Difference between revisions of "J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon"

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Overview

Birth Date: April 8, 1783

Death Date: December 14, 1843

Role: Landscape designer, Architect

Used Keywords: Alcove, Ancient style, Arbor, Aviary/Bird cage/Birdhouse, Basin, Bed, Beehive, Belvedere/Prospect tower/Observatory, Botanic garden, Bower, Bridge, Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall, Chinese manner, Clump, Conservatory, Dutch style, Edging, Espalier, Fence, Ferme ornée/Ornamental farm, Flower garden, Fountain, French style, Gardenesque, Gate/Gateway, Geometric style, Grotto, Hedge, Hothouse, Icehouse, Kitchen garden, Lake, Landscape gardening, Lawn, Modern style/Natural style, Mound, Mount, Orangery, Park, Parterre, Pavilion, Picturesque, Plantation, Pleasure ground/Pleasure garden, Pond, Porch, Portico, Pot, Public garden/Public ground, Rockwork/Rockery, Rustic style, Seat, Shrubbery, Square, Statue, Temple, Terrace/Slope, Thicket, Trellis, Vase/Urn, View/Vista, Walk, Wall, Wood/Woods

Other resources: Library of Congress Authority File; Getty ULAN; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography;

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John Claudius Loudon (April 8, 1783–December 14, 1843) was a Scottish botanist, landscape architect, cemetery designer, and author, as well as the most influential horticultural journalist of his time. Through an extraordinarily prolific publishing career, Loudon raised popular knowledge of and interest in botany, horticulture, and agriculture while shaping contemporary taste in gardens, public parks, and domestic architecture throughout Britain, America, and much of the Western world.^[1]

History

Fig. 1, J. C. Loudon, “Greenhouse or conservatory for a flower-garden, with a span roof,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 811, fig. 568. Back to texts

As a young man, Loudon worked part-time for nurserymen and landscape gardeners near Edinburgh while pursuing the study of animal husbandry, gardening, and agriculture. On moving to London in 1803, he swiftly established his authority as a practitioner and theorist of landscape gardening and even dabbled in landscape painting, exhibiting five works at the Royal Academy of Arts between 1804 and 1817.^[2] In addition to the study of art, his taste owed much to the reading of classical and modern writers, particularly English poets and aesthetic theorists. Uvedale Price, one of the principal theorists of the picturesque, was especially influential; Loudon later observed, “I believe that I am the first who has set out as a landscape gardener, professing to follow Mr. Price’s principles.”^[3] Loudon’s plan for improving the public squares of London through picturesque plantings of trees and shrubs, published in the Literary Journal in 1803, initiated a voluminous outpouring of articles, books, and pamphlets that would occupy him for the rest of his life.^[4]

Loudon traveled extensively in order to familiarize himself with the ornamental and agricultural use of land in Britain and continental Europe. Impressed by the productivity of Russian hothouses during a trip to Scandinavia and Eastern Europe (1813–14), he began experimenting with the use of curved iron and glass in innovative hothouse structures that could be adjusted to the changing angle of the sun’s rays [Fig. 1].^[5] In 1819 he visited France, Italy, Switzerland, and the Low Countries to gather material for An Encyclopaedia of Gardening: Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture and Landscape-gardening (1822)—by far the most comprehensive and systematic compendium of gardening information that had been published at the time. In contrast to many of Loudon’s previous publications, which were expensively produced and richly illustrated, the Encyclopaedia of Gardening was a practical guide intended for professional gardeners and middle-class amateurs rather than elite readers. As such, it established a new direction in garden literature that Loudon continued to develop in subsequent publications, such as Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture (1833) and The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (1838).^[6]

Fig. 2, J. C. Loudon, “View at Hendon Rectory,” Middlesex, England, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 483, fig. 175. Back to texts

Landowners throughout England and Scotland sought Loudon’s advice on improving the grounds of their estates.^[7] Following his marriage in 1830, he was greatly assisted by his wife, Jane Webb Loudon, who became an important gardening authority in her own right.^[8] In 1826 Loudon launched Gardener’s Magazine—the first periodical devoted solely to horticulture—which aimed “to disseminate new and important information on all topics connected with horticulture and to raise the intellect and the character of those engaged in this art.”^[9] Addressed to an expanding middle-class audience, the magazine became an international forum for the exchange of specialized information on scientific discoveries, technological improvements, aesthetic theories, and working designs.^[10] An article Loudon published in the magazine in 1832 established the term “Gardenesque” to denote a deliberately artificial style of garden layout that lent itself to botanical study of individual plant specimens, revealing the art of the gardener as well as the beauty of nature [Fig. 2].^[11] Whereas earlier landscape artists had “looked on garden scenery entirely with the eye of a painter and a poet,” Loudon believed that “the modern artist adds to these the eye of the botanist and the cultivator.”^[12]

Loudon’s most important work in the Gardenesque style is the Derby Arboretum (1839–41)—generally considered England’s first public park—which he designed with over one thousand different varieties of trees and shrubs.^[13] Among Loudon’s numerous horticultural publications, the most ambitious was his copiously illustrated (and financially ruinous) eight-volume “paper arboretum,” the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1835–38): a survey of all the trees and shrubs then growing in Britain, which he hoped would spur a taste for arboriculture and the cultivation of a greater variety of trees.^[14]

—Robyn Asleson

Texts

Books

An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, 4th ed. (1826)

J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826)^[15] View at Internet Archive

An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, new ed., improved and enlarged (1834)

J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, new ed., considerably improved and enlarged (London: Longman et al., 1834)^[16] View at Hathi Trust

The Suburban Gardener (1838)

J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion (London: Longman et al, 1838)^[17] View at Internet Archive

An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, new ed., corrected and improved (1850)

J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850)^[18] View at Hathi Trust

Journals

Gardener’s Magazine

Fig. 72, “General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.

Fig. 73, “View from the Chinese Temple,” Cheshunt Cottage, in Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 651, fig. 162.

Fig. 74, “Boat-house and Agave Mount,” Cheshunt Cottage, in Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 667, fig. 173.

1832, Review of Practical Hints on Landscape Gardening (Gardener’s Magazine 8: 701–2)^[19]

“In our opinion, a landscape-gardener knows but a part of his profession, who is not conversant with the numerous families of American and other trees which will thrive in the open air in Britain. Mere picturesque improvement is not enough in these enlightened times: it is necessary to understand that there is such a character of art as the gardenesque, as well as the picturesque. The very term gardenesque, perhaps, will startle some readers; but we are convinced, nevertheless, that it is a term which will soon find a place in the language of rural art. Landscape-gardening, it will be allowed, is, to a certain extent, an art of imitation. Now, an imitative art is not one which produces facsimiles of the things to be imitated; but one which produces imitations, or resemblances, according to the manner of that art. Thus, sculpture does not attempt colour, nor painting to raise surfaces in relief; and neither attempt to deceive. In the like manner, the imitator, in a park or pleasure-ground, of a landscape composed of ground, wood, and water, does not produce facsimiles of the grounds, wood, and water, which he sees around him on every side; but, of ground, wood and water, arranged in imitation of nature, according to the principles of his particular art. The character of this art has varied from the earliest times to the present day; but profoundly examined, the principle which guided the artist remains the same; and the successive fashions that have prevailed will be found to confirm our views of the subject, viz., that all imitations of nature worthy of being characterized as belonging to the fine arts art not facsimile imitations, but imitations of manner. To apply this principle to the planting of trees in park or pleasure-ground scenery nature, in any given locality, makes use of a certain number of trees found indigenous there; but the garden imitator of natural woods introduces either other forms and dispositions of the same kinds of trees, as in the geometric style; or the same disposition of other species of trees, as in the most improved practice of the modern style. In neither case does the artist produce a correct facsimile of nature; for, if he did, however beautiful the scene copied, the beauty produced would be merely that of repetition. But we have neither room nor time at present fully to illustrate this theory. Let it suffice for us to state, for the consideration of those of our readers who have reflected on the subject, that there is as certainly, in gardening, as an art of imitation, the gardenesque, as there is, in painting and sculpture, the picturesque and sculpturesque.”

December 1839, describing Cheshunt Cottage, property of William Harrison, near London, England (Gardener’s Magazine 15: 644, 653, 667–68)^[20]

“3. The orangery. The paths are of slate, and the centre bed, or pit, for the orange trees, is covered with an open wooden grating, on which are placed the smaller pots; while the larger ones, and the boxes and tubs, are let down through openings made in the grating, as deep as it may be necessary for the proper effect of the heads of the trees. This house, and that for Orchidàceæ, are heated from the boiler. . . . [Fig. 72]

“85, Double ascent of the steps to a mound formed of the earth removed in excavating for the pond. From the platform to which these steps lead, there is a circuitous path to the Chinese temple, and the steps are ornamented with Chinese vases, thus affording a note of preparation for the Chinese temple. The outer sides of the steps are formed of rockwork, and between the two stairs is a pedestal with Chinese ornaments.

“86, The Chinese temple, on the highest part of the mount formed of the soil taken from the excavation now constituting the pond. The view from the interior of this temple is shown in fig. 162. . . . [Fig. 73]

“87, Rustic steps descending from the Chinese temple to the walk which borders the pond. . . .

“The masses of trees and shrubs are chiefly on the mount near the lake, and along the margin which shuts out the kitchen-garden; and in these places they are planted in the gardenesque manner, so as to produce irregular groups of trees, with masses of evergreen and deciduous shrubs as undergrowth, intersected by glades of turf. they are scattered over the general surface of the lawn, so as to produce a continually varying effect, as viewed from the walks; and so as to disguise the boundary, and prevent the eye from seeing from one extremity of grounds to the other, and thus ascertain their extent.” [Fig. 74]

Images

An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, 4th ed. (1826)

J. C. Loudon, “A plan of a Chinese garden and dwelling,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 103, fig. 37.
J. C. Loudon, Plant boxes, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 285, figs. 177–79.
J. C. Loudon, Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 296, figs. 219–20.
J. C. Loudon, “The flued wall, or hot-wall,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 304, figs. 236 and 237.
J. C. Loudon, “The cellular wall,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 305, fig. 238.
J. C. Loudon, “The wavy or serpentine wall” and “the angular wall,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 307, figs. 241 and 242.
J. C. Loudon, “The cast-iron espalier rail,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 309, fig. 248.
J. C. Loudon, “The acuminated semi-globe” hot-house, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 315, fig. 254.
J. C. Loudon, “Ponds or large basins” and “Tanks or cisterns,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 339, figs. 286–288.
J. C. Loudon, Elevated circular platform to keep ice in stacks in Ice Houses, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 340, fig. 289.
J. C. Loudon, Beehive, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 344, fig. 295.
J. C. Loudon, “Wire-cages,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 347, fig. 301.
J. C. Loudon, “The Swiss bridge,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 350, fig. 312.
J. C. Loudon, A gate in a simple or rustic structure, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 354, fig. 326.
J. C. Loudon, Examples of Treillage-Work, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 355, fig. 328.
J. C. Loudon, “Porches and porticoes,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 356, fig. 330.
J. C. Loudon, “Alcoves,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 356, fig. 331.
J. C. Loudon, “The Italian Arbor” and “The French Arbor,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 356, figs. 332 and 333.
J. C. Loudon, Covered seats of the rustic kind, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 357, figs. 334–336.
J. C. Loudon, Elegant structures of the seat kind, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 357, figs. 337 and 338.
J. C. Loudon, “Drooping fountains,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 359, figs. 341–343.
J. C. Loudon, “Intricate and fanciful figures of parterres,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
J. C. Loudon, “Levelling for terrace-slopes,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 377, fig. 369.
J. C. Loudon, “Cross walls,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 471, fig. 427.
J. C. Loudon, “Peach-houses and vineries,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 509, fig. 450a–c.
J. C. Loudon, “Rustic fences,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 792, fig. 542.
J. C. Loudon, Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 797, fig. 550.
J. C. Loudon, The botanic flower garden with a gravel-walk, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 801, fig. 553.
J. C. Loudon, “The select or grouped manner of planting a shrubbery,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 806, fig. 559.
J. C. Loudon, Ground-plan for “systematic or methodical planting in shrubberies,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 807, fig. 560.
J. C. Loudon, “Grecian temple,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 809, fig. 562.
J. C. Loudon, Bower formed of lattice-work, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 809, fig. 563.
J. C. Loudon, Plan, view, and section of green-house, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 811, fig. 567.
J. C. Loudon, Greenhouse or conservatory for a flower-garden, with a span roof, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 811, fig. 568.
J. C. Loudon, Orangery at Pimlico, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 813, fig. 570.
J. C. Loudon, The placement of groups and thickets in plantations, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 954, fig. 649.
J. C. Loudon, Clump of Scotch pines, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 965, fig. 663.
J. C. Loudon, Landscape gardening for a residence in the ancient style, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1007, fig. 690.
J. C. Loudon, In planting with a view to natural beauty, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1008, fig. 691.
J. C. Loudon, A garden in the ancient style, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1009, fig. 694.
J. C. Loudon, The imitation of a lake, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1010, fig. 696.
J. C. Loudon, “A waterfall, or cascade,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1012, fig. 700.
J. C. Loudon, Aviary designed by Humphry Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1020, fig. 718.
J. C. Loudon, "The pleasure-ground", in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1021, fig. 719.
J. C. Loudon, Plan of a ferme ornée with wild and irregular hedges, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1023, fig. 722.
J. C. Loudon, Plan of a large public square, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 1030, fig. 733.

An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, new ed., improved and enlarged (1834)

J. C. Loudon, A grotto scene from Monza, Italy, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 36, fig. 20.
J. C. Loudon, Rustic Dutch fountain, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 63, fig. 43.
J. C. Loudon, Orangery at Baden Gardens, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 174, fig. 130.
J. C. Loudon, Rustic shed, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 227, fig. 163.
J. C. Loudon, “A lofty prospect tower,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 328, fig. 224.
J. C. Loudon, “An Octagon Pagoda,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 333, fig. 233.
J. C. Loudon, Diagram of worm fence, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 412, fig. 276.
J. C. Loudon, “The propagation-pot” and “carnation-saucer,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 540, figs. 444–45.
J. C. Loudon, “The apiary, or bee-house,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 613, fig. 620.
J. C. Loudon, Kitchen garden, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 721, fig. 696.
J. C. Loudon, Section and plan for a building to house orange trees, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 974, fig. 785a and b.
J. C. Loudon, A clump, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 1118, fig. 874a.
J. C. Loudon, One of the “Accidental Accompaniments to the Materials of Landscape,” for birds and animals, in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 1183, fig. 947.
J. C. Loudon, “Seat formed of moss and hazel rods” and “Trellised arches for climbers,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1834), 1196, figs. 960–62.

The Suburban Gardener (1838)

J. C. Loudon, “Trees . . . arranged in the gardenesque manner,” in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 165, fig. 47.
J. C. Loudon, Trees arranged in the picturesque style, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 165, fig. 48.
J. C. Loudon, A rustic thatched structure, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 466, fig. 172.
J. C. Loudon, “A Villa Residence of Two Acres, within a regular Boundary, laid out in the Geometrical Style,” in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 530, fig. 200.
J. C. Loudon, Fountain supplied from a cistern, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 582, fig. 233.
J. C. Loudon, “View of the French parterre,” in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 583, fig. 235.
J. C. Loudon, View of the rockwork, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 584, fig. 237.
J. C. Loudon, Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 585, fig. 238.
J. C. Loudon, “View of the rustic arch,” in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 586, fig. 240.
J. C. Loudon, “Entrance to the Flower-garden at Wimbledon House,” in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 641, fig. 267.
J. C. Loudon, A walk covered with trelliswork, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 664, fig. 280.
J. C. Loudon, A bee-canopy covering one of Mr. Nutt’s hives, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 713, fig. 306.
J. C. Loudon, Nutt’s hive placed in the front of a veranda, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 714, fig. 307.

Gardener’s Magazine (December 1839)

J. C. Loudon, “Cheshunt Cottage, from the Road,” in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 633, fig. 154.
J. C. Loudon, “View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Left,” in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 634, fig. 155.
J. C. Loudon, “View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Right,” in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 636, fig. 156.
J. C. Loudon, “Ground Plan of Cheshunt Cottage,” in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 636, fig. 157.
J. C. Loudon, “View from the Library Porch,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 640, fig. 158.
J. C. Loudon, Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 642, fig. 159.
J. C. Loudon, “Rustic Alcove,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 644, fig. 160.
J. C. Loudon, “General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.
J. C. Loudon, “View from the Chinese Temple,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 651, fig. 162.
J. C. Loudon, “Distant View of the House and Tent, across the Pond,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 653, fig. 163.
J. C. Loudon, “Grotto, with Umbrella Tent over,” Cheshunt Cottage, in Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 654, fig. 164.
J. C. Loudon, Vertical profile of the gardens and the pleasure-ground, Cheshunt Cottage (left side), in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 656, fig. 165.
J. C. Loudon, Vertical profile of the gardens and the pleasure-ground, Cheshunt Cottage (right side), in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 657, fig. 165.
J. C. Loudon, “Covered Seat, of grotesque and rustic Masonry,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 656, fig. 168.
J. C. Loudon, Elevation of the Back Woodwork of a Rustic Covered Seat, Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 660, fig. 168.
J. C. Loudon, “Hermit’s Seat, and Classical Vase,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 664, fig. 172.
J. C. Loudon, “Boat-house and Agave Mount,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 667, fig. 173.
J. C. Loudon, “Garden Front of Cheshunt Cottage,” in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 669, fig. 174.
J. C. Loudon, “View across the Water, looking towards the House,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener’s Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 673, fig. 175.

An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, new ed., corrected and improved (1850)

J. C. Loudon, Perspective view of a house in the village of Riceborough, Ga., in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1850), 332, fig. 231.

Other Resources

Parks & Gardens UK

Notes

↑ Paul Elliott, Charles Watkins, and Stephen Daniels, “‘Combining Science with Recreation and Pleasure’: Cultural Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Arboretums,“ Garden History 35 (2007): 9–10, view on Zotero; Colleen Morris, “The Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: John Claudius Loudon and His Influence in the Australian Colonies,” Garden History 32, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 101–23, view on Zotero; Margaretta J. Darnall, “The American Cemetery as Picturesque Landscape: Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis,” Winterthur Portfolio 18, no. 4 (Winter 1983): 264–65, view on Zotero.
↑ Melanie Louise Simo, Loudon and the Landscape: From Country Seat to Metropolis, 1783–1843 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 1–7, 28–29, view on Zotero.
↑ Laurence Frickler, “John Claudius Loudon: The Plane Truth?,” in Furor Hortensis: Essays on the History of the English Landscape Garden in Memory of H. F. Clark, ed. Peter Willis (Edinburgh: Elysium Press Limited, 1974), 81, view on Zotero; see also Simo 1988, 38–45, 52–56, 93–95, view on Zotero.
↑ Frickler 1974, 76–88, view on Zotero.
↑ John Claudius Loudon, Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses, Pointing out the Most Advantageous Forms, Materials, and Contrivances to Be Used in Their Construction; Also, A Review of The Various Methods of Building Them in Foreign Countries as Well as in England (London: J. Taylor, 1817) view on Zotero; Georg Kohlmaier and Barna von Sartory, Houses of Glass: A Nineteenth-Century Building Type (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991), view on Zotero; Simo 1988, 7–9, 110–18, view on Zotero.
↑ Andrea Henderson, “Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia,” Eighteenth Century 50, no. 2/3 (Summer–Autumn 2009): 227–31, view on Zotero; Simo 1988, 9, 147–48, view on Zotero; see also Sarah Dewis, The Loudons and the Gardening Press: A Victorian Cultural Industry (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014), view on Zotero.
↑ Simo 1988, view on Zotero.
↑ John Claudius Loudon, In Search of English Gardens: The Gravels of John Claudius Loudon and His Wife Jane, ed. Priscilla Boniface (Wheathampstead: Lennard Publishing, 1987), 10–16, view on Zotero.
↑ Charles Quest-Ritson, The English Garden: A Social History (London: Viking Press, 2001), 177, view on Zotero.
↑ Simo 1988, 153–62, view on Zotero; Ray Desmond, “Loudon and Nineteenth-Century Horticultural Journalism” in John Claudius Loudon and the Early Nineteenth Century in Great Britain, ed. Elisabeth MacDougall (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1980), 79–82, 94–96 view on Zotero.
↑ Simo 1988, 171–75, view on Zotero.
↑ John Claudius Loudon, The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion (London: Longman et al., 1838), 638, view on Zotero; see also Heath Schenker, “Women, Gardens, and the English Middle Class in the Early Nineteenth Century” in Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550–1850, ed. Michel Conan (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002), 338n, 343–47, 356–60, view on Zotero.
↑ Beryl Hartley, “Sites of Knowledge and Instruction: Arboretums and the ‘Arboretum et Futicetum Britannicum,’” Garden History 35 (2007): 35–36, view on Zotero; Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels 2007, 20–22, view on Zotero; Hilary A. Taylor, “Urban Public Parks, 1840–1900: Design and Meaning,” Garden History 23, no. 2 (Winter 1995): 203–6, view on Zotero; John Claudius Loudon, The Derby Arboretum: Containing a Catalogue of the Trees and Shrubs Included in It, A Description of the Grounds and Directions for Their Management, A Copy of the Address Delivered When It Was Presented to the Town of Derby . . . on Sept. 16, 1840 (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1840), view on Zotero.
↑ Hartley 2007, 28–52, view on Zotero.
↑ J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), view on Zotero.
↑ J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, new ed., considerably improved and enlarged (London: Longman et al., 1834), view on Zotero.
↑ Loudon 1838, view on Zotero.
↑ J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), view on Zotero.
↑ J. C. Loudon, “Review of Practical Hints on Landscape Gardening, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement 8, no. 41 (December 1832): 700–2, view on Zotero.
↑ J. C. Loudon, “Descriptive Notices of Select Suburban Residences, with Remarks on Each; Intended to Illustrate the Principles and Practices of Landscape-Gardening,” Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement XV, no. 117 (December 1839): 633–74, view on Zotero.

[1] Paul Elliott, Charles Watkins, and Stephen Daniels, “‘Combining Science with Recreation and Pleasure’: Cultural Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Arboretums,“ Garden History 35 (2007): 9–10, view on Zotero; Colleen Morris, “The Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: John Claudius Loudon and His Influence in the Australian Colonies,” Garden History 32, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 101–23, view on Zotero; Margaretta J. Darnall, “The American Cemetery as Picturesque Landscape: Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis,” Winterthur Portfolio 18, no. 4 (Winter 1983): 264–65, view on Zotero.

[2] Melanie Louise Simo, Loudon and the Landscape: From Country Seat to Metropolis, 1783–1843 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 1–7, 28–29, view on Zotero.

[3] Laurence Frickler, “John Claudius Loudon: The Plane Truth?,” in Furor Hortensis: Essays on the History of the English Landscape Garden in Memory of H. F. Clark, ed. Peter Willis (Edinburgh: Elysium Press Limited, 1974), 81, view on Zotero; see also Simo 1988, 38–45, 52–56, 93–95, view on Zotero.

[4] Frickler 1974, 76–88, view on Zotero.

[5] John Claudius Loudon, Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses, Pointing out the Most Advantageous Forms, Materials, and Contrivances to Be Used in Their Construction; Also, A Review of The Various Methods of Building Them in Foreign Countries as Well as in England (London: J. Taylor, 1817) view on Zotero; Georg Kohlmaier and Barna von Sartory, Houses of Glass: A Nineteenth-Century Building Type (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991), view on Zotero; Simo 1988, 7–9, 110–18, view on Zotero.

[6] Andrea Henderson, “Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia,” Eighteenth Century 50, no. 2/3 (Summer–Autumn 2009): 227–31, view on Zotero; Simo 1988, 9, 147–48, view on Zotero; see also Sarah Dewis, The Loudons and the Gardening Press: A Victorian Cultural Industry (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014), view on Zotero.

[7] Simo 1988, view on Zotero.

[8] John Claudius Loudon, In Search of English Gardens: The Gravels of John Claudius Loudon and His Wife Jane, ed. Priscilla Boniface (Wheathampstead: Lennard Publishing, 1987), 10–16, view on Zotero.

[9] Charles Quest-Ritson, The English Garden: A Social History (London: Viking Press, 2001), 177, view on Zotero.

[10] Simo 1988, 153–62, view on Zotero; Ray Desmond, “Loudon and Nineteenth-Century Horticultural Journalism” in John Claudius Loudon and the Early Nineteenth Century in Great Britain, ed. Elisabeth MacDougall (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1980), 79–82, 94–96 view on Zotero.

[11] Simo 1988, 171–75, view on Zotero.

[12] John Claudius Loudon, The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion (London: Longman et al., 1838), 638, view on Zotero; see also Heath Schenker, “Women, Gardens, and the English Middle Class in the Early Nineteenth Century” in Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550–1850, ed. Michel Conan (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002), 338n, 343–47, 356–60, view on Zotero.

[13] Beryl Hartley, “Sites of Knowledge and Instruction: Arboretums and the ‘Arboretum et Futicetum Britannicum,’” Garden History 35 (2007): 35–36, view on Zotero; Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels 2007, 20–22, view on Zotero; Hilary A. Taylor, “Urban Public Parks, 1840–1900: Design and Meaning,” Garden History 23, no. 2 (Winter 1995): 203–6, view on Zotero; John Claudius Loudon, The Derby Arboretum: Containing a Catalogue of the Trees and Shrubs Included in It, A Description of the Grounds and Directions for Their Management, A Copy of the Address Delivered When It Was Presented to the Town of Derby . . . on Sept. 16, 1840 (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1840), view on Zotero.

[14] Hartley 2007, 28–52, view on Zotero.

[Loudon_1826-15] J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), view on Zotero.

[Loudon_1834-16] J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, new ed., considerably improved and enlarged (London: Longman et al., 1834), view on Zotero.

[Loudon_1838-17] Loudon 1838, view on Zotero.

[Loudon_1850-18] J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening, a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), view on Zotero.

[19] J. C. Loudon, “Review of Practical Hints on Landscape Gardening, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement 8, no. 41 (December 1832): 700–2, view on Zotero.

[20] J. C. Loudon, “Descriptive Notices of Select Suburban Residences, with Remarks on Each; Intended to Illustrate the Principles and Practices of Landscape-Gardening,” Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement XV, no. 117 (December 1839): 633–74, view on Zotero.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-==Sites==
+{{Person
+|Birth Present=No
+|Birth Date=April 8, 1783
+|Birth Circa=No
+|Birth Concurrence=Exact
+|Birth Questionable=No
+|Birth HasEndDate=No
+|Birth Present End=No
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+|Death Present=No
+|Death Date=December 14, 1843
+|Death Circa=No
+|Death Concurrence=Exact
+|Death Questionable=No
+|Death HasEndDate=No
+|Death Present End=No
+|Death Circa End=No
+|Death Questionable End=No
+|Roles=Landscape designer; Architect
+|Keywords=Alcove; Ancient style; Arbor; Aviary/Bird cage/Birdhouse; Basin; Bed; Beehive; Belvedere/Prospect tower/Observatory; Botanic garden; Bower; Bridge; Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall; Chinese manner; Clump; Conservatory; Dutch style; Edging; Espalier; Fence; Ferme ornée/Ornamental farm; Flower garden; Fountain; French style; Gardenesque; Gate/Gateway; Geometric style; Grotto; Hedge; Hothouse; Icehouse; Kitchen garden; Lake; Landscape gardening; Lawn; Modern style/Natural style; Mound; Mount; Orangery; Park; Parterre; Pavilion; Picturesque; Plantation; Pleasure ground/Pleasure garden; Pond; Porch; Portico; Pot; Public garden/Public ground; Rockwork/Rockery; Rustic style; Seat; Shrubbery; Square; Statue; Temple; Terrace/Slope; Thicket; Trellis; Vase/Urn; View/Vista; Walk; Wall; Wood/Woods
+|Other resources={{ExternalLink
+|External link URL=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79143079.html
+|External link text=Library of Congress Authority File
+}}{{ExternalLink
+|External link URL=http://vocab.getty.edu/page/ulan/500019060
+|External link text=Getty ULAN
+}}{{ExternalLink
+|External link URL=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17031?docPos=3
+|External link text=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
+}}
+}}
+'''John Claudius Loudon''' (April 8, 1783&ndash;December 14, 1843) was a Scottish botanist, landscape architect, [[cemetery]] designer, and author, as well as the most influential horticultural journalist of his time. Through an extraordinarily prolific publishing career, Loudon raised popular knowledge of and interest in botany, horticulture, and agriculture while shaping contemporary taste in gardens, public [[park]]s, and domestic architecture throughout Britain, America, and much of the Western world.<ref>Paul Elliott, Charles Watkins, and Stephen Daniels, “‘Combining Science with Recreation and Pleasure’: Cultural Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Arboretums,“ ''Garden History'' 35 (2007): 9&ndash;10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QVC4V4ZP view on Zotero]; Colleen Morris, “The Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: John Claudius Loudon and His Influence in the Australian Colonies,” ''Garden History'' 32, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 101&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FXHIH2XU view on Zotero]; Margaretta J. Darnall, “The American Cemetery as Picturesque Landscape: Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 18, no. 4 (Winter 1983): 264&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2GRTD7, view on Zotero].</ref>
+==History==
+<div id="Fig_1"></div>[[File:1825.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, J. C. Loudon, “[[Greenhouse]] or [[conservatory]] for a flower-garden, with a span roof,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 811, fig. 568. [[#Fig_1_cite|Back to texts]]]]
+As a young man, Loudon worked part-time for nurserymen and landscape gardeners near Edinburgh while pursuing the study of animal husbandry, gardening, and agriculture. On moving to London in 1803, he swiftly established his authority as a practitioner and theorist of landscape gardening and even dabbled in landscape painting, exhibiting five works at the Royal Academy of Arts between 1804 and 1817.<ref>Melanie Louise Simo, ''Loudon and the Landscape: From Country Seat to Metropolis, 1783&ndash;1843'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 1&ndash;7, 28&ndash;29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero.]</ref> In addition to the study of art, his taste owed much to the reading of classical and modern writers, particularly English poets and aesthetic theorists. Uvedale Price, one of the principal theorists of the [[picturesque]], was especially influential; Loudon later observed, “I believe that I am the first who has set out as a landscape gardener, professing to follow Mr. Price’s principles.”<ref>Laurence Frickler, “John Claudius Loudon: The Plane Truth?,” in ''Furor Hortensis: Essays on the History of the English Landscape Garden in Memory of H. F. Clark'', ed. Peter Willis (Edinburgh: Elysium Press Limited, 1974), 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TMA2ZEXX view on Zotero]; see also Simo 1988, 38&ndash;45, 52&ndash;56, 93&ndash;95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN, view on Zotero].</ref> Loudon’s plan for improving the public [[square]]s of London through [[picturesque]] plantings of trees and shrubs, published in the ''Literary Journal'' in 1803, initiated a voluminous outpouring of articles, books, and pamphlets that would occupy him for the rest of his life.<ref>Frickler 1974, 76&ndash;88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TMA2ZEXX view on Zotero].</ref>
-==Terms==
+Loudon traveled extensively in order to familiarize himself with the ornamental and agricultural use of land in Britain and continental Europe. Impressed by the productivity of Russian [[hothouse]]s during a trip to Scandinavia and Eastern Europe (1813&ndash;14), he began experimenting with the use of curved iron and glass in innovative [[hothouse]] structures that could be adjusted to the changing angle of the sun’s rays [Fig. 1].<ref>John Claudius Loudon, ''Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses, Pointing out the Most Advantageous Forms, Materials, and Contrivances to Be Used in Their Construction; Also, A Review of The Various Methods of Building Them in Foreign Countries as Well as in England'' (London: J. Taylor, 1817) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D3NP8DJ3, view on Zotero]; Georg Kohlmaier and Barna von Sartory, ''Houses of Glass: A Nineteenth-Century Building Type'' (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2EFN32HR view on Zotero]; Simo 1988, 7&ndash;9, 110&ndash;18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero].</ref> In 1819 he visited France, Italy, Switzerland, and the Low Countries to gather material for ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening: Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture and Landscape-gardening'' (1822)&mdash;by far the most comprehensive and systematic compendium of gardening information that had been published at the time. In contrast to many of Loudon’s previous publications, which were expensively produced and richly illustrated, the ''Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' was a practical guide intended for professional gardeners and middle-class amateurs rather than elite readers. As such, it established a new direction in garden literature that Loudon continued to develop in subsequent publications, such as ''Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture'' (1833) and ''The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion'' (1838).<ref> Andrea Henderson, “Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia,” ''Eighteenth Century'' 50, no. 2/3 (Summer&ndash;Autumn 2009): 227&ndash;31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W97KWDHD view on Zotero]; Simo 1988, 9, 147&ndash;48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN, view on Zotero]; see also Sarah Dewis, ''The Loudons and the Gardening Press: A Victorian Cultural Industry'' (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UFVDZ2JM view on Zotero].</ref>
+<div id="Fig_2"></div>[[File:1756.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, J. C. Loudon, “View at Hendon Rectory,” Middlesex, England, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 483, fig. 175. [[#Fig_2_cite|Back to texts]]]]
+Landowners throughout England and Scotland sought Loudon’s advice on improving the grounds of their estates.<ref>Simo 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero].</ref> Following his marriage in 1830, he was greatly assisted by his wife, [[Jane Loudon|Jane Webb Loudon]], who became an important gardening authority in her own right.<ref>John Claudius Loudon, ''In Search of English Gardens: The Gravels of John Claudius Loudon and His Wife Jane'', ed. Priscilla Boniface (Wheathampstead: Lennard Publishing, 1987), 10&ndash;16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EDXJZ5I view on Zotero].</ref> In 1826 Loudon launched ''Gardener’s Magazine''&mdash;the first periodical devoted solely to horticulture&mdash;which aimed “to disseminate new and important information on all topics connected with horticulture and to raise the intellect and the character of those engaged in this art.”<ref>Charles Quest-Ritson, ''The English Garden: A Social History'' (London: Viking Press, 2001), 177, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9S7WBZPM view on Zotero].</ref> Addressed to an expanding middle-class audience, the magazine became an international forum for the exchange of specialized information on scientific discoveries, technological improvements, aesthetic theories, and working designs.<ref> Simo 1988, 153&ndash;62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero]; Ray Desmond, “Loudon and Nineteenth-Century Horticultural Journalism” in ''John Claudius Loudon and the Early Nineteenth Century in Great Britain'', ed. Elisabeth MacDougall (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1980), 79&ndash;82, 94&ndash;96 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R6S53QAD view on Zotero]. </ref> An article Loudon published in the magazine in 1832 established the term “[[Gardenesque]]” to denote a deliberately artificial style of garden layout that lent itself to botanical study of individual plant specimens, revealing the art of the gardener as well as the beauty of nature [Fig. 2].<ref>Simo 1988, 171&ndash;75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero].</ref> Whereas earlier landscape artists had “looked on garden scenery entirely with the eye of a painter and a poet,” Loudon believed that “the modern artist adds to these the eye of the botanist and the cultivator.”<ref>John Claudius Loudon, ''The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion'' (London: Longman et al., 1838), 638, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BQVBJ48F view on Zotero]; see also Heath Schenker, “Women, Gardens, and the English Middle Class in the Early Nineteenth Century” in ''Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550&ndash;1850'', ed. Michel Conan (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002), 338n, 343&ndash;47, 356&ndash;60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIB8RSSR view on Zotero].</ref>
-==Texts==
+Loudon’s most important work in the [[Gardenesque]] style is the Derby Arboretum (1839&ndash;41)&mdash;generally considered England’s first public [[park]]&mdash;which he designed with over one thousand different varieties of trees and shrubs.<ref> Beryl Hartley, “Sites of Knowledge and Instruction: Arboretums and the ‘Arboretum et Futicetum Britannicum,’” ''Garden History'' 35 (2007): 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UNJX4TDH view on Zotero]; Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels 2007, 20&ndash;22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QVC4V4ZP view on Zotero]; Hilary A. Taylor, “Urban Public Parks, 1840&ndash;1900: Design and Meaning,” ''Garden History'' 23, no. 2 (Winter 1995): 203&ndash;6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INQQXBEF view on Zotero]; John Claudius Loudon, ''The Derby Arboretum: Containing a Catalogue of the Trees and Shrubs Included in It, A Description of the Grounds and Directions for Their Management, A Copy of the Address Delivered When It Was Presented to the Town of Derby . . . on Sept. 16, 1840'' (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1840), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3TZEC3G view on Zotero].</ref> Among Loudon’s numerous horticultural publications, the most ambitious was his copiously illustrated (and financially ruinous) eight-volume “paper [[arboretum]],” the ''Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum'' (1835&ndash;38): a survey of all the trees and shrubs then growing in Britain, which he hoped would spur a taste for arboriculture and the cultivation of a greater variety of trees.<ref>Hartley 2007, 28&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UNJX4TDH view on Zotero].</ref>
-===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826)===
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 26–27) <ref name="Loudon_1826">Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius). 1826. ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening''. 4th ed. London: Longman et al. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W/q/loudon view on Zotero]</ref>
+—''Robyn Asleson''
-:“115. ''The [[Dutch style|Dutch]] are generally considered as having a particular taste'' in gardening, yet their gardens, Hirschfeld observes, appear to differ little in design from those of the [[French style|French]]. The characteristics of both are symmetry and abundance of ornaments. The only difference to be remarked is, that the gardens of Holland are more confined, more covered with frivolous ornaments, and intersected with still, and often muddy pieces of water. . . .
+<hr>
-:“116. ''Grassy slopes and green [[terrace]]s and [[walk]]s'' are more common in Holland than in any other country of the continent, because the climate and soil are favourable for turf; and these verdant slopes and [[mound]]s may be said to form, with their oblong [[canal]]s, the characteristics of the [[Dutch style]] of laying out grounds.”
+==Texts==
+===Books===
+====''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826)====
+'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826)<ref name="Loudon_1826">J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>'''
+[https://archive.org/stream/encyclopdiaofgar00loud?ui=embed#mode/2up View at Internet Archive]
+====''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', new ed., improved and enlarged (1834)====
+'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., considerably improved and enlarged (London: Longman et al., 1834)<ref name="Loudon_1834">J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., considerably improved and enlarged (London: Longman et al., 1834), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TGQ5WTNR view on Zotero].</ref>'''
+[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175002081290&view=1up&seq=7 View at Hathi Trust]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 103) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+====''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838)====
-:“478. ''A plan of a [[Chinese manner|Chinese garden]] and dwelling''. . . . If this plan . . . is really correct, it seems to countenance the idea of the [[modern style]] being taken from that of the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]]. . . . [Fig. 10]
+'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion'' (London: Longman et al, 1838)<ref name="Loudon_1838">Loudon 1838, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BQVBJ48F view on Zotero].</ref>'''
+[https://archive.org/stream/suburbangardene00loudgoog#page/n8/mode/2up View at Internet Archive]
+====''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', new ed., corrected and improved (1850)====
+'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening,'' a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850)<ref name="Loudon_1850">J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening,'' a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero.]</ref>'''
+[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112069296959&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021 View at Hathi Trust]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 106) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+===Journals===
-:“486. ''Forest trees''. . . . From the Transactions of the Society of Agriculture of New York, we learn, that hawthorn [[hedge]]s and other live [[fence]]s are generally adopted in the cultivated districts; but the time is not yet arrived for forming timber-[[plantations]]."
+====''Gardener’s Magazine''====
+[[File:1900.jpg|thumb|Fig. 72, “General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.]]
+[[File:1418.jpg|thumb|Fig. 73, “View from the Chinese Temple,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 651, fig. 162.]]
+[[File:1905.jpg|thumb|Fig. 74, “Boat-house and Agave Mount,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 667, fig. 173.]]
+*1832, Review of ''Practical Hints on Landscape Gardening'' (''Gardener’s Magazine'' 8: 701–2)<ref>J. C. Loudon, “Review of ''Practical Hints on Landscape Gardening'', ''Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 8, no. 41 (December 1832): 700–2, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2PJICQB6 view on Zotero.]</ref>
+:“In our opinion, a landscape-gardener knows but a part of his profession, who is not conversant with the numerous families of American and other trees which will thrive in the open air in Britain. Mere [[picturesque]] improvement is not enough in these enlightened times: it is necessary to understand that there is such a character of art as the [[gardenesque]], as well as the [[picturesque]]. The very term [[gardenesque]], perhaps, will startle some readers; but we are convinced, nevertheless, that it is a term which will soon find a place in the language of rural art. [[landscape gardening|Landscape-gardening]], it will be allowed, is, to a certain extent, an art of imitation. Now, an imitative art is not one which produces facsimiles of the things to be imitated; but one which produces imitations, or resemblances, according to the manner of that art. Thus, sculpture does not attempt colour, nor painting to raise surfaces in relief; and neither attempt to deceive. In the like manner, the imitator, in a [[park]] or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]], of a landscape composed of ground, [[wood]], and water, does not produce facsimiles of the grounds, [[wood]], and water, which he sees around him on every side; but, of ground, [[wood]] and water, arranged in imitation of nature, according to the principles of his particular art. The character of this art has varied from the earliest times to the present day; but profoundly examined, the principle which guided the artist remains the same; and the successive fashions that have prevailed will be found to confirm our views of the subject, viz., that all imitations of nature worthy of being characterized as belonging to the fine arts art not facsimile imitations, but imitations of manner. To apply this principle to the planting of trees in [[park]] or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] scenery nature, in any given locality, makes use of a certain number of trees found indigenous there; but the garden imitator of natural [[woods]] introduces either other forms and dispositions of the same kinds of trees, as in the [[geometric style]]; or the same disposition of other species of trees, as in the most improved practice of the [[modern style]]. In neither case does the artist produce a correct facsimile of nature; for, if he did, however beautiful the scene copied, the beauty produced would be merely that of repetition. But we have neither room nor time at present fully to illustrate this theory. Let it suffice for us to state, for the consideration of those of our readers who have reflected on the subject, that there is as certainly, in gardening, as an art of imitation, the [[gardenesque]], as there is, in painting and sculpture, the [[picturesque]] and sculpturesque.”
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 296) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“1500. ''Moveable [[edging]]s'' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species.
-:“1501. ''The basket-[[edging]]'' (''fig''. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrubs]] cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as [[edging]]s to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatory|conservatories]].
+*December 1839, describing Cheshunt Cottage, property of William Harrison, near London, England (''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15: 644, 653, 667&ndash;68)<ref>J. C. Loudon, “Descriptive Notices of Select Suburban Residences, with Remarks on Each; Intended to Illustrate the Principles and Practices of Landscape-Gardening,” ''Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' XV, no. 117 (December 1839): 633–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U5WDEBI9 view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“1502. ''The earthenware [[border]]'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent [[edging]]s to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5]
+:“3. The [[orangery]]. The paths are of slate, and the centre [[bed]], or pit, for the orange trees, is covered with an open wooden grating, on which are placed the smaller [[pot]]s; while the larger ones, and the boxes and tubs, are let down through openings made in the grating, as deep as it may be necessary for the proper effect of the heads of the trees. This house, and that for Orchidàceæ, are heated from the boiler. . . . [Fig. 72]
-:“1503. ''[[Edging]]s of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material."
+:“85, Double ascent of the steps to a [[mound]] formed of the earth removed in excavating for the [[pond]]. From the platform to which these steps lead, there is a circuitous path to the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[temple]], and the steps are ornamented with [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[vase]]s, thus affording a note of preparation for the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[temple]]. The outer sides of the steps are formed of [[rockwork]], and between the two stairs is a pedestal with [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] ornaments.
+:“86, The [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[temple]], on the highest part of the [[mount]] formed of the soil taken from the excavation now constituting the [[pond]]. The [[view]] from the interior of this [[temple]] is shown in ''fig''. 162. . . . [Fig. 73]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 308–9) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+:“87, [[rustic style|Rustic]] steps descending from the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[temple]] to the [[walk]] which borders the [[pond]]. . . .
-:“1576. ''[[Espalier]] rails'' are substitutes for [[wall]]s, and which they so far resemble, that trees are regularly spread and trained along them, are fully exposed to the light, and having their branches fixed are less liable to be injured by high winds. They are formed of wood, cast-iron, or wire and wood.
-:“1577. ''The wooden [[espalier]]'', of the simplest kind, is merely a straight row of stakes driven in the ground at six or eight inches asunder, and four or five feet high, and joined and kept in a line at top by a rail of wood, or iron hoop, through which one nail is driven into the heart of each stake. . . .
+:“The masses of trees and shrubs are chiefly on the [[mount]] near the [[lake]], and along the margin which shuts out the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]; and in these places they are planted in the [[gardenesque]] manner, so as to produce irregular groups of trees, with masses of evergreen and deciduous shrubs as undergrowth, intersected by glades of turf. they are scattered over the general surface of the [[lawn]], so as to produce a continually varying effect, as viewed from the [[walk]]s; and so as to disguise the boundary, and prevent the eye from seeing from one extremity of grounds to the other, and thus ascertain their extent.” [Fig. 74]
-:“1578. ''The framed wooden [[espalier]] rail'' is composed of frames fitted with vertical bars at six or eight inches asunder, which are nailed on in preference to mortising, in order to preserve entire the strength of the upper and lower rails. . . .
+<hr>
-:“1579. ''The cast-iron [[espalier]] rail'' . . . resembles a common street railing, but it is made lighter. . . . [Fig. 5]
+==Images==
+===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826)===
+<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-:“1580. ''The horizontal [[espalier]] rail'' . . . is a frame of wood or iron, of any form or magnitude, and either detached or united, fitted in with bars, and placed horizontally, at any convenient distance from the ground. . . . [Fig. 6]
+Image:1795.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “A plan of a Chinese garden and dwelling,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 103, fig. 37.
-:“1581. ''The oblique [[espalier]] rail'' is composed of bars, wires, or lattice-work, placed obliquely.”
+Image:1311.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Plant boxes, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 285, figs. 177&ndash;79.
+Image:1312.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 296, figs. 219–20.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 310–15) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1313.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The flued wall, or hot-wall,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 304, figs. 236 and 237.
-:“1584. ''[[greenhouse|Green-houses]] were known in this country in the seventeenth century''. They were then, and continued to be, in all probability, till the beginning of the 18th century, mere chambers distinguished by more glass windows in front than were usual in dwelling-rooms. Such was the [[greenhouse|green-house]] in the apothecaries’ garden at Chelsea. . . .
-:“1585. ''The first æra of improvement'' may be dated 1717, when Switzer published a plan for a forcing-house, suggested by the Duke of Rutland’s graperies at Belvoir Castle. Miller, Bradley, and others, now published designs, in which glass roofs were introduced. . . .
+Image:1982.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The cellular wall,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 305, fig. 238.
-:“1586. ''A second æra of improvement'' may be dated from the time when Dr. Anderson published a treatise on his patent [[hothouse|hot-house]], and from the publication of Knight’s papers in the ''Horticultural Society’s Transactions'', both of which happened about 1809. Not that the scheme of Dr. Anderson ever succeeded, or is at all likely to answer to the extent imagined by its inventor; but the philosophical discussion connected with its description and uses, excited the attention of some gardeners, as did the remarks of Knight on the proper slope of glass roofs (''Hort. Trans.'' vol. i.); and both contributed, there can be no doubt, to produce the patent [[hothouse|hot-houses]] of Stewart and Jorden, and other less known improvements. These, though they may now be considered as reduced ''au merite historique'', yet were really beneficial in their day. Knight’s improvements chiefly respected the angle of the glass roof; a subject first taken up by Boerhaave about a century before, adopted by Linnaeus (''Amen. Acad.'' i. 44.), and subsequently enlarged on by Faccio in 1699, Adanson (''Familles des Plantes'', tom, i.) in 1763, Miller in 1768, Speechley in 1789, John Williams of New York (''Tr. Ag. Soc. New York'', 2d edit.) in 1801, Knight in 1806, and by some intermediate authors whom it is needless to name.
+Image:1315.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The wavy or serpentine wall” and “the angular wall,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 307, figs. 241 and 242.
-:“1587. ''The last and most important æra'' is marked by the fortunate discovery of Sir G. Mackenzie in 1815, ‘that the form of glass roofs best calculated for the admission of the sun’s rays is a hemispherical figure.’
+Image:1318.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The cast-iron espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 309, fig. 248.
-:“1591. . . . The object or end of [[hothouse|hot-houses]] is to form habitations for vegetables, and either for such exotic plants as will not grow in the open air of the country where the habitation is to be erected; or for such indigenous or acclimated plants as it is desired to force or excite into a state of vegetation, or accelerate their maturation at extraordinary seasons. The former description are generally denominated [[greenhouse|green-houses]] or botanic stoves, in which the object is to imitate the native climate and soil of the plants cultivated; the latter comprehend forcing-houses and culinary stoves, in which the object is, in the first case, to form an exciting climate and soil, on general principles; and in the second, to imitate particular climates. . . .
+Image:1320.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The acuminated semi-globe” hot-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 315, fig. 254.
-:“1595. ''The introduction and management of light is the most important point to attend to in the construction of [[hothouse|hot-houses]]''. . . .
+Image:1321.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Ponds or large basins” and “Tanks or cisterns,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 339, figs. 286&ndash;288.
-:“1602. ''The general form and appearance of roofs of [[hothouse|hot-houses]]'', was, till very lately, that of a glazed shed or lean-to; differing only in the display of lighter or heavier frame-work or sashes. But Sir George Mackenzie’s paper on this subject, and his plan and elevation of a semi-dome (''Hort. Trans.'' vol. ii. p. 175.), have materially altered the opinion of scientific gardeners. . . .
+Image:1322.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Elevated circular platform to keep ice in stacks in Ice Houses, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 340, fig. 289.
-:“1603. ''Some forms of [[hothouse|hot-houses]] on the curvilinear principle'' shall now be submitted, and afterwards some specimens of the forms in common use; for common forms, it is to be observed, are not recommended to be laid aside in cases where ordinary objects are to be attained in the easiest manner; and they are, besides the forms of roofs, the most convenient for pits, frames, and glass tents, as already exemplified in treating of these structures."
+Image:1326.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Beehive, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 344, fig. 295.
+Image:1327.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Wire-cages,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 347, fig. 301.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 322–23) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1328.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The Swiss bridge,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 350, fig. 312.
-:“1640. ''Walls'' of some sort are necessary for almost every description of [[hothouse|hot-house]], for even those which are formed of glass on all sides are generally placed on a basis of masonry. But as by far the greater number are erected for culinary purposes, they are placed in the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], with the upper part of their roof leaning against a [[wall]], which forms their northern side or boundary, and is commonly called the back [[wall]], and the lower part resting on a low range of supports of iron or masonry, commonly called the front [[wall]]. . . .
-:“1647. ''The most general mode of heating [[hothouse|hot-houses]] is by fires and smoke-flues'', and on a small scale, this will probably long remain so. Heat is the same material, however produced; and a given quantity of fuel will produce no more heat when burning under a boiler than when burning in a common furnace. Hence, with good air-tight flues, formed of well burnt bricks and tiles accurately cemented with lime-putty, and arranged so as the smoke and hot air may circulate freely, every thing in culture, as far as respects heat, may be perfectly accomplished."
+Image:1811.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A gate in a simple or rustic structure, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 354, fig. 326.
+Image:1331.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Examples of Treillage-Work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 355, fig. 328.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 337) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1332.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Porches and porticoes,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 356, fig. 330.
-:“1712. ''Entrance lodges and [[gate]]s'' more properly belong to architecture than gardening. But, as in small places, they are sometimes designed by the garden-architect, or landscape-gardener, a few remarks may be of use. . . . A handsome architectural entrance is but a poor compensation for its want of harmony with the mansion."
+Image:1702.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Alcoves,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 356, fig. 331.
-[[File:1321.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 11, [[J. C. Loudon]], "Ponds or large basins" and "Tanks or cisterns," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 339, figs. 286-288.]]
+Image:1333.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The Italian Arbor” and “The French Arbor,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 356, figs. 332 and 333.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 339) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“1718. ''Reservoirs'' may be either tanks, cisterns, [[basin]]s, or [[pond]]s. . . .
-:“1719. ''[[Pond]]s or large [[basin]]s'' . . . are reservoirs formed in excavations, either in soils retentive of water, or rendered so by the use of clay. . . . Sometimes these [[basin]]s are lined with pavement, tiles, or even lead, and the last material is the best, where complete dryness is an object around the margin. . . .[Fig. 11]
+Image:1334.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Covered seats of the rustic kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 357, figs. 334&ndash;336.
-:“1722. ''Collecting and preserving ice, rearing bees'', &c. however, unsuitable or discordant it may appear, it has long been the custom to delegate to the care of the gardener. In some cases also he has the care of the [[dovecote|dove-house]], fish-ponds, [[aviary]], a menagerie of wild beasts, and places for snails, frogs, dormice, rabbits, &c. but we shall only consider the [[icehouse|ice-house]], [[beehive|apiary]], and [[aviary]], as legitimately belonging to gardening, leaving the others to the care of the gamekeeper, or to constitute a particular department in domestic or rural economy."
+Image:1335.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Elegant structures of the seat kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 357, figs. 337 and 338.
+Image:1336.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Drooping fountains,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 359, figs. 341&ndash;343.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 340) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1796.jpg|'''J. C. Loudon''', “Intricate and fanciful figures of parterres,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
-:“1725. ''The form of [[icehouse|ice-houses]]'' commonly adopted at country-[[seat]]s, both in Britain and in France, is generally that of an inverted cone, or rather hen’s egg, with the broad end uppermost.”
+Image:1339.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Levelling for terrace-slopes,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 377, fig. 369.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 341–42) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1340.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Cross walls,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 471, fig. 427.
-:“1733. ''The care of bees'' seems more naturally to belong to gardening than the keeping of ice; because their situation is naturally in the garden, and their produce is a vegetable salt. The garden-bee is found in a wild state in most parts of the globe, in swarms or governments; but never in groups of governments so near together as in a [[beehive|bee-house]], which is an artificial and unnatural contrivance to save trouble, and injurious to the insect directly as the number placed together. . . . Hence, independently of other considerations, one disadvantage of congregating hives in [[beehive|bee-houses]] or [[beehive|apiaries]]. The advantages are, greater facility in protecting from heats, colds, or thieves, and greater facilities of examining their condition and progress. Independently of their honey, bees are considered as useful in gardens, by aiding in the impregnation of flowers. For this purpose, a [[beehive|hive]] is sometimes placed in a cherry-house, and sometimes in peach-houses; or the position of the [[beehive|hive]] is in the front or end [[wall]] of such houses, so as the body of the [[beehive|hive]] may be half in the house and half in the [[wall]], with two outlets for the bees, one into the house, and the other into the open air. By this arrangement, the bees can be admitted to the house and open air alternately, and excluded from either at pleasure.
-:“1734. ''The [[beehive|apiary]], or [[beehive|bee-house]]''. The simplest form of a [[beehive|bee-house]] consists of a few shelves in a recess of a [[wall]] or other building . . . exposed to the south, and with or without shutters, to exclude the sun in summer, and, in part, the frost in winter. The scientific or experimental [[beehive|bee-house]] is a detached building of boards, differing from the former in having doors behind, which may be opened at any time during day to inspect the [[beehive|hives]]. . . . [[beehive|Bee-houses]] may always be rendered agreeable, and often ornamental objects: they are particularly suitable for [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]; and one may occur in a recess in a [[wood]] or [[copse]], accompanied by a [[picturesque]] cottage and [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. They enliven a [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], and communicate particular impressions of industry and usefulness. . . . [Fig. 6]
+Image:1344.jpg|'''J. C. Loudon''', “Peach-houses and vineries,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 509, fig. 450a&ndash;c.
+Image:1347.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Rustic fences,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 792, fig. 542.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 347) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1351.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550.
-:“1761. ''The canary or singing-bird [[aviary]]'' used not unfrequently to be formed in the opaque-roofed [[greenhouse|green-house]] or [[conservatory]], by enclosing one or both ends with a partition of wire; and furnishing them with dead or living trees, or spray and branches suspended from the roof for the birds to perch on. Such are chiefly used for the canary, bullfinch, linnet, &c.
-:“1762. ''The parrot [[aviary]]'' is generally a building formed on purpose, with a glass roof, front, and ends; with shades and curtains to protect it from the sun and frost, and a flue for winter heating. In these, artificial or dead trees with glazed foliage are fixed in the floor, and sometimes cages hung on them; and at other times the birds allowed to fly loose. . . .
+Image:1352.jpg|J. C. Loudon, The botanic flower garden with a gravel-walk, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 801, fig. 553.
-:“1763. ''The verdant [[aviary]]'' is that in which, in addition to houses for the different sorts of birds, a net or wire curtain is thrown over the tops of trees, and supported by light posts or hollow rods, so as to enclose a few poles, or even acres of ground, and water in various forms. In this the birds in fine weather sing on the trees, the aquatic birds sail on the water, or the gold-pheasants stroll over the [[lawn]], and in severe seasons they betake themselves to their respective houses or cages. Such an enclosed space will of course contain evergreen, as well as deciduous trees, rocks, reeds, aquatics, long grass for larks and partridges, spruce firs for pheasants, furzebushes for linnets, &c. . . .
+Image:1353.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The select or grouped manner of planting a shrubbery,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 806, fig. 559.
-:“1764. ''Gallinaceous [[aviary]]''. At Chiswick, portable netted enclosures, from ten to twenty feet square, are distributed over a part of the [[lawn]], and display a curious collection of domestic fowls. In each enclosure is a small wooden box or house for sheltering the animals during the night, or in severe weather, and for breeding. Each cage or enclosure is contrived to contain one or more trees or [[shrubs]]; and water and food are supplied in small basins and appropriate vessels. Curious varieties of aquatic fowls might be placed on floating [[aviary|aviaries]] on a [[lake]] or [[pond]]."
+Image:1847.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Ground-plan for “systematic or methodical planting in shrubberies,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 807, fig. 560.
+Image:1355.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Grecian temple,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 809, fig. 562.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 348, 350–51) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1356.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Bower formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 809, fig. 563.
-:“1769. ''Useful decorations'' are such as while they serve as ornaments, or to heighten the effect of a scene, are also applied to some real use, as in the case of cottages and [[bridge]]s. They are the class of decorative buildings most general and least liable to objection. . . .
-:“1782. ''The [[bridge]]'' is one of the grandest decorations of garden-scenery, where really useful. None require so little architectural elaboration, because every mind recognises the object in view, and most minds are pleased with the means employed to attain that object in proportion to their simplicity. There are an immense variety of [[bridge]]s, which may be classed according to the mechanical principles of their structure; the style of architecture, or the materials used. . . .
+Image:1357.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Plan, view, and section of green-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 811, fig. 567.
-:“1783. ''The fallen tree'' is the original form, and may sometimes be admitted in garden-scenery, with such additions as will render it safe, and somewhat commodious.
+Image:1825.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Greenhouse or conservatory for a flower-garden, with a span roof, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 811, fig. 568.
-:“1784. ''The foot-plank'' is the next form, and may or may not be supported in the middle, or at different distances by posts.
+Image:1770.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 813, fig. 570.
-:“1785. ''The Swiss [[bridge]]'' . . . is a rude composition of trees unbarked, and not hewn or polished. . . . [Figs. 9 and 10]
+Image:1361.jpg|J. C. Loudon, The placement of groups and thickets in plantations, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 954, fig. 649.
-:“1787. ''A very light and strong [[bridge]]'' may be formed by screwing together thin boards in the form of a segment, or by screwing together a system of triangles of timber. . . .
+Image:1364.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Clump of Scotch pines, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 965, fig. 663.
-:“1788. ''[[Bridge]]s of common carpentry'' . . . admit of every variety of form, and either of rustic workmanship or with unpolished materials, or of polished timber alone, or of dressed timber and abutments of masonry.
+Image:1366.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Landscape gardening for a residence in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1007, fig. 690.
-:“1789. ''[[Bridge]]s of masonry'' . . . may either have raised or flat roads; but in all cases those are the most beautiful (because most consistent with utility) in which the road on the [[arch]] rises as little above the level of the road on the shores as possible. . . .
+Image:1367.jpg|J. C. Loudon, In planting with a view to natural beauty, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1008, fig. 691.
-:“1790. ''Cast-iron [[bridges]]'' are necessarily curved; but that curvature, and the lines which enter into the architecture of their rails, may be varied according to taste or local indications.”
+Image:1368.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A garden in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1009, fig. 694.
+Image:1369.jpg|J. C. Loudon, The imitation of a lake, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1010, fig. 696.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 352, 354–55) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1370.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “A waterfall, or cascade,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1012, fig. 700.
-:“1794. ''The [[gate]]'' is of various forms and materials, according to those of the barrier of which it constitutes a part. In all [[gate]]s, the essential part of the construction, or those lines which maintain its strength and position, and facilitate its motion, are to be distinguished from such . . . as serve chiefly to render it a barrier, or as decorations. Thus a [[gate]] with a raised top or head (''fig''. 321.) is almost always in bad taste, because at variance with strength; while the contrary form (''fig''. 320.) is generally in good taste, for the contrary reason. In regard to strength, the nearer the arrangement of rails and bars approaches in effect to one solid lamina, or plate of wood or iron, of the [[gate|gate’s]] dimensions, the greater will be the force required to tear or break it in pieces. But this would not be consistent with lightness and economy, and, therefore, the skeleton of a lamina is resorted to, by the employment of slips or rails joined together on mechanical principles; that is, on principles derived from a mechanical analysis of strong bodies. . . . [Fig. 14]
-:“1800. ''[[Gate]]s, as decorations'', may be classed according to the prevailing lines, and the materials used. Horizontal, perpendicular, diagonal, and curved lines, comprehend all [[gate]]s, whether of iron or of timber, and each of these may be distinguished more or less by ornamental parts, which may either be taken from any of the known styles of architecture, or from heraldry or fancy.
+Image:1789.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Aviary designed by Humphry Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1020, fig. 718.
-:“1801. ''The published designs for [[gate]]s are numerous'', especially those for iron [[gate]]s; for executing which, the improvements made in casting that metal in moulds afford great facilities. By a judicious junction of cast and wrought iron, the ancient mode of enriching [[gate]]s with flowers and other carved-like ornaments might be happily reintroduced.
+Image:1371.jpg|J. C. Loudon, "''The'' [[Pleasure ground/Pleasure garden|''pleasure-ground'']]", in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1021, fig. 719.
-:“1802. ''[[Gate]]s in garden-scenery'', where architectural elegance is not required to support character, simple or rustic structures . . . wickets, turn-stiles, and even moveable or suspended rails, like the German schlagbaum . . . may be introduced according to the character of the scene. . . .[Fig. 15]
+Image:1372.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Plan of a ferme ornée with wild and irregular hedges, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1023, fig. 722.
-:“1804. ''[[Wall]]s'' are unquestionably the grandest [[fence]]s for [[park]]s; and arched portals, the noblest entrances; between these and the [[hedge]] or pale, and rustic [[gate]], designs in every degree of gradation, both for lodges, [[gate]]s, and [[fence]]s, will be found in the works of Wright, Gandy, Robertson, Aikin, Pocock, and other architects who have published on the rural department of their art. The pattern books of manufacturers of iron [[gate]]s and hurdles, and of wire workers, may also be advantageously consulted.”
+Image:1817.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Plan of a large public square, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1030, fig. 733.
-[[File:1702.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], "Alcoves," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 331.]]
+</gallery>
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 356) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:"1810. [[Alcove]]s . . . are used as winter resting places, as being fully exposed to the sun. . . .[Fig. 1]
-:“1811. ''[[arbor|Arbors]]'' are used as summer seats and resting-places: they may be shaded with fruit-trees, as the vine, currant, cherry; climbing ornamental [[shrubs]], as ivy, clematis, &c.; or herbaceous, as everlasting pea, gourd, &c. They are generally formed of timber lattice-work, sometimes of woven rods, or wicker-work, and occasionally of wire.
+===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', new ed., improved and enlarged (1834)===
+<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-:“1812. ''The Italian [[arbor]]'' . . . is generally covered with a dome, often framed of thick iron or copper wire painted, and covered with vines or honeysuckles.
+Image:1778.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A grotto scene from Monza, Italy, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 36, fig. 20.
-:“1813. ''The French [[arbor]]'' . . . is characterised by the various lines and surfaces, which enter into the composition of the roof. . . .
+Image:1696.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Rustic Dutch fountain, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 63, fig. 43.
-:“1815. ''[[grotto|Grottoes]]'' are resting-places in recluse situations, rudely covered externally, and within finished with shells, corals, spars, crystallisations, and other marine and mineral productions, according to fancy. To add to the effect, pieces of looking-glass are inserted in different places and positions.”
+Image:1779.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 174, fig. 130.
+Image:1698.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Rustic shed, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 227, fig. 163.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 358-59) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1775.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “A lofty prospect tower,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 328, fig. 224.
-:“1822. ''Of constructions for displaying water'', as an artificial decoration, the principal are [[cascade]]s, [[waterfall]]s, [[jet]]s, and [[fountain]]s. . . .
-:“1826. ''The construction of the [[waterfall]], where avowedly artificial'', is nothing more than a strong-built [[wall]] across the stream, perfectly level at top, and with a strong, smooth, accurately fitted, and well jointed coping. . . . Where a natural [[waterfall]] is to be imitated, the upright [[wall]] must be built of huge irregular blocks; the horizontal lamina of water broken in the same way by placing fragments of rocks grouped here and there so as to throw the whole into parts; and as nature is never methodical, to form it as if in part a [[cascade]]. . . .
+Image:1699.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “An Octagon Pagoda,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 333, fig. 233.
-:“1827. ''In imitating a natural [[cascade]]'' in garden-scenery, the horizontal line must here also be perfect, to prevent waste of water in dry seasons, and from this to the base of the lower slope the surface must be paved by irregular blocks, observing to group the prominent fragments, and not distribute them regularly over the surface. . . .
+Image:1701.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Diagram of worm fence, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 412, fig. 276.
-:“1828. ''The greatest danger in imitating'' [[cascade]]s and [[waterfall]]s, consisting in attempting too much, a very few blocks, disposed with a painter’s eye, will effect all that can be in good taste in most garden-scenes; and in forming or improving them in natural rivers, there will generally be found indications both as to situation and style, especially if the country be uneven, or stony, or rocky. . . .
+Image:1310.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The propagation-pot” and “carnation-saucer,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 540, figs. 444–45.
-:“1829. ''[[Jet]]s and other hydraulic devices'', though now in less repute than formerly, are not to be rejected in confined artificial scenes, and form an essential decoration where the [[ancient style]] of landscape is introduced in any degree of perfection.
+Image:1325.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “The apiary, or bee-house,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 613, fig. 620.
-:“1830. ''The first requisite for [[jet]]s or projected spouts, or threads of water'', by atmospheric pressure, is a sufficiently elevated source or reservoir of supply. This being obtained, pipes are to be conducted from it to the situations for the [[jet]]s. . . .
+Image:1705.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Kitchen garden, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 721, fig. 696.
-:“1831. ''Adjutages'' are of various sorts. Some are contrived so as to throw up the water in the form of sheaves, fans, showers, to support balls, &c.; others to throw it out horizontally, or in curved lines, according to the taste of the designer; but the most usual form is a simple opening to throw the spout or [[jet]] upright. The grandest [[jet]] of any is a perpendicular [[column]] issuing from a rocky base, on which the water falling, produces a double effect both of sound and visual display. A [[jet]] rising from a naked tube in the middle of a [[basin]] or [[canal]], and the waters falling on its smooth surface, is unnatural, without being artificially grand.
+Image:1773.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Section and plan for a building to house orange trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 974, fig. 785a and b.
-:“1832. ''Drooping [[fountain]]s'' . . . overflowing [[vase]]s, shells (as the chama gigas), cisterns, sarcophagi, dripping rocks, and [[rockwork]]s, are easily formed, requiring only the reservoir to be as high as the orifice whence the dip or descent proceeds. This description of [[fountain]]s, with a surrounding [[basin]], are peculiarly adapted for the growth of aquatic plants.” [Fig. 12]
+Image:1798.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A clump, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 1118, fig. 874a.
+Image:1788.jpg|J. C. Loudon, One of the “Accidental Accompaniments to the Materials of Landscape,” for birds and animals, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 1183, fig. 947.
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening''  (p. 361) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
+Image:1707.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Seat formed of moss and hazel rods” and “Trellised arches for climbers,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), 1196, figs. 960&ndash;62.
-:“1842. ''Monumental objects'', as [[obelisk]]s, [[column]]s, pyramids, may occasionally be introduced with grand effect, both in a [[picturesque]] and historical view, of which Blenheim, Stow, Castle Howard, &c., afford fine examples; but their introduction is easily carried to the extreme, and then it defeats itself, as at Stow.”
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 375)
+</gallery>
-:“1924. ''Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre]]s'' are most correctly transferred to ground, as they are copied on paper, by covering the figure to be copied with squares (''fig''. 363. ''a'') formed by temporary lines intersecting each other at equal distances and right angles, and by tracing on the ground similar squares, but much larger, according to the scale (''fig''. 363. ''b''). Sometimes the figure is drawn on paper in black, and the squares in red, while the squares on the ground are formed as sawyers mark the intended path of the saw before sawing up a log of timber; that is, by stretching cords rubbed with chalk, which, by being struck on the ground (previously made perfectly smooth), leave white lines. With the plan in one hand and a pointed rod in the other, the design is thus readily traced across these indications. The [[French style|French]] and Italians lay out their most curious [[parterre]]s . . . in this way. [Fig. 7]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 789–95, 797–98, 800-802) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“6075. ''Floriculture''. . . . The culture of flowers was long carried on with that of culinary vegetables, in the [[border]]s of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], or in [[parterre]]s or groups of [[bed]]s, which commonly connected the culinary compartments with the house. In places of moderate extent, this mixed style is still continued; but in residences which aim at any degree of distinction, the space within the walled garden is confined to the production of objects of domestic utility, while the culture of plants of ornament is displayed in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] and the [[shrubbery]]. These, under the general term of [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]], encircle the house in small [[seat]]s, and on a larger scale embrace it in one or more sides; the remaining part being under the character of [[park]]-scenery. . . .
-:“6076. ''The situation'' of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], as of every department of floriculture, should be near the house, for ready access at all times, and especially during winter and spring, when the beauties of this scene are felt with peculiar force. . . .
-:“6079. ''To place the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] south-east or south-west of the house'', and between it and the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], is in general a desirable circumstance. . . .
-:“6080. ''In exposure and aspect'', the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] should be laid out as much as possible on the same principles as the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. . . .
-:“6081. ''The extent'' of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] depends jointly on the general scale of the residence, and the particular taste of the owner. If any proportion may be mentioned, perhaps, a fifth part of the contents of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] will come near the general average; but there is no impropriety in having a large [[flower garden|flower-garden]] to a small [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. . . . As moderation, however, is generally found best in the end, we concur with the author of the ''Florist’s Manual'', when she states, that ‘. . . If the form of ground, where a [[parterre]] is to be situated, is sloping, the size should be larger than when a flat surface, and the [[border]]s of various shapes, and on a bolder scale, and intermingled with grass; but such a [[flower garden|flower-garden]] partakes more of the nature of [[pleasure garden|pleasure-ground]] than of the common [[parterre]], and will admit of a judicious introduction of flowering [[shrubs]].’ . . .
-:“6082. ''Shelter'' is equally requisite for the [[flower garden|flower]] as for the [[kitchen garden]], and, where naturally wanting, is to be produced by the same means, viz. planting. . . . Sometimes an evergreen [[hedge]] will produce all the shelter requisite, as in small gardens composed of earth and gravel only . . . but where the scene is large . . . and composed of dug compartments (''a''), placed on [[lawn]] (''b'') the whole may be surrounded by an irregular [[border]] (''c'') of flowers, [[shrubbery]], and trees. . . . [Fig. 5]
-:“6086. ''Water''. This material, in some form or other, is as essential to the [[flower garden|flower]] as to the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. Besides the use of the element in common culture, a [[pond]] or [[basin]] affords an opportunity of growing some of the more showy aquatics, while [[jet]]s, dropping-[[fountains]], and other forms of displaying water, serve to decorate and give interest to the scene. . . .
-:“6087. ''The form'' of a small garden . . . will be found most pleasing when some regular figure is adopted, as a circle, oval, octagon, crescent, &c.: but where the extent is so great as not readily to be caught by a single glance of the eye, an irregular shape is generally more convenient, and it may be thrown into agreeable figures, or component scenes, by the introduction of [[shrubs]] so as to subdivide the space. . . .
-:“6090. ''Boundary [[fence]], or screen''. [[Parterre]]s on a small scale may be enclosed by an evergreen [[hedge]] of holly, box, laurel, privet, juniper, laurustinus, or Irish whin . . . but irregular figures, especially if of some extent, can only be surrounded by a [[shrubbery]], such as we have already hinted at (6082.) as forming a proper shelter for [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]. . . .
-:“6093. ''Laying out the area''. . . . In laying out the area of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], its destination being utility, affords in all cases a safe and fixed guide; but the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] is a matter of fancy and taste, and where these are wavering and unsettled, the work will be found to go on at random. As [[flower garden|flower-gardens]] are objects of pleasure, that principle which must serve as a guide in laying them out, must be taste. Now, in [[flower garden|flower-gardens]], as in other objects, there are different kinds of tastes; these embodied are called styles or characters; and the great art of the designer is, having fixed on a style, to follow it out unmixed with other styles, or with any deviation which would interfere with the kind of taste or impression which that style is calculated to produce. Style, therefore, is the leading principle in laying out [[flower garden|flower-gardens]], as utility is in laying out the culinary-garden. As subjects of fancy and taste, the styles of [[flower garden|flower-gardens]] are various. The [[modern style]] is a collection of irregular groups and masses, placed about the house as a medium, uniting it with the open lawn. The [[ancient style|ancient]] [[geometric style]], in place of irregular groups, employed symmetrical forms; in France, adding [[statue]]s and [[fountain]]s; in Holland, cut trees and grassy slopes; and in Italy, stone [[wall]]s, walled [[terrace]]s, and flights of steps. In some situations, these characteristics of [[parterre]]s may with propriety be added to, or used instead of the modern sort, especially in flat situations, such as are enclosed by high [[wall]]s in towns, or where the principal building or object is in a style of architecture which will not render these appendages incongruous. There are other characters of gardens, such as [[Chinese manner|Chinese]], which are not widely different from the [[modern style|modern]]; the Indian, which consists chiefly of [[walk]]s under shade, in [[square]]s of grass, &c.; the Turkish, which abounds in shady retreats, boudoirs of roses and aromatic herbs; and the Spanish, which is distinguished by [[trellis]]-work and [[fountain]]s: but these gardens are not generally adapted to this climate, though from contemplating and selecting what is beautiful or suitable in each, a style of decoration for the immediate vicinity of mansions might be composed, greatly preferable to any thing now in use. . . .
-:“6097. ''The materials which form the surface of [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]'' . . . are gravel (''a''), turf (''b''), and dug [[border]]s, (''c''), patches (''d''), or compartments (''e''), and water (''f''); but a variety of other objects and materials may be introduced as receptacles for plants, or on the surfaces of [[walk]]s; as grotesque roots, rocks, flints, spar, shells, scoriae in conglomerated lumps, sand and gravel of different colors; besides works of art introduced as decorations, or tonsile performances, when the old [[French style]] . . . is imitated.” [Fig. 8]
-:“6099. ''The [[greenhouse|green-house]] or [[conservatory]] is generally placed in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', provided these structures are not appended to the house. . . .
-:“6107. ''[[Edging]]s''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by [[edging]]s or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as [[edging]]s. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever [[edging]]s are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’
-:“6108. ''Basket-[[edging]]s''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant [[edging]]s; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c. . . .
-:“6110. ''The manner of planting the herbaceous plants and [[shrubs]] in a [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'' depends jointly on the style and extent of the scene. With a [[view]] to planting, they may be divided into three classes, which classes are independently altogether of the style in which they are laid out. The first class is ''the general or mingled [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', in which is displayed a mixture of flowers with or without flowering-[[shrubs]] according to its size. The object in this class is to mix the plants, as that every part of the garden may present a gay assemblage of flowers of different colors during the whole season. The second class is ''the select [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', in which the object is limited to the cultivation of particular kinds of plants; as, florists’ flowers, American plants, annuals, bulbs, &c. Sometimes two or more classes are included in one garden, as bulbs and annuals; but, in general, the best effect is produced by limiting the object to one class only. The third class is ''the changeable [[flower garden]]'', in which all the plants are kept in [[pot]]s, and reared in a flower-[[nursery]] or reserve-ground. As soon as they begin to flower, they are plunged in the [[border]]s of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], and, whenever they show symptoms of decay, removed, to be replaced by others from the same source. This is obviously the most complete mode of any for a display of flowers, as the beauties of both the ''general'' and ''particular'' gardens may be combined without presenting blanks, or losing the fine effect of assemblages of varieties of the same species; as of hyacinth, pink, dahlia, chrysanthemum, &c. The fourth class is ''the [[botanic garden|botanic]] [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', in which the plants are arranged with reference to botanical study, or at least not in any way that has for its main object a rich display of blossoms. . . .
-:“6126. ''The [[botanical garden|botanic]] [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'' being intended to display something of the extent and variety of the vegetable kingdom, as well as its resemblances and differences, should obviously be arranged according to some system or method of study. In modern times, the choice is almost limited to the artificial system of Linnaeus, and the natural method of Jussieu, though Adanson has given above fifty-six different methods by which plants may be arranged. . . . Whatever method is adopted, the plants may either be placed in regular rows, or each order may be grouped apart, and surrounded by turf or gravel. For a private [[botanic garden]], the mode of grouping on turf is much the most elegant. . . .A gravel walk may be so contrived as to form a tour of all the groups [of species] (''fig.'' 553.), displaying them on both sides; in the centre, or in any fitting part of the scene, the botanic [[hothouse|hot-houses]] may be placed; and the whole might be surrounded with a sloping phalanx of evergreen plants, [[shrubs]], and trees. . . . It is hardly necessary to observe that the above modes, or others that we have mentioned of planting a [[flower garden|flower-garden]] are alike applicable to every form or style of laying out the garden or [[parterre]]. . . . [Fig. 6]
-:“6127. ''Decorations''. Even the [[beehive|apiary]] and [[aviary]], or, at least, here and there a [[beehive]], or a cage suspended from a tree, will form very appropriate ornaments.”
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 809) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“6157. . . . Light [[bower]]s formed of lattice-work, and covered with climbers, are in general most suitable to [[parterre]]s; plain covered [[seat]]s suit the general [[walk]]s of the [[shrubbery]].”
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 811–14) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“6161. ''The [[hothouse|hot-houses]] of floriculture'' are the frame, glass case, [[greenhouse|green-house]], [[orangery]], [[conservatory]], dry-stove, the bark or moist stove, in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]]; and the pit and hot-bed in the reserve-garden. In the construction of all of these the great object is, or ought to be, the admission of light and the power of applying artificial heat with the least labor and expense. . . .
-:“6164. ''The [[greenhouse|green-house]]'' may be designed in any form, and placed in almost any situation as far as respects aspect. Even a house looking due north, if glazed on three sides of the roof, will preserve plants in a healthy vigorous state. A detached [[greenhouse|green-house]], even in the old style, may be rendered an agreeable object in a [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] . . . but the curvilinear principle applied to this class of structures, admits of every combination of form, and without militating against the admission of light and air. Though we are decidedly of opinion, however, that as iron roofs on the curvilinear principle become known, the clumsy shed-like wooden or mixed roofs now in use will be erected only in [[nursery]] and market-gardens. . . .
-:“6165. ''The most suitable description of [[greenhouse]] or [[conservatory]] for the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'' is that with span roof . . . because such a house has no visible ‘hinder parts,’ back sheds, stock-holes, or other points of ugliness, with which it is difficult to avoid associating all the shed, or lean-to forms of glazed buildings with back walls. . . .
-:“6166. ''In the interior of the [[greenhouse|green-house]]'' the principle object demanding attention is the stage, or platform for the plants. . . .
-:“6174. ''The [[conservatory]]'' is a term generally applied by gardeners to plant-houses, in which the plants are grown in a [[bed]] or [[border]] without the use of [[pot]]s. They are sometimes placed in the [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] along with the other [[hothouse|hot-houses]]; but more frequently attached to the mansion. The principles of their construction is in all respects the same as for the [[greenhouse|green-house]], with the single difference of a pit or [[bed]] of earth being substituted for the stage, and a narrow [[border]] instead of surrounding flues. The power of admitting abundance of air, both by the sides and roof, is highly requisite both for the [[greenhouse|green-house]] and [[conservatory]]; but for the latter, it is desirable, in almost every case, that the roof, and even the glazed sides, should be removable in summer.” [Fig. 11]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 942–43, 965) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“6811. In regard to ''extent'', the least is a group (''fig''. 628. ''e'' and ''d''), which must consist at least of two plants; larger, it is called a [[thicket]] (''b c''); round and compact, it is called a [[clump]] (''a''); still larger, a mass; and all above a mass is denominated a [[wood]] or forest, and characterised by comparative degrees of largeness. The term ''[[wood]]'' may be applied to a large assemblage of trees, either natural or artificial; forest, exclusively to the most extensive or natural assemblages. . . .
-:“6813. ''With respect to the disposition of the trees within the [[plantation]]'', they may be placed regularly in rows, squares, parallelograms, or quincunx; irregularly in the manner of groups; without undergrowths, as in ''[[grove]]s'' (''fig''. 629. ''a'', ''b''); with undergrowths, as in ''[[woods]]'' (''c''); all undergrowths, as in ''copse-[[woods]]'' (''d''). Or they may form ''[[avenue]]s'' (''fig''. 630. ''a''); double [[avenue]]s (''b''); [[avenue]]s intersecting in the manner of a Greek cross (''c''); of a martyr’s cross (''d''); of a star (''e'') or of a cross patée, or duck’s foot (''patée d’oye'') (''f''). . . .
-:“6923. ''Ornamental plantations'' are no less frequently neglected than such as are considered chiefly useful. [[Clump]]s, belts, and screens which have become thin, because they have not been thinned, are almost every where to be met with. ‘In those neglected [[plantation]]s,’ says Lord Meadowbank, ‘where daylight may be seen for miles, through, naked stems, chilled and contracted by the cold, the mischief might, perhaps, be partially remedied, by planting young trees round the extremities, which, having room to spread luxuriantly, would exclude the winds, and the internal spaces might be thickened up with oak, silver firs, beeches, and such other trees as thrive with a small portion of light. When once the wind is excluded, the weakest of the old trees might be taken out, and the others left to profit by the shelter and space that is afforded.’ (''Life of Lord Kaimes, by Tytler''.) One of the most hopeless cases of improvement in this department is that of an old [[clump]] of Scotch pines . . . from which scarcely any trees can be taken without risking the failure of the remainder. The only way is to add to it, either by some scattered groups in one direction, or in various directions. Where a [[clump]] consists of a hard [[wood]], either entirely or in part, it may sometimes, if effect permits, be reduced to a group, by gradually reducing the number of the trees. The group left should be composed of two or three trees of at least two species, different in bulk, and some what in habit, in order that the combined mass may not have the formality of the [[clump]].” [Fig. 4]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 996, 1002) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“7161. . . . Mason, the poet, invokes ‘simplicity,’ probably intending that this beauty should distinguish the [[English style|English]] from the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] style: simplicity is also the ruling principle of Lord Kames. . . . From these different theories [of [[landscape gardening]]], as well as from the general objects or end of gardening, there appear to be two principles which enter into its composition; those which regard it as a mixed art, or an art of design, and which are called the principles of relative beauty; and those which regard it as an imitative art, and are called the principles of natural or universal beauty. The [[ancient style|ancient]] or [[geometric style|geometric]] gardening is guided wholly by the former principles; [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], as an imitative art, wholly by the latter; but as the art of forming a country-residence, its arrangements are influenced by both principles. . . .
-:“7196. . . . If a deformed space has been restored to natural beauty, we are delighted with the effect, whilst we recollect the difference between the present and the former surface; but when this is forgotten, though the beauty remains, the credit for having produced it is lost. In this respect, the operations on ground under the [[ancient style]], have a great and striking advantage; for an absolute perfection is to be attained in the formation of geometrical forms, and the beauty created is so entirely artificial . . . as never to admit a doubt of its origin. . . .
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 1005–6) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“7205. ''In planting in the [[geometric style]]'', the first consideration is the nature of the whole or general design; and here, as in the ground, [[geometric style|geometric]] forms will still prevail, and while the masses reflect forms from the house, or represent squares, triangles, or trapeziums, the more minute parts, characterised by lines rather than forms, such as [[avenue]]s, rows, [[clump]]s, and stars, &c. are contained in parallelograms, squares, or circles. In regard to the parts, masses and [[avenue]]s should extend from the house in all directions, so far as to diffuse around the character of design; and as much farther in particular directions as the nature of the surface admits of, the distant beauties suggest, and the character of the mansion requires. In disposing these masses, whether on a flat or irregular surface, regard will be had to leave uncovered such a quantity of [[lawn]] or turf as shall, at all events, admit a free circulation of air, give breadth of light, and display the form of the large masses of [[wood]]. Uniformity and variety as a whole, and use as well as beauty in the parts, must be kept constantly in view. [[Avenue]]s, [[alley]]s, and [[vista]]s, should serve as much as possible as roads, [[walk]]s, lines of [[fence]]s, or screens of shelter or shade; but where this is not the case, they should point to some distant beauties, or near artificial objects, to be seen at or beyond their termination. The outer extremities of artificial [[plantation]]s may either join natural [[woods]], other artificial scenes, cultivated lands, or barren heaths or [[common]]s."
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 1012) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“7225. ''A [[waterfall]]'', or ''[[cascade]]'', is an obvious improvement where a running stream passes through a demesne . . . and is to be formed by first constructing a bank of masonry, presenting an inclined plane (''a'') to the currents, and rendering it impervious to water by puddling (1720.) or the use of proper cements, and next varying the ridge (''b'') and under side (''c''), with fragments of rock, so chosen and placed, as not to present a character foreign to what nature may be supposed to have produced there. The adjoining ground generally requires to be raised at such scenes, but may generally be harmonised by [[plantation]]. [Fig. 7]
-:“7226. ''Where running water is conducted in forms belonging to the geometric style of gardening'', [[waterfall]]s and [[cascade]]s are constructed in the form of crescents, flights of steps, or wavy slopes.”
-[[File:1789.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 7, [[J. C. Loudon]], Aviary designed by Humphry Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton, in
-''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1020, fig. 718.]]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 1020-21) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“7256. ''[[Terrace]] and [[conservatory]]''. We observed, when treating of ground, and under the [[ancient style]], that the design of the [[terrace]] must be jointly influenced by the magnitude and style of the house, the views from its windows, (that is, from the eye of a person seated in the middle of the principal rooms,) and the views of the house from a distance. In almost every case, more or less of architectural form will enter into these compositions. . . .
-:“7258. ''Narrow [[terrace]]s''. . . . Where the breadth is more than is requisite for [[walk]]s, the borders may be kept in turf with groups or marginal strips of flowers and low [[shrubs]]. In some cases, the [[terrace]]-walls may be so extended as to enclose ground sufficient for a level [[plot]] to be used as a [[bowling green|bowling-green]] or a [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. These are generally connected with one of the living-rooms or the [[conservatory]], and to the latter is frequently joined an [[aviary]] and the entire range of botanic stoves. Or, the [[aviary]] may be made an elegant detached building, so placed as to group with the house and other surrounding objects. An elegant structure of this sort . . . was designed by Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton. . . .[Fig. 7]
-:“7259. The [[flower garden|flower-garden]] should join both the [[conservatory]] and [[terrace]]; and, where the botanic stoves do not join the [[conservatory]] and the house, they, and also the [[aviary]] and other appropriate buildings and decorations, should be placed here. . . .
-:“7262. ''The [[lawn]]'', or that breadth of mown turf formed in front of, or extending in different directions from, the garden-front of the house, is, in the [[geometric style]], varied by architectural forms, levels, and slopes; and in the modern by a [[picturesque]] or painter-like disposition of groups, placed so as to connect with the leading masses, and throw the [[lawn]] into an agreeable shape or shapes. In very small villas the [[lawn]] may embrace the garden or principal front of the house, without the intervention of terrace-scenery, and may be separated from the [[park]], or [[park]]-like field, by a light wire [[fence]]; but in more extensive scenes it should embrace a [[terrace]], or some avowedly artificial architectural basis to the mansion, and a sunk [[wall]], as a distant separation, will be more dignified and permanent than any iron [[fence]]. The [[park]] may come close up to the [[terrace]]-garden, especially in a flat situation, or where the breadth of the [[terrace]] is considerable. . . .
-:“7265. ''The park''. . . . In the [[geometric style]], the more distant or concealed parts were subdivided into fields, surrounded by broad stripes or double rows, enclosed in [[wall]]s or hedges, and the nearer parts were chiefly covered with wood, enclosing regular surfaces of pasturage. . . .
-:“7267. ''The riding'', or [[drive]], is a road indicated rather than formed, which passes through the most interesting and distant parts of a residence not seen in detail from the [[walk]]s, and as far into the adjoining lands of wildness or cultivation, as the property of the owner extends. It is also frequently conducted as much farther as the disposition of adjoining proprietors permits, or the general face of the country renders desirable.”
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 1023) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“7280. ''The [[ferme ornée]]'' differs from a common farm in having a better dwelling-house, neater approach, and one partly or entirely distinct from that which leads to the offices. It also differs as to the [[hedge]]s, which are allowed to grow wild and irregular . .and are bordered on each side by a broad green [[drive]], and sometimes by a gravel-[[walk]] and [[shrubs]]. It differs from a villa farm in having no [[park]].” [Fig. 2]
-* 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (p. 1030) <ref name="Loudon_1826"></ref>
-:“7323. ''[[botanic garden|Botanic gardens]]''. The primary object of [[botanic garden]]s is to exhibit a collection of plants for the improvement of botanical science; a secondary object to exhibit living specimens of such plants as are useful in medicine, agriculture, and other arts; and a third is, or ought to be, the acclimating of foreign plants, and their dissemination over the country. In choosing a situation for a [[botanic garden]], the leading object must be proximity to the town, city, or university to which it is to belong; and the next, if attainable, a variety of surface and soil, to aid the necessary formation of composts and aspects for different plants. . . . As the leading object or feature in the view of a [[botanic garden]] is the range of [[hothouse|hot-houses]]; and as these must always face the south, it is generally desirable that ground on the north side of the principal public street or road by which it is to be approached, should be preferred to ground on the south side.
-:“7325. ''The form'' of a [[botanic garden]] is a matter of very little consequence: where the extent is small, a square or parallelogram may undoubtedly be made to contain most plants; but where it exceeds four or five acres, any form will answer; and, indeed, if there is a sufficient quantity of ground, the more irregular the form, so much the more variety will there be in the circumferential [[walk]]s of the garden.”
-===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834)===
 ===''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838)===
-[[File:1758.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 7, [[J. C. Loudon]], Rustic arch and vase, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 581, fig. 231.]]
-* 1838, describing the grounds of the Lawrencian Villa, residence of Mrs. Lawrence, Drayton Green, near London, England (p. 581) <ref name="Loudon_1838">Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius). 1838. ''The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion''. London: Longman et al. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BQVBJ48F view on Zotero]</ref>
-:“The next scene of interest is the Italian [[walk]], arrived at the point 8, in which, and looking back towards the paddock, we have, as a termination to one end of that walk, the rustic [[arch]] and [[vase]] . . . [Fig. 7]
-===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850)===
-* 1850, describing [[Fairmount Waterworks]], Philadelphia, Pa. (pp. 332–33) <ref name="Loudon_1850">Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius). 1850. ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening''. A new ed., cor. amd improved. London: Longman et al. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero]</ref>
-:“856. ''Public Gardens''. . . .
-:“''Waterworks at [[Fairmount Waterworks|Fair Mount]], near Philadelphia''. ‘[[Fairmount Waterworks|Fair Mount]] is one of the prettiest spots the eye can look upon. A broad wear is thrown across the river Schuylkill, which produces the sound and look of a [[cascade]]. On the farther side of the river is a gentleman’s [[seat]], the beautiful [[lawn]] of which slopes down to the water’s edge; and groups of weeping willows and other trees throw their shadows on the stream. The works themselves are enclosed in a simple but very handsome building of freestone, . . . behind the building, and divided from it only by a [[lawn]], rises a lofty wall of solid limestone rock. . . .” [see Fig. 8]
-==Images==
-===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826)===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1795.jpg|"A plan of a Chinese garden and dwelling," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 103, fig. 37.
+Image:1760.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Trees . . . arranged in the [[gardenesque]] manner,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 165, fig. 47.
-Image:1311.jpg|Plant boxes, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 285, figs. 177-179.
-Image:1312.jpg|Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.
-Image:1313.jpg|"The flued wall, or hot-wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 304, figs. 236 and 237.
-Image:1315.jpg|"The wavy or serpentine wall" and "the angular wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 307, figs. 241 and 242.
-Image:1318.jpg|“The cast-iron espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 309, fig. 248.
-Image:1319.jpg|“The horizontal espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 309, figs. 249 and 250.
-Image:1320.jpg|"The acuminated semi-globe" hot-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 315, fig. 254.
-Image:1321.jpg|"Ponds or large basins" and "Tanks or cisterns," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 339, figs. 286-288.
-Image:1322.jpg|Elevated circular platform to keep ice in stacks in Ice Houses, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 340, fig. 289.
-Image:1323.jpg|The form of Ice Houses and excavation of Ice-Wells, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 340, fig. 290.
-Image:1324.jpg|The construction of an Ice House, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 341, fig. 291.
-Image:1326.jpg|Beehive, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 344, fig. 295.
-Image:1327.jpg|"Wire-cages," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 347, fig. 301.
-Image:1328.jpg|"The Swiss bridge," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 350, fig. 312.
-Image:1329.jpg|"The Swiss bridge," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 351, fig. 313.
-Image:1330.jpg|Examples of gates, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 353, figs. 319-321.
-image:1811.jpg| A gate in a simple or rustic structure, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 354, fig. 326.
-Image:1331.jpg|Examples of Treillage-Work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 355, fig. 328.
-Image:1332.jpg|"Porches and porticoes," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 330.
-Image:1702.jpg|"Alcoves," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 331.
-Image:1333.jpg|"The Italian Arbor" and "The French Arbor," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, figs. 332 and 333.
-Image:1334.jpg|Covered seats of the rustic kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 357, figs. 334-336.
-Image:1335.jpg|Elegant structures of the seat kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 357, figs. 337 and 338.
-Image:1336.jpg|"Drooping fountains," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 359, figs. 341-343.
-Image:1337.jpg| "Antiquities," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 360, fig. 344.
-Image:1338.jpg|Ground-lines of gardens and parterres, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 361 and 362.
-Image:1796.jpg|"Intricate and fanciful figures of parterres," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
-Image:1339.jpg|"Levelling for terrace-slopes," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 377, fig. 369.
-Image:1340.jpg|"Cross walls," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 471, fig. 427.
-Image:1344.jpg|"Peach-houses and vineries," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 509, fig. 450a-c.
-Image:1345.jpg|Culinary hot-houses placed in a range, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 510, fig. 451.
-Image:1346.jpg|Plan of a flower garden with irregular borders, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 791, fig. 540.
-Image:1347.jpg|"Rustic fences," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 792, fig. 542.
-Image:1348.jpg|Plans of the surfaces of flower gardens, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 793, figs. 543 and 544.
-Image:1349.jpg|Plan of a flower garden in the old French style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 794, fig. 545.
-Image:1350.jpg|Plan of walks, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 796, fig. 549.
-Image:1351.jpg|Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550.
-Image:1352.jpg|Plan of botanic flower garden with a circular walk, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 801, fig. 553.
-Image:1848.jpg|Shrubbery formed in the geometric style of gardening, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 804, fig. 557.
-Image:1353.jpg|“The select or grouped manner of planting a shrubbery,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 806, fig. 559.
-Image:1847.jpg|Ground-plan for “systematic or methodical planting in shrubberies,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 807, fig. 560.
+Image:1761.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Trees arranged in the picturesque style, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 165, fig. 48.
-Image:1354.jpg|Rough bench in rustic hut decorated in shrubberies, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 561.
+Image:1763.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A rustic thatched structure, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 466, fig. 172.
-Image:1355.jpg|Grecian temple decorated in shrubberies, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 562.
+Image:1753.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “A Villa Residence of Two Acres, within a regular Boundary, laid out in the Geometrical Style,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 530, fig. 200.
-Image:1356.jpg|Covered seats in bowers of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 563.
+Image:1826.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Fountain supplied from a cistern, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 582, fig. 233.
-Image:1831a.jpg|Statue of classical interest, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 810, fig. 564.
+Image:1765.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View of the French parterre,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 583, fig. 235.
-Image:1831b.jpg|Statue of geographical interest, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 810, fig. 565.
+Image:1823.jpg|J. C. Loudon, View of the rockwork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 584, fig. 237.
-Image:1357.jpg|Plan, view, and section of green-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 811, fig. 567.
+Image:1766.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 585, fig. 238.
-Image:1825.jpg|Greenhouse or conservatory for a flower-garden, with a span roof, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 811, fig. 568.
+Image:1757.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View of the rustic arch,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 586, fig. 240.
-Image:1770.jpg|Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 813, fig. 570.
+Image:1759.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Entrance to the Flower-garden at Wimbledon House,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 641, fig. 267.
-Image:1309.jpg|Elevation of the rock-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 884, fig. 619.
+Image:1767.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A walk covered with trelliswork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 664, fig. 280.
-Image:1180.jpg|Assemblage of trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 942, fig. 628a-e.
+Image:1754.jpg|J. C. Loudon, A bee-canopy covering one of Mr. Nutt’s hives, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 713, fig. 306.
-Image:1183.jpg|Groves, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, figs. 629a and b.
+Image:1755.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Nutt’s hive placed in the front of a veranda, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 714, fig. 307.
-Image:1184.jpg|Woods, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 629c.
-Image:1185.jpg|Copse-woods, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 629d.
-Image:1186.jpg|Avenues, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 630a-f.
-Image:1361.jpg|The placement of groups and thickets in plantations, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 954, fig. 649.
-Image:1364.jpg|Clump of Scotch pines, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 965, fig. 663.
-Image:1365.jpg|The operations on ground under the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1002, fig. 683.
-Image:1370.jpg|"A waterfall, or cascade," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1012, fig. 700.
-Image:1789.jpg|Aviary designed by Humphry Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1020, fig. 718.
-Image:1371.jpg|Plan of a pleasure-ground with labyrinth, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1021, fig. 719.
-Image:1372.jpg|Plan of a ferme ornée with wild and irregular hedges, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1023, fig. 722.
 </gallery>
-===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834)===
+===''Gardener’s Magazine'' (December 1839)===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1778.jpg|A grotto scene from Monza, Italy, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 36, fig. 20.
+Image:1894.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Cheshunt Cottage, from the Road,” in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 633, fig. 154.
-Image:1695.jpg|Twelve designs in the Dutch style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 62, figs. 41 and 42.
-Image:1696.jpg|Rustic Dutch fountain, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 63, fig. 43.
-Image:1779.jpg|Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 174, fig. 130.
-Image:1775.jpg|"A lofty prospect tower," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 328, fig. 224.
-Image:1699.jpg|"An Octagon Pagoda," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 333, fig. 233.
-Image:1701.jpg|Diagram of worm fence, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 412, fig. 276.
-Image:1310.jpg|"The propagation-pot" and "carnation-saucer," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 540, figs. 444 and 445.
+Image:1689.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Left,” in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 634, fig. 155.
-Image:1314.jpg|"The cellular wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 577, figs. 562a and b.
+Image:1895.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Right,” in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 636, fig. 156.
-Image:1316a.jpg|"The zig-zag wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 578, fig. 568.
+Image:1896.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Ground Plan of Cheshunt Cottage,” in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 636, fig. 157.
-Image:1316b.jpg|"The square fret wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 579, fig. 569.
+Image:1897.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View from the Library Porch,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 640, fig. 158.
-Image:1325.jpg|"The apiary, or bee-house," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 613, fig. 620.
+Image:1898.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 642, fig. 159.
-Image:1773.jpg|Section and plan for a building to house orange trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 974, fig. 785a and b.
+Image:1899.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Rustic Alcove,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 644, fig. 160.
-Image:1798.jpg|A clump, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1118, fig. 874a.
+Image:1900.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.
-Image:1788.jpg|One of the "Accidental Accompaniments to the Materials of Landscape," for birds and animals, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1183, fig. 947.
+Image:1418.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View from the Chinese Temple,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 651, fig. 162.
-Image:1817.jpg|Plan of a large public square, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1213, fig. 980.
+Image:1901.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Distant View of the House and Tent, across the Pond,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 653, fig. 163.
-</gallery>
+Image:1419.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Grotto, with Umbrella Tent over,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 654, fig. 164.
-===''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838)===
+Image:1902a.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Vertical profile of the gardens and the pleasure-ground, Cheshunt Cottage (left side), in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 656, fig. 165.
-<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1760.jpg|Trees arranged in the gardenesque manner, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 165, fig. 47.
+Image:1902b.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Vertical profile of the gardens and the pleasure-ground, Cheshunt Cottage (right side), in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 657, fig. 165.
-Image:1761.jpg|Trees arranged in the picturesque style, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 165, fig. 48.
+Image:1420.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Covered Seat, of grotesque and rustic Masonry,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 656, fig. 168.
-Image:1763.jpg|A rustic thatched structure, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 466, fig. 172.
+Image:1904.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Elevation of the Back Woodwork of a Rustic Covered Seat, Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 660, fig. 168.
-Image:1764.jpg|A rustic seat, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 467, fig. 173.
+Image:1827.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Hermit’s Seat, and Classical Vase,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 664, fig. 172.
-Image:1756.jpg|“View at Hendon Rectory,” Middlesex, England, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 483, fig. 175.
+Image:1905.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Boat-house and Agave Mount,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 667, fig. 173.
-Image:1753.jpg| “A Villa Residence of Two Acres, within a regular Boundary, laid out in the Geometrical Style,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 530, fig. 200.
+Image:1840.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “Garden Front of Cheshunt Cottage,” in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 669, fig. 174.
-Image:1758.jpg|Rustic arch and vase, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838),  p. 581, fig. 231.
-Image:1826.jpg|Fountain supplied from a cistern, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 582, fig. 233.
-Image:1765.jpg|“View of the French parterre,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 583, fig. 235.
-image:1823.jpg|View of the rockwork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 584, fig. 237.
-Image:1766.jpg|Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 585, fig. 238.
-Image:1757.jpg|View of the rustic arch, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 586, fig. 240.
-Image:1759.jpg|"Entrance to the Flower-garden at Wimbledon House," in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 641, fig. 267.
-Image:1767.jpg|A walk covered with trelliswork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 664, fig. 280.
-Image:1754.jpg|A bee-canopy covering one of Mr. Nutt’s hives, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 713, fig. 306.
-Image:1755.jpg|Nutt’s hive placed in the front of a veranda, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 714, fig. 307.
+Image:1906.jpg|J. C. Loudon, “View across the Water, looking towards the House,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the ''Gardener’s Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 673, fig. 175.
 </gallery>
-===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850)===
+===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', new ed., corrected and improved (1850)===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:0961.jpg|Perspective view of a house in the village of Riceborough, Ga., in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850), p. 332, fig. 231.
+Image:0961.jpg|J. C. Loudon, Perspective view of a house in the village of Riceborough, Ga., in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850), 332, fig. 231.
+</gallery>
-</gallery>
+<hr>
-==References==
+==Other Resources==
+[https://www.parksandgardens.org/news-events/john-claudius-loudon Parks & Gardens UK]
+<hr>
 ==Notes==
 <references/>
+<hr>
+[[Category: People|Loudon, J.C. (John Claudius)]]