Hermitage

See also: Grotto, Temple

History

Fig. 1, Anonymous, “The Hermitage,” in the Horticulturist 8 (new series 3), no. 1 (January 1853): 24.

Fig. 2, Eliza Caroline Burgwin Clitherall, The Hermitage, c. 1805.

A hermitage was a garden structure built to suggest the reclusive and primitive habitation of a hermit. British and American garden treatises generally recommended that a hermitage be built of crude or unfinished materials such as thatch, rough-hewn stone, or mud bricks and raw wood. They often were built to resemble a natural feature such as a cave, or a “hollow tree,” according to Bernard M’Mahon (1806) and John Abercrombie and James Mean (1817). In order to enhance the effect, a hermitage could be built into a hillside or surrounded by dense planting [Fig. 1]. The outside cladding might have been made of earth with a live grass roof. If the entire building was covered with live material, it was sometimes called a “moss house.” Both A. J. Downing (1849) and James E. Teschemacher (1835) used this term in describing rustic garden structures covered with moss.

Fig. 3, J. C. Loudon, “Hermit's Seat, and Classical Vase,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 664, fig. 172.

The hermitage was particularly associated with the idea of retirement, meditation, or escape from daily life, and, therefore, often was found in an isolated part of the garden. British author Thomas Whately warned that its location should not be “close to a road,” a recommendation that American writer Bernard M’Mahon reiterated when he prescribed “some retired or private situation” as appropriate for a hermitage. Eliza Southgate’s experience of the hermitage at the Elias Hasket Derby Farm in Peabody, Massachusetts, which she visited in 1802, suggests the depth of melancholy one might have experienced upon entering such a retreat. Lewis Miller’s sketch and poem convey a similar sentiment of solitude.

The hermitage could also be whimsical in its effect, providing a note of exotic eclecticism often desired in a pleasure garden. An advertisement for André Parmentier’s design services (1826) lists the hermitage with other picturesque garden features that included Chinese, Turkish, French, Dutch, and classical pavilions.

The interior of a hermitage might have been as crudely decorated as the exterior, although two other options have been recorded. Abercrombie recommended ornamenting the interior walls with shells, which was a conventional reference to an underworld or grotto-like environment. Alexander Pope’s grotto at Twickenham, near London, England (1720), was a famous example of this kind of wall treatment. A more dramatic decorating option was taken at the German religious community garden in Economy, Pennsylvania (c. 1825), where the interior of such a structure was highly finished and refined in a neoclassical style with plaster moldings and blue, gold, and white surfaces, resulting in a surprising contrast with the rustic exterior. The size of hermitages ranged from a multi-room building, such as the example from Gray’s Garden in Philadelphia, to the little “hut” described by Eliza Southgate at the Elias Hasket Derby Farm.

“The Hermitage” was also used as the name of many country estates, such as John Burgwin’s seat in Wilmington, North Carolina [Fig. 2], and President Andrew Jackson’s estate in Nashville, Tennessee. This name served to invoke an ideal retreat, and variations on it could be applied to garden features that expressed any feeling of seclusion such as the “Hermit’s Seat” at Cheshunt Cottage, near London, depicted in Downing's Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening [Fig. 3].

—Therese O'Malley

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Texts

Usage

• Jefferson, Thomas, c. 1775, describing the Natural Bridge, VA (quoted in Adams, ed., 1976: 338)

“I sometimes think of building a little hermitage, at the Natural Bridge. . . and of passing there a [part] of the year at least.”

• Cutler, Manasseh, July 14, 1787, describing Gray’s Tavern, Philadelphia, PA (1987: 1:276–77)

“At length we seemed to be lost in the woods, but saw in the distance an antique building, to which our path led us. It is built of large stones, very low and singular in its form, standing directly over the brook in the valley. It instantly struck me with the idea of a hermitage, and I found that so it was called. Every thing was neat and clean about it, but we saw no inhabitant. We ventured, however, to open the door, which was large and heavy and seemed to grate upon its rusty hinges, and echoed a hoarse groan through the grove. We found several apartments, and at one end a fine place for bathing, which seems to be the design of the building. At this hermitage we came into a spacious graveled walk, which directed its course further along the grove, which was tall wood interspersed with close thickets of different growth. . . There were several other hermitages, constructed in different forms; but the Grottoes and Hermitages were not yet completed, and some space of time will be necessary to give them that highly romantic air which they are capable of attaining.”

• Southgate, Eliza, July 6, 1802, describing Elias Hasket Derby Farm, Peabody, MA (quoted in Kimball 1940: 75–76)

“From the lower gate you have a fine perspective view of the whole range, rising gradually until the sight is terminated by a hermitage. . . The hermitage. . . was scarcely perceptible at a distance; a large weeping willow swept the roof with its branches and bespoke the melancholy inhabitant. We caught a view of the little hut as we advanced thro’ the opening of the trees; it was covered with bark; a small low door, slightly latched immediately opened at our touch; a venerable old man was seated in the center with a prayer book in one hand while the other supported his cheek, and rested on an old table which, like the hermit, seemed moulding to decay. . . a tattered coverlet was spread over a bed of straw. . . I left him impressed with veneration and fear which the mystery of his situation seemed to create. . . We returned to the house.”

• Anonymous, April 26, 1826, “On Landscapes and Picturesque Gardens” (New England Farmer 4: 316)

“Mr. [Andrew] P[armentier]. by the advice of several of his friends, will furnish plans of landscape and picturesque gardens; he will communicate to gentlemen who wish to see him, a collection of his drawings of Cottages, Rustic Bridges, Dutch, Chinese, Turkish, French Pavilions, Temples, Hermitages, Rotundas, &c. For further particulars, inquiries personally, or by letter, addressed to him, post paid, will be attended to.”

Fig. 4, Anonymous, Grotto at the garden of Father George Rapp, c. 1820.

• Buckingham, James Silk, April 1840, describing the garden of Father George Rapp, Economy, PA (1842: 2:227–28)

“After a short introductory conversation, he Father Rapp invited us to accompany him to his garden, before the day closed in, and we readily attended him there. This covered about an acre and half of ground, and was neatly laid out in lawns, arbours, and flower-beds, with two prettily ornamented open octagonal arcades, each supporting a circular dome over a fountain. At one quarter of the garden, Mr. Rapp pointed to a circular building of rustic masonry, composed of very large unhewn stones, rudely piled on each other, and covered with a sloping roof of straw-thatch, with rough bark door and portals, resembling the buildings called hermitages, often found in English grounds. On entering the interior, however, the visitor is pleasingly surprised to find an ornamented circular-room, with wrought ceiling, and ornamented panels; and in the centre of the whole, a well-executed female statue, meant as the personification of Harmony, holding a lyre, and presiding as the genius of the place. Around the walls of the interior were several inscriptions; one of which was, ‘The Traveller’s Disappointment,’ meaning to express the surprise intended to be occasioned by the finding this statue and these ornaments within so rough an exterior; and another was ‘Harmony founded by George and Frederick Rapp, Feb. 25, 1805.’” [Fig. 4]

• Downing, Andrew Jackson, June 13, 1848, in a letter to Cora L. Barton, describing Highland Place, estate of A. J. Downing, Newburgh, NY (quoted in Haley, ed., 1988: 33–34)

“I have also been making some little improvements in my own garden—and especially building a rustic summer house which we call the ‘hermitage,’ and which I think is so much in your own taste that I should be heartily glad to show it to you.”

Fig. 5, Lewis Miller, “Evening” [detail], in Orbis Pictus, (c. 1850), 128.

• Miller, Lewis, c. 1850, description on a drawing of an idealized scene in the Orbis Pictus (1850: n.p.)

“Der Eremit. A hermit and hermitage.

with thee for ever’s in woods could rest,

where never human foot the ground hath prest;

thou e’en from dungeons darkness canst exclude,

And from a desart [sic] banish Solitude.” [Fig. 5]

Citations

• Chambers, Ephraim, 1741–43, Cyclopaedia (1741: 1:n.p.)

“HERMITAGE, properly signifies a little hut, or habitation, in some desart place, where a hermit dwells.

“HERMITAGE is also popularly attributed to any religious cell, built and endowed in a private and recluse place; and thus annexed to some large abbey, of which the superior was called hermita.”

• Whately, Thomas, 1770, Observations on Modern Gardening (1770; repr., 1982: 128)

“. . . a hermitage must not be close to a road, but whether it be exposed to view on the side of a mountain, or concealed in the depth of a wood, is almost a matter of indifference, that it is at a distance from publick resort is sufficient.”

• Heely, Joseph, 1777, Letters on the Beauties of Hagley, Envil, and the Leasowes (1777; repr., 1982: 191–92)

“The HERMITAGE.

“One knows not how to reconcile an hermitage, or a cottage, standing within the polished park of a nobleman: there is an incongruity in both; and neither, in my opinion, should be countenanced in such places.—

“However, this hermitage, or call it what you will, is very well enough adapted to the scenery about it, being rudely formed with chumps [sic] of wood, and jagged old roots jambed together, and its interstices simply filled with moss: the floor is neatly paved with small pebbles, and a matted couch goes round it.

“A door from this leads into another apartment much in the same dress; every thing within, and immediately about it, carries the face of poverty, and a contempt of the vain superfluities of the world, fit for the imaginary inhabitant, whom we are to suppose despises the follies and luxuries of life, and who devotes his melancholy hours, to meditation and a rigid abstinence.”

• Sheridan, Thomas, 1789, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (1789: n.p.)

“HERMITAGE, her’-mit-idzh. s. The cell or habitation of a hermit.”

• M’Mahon, Bernard, 1806, The American Gardener’s Calendar (1806: 64)

“Sometimes, also, there are exhibited root-houses, rock and shell-work, ruins, and other rustic devices, representing hermitages, caves, and the like; such being generally stationed in some retired or private situation; these kinds of buildings being commonly arched or vaulted, are for the most part covered with a coat of earth and turfed with grass, so as to appear like a sort of mount or hillock, and planted with some little clumps of shrubs, &c. having private walks leading to the entrance.”

• Abercrombie, John, with James Mean, 1817, Abercrombie’s Practical Gardener (1817: 465–66)

“The following sketch exhibits a pretty hermitage, where corresponding accompaniments conduce to unity of impression. The frame, or shell, consists of old oak, beech, or elm-pollards, cut into slabs, and so united as to have the appearance of one large hollow tree. The top is protected by clay and turf well beaten down. To exclude the wind, the inside is lined with lath and plaster; this may be ornamented with shells; and to paint the interstices pea-green will accord with the design, though a graver colour may be tried. To keep the place dry, a layer of chalk or sand should be laid at the bottom; and the floor may then be formed of pebbles, brick, or flag-stone. The attention of the gardener is next wanted, to train, around the outside, Irish (the broad-leaved) Ivy, which is of quickest growth, as well as other evergreens, intermixed with various flowering shrubs and herbaceous flowers, the Honeysuckle, the Rose, and the Convolvulus. The Periwinkle, growing on the roof of turf, and drooping over the front, has a beautiful effect; and in the holes of the pollard slabs, numerous plants may be made to vegetate, so as to combine the characteristics of a complete hermitage.”

• Anonymous, April 26, 1826, “On Landscapes and Picturesque Gardens” (New England Farmer 4: 316)

“A few fabrics, rustic bridges, hermitages, a Temple, or a Chinese Kiosk or Pagoda, not expensive in their execution, would advantageously complete the embellishment of a country seat.”

• Parmentier, André, 1828, The New American Gardener (quoted in Fessenden 1828: 186)

“The judicious use of hermitages, arbours, cottages, and rotundas will add to the effect, in picturesque gardens and ornamented farms. If you use these ornaments, place the hermitage in some retired spot: a small rivulet would be an appropriate and beautiful accompaniment. . . but hermitages, arbours and cottages may generally be afforded, as there is little expense in their construction.”

• Webster, Noah, 1828, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828: 1: n.p.)

“HER’MITAGE, n. The habitation of a hermit; a house or hut with its appendages, in a solitary place, where a hermit dwells. Milton.

“2. The cell in a recluse place, but annexed to an abbey. Encyc.

“3. A kind of wine.”

• Anonymous, April 1, 1837, “Landscape Gardening” (Horticultural Register 3: 129)

“Architectural and other ornaments may be introduced, according to the means of the proprietor. When properly distributed they add much to the effect. Seats and arbors should be placed at points affording interesting views, alcoves and rotundas on eminences, and hermitages in secluded places.”

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Images

Inscribed

• 

  Eliza Caroline Burgwin Clitherall, The Hermitage, c. 1805.

• 

  “Hermit's Seat, and Classical Vase,” Cheshunt Cottage, in the Gardener's Magazine 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 664, fig. 172.

• 

  Lewis Miller, “Evening” [detail], in Orbis Pictus, (c. 1850), 128.

• 

  Anonymous, “The Hermitage,” in Horticulturist 8 (new series 3), no. 1 (January 1853): 24.

Associated

• 

  Anonymous, Grotto at the garden of Father George Rapp, c. 1820.

Attributed

• 

  W. H. Bartlett, “Caldwell. (Lake George),” in Nathaniel Parker Willis, American Scenery (1840), vol. 1, pl. 33.

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