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Welcome

The History of Early American Landscape Design digital resource is an inquiry into the language of early American landscape aesthetics and garden design in the colonial and national periods. Thousands of texts are combined with a corpus of more than 1700 images in order to trace the development of landscape and garden terminology from British colonial America to the mid-19th century. By placing terms in relation to representations in the visual record, the project clarifies their use and meanings, providing for well-informed histories of designed landscapes in early America.

The project is organized by 100 keywords, supported by 100 featured places and historical figures. Without claiming to be comprehensive, this project models an approach to the study of landscapes and gardens that helps scholars consider past cultural conditions, uncover former appearances, and better understand the experiences and meanings of designed environments as they were built, and also as they were imagined.

Alexander Jackson Davis, Octagonal Garden Structure for Montgomery Place, c. 1850
Anonymous, Plan of the Labyrinth at Economy, Pa., c. 1826
Baroness Anne-Marguerite-Henriette Hyde de Neuville, Self-Portrait (c. 1761?–1849), c. 1805–10

Introductory Essays

These essays first appeared in the original publication Keywords in American Landscape Design (Yale University Press, 2010) from which this site originated. The investigation into the history of early American landscape design has continued with the advantage of the digital platform and the addition of approximately one hundred individual pages dedicated to People and to Places to the original one hundred Keywords pages. These introductory essays remain a fundamental contribution to the project with insight and guidance on navigating its content.

The Evidence of American Garden History
Therese O'Malley
Charles Willson Peale, View of the garden at Belfield, 1816.
Writing the Landscape
Elizabeth Kryder-Reid
Cornelia Jefferson Randolph, attr., A Garden Seat by Mr. Jones, From Chamber's Kew, c. 1820.
Mode of Representations
in American Landscape Design
Anne L. Helmreich and Therese O'Malley
Robert Mills, Picturesque View of the Building, and Grounds in front, 1841.

Read more about the Center's research projects.

Banner Images:

Nicolino Calyo, Harlem, the Country House of Dr. Edmondson, 1834

C. A. Hedin, “Front Elevation on Live Oak Street,” 1853

Thomas Jefferson, Plan of an orchard at Monticello, c. 1778

Robert Mills, Plan of the Mall, Washington, DC, 1841

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-Welcome to the History of Early American Landscape Design Database.
+{{break}}
+===''Welcome''===
+The ''History of Early American Landscape Design'' digital resource is an inquiry into the language of early American landscape aesthetics and garden design in the colonial and national periods. Thousands of texts are combined with a corpus of more than 1700 images in order to trace the development of landscape and garden terminology from British colonial America to the mid-19th century. By placing terms in relation to representations in the visual record, the project clarifies their use and meanings, providing for well-informed histories of designed landscapes in early America.
-The site provides information about the history of gardens in America, from the early colonial period to around 1850, to an audience of scholars and specialists. The goal of this site is not only to provide a database of information about, for example, particular sites, images or people, but to provide a large corpus of textual and visual data that can be comparatively examined by scholars, enabling them to investigate landscapes in dynamic contexts and via materials which are rare and difficult to access. Because of the flexible nature of the online format, scholars will be able to consider landscapes as part of a larger set of processes--social, economic, political--rather than only as static sites.
+The project is organized by 100 keywords, supported by 100 featured places and historical figures. Without claiming to be comprehensive, this project models an approach to the study of landscapes and gardens that helps scholars consider past cultural conditions, uncover former appearances, and better understand the experiences and meanings of designed environments as they were built, and also as they were imagined.
-This site is a companion to the publication
+{{break}}
-[http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300101744 ''Keywords in American Landscape Design'' (Yale University Press, 2010)].
+{{Showcase main}}
+{{break}}
-==About this Site==
+===''Introductory Essays''===
+{{:Essays}}
+{{break}}
+Read more about the Center's [https://www.nga.gov/research/casva/research-projects.html research projects].
-[[Project Introduction]]
+<div style="font-size:14px; font-family: Georgia-serif; color:#777777; line-height:2em;">Banner Images:</div>
-[[Statement on Authorities]]
+<div style="font-size:14px; font-family: Georgia-serif; line-height:2em;">[[:File:0464.jpg|Nicolino Calyo, ''Harlem, the Country House of Dr. Edmondson'', 1834]]<br>
-[[Project Bibliography]]
+<div style="font-size:14px; font-family: Georgia-serif;">[[:File:1213.jpg|C. A. Hedin, “Front Elevation on Live Oak Street,” 1853]]<br></div>
-[[Credits]]
+<div style="font-size:14px; font-family: Georgia-serif;">[[:File:0072.jpg|Thomas Jefferson, Plan of an orchard at Monticello, c. 1778]]<br></div>
-==Keywords==
+<div style="font-size:14px; font-family: Georgia-serif;">[[:File:0033.jpg|Robert Mills, ''Plan of the Mall'', Washington, DC, 1841]]</div>
-[[Alcove]]<br/>[[Alley]]<br/>[[Ancient style]]<br/>[[Arbor]]<br/>[[Arboretum]]<br/>[[Arcade]]<br/>[[Arch]]<br/>[[Avenue]]<br/>[[Aviary/Bird cage/Birdhouse]]<br/>[[Basin]]<br/>[[Bath/Bathhouse]]<br/>[[Bed]]<br/>[[Beehive]]<br/>[[Belvedere/Prospect tower/Observatory]]<br/>[[Border]]<br/>[[Botanic garden]]<br/>[[Bower]]<br/>[[Bowling green]]<br/>[[Bridge]]<br/>[[Canal]]<br/>[[Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall]]<br/>[[Cemetery/Burying ground/Burial ground]]<br/>[[Chinese manner]]<br/>[[Clump]]<br/>[[Column/Pillar]]<br/>[[Common]]<br/>[[Conservatory]]<br/>[[Copse]]<br/>[[Deer park]]<br/>[[Dovecote/Pigeon house ]]<br/>[[Drive]]<br/>[[Dutch style]]<br/>[[Edging]]<br/>[[Eminence]]<br/>[[English style]]<br/>[[Espalier]]<br/>[[Fall/Falling garden]]<br/>[[Fence]]<br/>[[Ferme ornée/Ornamental farm]]<br/>[[Flower garden]]<br/>[[Fountain]]<br/>[[French style]]<br/>[[Gardenesque ]]<br/>[[Gate/Gateway]]<br/>[[Geometric style]]<br/>[[Green]]<br/>[[Greenhouse]]<br/>[[Grotto]]<br/>[[Grove]]<br/>[[Ha-Ha/Sunk fence]]<br/>[[Hedge]]<br/>[[Hermitage]]<br/>[[Hothouse]]<br/>[[Icehouse]]<br/>[[Jet]]<br/>[[Kitchen garden]]<br/>[[Labyrinth]]<br/>[[Lake/Pond]]<br/>[[Landscape gardening]]<br/>[[Lawn]]<br/>[[Mall]]<br/>[[Meadow]]<br/>[[Modern style/Natural style]]<br/>[[Mound/Mount]]<br/>[[Nursery]]<br/>[[Obelisk]]<br/>[[Orangery]]<br/>[[Orchard]]<br/>[[Park]]<br/>[[Parterre]]<br/>[[Pavilion]]<br/>[[Piazza/Veranda/Porch/Portico]]<br/>[[Picturesque]]<br/>[[Plantation]]<br/>[[Pleasure ground/Pleasure garden]]<br/>[[Plot/Plat ]]<br/>[[Pot]]<br/>[[Promenade]]<br/>[[Prospect]]<br/>[[Public garden/Public ground]]<br/>[[Quarter]]<br/>[[Rockwork/Rockery]]<br/>[[Rustic style]]<br/>[[Seat]]<br/>[[Shrubbery]]<br/>[[Square]]<br/>[[Statue]]<br/>[[Summerhouse]]<br/>[[Sundial]]<br/>[[Temple]]<br/>[[Terrace/Slope]]<br/>[[Thicket]]<br/>[[Trellis]]<br/>[[Vase/Urn]]<br/>[[View/Vista]]<br/>[[Walk]]<br/>[[Wall]]<br/>[[Wilderness]]<br/>[[Wood/Woods]]<br/>[[Yard]]<br/>
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