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History of Early American Landscape Design

Difference between revisions of "Belmont (Baltimore, MD)"

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'''Belmont''' was a relatively modest country estate established around 1782 on the outskirts of Baltimore by [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier, le Chevalier d’Annemours]], Consul General of France for Virginia and Maryland from 1779 to 1793. In addition to building a house and laying out a garden, D'Annemours erected America’s first monument in honor of Christopher Columbus at Belmont.  
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{{Place
 +
|Alternate names=Samuel Ready Female Orphan Asylum
 +
|Established Present=No
 +
|Established Date=1778
 +
|Established Circa=Yes
 +
|Established Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Established Questionable=No
 +
|Established HasEndDate=No
 +
|Established Present End=No
 +
|Established Circa End=No
 +
|Established Questionable End=No
 +
|Through Present=No
 +
|Through Date=1936
 +
|Through Circa=Yes
 +
|Through Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Through Questionable=No
 +
|Through HasEndDate=No
 +
|Through Present End=No
 +
|Through Circa End=No
 +
|Through Questionable End=No
 +
|Location=Baltimore, MD
 +
|Coordinates=39.3, -76.75
 +
|Geolocation link=coordinates
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|Condition=Demolished
 +
|Site owners={{Site owner
 +
|Name=Charles François Adrien le Paulmier, le Chevalier d’Annemours
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Date=1742
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=No
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Date End=1809
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=Archibald Campbell
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Date=1747
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=Yes
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Date End=1805
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=James Hindman
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Date=1741
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=No
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Date End=1830
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=James Carere
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=Yes
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=No
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=Thomas Tenant
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=Yes
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=No
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=David Barnum
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Date=1771
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=Yes
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Date End=1844
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=Zenus Barnum
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Date=1810
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=No
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Date End=1865
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=Dr. Zenus Barnum
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Date=1854
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=No
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Date End=1882
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}{{Site owner
 +
|Name=Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum
 +
|Owned Present=No
 +
|Owned Circa=No
 +
|Owned Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Owned Questionable=No
 +
|Owned HasEndDate=No
 +
|Owned Present End=No
 +
|Owned Circa End=No
 +
|Owned Questionable End=No
 +
}}
 +
|Other resources={{ExternalLink
 +
|External link URL=http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/2162114
 +
|External link text=Getty TGN
 +
}}
 +
}}
 +
'''Belmont''' was a relatively modest country estate established around 1782 on the outskirts of Baltimore by [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier, le Chevalier d’Annemours]] (1742&ndash;1809), Consul General of France for Virginia and Maryland. In addition to building a house and laying out gardens, D’Annemours erected America’s first monument in honor of Christopher Columbus at Belmont. Belmont later served as the site of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum.<ref>J. M. Dickey offers a history of the site’s ownership, which becomes a bit muddled with the Barnum family, in ''Christopher Columbus and His Monument Columbia'' (Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally  & Co., 1892), 78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CVASJCI6 view on Zotero.] The estate was owned by David Barnum and seems to have descended to or been purchased by his nephew Zenus Barnum (who married David’s granddaughter, Anna), and thence to Zenus and Anna’s second-born son, Dr. Zenus Barnum. In his will, Dr. Barnum left much of his estate to his older brother, Francis, on the condition that he not become a Roman Catholic priest. Francis did so, causing the estate to revert to the Baltimore city council to fund the McDonogh School for Orphan Boys, the male equivalent of the Samuel Ready Female Orphan Asylum. See ''American and Commercial Daily Advertiser'' (May 1, 1848): 4; ''The Sun'' (June 18, 1870): 4; ''The Sun'' (July 13, 1883): 4; and ''Maryland, Its Resources, Industries, and Institutions'' (Baltimore: Sun Job Printing Office, 1893), 458, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5E4JKBRS view on Zotero].</ref>
  
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==Overview==
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<hr>
  
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'''Alternate Names:''' Barnum’s Hotel; Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum
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== History ==
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[[File:1977_detail.jpg|thumb|250px|Fig. 1, Charles Varlé (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), ''Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore'' [detail], 1801.]]
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Having spent the majority of his life outside his native France, the [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|Chevalier d’Annemours]] developed a greater affinity for the United States than for his homeland. When his career as French Consul General ended in 1793, he chose to remain in Baltimore—where he had served as an official representative of the French government from 1779 to 1793—rather than return to Paris. He retired to the two-story house he had built in approximately 1782 at Belmont, a 50-acre estate on “one of the most commanding sites in the suburbs of the city, overlooking a large part of the town, the Patapsco river, etc.”<ref>Quotation from Samuel Ready Asylum Board report, c. 1887, in Robert S. Wolff, “Industrious Education and the Legacy of Samuel Ready, 1887&ndash;1920,” ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' (Fall 2000): 312, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GN6BHIKC view on Zotero].</ref> The appearance of the house, now demolished, was documented in 1936 by photographs made by the Historic American Building Survey.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=belmont%20harford See Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalogue].</ref> An impression of the surrounding landscape is provided by Charles Varlé’s ''Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore'', drawn in 1797, a year after [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours]] sold Belmont to Archibald Campbell [Fig. 1]. Varlé represented a garden laid out in the [[geometric style]], with [[parterre]]s  in circular and triangular formations. An orderly row of fruit trees flanks the garden on one side, complemented on the opposite side by a [[grove]] of more naturally dispersed trees.<ref>James D. Kornwolf, ''Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America'', 3 vols. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 2:752, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4VT9CII8 view on Zotero].</ref>  <span id="Hindman_cite"></span>An 1801 notice published in ''The Federal Gazette & Daily Advertiser'' gives credence to Varlé’s map, describing the estate’s “handsome [[grove]] of large lofty oaks, and . . . extensive [[kitchen garden]] and [[orchard]], well stocked with fruit of the best and choicest kind” ([[#Hindman|view text]]). Portrayed on the map but unmentioned in the notice is the monument that [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours]] erected in 1792 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World. The monument took the form of a 44-and-a-half-foot high [[obelisk]] fashioned of brick covered with stucco, bearing the inscription “Sacred/to the/Memory/of/Chris. Columbus/Octob. XII/MDCC VIIIC.” The obelisk originally stood on an artificial [[mound]] in a [[grove]] of cedar and ash trees about 100 yards from [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours’s]] house.<ref> Herbert Adams and Henry Wood, ''Columbus and His Discovery of America'', Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Tenth Series, vols. 10 and 11 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1892), 30, 70&ndash;71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZQK7G8QE view on Zotero].</ref>
  
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'''Site Dates:''' 1778-1796
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After [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours]] sold Belmont, the estate passed through several owners and gradually fell into decay. A writer describing Belmont’s condition in 1880 observed, “the grounds around the old mansion house, although sadly out of repair . . . , are still inviting and [[picturesque]], with their box-wood [[walk]]s, bordered roadways lined with rows of cedars, fine old fruit trees, and rosebush clusters here and there.”<ref> Article published in ''The American'' (Baltimore), November 19, 1880, quoted in Herbert Adams and Henry Wood, ''Columbus and His Discovery of America'', Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Tenth Series, vols. 10 and 11(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1892), 34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZQK7G8QE view on Zotero].</ref> Hidden by overgrown vegetation, the Columbus monument passed in and out of public awareness from the mid-19th century until 1964, when it was moved to its present location across the street from Herring Run Park on Harford Road in Baltimore.<ref> Columbus Monument Papers (1898&ndash;1964), MS 1241, Maryland Historical Society.</ref>
  
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'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours]]; Archibald Campbell; James Hindman; James Carere; Thomas Tenant; ...David Barnum; Samuel W. McClellan; Zenus Barnum; ... Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum <ref> J. M. Dickey, Christopher Columbus and His Monument: Columbia (Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally  & Co., 1892), 78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CVASJCI6 view on Zotero]. </ref>
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—''Robyn Asleson''
  
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'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours]]
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<hr>
  
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'''Location:'''<br/> [https://www.google.com/maps/place/1936+Harford+Ave,+Baltimore,+MD+21213/@39.3119119,-76.5993815,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c804f69f66825b:0x349234d5f8d75840 View on Google Maps]; [https://www.google.com/maps/@39.336296,-76.574901,3a,75y,86.12h,94.94t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sblA-pvqc_s4wF0LmyplrwQ!2e0?hl=en View the Columbus Monument on Google Maps]
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==Texts==
 +
* Anonymous, August 17, 1792, ''Claypoole’s Daily Advertiser'' (quoted in Thompson 1906: 246)<ref>Henry F. Thompson, “The Chevalier D’Annemours,” ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' 1 (1906): 241&ndash;46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ATM2VZQX view on Zotero].</ref>
  
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== History ==
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:“[The Chevalier d’Annemours built] an [[obelisk]] to honour the memory of that immortal man&mdash;Christopher Columbus . . . in a [[grove]] in one of the gardens of the villa . . . on the 3rd [''sic''] of August, 1792, the anniversary of the sailing of Columbus from Spain.”
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<div id="Fig_1"></div>[[File:1977_detail.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Charles Varlé]] (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), Warner & Hanna's Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore [detail], 1801.]]
 
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Having spend the majority of his life outside his native France, [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|Chevalier D’Annemours]] felt a greater affinity for the United States than his homeland. When his diplomatic career ended in 1793, he chose to remain in Baltimore (where he had served as an official representative of the French government for the past fourteen years), rather than return to Paris. He retired to Belmont, a 50-acre estate on "one of the most commanding sites in the suburbs of the city, overlooking a large part of the town, the Patapsco river, etc.", where he had erected a two-story house around 1782. <ref> Quotation from Samuel Ready Asylum Board report, c. 1887, in Robert S. Wolff, "Industrious Education and the Legacy of Samuel Ready, 1887-1920," ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' (Fall 2000), 312, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GN6BHIKC view on Zotero]. </ref> The appearance of the house, now demolished, was documented in 1936 by photographs made by the Historic American Building Survey. <ref> http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=belmont%20harford </ref> An impression of the surrounding landscape is provided by [[Charles Varlé]]’s ''Plan of the City of Baltimore'' drawn in 1797, a year after [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours]] sold Belmont to Archibald Campbell. [<span id="Fig_1_cite"></span>[[#Fig_1|Fig. 1]]] [[Charles Varlé|Varlé]] represented a garden laid out in the [[geometric style]], with [[ parterre]]s  in circular and triangular formations. An orderly row of fruit trees flank the garden on one side, complemented on the opposite side by a [[grove]] of more naturally dispersed trees. <ref> James D. Kornwolf, ‘’Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America’’, 3 vols. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 2: 752, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4VT9CII8 view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Charles Varlé|Varlé]] also represented the memorial that [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D'Annemours]] erected in 1792 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World. The monument took the form of a 44-and-a-half-foot high [[obelisk]] fashioned of brick covered with stucco bearing the inscription "Sacred/to the/Memory/of/Chris. Columbus/Octob. XII/MDCC VIIIC.” It originally stood on an artificial [[mound]] in a [[grove]] of cedar and ash trees about 100 yards from [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours's]] house. <ref> Herbert Adams and Henry Wood, ‘’Columbus and His Discovery of America’’, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Tenth Series, vols. 10 and 11 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1892), 30, 70-71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZQK7G8QE view on Zotero]. </ref>
 
  
  
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After [[Charles François Adrien le Paulmier d’Annemours|D’Annemours]] sold Belmont, the estate passed through several owners and gradually fell into decay. A writer describing Belmont's condition in 1880 observed, “the grounds around the old mansion house, although sadly out of repair..., are still inviting and [[picturesque]], with their box-wood [[walk]]s, bordered roadways lined with rows of cedars, fine old fruit trees, and rosebush clusters here and there.” <ref> Article published in ’’The American’’ (Baltimore), November 19, 1880, quoted in Herbert Adams and Henry Wood, ‘’Columbus and His Discovery of America’’, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Tenth Series, vols. 10 and 11(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1892), 34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZQK7G8QE view on Zotero]. </ref> Hidden by overgrown vegetation, the Columbus monument passed in and out of public awareness from the mid-19th century until 1963, when it was moved to its present location across the street from Herring Run Park on Harford Road in Baltimore. <ref> Columbus Monument Papers (1898-1964), ms. 1241, Maryland Historical Society. </ref>
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*<div id="Hindman"></div>Hindman, James, January 1, 1801 (''Federal Gazette & Daily Advertiser'')  
  
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:“The subscriber offers for sale that handsome, elegant COUNTRY [[SEAT]] called ''Belmont'', formerly the residence of Chevalier Danmour, beautifully situated within a mile and a half of the city of Baltimore, containing about 50 acres, well inclosed with good post and rail [[fence]]s, and divided into lots of different sizes. . . . There is a handsome [[grove]] of large lofty oaks, and an extensive [[kitchen garden]] and [[orchard]], well stocked with fruit of the best and choicest kind; likewise a large well constructed [[ice house]], and two pumps (one of which is in the garden) that affords plenty of excellent water.” [[#Hindman_cite|back up to History]]
  
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--''Robyn Asleson''
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<hr>
  
 
==Images==
 
==Images==
 
<span id="roundabout_img"></span>
 
<span id="roundabout_img"></span>
 
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
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<div id="Fig_1"></div>[[File:1977_detail.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Charles Varlé]] (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), Warner & Hanna's Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore [detail], 1801.
 
  
 +
Image:1977.jpg|Charles Varlé (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), ''Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore'', 1801.
  
 +
Image:1977_detail.jpg|Charles Varlé (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), ''Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore'' [detail], 1801.
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==Texts==
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<hr>
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==References==
 
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Monument City Blog: http://monumentcity.net/2009/04/12/columbus-obelisk-baltimore-md/
 
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<references/>
  
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[[Category: Sites]]
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<hr>
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[[Category: Places]]

Latest revision as of 18:53, August 18, 2021

Overview

Alternate Names: Samuel Ready Female Orphan Asylum

Site Dates: c. 1778–c. 1936

Site Owner(s): Charles François Adrien le Paulmier, le Chevalier d’Annemours 1742–1809; Archibald Campbell 1747?–1805; James Hindman 1741–1830; James Carere; Thomas Tenant; David Barnum 1771?–1844; Zenus Barnum 1810–1865; Dr. Zenus Barnum 1854–1882; Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum;

Location: Baltimore, MD · 39° 18' 0.00" N, 76° 45' 0.00" W

Condition: Demolished

Other Resources: Getty TGN;

Belmont was a relatively modest country estate established around 1782 on the outskirts of Baltimore by Charles François Adrien le Paulmier, le Chevalier d’Annemours (1742–1809), Consul General of France for Virginia and Maryland. In addition to building a house and laying out gardens, D’Annemours erected America’s first monument in honor of Christopher Columbus at Belmont. Belmont later served as the site of the Samuel Ready Orphan Asylum.[1]

History

Fig. 1, Charles Varlé (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore [detail], 1801.

Having spent the majority of his life outside his native France, the Chevalier d’Annemours developed a greater affinity for the United States than for his homeland. When his career as French Consul General ended in 1793, he chose to remain in Baltimore—where he had served as an official representative of the French government from 1779 to 1793—rather than return to Paris. He retired to the two-story house he had built in approximately 1782 at Belmont, a 50-acre estate on “one of the most commanding sites in the suburbs of the city, overlooking a large part of the town, the Patapsco river, etc.”[2] The appearance of the house, now demolished, was documented in 1936 by photographs made by the Historic American Building Survey.[3] An impression of the surrounding landscape is provided by Charles Varlé’s Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore, drawn in 1797, a year after D’Annemours sold Belmont to Archibald Campbell [Fig. 1]. Varlé represented a garden laid out in the geometric style, with parterres in circular and triangular formations. An orderly row of fruit trees flanks the garden on one side, complemented on the opposite side by a grove of more naturally dispersed trees.[4] An 1801 notice published in The Federal Gazette & Daily Advertiser gives credence to Varlé’s map, describing the estate’s “handsome grove of large lofty oaks, and . . . extensive kitchen garden and orchard, well stocked with fruit of the best and choicest kind” (view text). Portrayed on the map but unmentioned in the notice is the monument that D’Annemours erected in 1792 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World. The monument took the form of a 44-and-a-half-foot high obelisk fashioned of brick covered with stucco, bearing the inscription “Sacred/to the/Memory/of/Chris. Columbus/Octob. XII/MDCC VIIIC.” The obelisk originally stood on an artificial mound in a grove of cedar and ash trees about 100 yards from D’Annemours’s house.[5]

After D’Annemours sold Belmont, the estate passed through several owners and gradually fell into decay. A writer describing Belmont’s condition in 1880 observed, “the grounds around the old mansion house, although sadly out of repair . . . , are still inviting and picturesque, with their box-wood walks, bordered roadways lined with rows of cedars, fine old fruit trees, and rosebush clusters here and there.”[6] Hidden by overgrown vegetation, the Columbus monument passed in and out of public awareness from the mid-19th century until 1964, when it was moved to its present location across the street from Herring Run Park on Harford Road in Baltimore.[7]

—Robyn Asleson

Texts

  • Anonymous, August 17, 1792, Claypoole’s Daily Advertiser (quoted in Thompson 1906: 246)[8]
“[The Chevalier d’Annemours built] an obelisk to honour the memory of that immortal man—Christopher Columbus . . . in a grove in one of the gardens of the villa . . . on the 3rd [sic] of August, 1792, the anniversary of the sailing of Columbus from Spain.”


  • Hindman, James, January 1, 1801 (Federal Gazette & Daily Advertiser)
“The subscriber offers for sale that handsome, elegant COUNTRY SEAT called Belmont, formerly the residence of Chevalier Danmour, beautifully situated within a mile and a half of the city of Baltimore, containing about 50 acres, well inclosed with good post and rail fences, and divided into lots of different sizes. . . . There is a handsome grove of large lofty oaks, and an extensive kitchen garden and orchard, well stocked with fruit of the best and choicest kind; likewise a large well constructed ice house, and two pumps (one of which is in the garden) that affords plenty of excellent water.” back up to History

Images

  • Charles Varlé (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore, 1801.

  • Charles Varlé (artist), Francis Shallus (engraver), Warner & Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of Baltimore [detail], 1801.


Notes

  1. ↑ J. M. Dickey offers a history of the site’s ownership, which becomes a bit muddled with the Barnum family, in Christopher Columbus and His Monument Columbia (Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Co., 1892), 78, view on Zotero. The estate was owned by David Barnum and seems to have descended to or been purchased by his nephew Zenus Barnum (who married David’s granddaughter, Anna), and thence to Zenus and Anna’s second-born son, Dr. Zenus Barnum. In his will, Dr. Barnum left much of his estate to his older brother, Francis, on the condition that he not become a Roman Catholic priest. Francis did so, causing the estate to revert to the Baltimore city council to fund the McDonogh School for Orphan Boys, the male equivalent of the Samuel Ready Female Orphan Asylum. See American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (May 1, 1848): 4; The Sun (June 18, 1870): 4; The Sun (July 13, 1883): 4; and Maryland, Its Resources, Industries, and Institutions (Baltimore: Sun Job Printing Office, 1893), 458, view on Zotero.
  2. ↑ Quotation from Samuel Ready Asylum Board report, c. 1887, in Robert S. Wolff, “Industrious Education and the Legacy of Samuel Ready, 1887–1920,” Maryland Historical Magazine (Fall 2000): 312, view on Zotero.
  3. ↑ See Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalogue.
  4. ↑ James D. Kornwolf, Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America, 3 vols. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 2:752, view on Zotero.
  5. ↑ Herbert Adams and Henry Wood, Columbus and His Discovery of America, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Tenth Series, vols. 10 and 11 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1892), 30, 70–71, view on Zotero.
  6. ↑ Article published in The American (Baltimore), November 19, 1880, quoted in Herbert Adams and Henry Wood, Columbus and His Discovery of America, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Tenth Series, vols. 10 and 11(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1892), 34, view on Zotero.
  7. ↑ Columbus Monument Papers (1898–1964), MS 1241, Maryland Historical Society.
  8. ↑ Henry F. Thompson, “The Chevalier D’Annemours,” Maryland Historical Magazine 1 (1906): 241–46, view on Zotero.

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