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History of Early American Landscape Design

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  • Grove
    in keeping with the recommendations of Langley, whose treatises were owned by Washington. The texts of Langley and Miller exemplify the gradual shift away
    80 KB (11,541 words) - 13:25, April 12, 2021
  • Walk
    marked by b. Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. IX. Batty Langley, One of two “Designs
    146 KB (20,921 words) - 14:54, August 13, 2021
  • Parterre
    landscape aesthetics in the early 18th century. In 1728, English writer Batty Langley discouraged the use of embroidery, compartiment, or cut-work parterres by
    62 KB (8,610 words) - 10:50, April 6, 2021
  • Canal
    Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. IX. “Canals X and Z” Batty Langley, One
    32 KB (4,191 words) - 10:41, April 6, 2021
  • Avenue
    Thaxter-Lincoln House, 18th century. Batty Langley, Garden with a canal, in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. IV. Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful
    89 KB (11,855 words) - 18:59, August 10, 2021
  • Wilderness
    etc...” Batty Langley, “Design of an Avenue with its Wildernesses on each Side,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. V. Batty Langley, “Several Designs
    40 KB (5,678 words) - 17:24, August 19, 2021
  • Terrace/Slope
    provided a transition between the built architecture and the grounds, as Batty Langley, Bernard M'Mahon, John Abercrombie, and A. J. Downing all noted. The terrace
    72 KB (10,105 words) - 19:45, August 10, 2021
  • Lawn
    Praising the merits of turf had a long tradition in treatise writing. Batty Langley (1728) included several unadorned “parterres of grass” in his designs, noting
    108 KB (14,954 words) - 15:38, August 13, 2021
  • View/Vista
    fronting the House; the execution of which was prevented by Sir John’s Death.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: 195) “General
    80 KB (11,249 words) - 19:23, August 12, 2021
  • Kitchen garden
    Batty Langley, “All the Geometrical Diagrams of the Problems contain'd in the first Part,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. I. Batty Langley, The
    61 KB (8,699 words) - 13:31, April 12, 2021
  • Statue
    mentioned the statue as an ornament and set forth varied typologies. Batty Langley (1728), for example, categorized statues according to their arrangement
    60 KB (7,896 words) - 19:37, August 12, 2021
  • Mount
    particularly necessary where the Scituation [sic] of a House is on a large Flat.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: vi–vii, 195–99)
    21 KB (2,805 words) - 16:21, April 1, 2021
  • Park
    will tell.” Batty Langley, “Design of a Small Garden Situated in a Park,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. XII. Batty Langley, “Part of a Park
    87 KB (12,484 words) - 13:27, April 12, 2021
  • Hedge
    Philbuds and Berberries, to make it still the more compleat and delightful.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728: vii–ix, xiii) “Plate III
    88 KB (12,511 words) - 20:49, March 29, 2021
  • Labyrinth
    pl. 10. Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and Labyrinths,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. VII. Batty Langley, “An Improvement
    35 KB (4,352 words) - 09:47, March 4, 2021
  • Basin
    the overflow of this fountain, or from a filtering drain from the canal.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: 195–202) “General
    28 KB (3,634 words) - 15:51, April 8, 2021
  • Temple
    descending from the Chinese temple to the walk which borders the pond.” Batty Langley, “Frontispieces of Trellis Work for the Entrances into Temples of View,
    44 KB (5,866 words) - 14:29, April 1, 2021
  • Thicket
    either of these conditions to the present one, beautiful as it may be?” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: XIV) We having
    31 KB (4,281 words) - 17:44, February 3, 2021
  • Meadow
    incorporation of agricultural features into ornamental contexts: Batty Langley (1728) recommended “Little Walks by purling streams in Meadows” as “delightful
    31 KB (4,224 words) - 18:49, August 12, 2021
  • Piazza
    wooden post-and-lintel type, to stone-arched piazzas depicted by Batty Langley [Fig. 3] and mentioned in 1839 at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia (view
    57 KB (7,617 words) - 13:34, April 1, 2021
  • Seat
    historical styles, as well as by placement and function. Batty and Thomas Langley, for instance, proposed a seat in keeping with the Gothic style in their
    85 KB (11,717 words) - 17:54, April 7, 2021
  • Portico
    ogee arches and is thought to have been inspired by the writings of Batty Langley, who promoted Gothic and chinoiserie details for architectural decoration
    41 KB (5,290 words) - 15:36, August 13, 2021
  • Arcade
    sun and rain.” [Fig. 10] Batty and Thomas Langley, “Four Examples of Arcades for Piazza’s,” in Batty Langley, Gothic Architecture (1747), pl. 29. Anonymous
    17 KB (2,087 words) - 11:33, February 11, 2021
  • Obelisk
    prescribed for his tombstone, “coarse stone” (view text). According to Batty Langley in New Principles of Gardening (1728), they could also be made of trellis
    54 KB (6,939 words) - 19:38, August 12, 2021
  • Icehouse
    frozen Zone; we must imitate the Heat of one, and the Cold of the other.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: XII) "The
    44 KB (6,456 words) - 13:35, April 12, 2021
  • Trellis
    attractive object in a rural landscape.” [Fig. 12] back up to History Batty Langley, “Frontispieces of Trellis Work for the Entrances into Temples of View,
    42 KB (5,637 words) - 13:27, April 1, 2021
  • Mound
    450. Jenny Emily Snow, attr., Fairmount Park Waterworks, c. 1850. Batty Langley, One of two “Designs for Gardens that lye irregularly to the grand House
    20 KB (2,747 words) - 13:08, March 16, 2021
  • Summerhouse
    Byrd Carter (later, Mrs. Charles Carter), c. 1742–46. Batty and Thomas Langley, “A Square Umbrello,” in Gothic Architecture (1747), pl. 50. Thomas Jefferson
    54 KB (7,141 words) - 13:18, April 12, 2021
  • Aviary/Bird cage/Birdhouse
    used as a focal point at the termination or crossing of a walk, as Batty Langley advised in 1728. Like specialized structures for exotic plants, aviaries
    16 KB (2,173 words) - 13:33, April 12, 2021
  • Sundial
    which would add so much in itself to the finished appearance of the lawn.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728: 195–97) “General DIRECTIONS
    18 KB (2,362 words) - 14:47, August 6, 2020
  • Copse
    growth of the Coppice, as though they were thick, and confusedly planted.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: 195–201) “General
    23 KB (3,312 words) - 10:24, August 6, 2020
  • Column/Pillar
    Collomnes, in The Mirror of Architecture (1734), pl. 1. Batty and Thomas Langley, “Five new Order of Columns, Plain & Enriched,” in Gothic Architecture (1747)
    24 KB (3,316 words) - 19:57, October 30, 2020
  • Orangery
    House; and in Summer, when the House will be made a Room of Entertainment.” Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening (1728; repr., 1982: 195–98) “General
    26 KB (3,525 words) - 13:36, September 11, 2020
  • Flower garden
    Flower gardens also could be placed at some distance from the house. Batty Langley (1728), for example, advised situating the flower garden within a wilderness
    123 KB (18,641 words) - 13:30, April 12, 2021
  • Alexander Jackson Davis
    summerhouses [Fig. 8], inspired by the publications of J. C. Loudon and Batty Langley. Downing’s publications further emphasized the visual relationship between
    38 KB (4,757 words) - 20:03, September 8, 2021
  • Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall
    ready flow of the water. Such little cascades are easily imitated.” Batty Langley, “The Design of a Fountain & Cascade after the grand Manner at Versailes
    35 KB (4,959 words) - 10:16, February 18, 2021
  • Ha-Ha/Sunk fence
    barrier without being in the least obtrusive.” back up to History Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in New Principles
    27 KB (3,933 words) - 18:17, February 25, 2021
  • Arbor
    d’Argenville, The Theory and Practice of Gardening (1712), pl. E opp. 71. Batty Langley, “Frontispieces of Trellis Work for the Entrances into Temples of View,
    52 KB (6,854 words) - 17:24, August 19, 2021
  • Wood/Woods
    Willson Peale, Belfield Farm, Germantown, PA, Late 19th century. Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in New Principles
    58 KB (8,455 words) - 15:19, August 13, 2021
  • Plantation
    of room for the attainment of its full size and fair proportions.” Batty Langley, “Design of a rural Garden, after the new manner,” in New Principles of
    67 KB (9,385 words) - 19:03, February 3, 2021
  • Common
    opp 87. John Bachmann, Bird’s Eye View/Vista of Boston, c. 1850 Batty Langley, “Variety of Lawns, or Openings, before a grand Front of a Building, into
    39 KB (5,484 words) - 17:07, April 7, 2021
  • Fountain
    pl. 29. “A large Parterre Quarter with a Fountain in the middle.” Batty Langley, “The Design of a Fountain & Cascade after the grand Manner at Versailes
    68 KB (9,285 words) - 16:06, April 1, 2021
  • Orchard
    parts of the west, almost an absolute distinct species of husbandry.” Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in New Principles
    78 KB (11,286 words) - 15:19, August 13, 2021
  • Greenhouse
    Ornamental Plants & Shrubbery carefully packed for exportation.” Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in New Principles
    122 KB (17,951 words) - 18:15, August 10, 2021
  • Mount Vernon
    gardens and the influence of English gardening texts, especially Batty Langley's New Principles of Gardening (London, 1728) and Philip Miller’s Abridgement
    84 KB (11,488 words) - 15:35, August 25, 2021
  • Charles Willson Peale
    and an obelisk [Figs. 4 and 5]—likely drawn from such sources as Batty Langley’s City and Country Builder’s Treasury (1740) and G. Gregory’s Dictionary
    35 KB (4,930 words) - 17:10, September 28, 2021
  • The Evidence of American Garden History
    America, which provided models and instructions for garden making. Batty Langley, Philip Miller, and, later, John Claudius Loudon published three of the
    43 KB (5,676 words) - 16:27, September 1, 2021
  • Belmont (Philadelphia, PA)
    Architecture (1728), William Kent’s Designs of Inigo Jones (1727), and Batty Langley's The City and Country Builder’s and Workman’s Treasury of Designs (1740)
    26 KB (3,226 words) - 13:56, August 11, 2021
  • Modes of Representations in American Landscape and Garden Design
    European and British architectural theorists, including Andrea Palladio, Batty Langley, and Isaac Ware, as well as from American architectural treatises, such
    69 KB (8,394 words) - 16:28, September 1, 2021
  • Wall
    from British treatise and pattern books, such as those published in Batty Langley's The City and Country Builder’s and Workman’s Treasury of Designs (1740)
    72 KB (10,638 words) - 16:02, April 1, 2021
  • Monticello
    spiral and serpentine forms, the plan also suggests the influence of Batty Langley's "irregular" garden designs published in his New Principles of Gardening
    78 KB (10,171 words) - 00:22, August 25, 2021
  • Writing the Landscape
    Wilson’s Theory and Practice of Surveying and Wyld’s Practical Surveyor. Batty Langley, author of numerous garden treatises, published a book with a telling title:
    160 KB (19,096 words) - 16:27, September 1, 2021
  • The Solitude
    outmoded” architectural texts: Abraham Swan’s The British Architect, Batty Langley’s The Builder’s Compleat Assistant, and Robert Morris’s Select Architecture
    31 KB (4,057 words) - 17:23, August 26, 2021

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