Difference between revisions of "Ashley Hall"
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[[File:0223.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.]] | [[File:0223.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.]] | ||
| − | The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621–1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.<ref>Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.<ref>B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” '' | + | The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621–1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.<ref>Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.<ref>B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 71 (Summer 1987): 287–288, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, SC: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, “Colonel William Bull—His Part in the Founding of Savannah,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population.<ref>Kinloch Bull Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy 1987, 286–296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 115–116, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Gamble 1933, 112–113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref> |
[[File:0507.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Charles Fraser, ''Another View of the Same'' (Ashley Hall), 1803.]] | [[File:0507.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Charles Fraser, ''Another View of the Same'' (Ashley Hall), 1803.]] | ||
[[File:2093.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Mark Catesby, “Ilex cassine L. dahoon,” in ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands'' (1754), vol. 1, pl. 31.]] | [[File:2093.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Mark Catesby, “Ilex cassine L. dahoon,” in ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands'' (1754), vol. 1, pl. 31.]] | ||
| − | Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.<ref>Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” '' | + | Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.<ref>Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” ''South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'' 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, “Ashley Hall Plantation,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QVA view on Zotero]. S. Salley Jr., “The Bull Family of South Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'' 1 (January 1900): 76–77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina’s earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built c. 1675—one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina—was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, but still quite modest two-story brick house, built for his son, William (1683–1755) [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 61–62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> William Bull’s activities resembled those of his father in that the younger Bull served in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737–1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696–1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2: 120–122, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Salley 1900, 77–78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> |
[[File:0552.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.]] | [[File:0552.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.]] | ||
| − | In 1722 English naturalist [[Mark Catesby]] visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist [[Charles Fraser]], [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]] “planted by his hand” an [[avenue]] of live oaks leading from an [[orchard]] of pear trees to the house [Fig. 2].<ref>[[Charles Fraser]], ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, SC: J. Russell, 1854), 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero]; Hartley 1984, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> In the first volume of his ''Natural History'', Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (''illex Cassine L.''), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in ''Carolina'', I having never seen it but at Col. ''Bull’s'' Plantation on ''Ashley'' River, where it grows in a Bog” [Fig. 3].<ref>Mark Laird, “From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century,” in ''Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby’s New World Vision'', | + | In 1722 English naturalist [[Mark Catesby]] visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist [[Charles Fraser]], [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]] “planted by his hand” an [[avenue]] of live oaks leading from an [[orchard]] of pear trees to the house [Fig. 2].<ref>[[Charles Fraser]], ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, SC: J. Russell, 1854), 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero]; Hartley 1984, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> In the first volume of his ''Natural History'', Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (''illex Cassine L.''), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in ''Carolina'', I having never seen it but at Col. ''Bull’s'' Plantation on ''Ashley'' River, where it grows in a Bog” [Fig. 3].<ref>Mark Laird, “From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century,” in ''Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby’s New World Vision'', ed. Amy R. W. Meyers and Margaret Beck Pritchard (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero].</ref> Fifteen years later, the Anglican divine [[John Wesley]] noted other rarities at Ashley Hall. <span id="Wesley_cite"></span>Declaring the estate “the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America,” he observed that the [[orchard]] and garden abounded with “those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England,” but which American colonists rarely took the trouble to cultivate ([[#Wesley|view text]]). |
In 1742 William Bull transferred much of the Ashley Hall property (including the two houses) to his son, [[William Bull II]], who in 1770 laid out gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water’s edge.<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> A long, straight [[avenue]] bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted [[vista]] of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad [[lawn]]s were planted on either side of [[Mark Catesby|Catesby’s]] oak-lined [[avenue]]. A [[lake]] bounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open [[park]] and elk and [[deer park]]s. The property also featured a pool encircled by cypress trees and a [[statue]] of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian [[mound]].<ref>For a reconstruction of the garden, based on “considerable data and a few sketches,” see Loutrel Winslow Briggs, ''Charleston Gardens'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), 106–107, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3NA59DZ view on Zotero]. See also Bull 1952, 62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero].</ref> Following [[William Bull II|Bull’s]] death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental [[obelisk]] in his memory on the grounds [Fig. 4].<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref> | In 1742 William Bull transferred much of the Ashley Hall property (including the two houses) to his son, [[William Bull II]], who in 1770 laid out gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water’s edge.<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> A long, straight [[avenue]] bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted [[vista]] of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad [[lawn]]s were planted on either side of [[Mark Catesby|Catesby’s]] oak-lined [[avenue]]. A [[lake]] bounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open [[park]] and elk and [[deer park]]s. The property also featured a pool encircled by cypress trees and a [[statue]] of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian [[mound]].<ref>For a reconstruction of the garden, based on “considerable data and a few sketches,” see Loutrel Winslow Briggs, ''Charleston Gardens'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), 106–107, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3NA59DZ view on Zotero]. See also Bull 1952, 62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero].</ref> Following [[William Bull II|Bull’s]] death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental [[obelisk]] in his memory on the grounds [Fig. 4].<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref> | ||
| − | Ashley Hall’s strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the Revolutionary War. Errant British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” the property in June 1777. Five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742–1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, “William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777–1781,” '' | + | Ashley Hall’s strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the Revolutionary War. Errant British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” the property in June 1777. Five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742–1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, “William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777–1781,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 80 (April 1979): 91–104, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F3DT2VK8 view on Zotero]; Henry Lumpkin, ''From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F9H2RMSF view on Zotero]; C. Harrison Dwight, “Count Rumford: His Majesty’s Colonel in Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 57 (January 1956): 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BMZ8FVF7 view on Zotero].</ref> The last member of the Bull family to own Ashley Hall, Col. William Izard Bull, added a [[piazza]] and circular red stone steps to the house in 1853.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> An English visitor reported spending “a delightful day” with Col. Bull at Ashley Hall in 1863, “roaming over cotton-fields and rice [[plantation]]s, [[woods]], and ‘[[park]]-like [[meadows]],’ studded with the most magnificent live oaks,” and sampling the indigenous Scuppernong grapes that grew in the garden.<ref>Fitzgerald Ross, “A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 1863–65,” ''Blackwood’s Magazine'' 97 (January 1865): 31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3JI6MXMR view on Zotero].</ref> Bull intentionally set the house on fire during the winter of 1865, destroying the building and all of its contents, rather than allow his ancestral home to be desecrated by approaching Union troops.<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref> |
—''Robyn Asleson'' | —''Robyn Asleson'' | ||
Revision as of 18:58, July 19, 2018
Ashley Hall, a plantation on the Ashley River near Charleston, was home to the politically prominent Bull family for two hundred years. Its landscape and gardens were developed by successive generations of the family.
Overview
Site Dates: 1675–1865
Site Owner: Stephen Bull (d. 1706); William Bull (1683–1755); William Bull II (1710–1791); William Stephen Bull (1784–1818); William Izard Bull (1813–1894)
Associated People: Mark Catesby (1683–1749, naturalist)
Location: West Ashley, South Carolina
View on Google Maps
History
The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.[1] He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621–1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.[2] Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.[3] Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population.[4]
Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.[5] Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his plantation, and also conducted some of Carolina’s earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes.[6] The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built c. 1675—one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina—was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, but still quite modest two-story brick house, built for his son, William (1683–1755) [Fig. 1].[7] William Bull’s activities resembled those of his father in that the younger Bull served in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737–1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696–1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah.[8]
In 1722 English naturalist Mark Catesby visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist Charles Fraser, Catesby “planted by his hand” an avenue of live oaks leading from an orchard of pear trees to the house [Fig. 2].[9] In the first volume of his Natural History, Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (illex Cassine L.), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in Carolina, I having never seen it but at Col. Bull’s Plantation on Ashley River, where it grows in a Bog” [Fig. 3].[10] Fifteen years later, the Anglican divine John Wesley noted other rarities at Ashley Hall. Declaring the estate “the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America,” he observed that the orchard and garden abounded with “those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England,” but which American colonists rarely took the trouble to cultivate (view text).
In 1742 William Bull transferred much of the Ashley Hall property (including the two houses) to his son, William Bull II, who in 1770 laid out gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water’s edge.[11] A long, straight avenue bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted vista of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad lawns were planted on either side of Catesby’s oak-lined avenue. A lake bounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open park and elk and deer parks. The property also featured a pool encircled by cypress trees and a statue of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian mound.[12] Following Bull’s death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental obelisk in his memory on the grounds [Fig. 4].[13]
Ashley Hall’s strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the Revolutionary War. Errant British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” the property in June 1777. Five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742–1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters.[14] The last member of the Bull family to own Ashley Hall, Col. William Izard Bull, added a piazza and circular red stone steps to the house in 1853.[15] An English visitor reported spending “a delightful day” with Col. Bull at Ashley Hall in 1863, “roaming over cotton-fields and rice plantations, woods, and ‘park-like meadows,’ studded with the most magnificent live oaks,” and sampling the indigenous Scuppernong grapes that grew in the garden.[16] Bull intentionally set the house on fire during the winter of 1865, destroying the building and all of its contents, rather than allow his ancestral home to be desecrated by approaching Union troops.[17]
—Robyn Asleson
Texts
- Wesley, John, April 15, 1737, journal entry (1909: 1:348)[18] back up to history
- “I walked over to Ashley Ferry, twelve miles from Charlestown, and thence, . . . to Colonel Bull’s seat, two miles farther. This is the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America; the orchard and garden being full of most of those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England, but which the laziness of the Americans seldom suffers them to raise.”
- Fraser, Charles, Reminiscences of Charleston, 1853 (1854: 68)[19]
- “[William Bull], the first Governor, had entertained Catesby, the celebrated naturalist, at the family seat, at Ashley river, where there is now a majestic avenue of oaks, said to have been planted by his hand.”
Images
Charles Fraser, Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.
Charles Fraser, Ashley Hall, 1803.
Charles Fraser, Another View of the Same (Ashley Hall), 1803.
Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” rear view and outbuildings, c. 1820.
Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.
Mark Catesby, “Ilex cassine L. dahoon,” in The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (1754), vol. 1, pl. 31.
Map
Other Resources
South Carolina Department of Archives and History
Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Research Project, Preservation Society of Charleston
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Online Collection
Notes
- ↑ Geraldine M. Meroney, Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6–8, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Michael O. Hartley, The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites, Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, view on Zotero.
- ↑ B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 71 (Summer 1987): 287–288, view on Zotero; Ashley Hall Plantation (Columbia, SC: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), view on Zotero; Thomas Gamble, “Colonel William Bull—His Part in the Founding of Savannah,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 17 (June 1933): 113, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Kinloch Bull Jr., The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), view on Zotero; Levy 1987, 286–296, view on Zotero; Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives, 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 115–116, view on Zotero; Gamble 1933, 112–113, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine 20 (July 1919): 193, view on Zotero; Henry DeSaussure Bull, “Ashley Hall Plantation,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 53 (April 1952): 61, view on Zotero. S. Salley Jr., “The Bull Family of South Carolina,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 1 (January 1900): 76–77, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Ashley Hall 1975, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, view on Zotero; Bull 1952, 61–62, view on Zotero; Ashley Hall 1975, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2: 120–122, view on Zotero; Salley 1900, 77–78, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Charles Fraser, Reminiscences of Charleston (Charleston, SC: J. Russell, 1854), 68, view on Zotero; Hartley 1984, 59, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Mark Laird, “From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century,” in Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby’s New World Vision, ed. Amy R. W. Meyers and Margaret Beck Pritchard (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, view on Zotero.
- ↑ For a reconstruction of the garden, based on “considerable data and a few sketches,” see Loutrel Winslow Briggs, Charleston Gardens (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), 106–107, view on Zotero. See also Bull 1952, 62, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull 1952, 66, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Geraldine M. Meroney, “William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777–1781,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 80 (April 1979): 91–104, view on Zotero; Henry Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 56, view on Zotero; C. Harrison Dwight, “Count Rumford: His Majesty’s Colonel in Carolina,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 57 (January 1956): 27, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Ashley Hall 1975, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Fitzgerald Ross, “A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 1863–65,” Blackwood’s Magazine 97 (January 1865): 31, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull 1952, 66, view on Zotero.
- ↑ John Wesley, The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M., Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols. (New York/Chicago: Eaton & Mains/Jennings & Graham, 1909), view on Zotero.
- ↑ Fraser 1854, view on Zotero.
