Trellis

(Treillage, Trelase, Trelass, Treliage, Trelliss)
See also: Arbor, Espalier

History

Fig. 1, Batty Langley, “Frontispieces of Trellis Work for the Entrances into Temples of View, Arbors, Shady walks &c.,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. XVIII.

Trellis is a term used to describe a network of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal posts and rails designed to support vegetation. The term “treillage” was also used to refer to trellis work, especially in 16th- and 17th-century treatises; in the early 19th century the term “treliage” was noted on Charles Varlé’s plan of Bath (Berkeley Springs), Virginia (later West Virginia) []. Trellis was also closely associated with espalier, especially by the mid-19th century when the latter term referred to the support material (including trellis or lattice work) upon which fruit trees and ornamental trees were trained (see Espalier). Trellises also fulfilled a decorative function in the garden. In Batty Langley’s New Principles of Gardening (1728), the trellis was recommended as a framing device to direct a view to a distant focal point [Fig. 1]. Trellises could take on elaborate forms and were used for garden structures such as arbors and summerhouses. Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville's The Theory and Practice of Gardening (1712) indicates that such structures decreased in popularity in the early 18th century because they were relatively expensive for impermanent wooden structures. While Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville recommended treillage for decorative structures found in the pleasure ground, Thomas Jefferson (1804) insisted that “treillages” belonged in the kitchen garden, which suggests that he used them primarily for training fruit trees (view text).

Fig. 2, Anonymous, “Suburban Cottage,” in A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (1850), pl. opp. 109, figs. 33 and 34.

Fig. 3, Richard Dolben, “Plan for Flower Garden,” 1847. A “trellis” was marked at the garden border, at the upper right.

17th-, 18th-, and early 19th-century gardening treatises all generally describe the feature as supports for fruits trained against walls; therefore, trellises were located frequently in the walled kitchen garden. Placing fruit trees or fruit-bearing vegetation on trellises attached to walls was beneficial; the wall sheltered the fruit and radiated warmth that hastened its ripening. Moreover, affixing and spreading a tree or vine against a trellis often stimulated fruit production. For similar reasons, the trellis was used in hothouses and greenhouses, especially in the 19th century when specialized forcing houses became increasingly popular. In 1826, J. C. Loudon set forth seven types of trellises for hothouses and greenhouses, each differentiated by its location within these structures (view text).

By the mid-19th century, treatise writers such as A. J. Downing (1851) promoted the trellis for both cultivation of plant material and use as an ornamental feature. Trellises supporting decorative and sweet-smelling plant material, such as roses and honeysuckles, could be attached to the structure of the summerhouse, arbor, seat, outbuildings, and the house itself, often along the veranda [Fig. 2]. Trellises not only embellished the structure, but also, as Downing noted, offered “an air of rural refinement and poetry” (view text). When used as freestanding elements in landscape designs, trellises functioned as semi-transparent walls. Like those at the Vassall-Craigie-Longfellow House in Cambridge, Massachusetts [Fig. 3], they were placed along borders and walkways and positioned to mask unsightly structures or elements, as Edward Sayers recommended in his 1838 treatise (view text).

Trellis construction varied widely from simple post-and-rail grid patterns to intricate systems composed of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal elements of different lengths and widths. Many treatises contain detailed instructions for the construction of trellises, whose requirements depended upon the type of vegetation to be supported. George William Johnson’s Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847), for example, explains different trellises according to the type of plant, vine, or tree to be supported, as well as describing their placement in greenhouses, hothouses, or along walks (view text).

Until the 19th century, wood was commonly used for the feature, although in 1789 Thomas Sheridan also mentioned the use of iron. Some treatise writers recommended specific wood types. Philip Miller (1754), for example, reported that fir was commonly used, Bernard M’Mahon (1806) mentioned pine, and Downing (1851) suggested cedar. Treatise authors also debated whether wood trellises should be painted. By mid-century, the availability of relatively inexpensive metalwork (which could be worked into a variety of forms), allowed wider use of materials such as cast iron and wire.

—Anne L. Helmreich

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Texts

Usage

Fig. 4, Charles Varlé, “Project for the Improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath,” 1809. back up to History

• Jefferson, Thomas, 1804, describing Monticello, plantation of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, VA (quoted in Nichols and Griswold 1978: 111)

“The kitchen garden is not the place for ornaments of this kind. bowers and treillages suit that better, & these temples will be better disposed in the pleasure grounds.” back up to History

• Varlé, Charles, 1809, describing the improvement of the square and the town of Bath (Berkeley Springs), VA (later WV) (Library of Congress, Map Division)

“E. Reservoir or Fountain covered with a vine treliage in a form of a dome or copula [sic].” [Fig. 4]

• Dearborn, H. A. S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA (quoted in Harris 1832: 83)

“. . . the latter [monuments], at least, should be exposed from its base to its summit, and to accomplish this the space must remain open, or only be enclosed by the lightest constructed trellis, formed with iron posts and delicate pales, or small stone or iron posts and chains.”

• Teschemacher, James E., November 1, 1835, “On Horticultural Architecture,” describing the vicinity of Boston, MA (Horticultural Register 1: 411–12)

“The vicinity of Boston abounds so much in every variety of beautiful landscape, that there is scarcely any place where art is less required in laying out pleasure grounds. . . the trellis covered with climbing roses leading to a rosarium. . . all this, owing to the natural advantages of the country surrounding Boston, may be accomplished at a comparatively trifling expense and loss of time.”

Fig. 5, J. C. Loudon, Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 585, fig. 238.

• Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius), 1838, describing the Lawrencian Villa, residence of Mrs. Lawrence, Dayton Green, near London, England (1838: 584)

“. . . and looking northwards, we have the statue of Mercury in the foreground, and behind it the camellia-house, the wall on each side of which is heightened with trelliswork for creepers.” [Fig. 5]

Fig. 6, J. C. Loudon, A walk covered with trelliswork, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 664, fig. 280.

• Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius), 1838, describing Kenwood, seat of the Earl of Mansfield, Hampstead, England (1838: 662–3)

“The impression is not lessened when we come within sight of the house. . . or when, passing through a walk covered with trelliswork, in the flower-garden, to the lawn front, we look down the declivity to the water, at the foot of the rising woods on the opposite bank.” [Fig. 6]

• Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, c. 1847, describing the Vassall-Craigie-Longfellow House, Cambridge, MA (quoted in Evans 1993: 43)

“The green trellis-work by the flower-garden was a part of an old covered walk to the outhouses. The gateway is from the old College house which stood opposite the bookseller’s in the college yard. In taking up this covered walk was found the skull of a dog, with a brass collar marked ‘Andrew Craigie.”

• Leuchars R. B., February 1850, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening in the neighborhood of Boston,” describing Bellmont Place, residence of John Perkins Cushing, Watertown, MA (Magazine of Horticulture 16: 50–51)

“The inclosed space [between the greenhouse and the peach houses], of about two acres, forms the kitchen garden, which is finely laid out, trellised and planted with the finer sorts of pears, peaches, &c. These latter were on trellises, and protected with spruce branches, from the frost, or rather from the hot sun that succeeds it. I think this an excellent method; it is extensively practised with much benefit in the northern parts of Great Britain. In fact, without such partial protection, the culture of peaches would be all but impossible. The principles upon which the various operations of gardening are conducted about this place by Mr. Schimming, are thoroughly scientific, and manifest a perfect understanding of the numerous details connected with the higher branches of horticulture.”

Fig. 7, Frances Palmer, “Ground Plot,” in William H. Ranlett, The Architect (1851), vol. 2, plate 29.

• Ranlett, William H., 1851, describing Waldwic Cottage (formerly Little Hermitage), property of Elijah Rosencrantz, Hohokus, NJ (1851; repr., 1976: 2: 43)

“Ground plot for Waldwick Cottage. . . These grounds are to be laid out and executed, and the out-buildings all placed according to this plot. . . N N, grape arbor and trellis.” [Fig. 7]

Citations

• La Quintinie, Jean de, 1693, The Compleat Gard’ner (1693; repr., 1982: n.p.)

“A trail is a Trelliss, or Lattice frame made for the support of Wall and palisaded Trees. . .

“To trelliss, is to pallisade, nail up and fasten Trees upon Walls, or Pole-Hedges and on wooden Trails or Trellisses. . .

“Lattices, are the square works in wooden frames or Trellisses that support of Wall or palisaded Trees.”

• Miller, Philip, 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary (1754; repr., 1969: 1509–10)

“Where Persons are very curious to have good Fruit, they erect a Trelase against their Walls, which projects about two Inches from them, to which they fasten their Trees; which is an excellent Method, because the Fruit will be always at a proper Distance from the Walls, so as not to be injured by them, and will have all the Advantage of their Heat. . .

“These Trelases may be contrived according to the Sorts of Fruit which are planted against them. Those which are design’d for Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots (which, for the most part, produce their Fruit on the young Wood), should have their Rails three, or, at most, but four, Inches asunder every Way: but for other Sorts of Fruit, which continue bearing on the old Wood, they may be five or six Inches apart; and those for Vines may be eight or nine Inches Distance. . .

“These Trelases may be made of any Sort of Timber, according to the Expence which the Owner is willing to bestow; but Fir is most commonly used for this Purpose, which, if well dried and painted, will last many Years; but if a Person will go to the Expence of Oak, it will last sound much longer. And if any one is unwilling to be at the Expence of either, then a Trelase may be made of Ash-poles, in the same manner as is practiced in making Espaliers; with this Difference only, that every fourth upright Rail or Post should be very strong, and fasten’d with iron Hooks to the Wall, which will support the Whole: and as these Rails must be laid much closer together, than is generally practiced for Espaliers, these strong upright Rails or Posts will not be farther distant than three Feet from each other. To these the cross Rails which are laid horizontally should be well nail’d, which will secure them from being displaced, and also strengthen the Trelase; but to the other smaller upright Poles, they need only be fasten’d with Wire. To these Trelases the Shoots of the Trees should be fasten’d with Ozier-twigs, Rope-yarn, or any other sort Bandage; for they must not be nail’d to it, because that will decay the Wood-work.

“These Trelases need not be erected until the Trees are well spread, and begin to bear Fruit plentifully; before which time the young Trees may be trained up against any ordinary low Espaliers, made only of a few slender Ash-poles, or any other slender Sticks; by which Contrivance the Trelases will be new when the Trees come to Bearing, and will last many Years after the Trees have overspread them; whereas, when they are made before the Trees are planted, they will be decayed before the Trees attain half their Growth.”

• Sheridan, Thomas, 1789, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (1789: n.p.)

“TRELLIS, trel’-lis. s. Is a structure of iron, wood, or osier, the parts crossing each other like a lattice.”

• Gardiner, John, and David Hepburn, 1804, The American Gardener (1804: 113)

“Trellisses for tying the vines to, must be completed this month [March]; they should be five feet high, the stakes about three feet asunder, and have four cross rails.”

• M’Mahon, Bernard, 1806, The American Gardener’s Calendar (1806: 16–17)

“Espaliers are hedges of fruit-trees, which are trained up regularly to a lattice or trellis of wood work, and are commonly arranged in a single row in the borders, round the boundaries of the principal divisions of the kitchen-garden. . .

“For common espalier fruit-trees in the open ground, a trellis is absolutely necessary, and may either be formed of common stakes or poles, or of regular joinery work, according to taste or fancy.

“The cheapest, the easiest, and soonest made trellis for common espalier trees, is, that formed with straight poles, being cut into proper lengths, and driving them into the ground, in a range, a foot distance, all of an equal height, and then railed along the top with the same kind of poles or slips of pine or other boards, nailed down to each stake, to preserve the whole straight and firm in a regular position; to which the branches of the espalier trees are to be fastened with small osier-twigs, rope yarn, &c. and trained along horizontally from stake to stake, as directed for the different sorts under their proper heads.

“To render the above trellis still stronger, run two or three horizontal ranges of rods or small poles along the back parts of the uprights, a foot or eighteen inches asunder, fastening them to the upright stakes, either with pieces of strong wire twisted two or three times round, or by nailing them.

“But when more elegant and ornamental trellis’s of joinery work are required in any of the departments, they are formed with regularly squared posts and rails, of good durable timber, neatly planed and framed together, fixing the main posts in the ground, ten or twelve feet asunder, with smaller ones between, ranging the horizontal railing from post to post, in three or more ranges; the first being placed about a foot from the bottom, a second at top, and one or two along the middle space, and if thought convenient, may range one between each of the intermediate spaces; then fix thin slips of lath, or the like, upright to the horizontal railing, ten inches or a foot asunder; and paint the whole with oil colour, to render it more ornamental and durable; and in training the trees, tie their branches both to the railing of the trellis, and to the upright laths, according as they extend in length on each side.”

• Abercrombie, John, with James Mean, 1817, Abercrombie’s Practical Gardener (1817: 180)

“Espaliers have the branches trained to an upright superficial trellis, standing detached from a wall, and thus bear on both sides.”

• Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius), 1826, An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826: 308, 328)

“1575. Trellised walls are sometimes formed when the material of the wall is soft, as in mud walls; rough, as in rubble-stone walls, or when it is desired not to injure the face of neatly finished brick-work. Wooden trellises have been adopted in several places, especially when the walls are flued. . .

“1671. Trellises are of the greatest use in forcing-houses and houses for fruiting the trees of hot climates. On these the branches are readily spread out to the sun, of whose influence every branch, and every twig and single leaf partake alike, whereas, were they left to grow as standards, unless the house were glass on all sides, only the extremities of the shoots would enjoy sufficient light. The advantages in point of air, water, pruning, and other parts of culture, are equally in favor of trellises, independently altogether of the tendency which proper training has on woody fruit-trees, to induce fruitfulness.

“1672. The material of the trellis is either wood or metal; its situation in culinary hot-houses is against the back wall, close under the glass roof, or in the middle part of the house, or in all these modes. . .

Fig. 8, J. C. Loudon, “The fixed rafter-trellis,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening, 4th ed. (1826), 329, fig. 277.

“1673. The back wall trellis. . .

“1674. The middle trellis. . .

“1675. The front or roof trellis. . .

“1676. The fixed rafter-trellis. . . [Fig. 8]

“1677. The moveable rafter-trellis. . .

“1678. The secondary trellis. . .

“1679. The cross trellis.” back up to History

• Webster, Noah, 1828, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828: 2:n.p.)

“TREILLAGE, n. trel’lage. [Fr. from treillis, trellis.]

“In gardening, a sort of rail-work, consisting of light posts and rails for supporting espaliers, and sometimes for wall trees. Cyc. . .

“TREL’LIS, n. [Fr. treillis, grated work.] In gardening, a structure or frame of cross-barred work, or lattice work, used like the treillage for supporting plants.”

• Fessenden, Thomas Green, 1828, The New American Gardener (1828: 294)

“VINE.—Vitis.—Many gentlemen in this neighbourhood have given considerable attention to the cultivation of grapes in the open air upon open trellises, and some have succeeded remarkably well.”

• Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, The Young Gardener’s Assistant (1832: 111, 134)

“In a retired part of the [flower] garden, a rustic seat may be formed, over and around which honey-suckles and other sweet and ornamental creepers and climbers may he [sic] trained on trellises, so as to afford a pleasant retirement. . .

“When Shrubs, Creepers, or Climbers are planted against walls or trellises, either on account of their rarity, delicacy, or to conceal a rough fence or other unsightly object, they require different modes of training.”

• Teschemacher, James E., November 1, 1835, “On Horticultural Architecture” (Horticultural Register 1: 411)

“An arbor or trellis covered with the vine, or with a variety of the clematis and climbing roses or other quick growing plants, is a good termination for a walk, which should branch off close round the trellis, to appear as if it led to a continuation elsewhere, at the back a few shrubs might conceal the boundary or fence.”

• Sayers, Edward, 1838, The American Flower Garden Companion (1838: 17–19) back up to History

“running vines, such as Honeysuckles, Clematis, Bignonias, and so on, are most proper for covering arbors and trellises. . .

“In many flower gardens, trellises, arbors, and summer houses, may be introduced to a very good purpose for concealing offices and unseemly appendages. . .

“In city gardens, trellises are mostly introduced on entrances to the back offices, in which case, they are generally covered with the Isabella grape, or other running vines; as the Honeysuckle and Clematis. . .

“In flower gardens attached to country residences, the trellis is mostly applied to arbors, which ought to be of a rustic nature, and any form most convenient; formality in their structure, spoils the good effect they would otherwise produce.”

• Johnson, George William, 1847, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847: 600–3) back up to History

“TRELLIS or TREILLAGE, is an arrangement of supporters upon which to train plants.

“Espalier Trellis.—The cheapest, the easiest, and soonest made, is that formed with straight poles or stakes, of ash, oak, or chestnut, in lengths of from five to six or seven feet, driving them in the ground in a range about a foot distant, all of an equal height; and then railed along the top with the same kind of poles or rods, to preserve the whole form in a regular position. . .

“When the treillage is finished, it is advisable to paint the whole to render it both more beautiful and durable; and the durability is greatly increased by charring the ends of the uprights before driving them into the soil.

“Espalier Trellis made of cast iron rods, is much more durable, and neater, than that made of wood.

“Trellis for Climbers.—These have been greatly improved, or rather created within these few years, for ten years ago we had nothing but stakes and rods. The following observations and designs are from the Gardener’s Chronicle:—

Fig. 9, George William Johnson, Umbrella Trellis, in A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847), 602, fig. 171.

“The beauty of green-houses has been wonderfully increased, by the contrivance of compelling these unmanageable rambling scrambling plants, to grow down upon themselves, or round and round a circular trellis, so as to be compelled to clothe themselves all over with foliage, and to present immediately to the eye whatever flowers they produce. . . It is not because some climbing plants require to have their roots confined in garden pots, nor because being, in the majority of cases, inhabitants of tropical forests, they demand more bottom-heat than they can obtain in this country, when planted in the open border of a conservatory that the modern plan of distributing their branches over the trellis of a flower-pot, is to be so much commended. Nor is it because the flowers, which if the branches are uncontrolled, are carried out of sight by the excessive length of the stems, are thus brought immediately before the eye; but there is another great advantage in this practice. Gardeners need not be told that the immediate effect of compelling branches to grow downwards is to make them bloom. This was effected over the walls of Sir Joseph Banks’ house; and as those branches were always loaded with fruit, the practice was soon imitated, and gave rise, among other things, to what is called balloon training. . . The many kind of trellises that have been invented for this purpose, are admirably adapted for compelling plants to grow upside down; for the branches can be bent in all directions, over and over again, and the more they are entangled, the prettier is the effect produced. . .’ —Gard. Chron.

“Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently adapted for Wisteria sinensis, and other climbers or shrubs having long racemes of flowers. The following. . . is its form. [Fig. 9]

“Hothouse Trellis for training vines near the glass, is usually made of thin rods of deal or of iron, placed about a foot apart, and fastened to the frame-work of the building. Mr. Long, Beaufort Place, Chelsea, has invented a moveable wire trellis, by which the vines may be lowered from the roof, or placed at any angle, without injuring the vines. . .

"Trellis for Walks.—The following observations made by Mr. Loudon, when criticising the gardens of Lord Selsey, at Westdean, comprise all that need be said upon this kind of structure.

Fig. 10, Anonymous, “Regular Bracketed Cottage,” in A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (1850), pl. opp. 112, figs. 37 and 38.

Fig. 11, Anonymous, “Design for a Cottage for a Country Clergyman,” in A.J. Downing, ed., Horticulturist 6, no. 7 (July 1851): pl. opp. 297.

"Among the contrivances adopted for giving interest to the walks, and to separate one scene from another, are portions of walk covered with arched trellis work. One of these is grown over with climbing roses; another with laburnums, which in the flowering season has a remarkably fine aspect. . . This laburnum trellis has a new feature, that of a table border of trellis work intended to be covered with ivy; we have no doubt its effects will be good, especially in winter. We must remark some circumstances in the construction of garden trellises, which should be ample in their dimensions, strictly geometrical in all their forms, and most accurately and substantially executed. Nothing can be more miserable in its effect on the eye than a low narrow archway, the support leaning in different directions, and the curve of the ground plan and of the roof in no marked style of determinate line. The most accurate carpentry and smithwork ought always to be employed in such structures, otherwise they had much better be omitted as garden decorations. Some attempt forming trellises over walks with long hazel rods, but nothing can be meaner than the effect: such rod trellis works or arbours are at best fit for a cottage garden, or a hedge alehouse.’—Gard. Mag.”

• Downing, Andrew Jackson., 1850, The Architecture of Country Houses (1850: 109–10, 112–13)

“This design is an attempt to redeem from the entire baldness of some examples and the frippery ornament of others, a class of cottages very general in the neighborhood of our larger country towns. . .

“The trellis-work veranda along the front of this cottage, and the bay-window in the best apartment, convey at once an expression of beauty arising from a sense of a superior comfort or refinement in the mode of living; and the whole exterior effect, without having any decided architectural merit, is one which we should be very glad to see followed in suburban houses of this class.

“In the Design before us. . . there is an air of rustic or rural beauty conferred on the whole cottage by the simple, or veranda-like arbor, or trellis, which runs round three sides of the building; as well as an expression of picturesqueness, by the roof supported on ornamental brackets and casting deep shadows upon the walls.” [Fig. 10]

• Downing, Andrew Jackson, July 1851, “A Cottage for a Country Clergyman” (Horticulturist 6: 315) back up to History

“The rustic veranda, and rustic trellises over the windows, are intended [in a planned cottage] for vines—but not merely as a support for vines—but rather as thereby giving an air of rural refinement and poetry to the house without expense. We say without expense; and by this we mean comparatively; for we do not mean these rustic trellises to be built by carpenters, and included in the original cost of the cottage, but to be added afterwards from time to time by the clergyman himself, aided by some farm-hand, expert with the saw and hammer. They should be constructed of cedar poles—with the bark on—which may be had almost anywhere in Massachusetts for a trifle, and which if neatly put together will be more becoming to such a cottage as this than elaborate carpentry work. By the addition of such trellis work and a few vines, a simple rural cottage like this may be made a most attractive object in a rural landscape.” [Fig. 11]

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Images

Inscribed

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  Batty Langley, “Frontispieces of Trellis Work for the Entrances into Temples of View, Arbors, Shady Walks, &c.,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. XVIII.

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  Batty Langley, “Shady walks with Temples of Trellis work after the grand manner of Versailles,” and "An Avenue in Perspective, terminated with the ruins of an ancient Building after the Roman manner,” in New Principles of Gardening (1728), pl. XXII.

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  J. C. Loudon, “The fixed rafter-trellis,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 329, fig. 277.

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  J. C. Loudon, Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 585, fig. 238.

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  J. C. Loudon, A walk covered with trelliswork, in The Suburban Gardener (1838), 664, fig. 280.

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  Alexander Walsh, “Plan of a Garden,” in New England Farmer 19, no. 39 (March 31, 1841): 308.

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  John J. Thomas, “Plan of a Garden,” in Cultivator 9, no. 1 (January 1842): 22, fig. 8. “From o to m, the walk may be flanked. . . by trellises. . .”

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  Richard Dolben, “Plan for Flower Garden,” 1847.

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  Anonymous, Flowerpot Trellis in the Shape of an Urn or Vase, in George William Johnson, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847), 601, fig. 168.

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  Anonymous, Flowerpot with Trellis, in George William Johnson, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847), 601, fig. 169.

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  Anonymous, The Manner in Which the Wire-trellis for Climbing Plants is Attached to Pots, in George William Johnson, A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847), 602, fig. 170.

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  George William Johnson, Umbrella Trellis, in A Dictionary of Modern Gardening (1847), 602, fig. 171.

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  Robert B. Leuchars, Section of middle trellis with a curvilinear shape, in A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses (1850), 86, fig. 29.

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  Robert B. Leuchars, Section of hothouse showing sloping trellis on back wall and centre bed occupied with dwarf standards, in A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses (1850), 87, fig. 30.

• 

  Frances Palmer, “Ground Plot,” in William H. Ranlett, The Architect (1851), vol. 2, pl. 29.

Associated

• 

  J. C. Loudon, “Peach-houses and vineries,” in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1826), 509, fig. 450a–c.

• 

  Anonymous, “Small Bracketed Cottage,” in A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (1850), pl. opp. 78, fig. 9.

• 

  Anonymous, “Suburban Cottage,” in A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (1850), pl. opp. 109, figs. 33 and 34.

• 

  Anonymous, “Regular Bracketed Cottage,” in A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses (1850), pl. opp. 112, figs. 37 and 38.

• 

  Anonymous, “Design for a Cottage for a Country Clergyman,” in A. J. Downing, ed., Horticulturist 6, no. 7 (July 1851): pl. opp. 297.

Attributed

• 

  William Russell Birch, “New Lutheran Church, in Fourth Street Philadelphia,” 1800.

• 

  William Russell Birch, “York-Island with a View of the Seats of Mr. A. Gracie, Mr. Church &c.,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, The Country Seats of the United States (2009), 75, pl. 17.

• 

  Charles Varlé, “Project for the Improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath,” 1809.

• 

  Anonymous, The Lilacs, Residence of Thomas Kidder [perspective rendering, front], c. 1810.

• 

  Anonymous, The Diploma for the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, c. 1836, in Yearbook of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society (1956), frontispiece.

• 

  Alexander Jackson Davis, “The Conservatory,” Montgomery Place, c. 1839.

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  Anonymous, Beehives in the Garden, c. 1840.

• 

  Anonymous, Kirk Boott House, Rear, c. 1840—1847.

• 

  Alexander Jackson Davis, View N.W. at Blithewood, c. 1841.

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