Mount

History

The term mount connoted raised features in both the natural and designed landscape, but in landscape-design vocabulary it usually signified an artificial hill, and is closely related to that of mound. The two were used in similar and, at times, synonymous ways. For instance, the features at William Middleton’s plantation Crowfield, near Charleston, and the Hermitage appear from descriptions to have been very similar, yet one is described in 1743 as a mount and the other in 1801 as a mound. In general, “mount” was the preferred term of garden treatise writers, perhaps owing to their familiarity with foreign terms such as mont (French) and monte (Italian) or the tradition of mounts in medieval and Renaissance gardens. In contrast, American observers tended to use the term “mound” to describe what English travelers, such as William Eddis, called mounts. Yet, there were also subtle distinctions in their usage. Unlike “mound,” the term “mount” also carried the connotation of a hill, mountain, or natural elevation, as exemplified by Isaac Weld’s 1799 account of Mount Vernon, Augustus John Foster’s 1812 description of Monticello, and Charles Trego’s 1843 depiction of Fairmount Waterworks in Philadelphia. A. J. Downing in 1849 also noted on the grounds of William Harrison’s Cheshunt Cottage, near London, a mount where a cluster of agave plants had taken root. Perhaps because of this association with European usage and with natural elevations, the term “mount” was commonly employed in place names such as Mount Auburn Cemetery, Mount Vernon and Daniel Wadsworth’s Monte Video, in Avon, Conn. Despite these subtleties of usage, however, there appears to have been no difference in the reference to shape, planting, or function implied by the two terms when used to describe an artificial hill in a garden setting.

-- Elizabeth Kryder-Reid

Texts

Usage

• Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, c. May 1743, in a letter to Miss Bartlett, describing Crowfield, plantation of William Middleton, vicinity of Charleston, S.C. (1972: 61)

“come to the bottom of this charming spott where is a large fish pond with a mount rising out of the middle—the top of which is level with the dwelling house and upon it is a roman temple.”

• Hamilton, Alexander, 21 August 1744, describing Malbone Hall, country seat of Godfrey Mal-bone, Newport, R.I. (1948: 153)

“I walked out betwixt 12 and one with Dr. Moffat an[d] viewed Malbone’s house and gardens. We went to the lanthern, or cupola att top, from which we had a pritty view of the town of Newport and of the sea towards Block Island, and behind the house, of a pleasant mount gradually ascending to a great height from which we can have a view of almost the whole island.”

• Eddis, William, 1 October 1769, describing the Governor’s House, Annapolis, Md. (1792: 17)

“The garden is not extensive, but it is disposed to the utmost advantage; the centre walk is terminated by a small green mount, close to which the Severn approaches; this elevation commands an extensive view of the bay, and the adjacent country. . . . there are but few mansions in the most rich and cultivated parts of England, which are adorned with such splendid and romantic scenery.”

• Bartram, William, 1791, describing the area north of Wrightsborough, Ga. (1928: 56–57)

“many very magnificent monuments of the power and industry of the ancient inhabitants of these lands are visible. I observed a stupendous conical pyramid, or artificial mount of earth, vast tetragon terraces, and a large sunken area, of a cubical form, encompassed with banks of earth; and certain traces of a larger Indian town, the work of a powerful nation, whose period of grandeur perhaps long preceded the discovery of this continent. . ..

“old Indian settlements, now deserted and overgrown with forests. These are always on or near the banks of rivers, or great swamps, the artificial mounts and terraces elevating them above the surrounding groves.”

• Bartram, William, 1791, describing an island off of Lake George, Ga. (1928: 104)

“On the site of this ancient town, stands a very pompous Indian mount, or conical pyramid of earth, from which runs in a straight line a grand avenue or Indian highway, through a magnificent grove of magnolias, live oaks, palms, and orange trees, terminating at the verge of a large green level savanna.”

• Weld, Isaac, 1799, describing Mount Vernon, plantation of George Washington, Fairfax County, Va. (p. 53)

“The ground in the rear of the house is also laid out in a lawn, and the declivity of the Mount, towards the water, in a deer park.”

• Foster, Sir Augustus John, 1812, describing Monticello, plantation of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, Va. (1954: 144)

“the house which is build on a level platform that was formed by the President’s father who cut down the top of the mount to the extent of about two acres.”

• Loudon, J. C., December 1839, describing Cheshunt Cottage, property of William Harrison, near London, England (Gardener's Magazine 15: 667-68)

"The masses of trees and shrubs are chiefly on the mount near the lake, and along the margin which shuts out the kitchen-garden; and in these places they are planted in the gardenesque manner, so as to produce irregular groups of trees, with masses of evergreen and deciduous shrubs as undergrowth, intersected by glades of turf. they are scattered over the general surface of the lawn, so as to produce a continually varying effect, as viewed from the walks; and so as to disguise the boundary, and prevent the eye from seeing from one extremity of grounds to the other, and thus ascertain their extent." [Fig. 8]

• Trego, Charles, 1843, describing Fairmount Waterworks, Philadelphia, Pa. (p. 322)

“The mount is an oval shaped eminence, and on its top, which is 102 feet above the water in the river, and upwards of 50 feet above the highest ground in the city, are four reservoirs containing together about 22,000,000 of gallons.” [Fig. 7]

• Downing, A. J., 1849, describing Cheshunt Cottage, property of William Harrison, near London, England (p. 517)

“The masses of trees and shrubs are chiefly on the mount near the lake, and along the margin which shuts out the kitchen-garden; and in these places they are planted in the gardenesque manner, so as to produce irregular groups of trees, with masses of evergreen and deciduous shrubs as undergrowth, intersected by glades of turf. They are scattered over the general surface of the lawn, so as to produce a continually varying effect, as viewed from the walks; and so as to disguise the boundary, and prevent the eye from seeing from one extremity of the grounds to the other, and thus ascertain their extent.” [Fig. 8]