Difference between revisions of "Ashley Hall"
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The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in America to serve as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621-1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there. <ref> Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184(Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero]. </ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later. <ref> B. H. Levy, "Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name," ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly,'' 71 (summer 1987): 287-88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, S.C.: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, "Colonel William Bull--His Part in the Founding of Savannah," ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'', 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population. <ref> Kinloch Bull, Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, S. C. : University of South Carolina Press, 1991), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy, 1987: 286-96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Gamble, 1933: 112-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero]. </ref> | The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in America to serve as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621-1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there. <ref> Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184(Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero]. </ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later. <ref> B. H. Levy, "Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name," ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly,'' 71 (summer 1987): 287-88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, S.C.: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, "Colonel William Bull--His Part in the Founding of Savannah," ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'', 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population. <ref> Kinloch Bull, Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, S. C. : University of South Carolina Press, 1991), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy, 1987: 286-96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Gamble, 1933: 112-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero]. </ref> | ||
| − | Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694. <ref> Bull's son, William Bull, would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, "The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families," ''The South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'', 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, "Ashley Hall Plantation," ''The South Carolina Historical Magazine'', 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QVA view on Zotero]. S. Salley, Jr., "The Bull Family of South Carolina," ''The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'', 1 (January 1900): 76-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina's earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes. <ref> "Ashley Hall," 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]. </ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built ca. 1675 — one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina — was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, two-story brick house, possibly built by Bull's son, William (1683-1755). <ref> Bull, 1952: 61-62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; "Ashley Hall," 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]. </ref> William Bull resembled his father in serving in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737-1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696 -1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah. <ref> Salley, 1900: 77-78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> In 1722 the English naturalist [[Mark Catesby]] visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist [[Charles Fraser]], [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]] “planted by his hand” an [[avenue]] of live oaks leading through an [[orchard]] of pear trees to the house. <ref> Charles Fraser, ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, S.C.: J. Russell, 1854), 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero]; Hartley, 1984, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> In the first volume of his ''Natural History'', Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (''illex Cassine L.''), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in ''Carolina'', I having never seen it but at Col. ''Bull’s'' Plantation on ''Ashley'' River, where it grows in a Bog.” <ref> Mark Laird, "From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century," in ''Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby's New World Vision'', ed. Amy R. W. Meyers and Margaret Beck Pritchard (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero]. </ref> | + | Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694. <ref> Bull's son, William Bull, would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, "The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families," ''The South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'', 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, "Ashley Hall Plantation," ''The South Carolina Historical Magazine'', 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QVA view on Zotero]. S. Salley, Jr., "The Bull Family of South Carolina," ''The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'', 1 (January 1900): 76-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina's earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes. <ref> "Ashley Hall," 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]. </ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built ca. 1675 — one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina — was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, two-story brick house, possibly built by Bull's son, William (1683-1755). <ref> Bull, 1952: 61-62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; "Ashley Hall," 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]. </ref> William Bull resembled his father in serving in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737-1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696 -1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah. <ref> Salley, 1900: 77-78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> In 1722 the English naturalist [[Mark Catesby]] visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist [[Charles Fraser]], [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]] “planted by his hand” an [[avenue]] of live oaks leading through an [[orchard]] of pear trees to the house. <ref> Charles Fraser, ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, S.C.: J. Russell, 1854), 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero]; Hartley, 1984, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] In the first volume of his ''Natural History'', Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (''illex Cassine L.''), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in ''Carolina'', I having never seen it but at Col. ''Bull’s'' Plantation on ''Ashley'' River, where it grows in a Bog.” <ref> Mark Laird, "From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century," in ''Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby's New World Vision'', ed. Amy R. W. Meyers and Margaret Beck Pritchard (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero]. </ref> |
| − | Ashley Hall next passed to William Bull’s son, [[William Bull II]], who in 1770 laid out formal gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water's edge. A long, straight [[avenue]] bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted [[view/vista|vista]] of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad [[lawn]]s were planted on either side of [[Mark Catesby|Catesby’s]] oak-lined [[avenue]]. A [[lake/pond|lake]] with a pool surrounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open [[park]] and elk and [[deer park]]s. The property also featured a [[statue]] of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian [[mound/mount|mound]]. <ref> Bull, 1952: 62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero]; Loutrel Winslow Briggs, ''Charleston Gardens'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), ___, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3NA59DZ view on Zotero] </ref> Following [[William Bull II|Bull's]] death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental [[obelisk]] in his memory | + | Ashley Hall next passed to William Bull’s son, [[William Bull II]], who in 1770 laid out formal gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water's edge. A long, straight [[avenue]] bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted [[view/vista|vista]] of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad [[lawn]]s were planted on either side of [[Mark Catesby|Catesby’s]] oak-lined [[avenue]]. A [[lake/pond|lake]] with a pool surrounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open [[park]] and elk and [[deer park]]s. The property also featured a [[statue]] of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian [[mound/mount|mound]]. <ref> Bull, 1952: 62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero]; Loutrel Winslow Briggs, ''Charleston Gardens'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), ___, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3NA59DZ view on Zotero] </ref> Following [[William Bull II|Bull's]] death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental [[obelisk]] in his memory on the grounds. <ref> Bull, 1952: 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] Ashley Hall's strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the revolutionary war. Errant British troops "plundered and greatly damaged" the property in June 1777, and five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742-1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters. <ref> Geraldine M. Meroney, "William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777-1781," ''The South Carolina Historical Magazine'', 80 (April 1979): 91-104, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F3DT2VK8 view on Zotero]; Henry Lumpkin, ''From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South'' (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F9H2RMSF view on Zotero]; C. Harrison Dwight, "Count Rumford: His Majesty’s Colonel in Carolina," ''The South Carolina Historical Magazine'', 57 (January 1956): 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BMZ8FVF7 view on Zotero]. </ref> The last member of the Bull family to own Ashley Hall, Col. William Izard Bull, added a [[piazza]] and circular red stone steps to the house in 1853. <ref> ”Ashley Hall”, 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]. </ref> An English visitor reported spending “a delightful day” with Col. Bull at Ashley Hall in 1863, “roaming over cotton-fields and rice [[plantation]]s, [[wood/woods|woods]], and '[[park]]-like [[meadows]],' studded with the most magnificent live oaks,” and sampling the indigenous Scuppernong grapes that grew in the garden. <ref> Fitzgerald Ross, "A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 1863-65," ''Blackwood’s Magazine'', 97 (January 1865): 31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3JI6MXMR view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull intentionally set the house on fire during the winter of 1865, destroying the building and all of its contents, rather than allow his ancestral home to be desecrated by approaching Union troops. <ref> Bull, 1952: 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. </ref> |
--''Robyn Asleson'' | --''Robyn Asleson'' | ||
Revision as of 16:54, April 27, 2015
Ashley Hall, a plantation on the Ashley River near Charleston, was home to the politically prominent Bull family for two hundred years. Its landscape and gardens were developed by successive generations of the family.
Overview
Site Dates: 1675-1865
Site Owner: Stephen Bull; William Bull; William Bull II; William Stephen Bull; William Izard Bull
Site Designer(s): Stephen Bull; Mark Catesby; William Bull II
Location: West Ashley, SC
View on Google Maps
History
The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in America to serve as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621-1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there. [1] Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later. [2] Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population. [3]
Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694. [4] Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his plantation, and also conducted some of Carolina's earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes. [5] The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built ca. 1675 — one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina — was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, two-story brick house, possibly built by Bull's son, William (1683-1755). [6] William Bull resembled his father in serving in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737-1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696 -1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah. [7] In 1722 the English naturalist Mark Catesby visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist Charles Fraser, Catesby “planted by his hand” an avenue of live oaks leading through an orchard of pear trees to the house. [8] [Fig. 1] In the first volume of his Natural History, Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (illex Cassine L.), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in Carolina, I having never seen it but at Col. Bull’s Plantation on Ashley River, where it grows in a Bog.” [9]
Ashley Hall next passed to William Bull’s son, William Bull II, who in 1770 laid out formal gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water's edge. A long, straight avenue bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted vista of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad lawns were planted on either side of Catesby’s oak-lined avenue. A lake with a pool surrounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open park and elk and deer parks. The property also featured a statue of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian mound. [10] Following Bull's death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental obelisk in his memory on the grounds. [11] [Fig. 2] Ashley Hall's strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the revolutionary war. Errant British troops "plundered and greatly damaged" the property in June 1777, and five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742-1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters. [12] The last member of the Bull family to own Ashley Hall, Col. William Izard Bull, added a piazza and circular red stone steps to the house in 1853. [13] An English visitor reported spending “a delightful day” with Col. Bull at Ashley Hall in 1863, “roaming over cotton-fields and rice plantations, woods, and 'park-like meadows,' studded with the most magnificent live oaks,” and sampling the indigenous Scuppernong grapes that grew in the garden. [14] Bull intentionally set the house on fire during the winter of 1865, destroying the building and all of its contents, rather than allow his ancestral home to be desecrated by approaching Union troops. [15]
--Robyn Asleson
Texts
- Fraser, Charles, Reminiscences of Charleston, 1853 (1854: 68) [16]
- "[William Bull], the first Governor, had entertained Catesby, the celebrated naturalist, at the family seat, at Ashley river, where there is now a majestic avenue of oaks, said to have been planted by his hand."
Images
References
South Carolina Department of Archives and History
Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Research Project, Preservation Society of Charleston
Notes
- ↑ Michael O. Hartley, The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites, Research Manuscript Series, Book 184(Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, view on Zotero.
- ↑ B. H. Levy, "Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name," The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 71 (summer 1987): 287-88, view on Zotero; Ashley Hall Plantation (Columbia, S.C.: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), view on Zotero; Thomas Gamble, "Colonel William Bull--His Part in the Founding of Savannah," The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 17 (June 1933): 113, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Kinloch Bull, Jr., The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family (Columbia, S. C. : University of South Carolina Press, 1991), passim, view on Zotero; Levy, 1987: 286-96, view on Zotero; Gamble, 1933: 112-13, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull's son, William Bull, would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, "The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families," The South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine, 20 (July 1919): 193, view on Zotero; Henry DeSaussure Bull, "Ashley Hall Plantation," The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 53 (April 1952): 61, view on Zotero. S. Salley, Jr., "The Bull Family of South Carolina," The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1 (January 1900): 76-77, view on Zotero.
- ↑ "Ashley Hall," 1975, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull, 1952: 61-62, view on Zotero; "Ashley Hall," 1975, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Salley, 1900: 77-78, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Charles Fraser, Reminiscences of Charleston (Charleston, S.C.: J. Russell, 1854), 68, view on Zotero; Hartley, 1984, 59, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Mark Laird, "From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century," in Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby's New World Vision, ed. Amy R. W. Meyers and Margaret Beck Pritchard (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull, 1952: 62, view on Zotero; Loutrel Winslow Briggs, Charleston Gardens (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), ___, view on Zotero
- ↑ Bull, 1952: 66, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Geraldine M. Meroney, "William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777-1781," The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 80 (April 1979): 91-104, view on Zotero; Henry Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 56, view on Zotero; C. Harrison Dwight, "Count Rumford: His Majesty’s Colonel in Carolina," The South Carolina Historical Magazine, 57 (January 1956): 27, view on Zotero.
- ↑ ”Ashley Hall”, 1975, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Fitzgerald Ross, "A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 1863-65," Blackwood’s Magazine, 97 (January 1865): 31, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Bull, 1952: 66, view on Zotero.
- ↑ Charles Fraser, Reminiscences of Charleston (Charleston, S.C.: J. Russell, 1854), view on Zotero.
