View source for Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery

'''The Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery''', located on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]] in Philadelphia, was developed by [[John Bartram]] (1699&ndash;1777) for scientific and commercial purposes and maintained by three generations of his family. The encyclopedic range of plants was comprised of native examples discovered on botanical expeditions made by [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and his son, [[William Bartram|William]] (1739&ndash;1823), as well as exotic specimens sent to him from other parts of the world.

==Overview==

'''Alternate Names:''' John Bartram & Sons; Bartram's Garden; Bartram House and Garden; Kingsess Gardens <br/>
'''Site Dates:''' 1730s <br/>
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[John Bartram]] (1699&ndash;1777); John Bartram, Jr. (1743&ndash;1812); Ann Bartram Carr (1779&ndash;1858) and Col. Robert Carr (1778&ndash;1866); City of Philadelphia <br/>
'''Location:''' Philadelphia, Pennsylvania <br/>
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bartram%27s+Garden/@39.931814,-75.211663,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x6bdeffbb106d9eb4 View on Google maps]

==History==

[[File:0056.jpg|thumb|252.px|Fig. 1, John or William Bartram, "A Draught of John Bartram's House and Garden as it appears from the River," 1758.]] 

Through a number of property transactions made between 1728 and 1740, [[John Bartram]] acquired over 287 acres of rich, well-watered farmland on the Schuylkill River at Kingsessing, about three miles from the center of Philadelphia. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] was the son of a Quaker farmer in rural Pennsylvania, and he devoted most of his new property to agriculture. In addition to cultivating grains and raising livestock, he planted a [[kitchen garden]] in 1729 and built a stone farmhouse in 1731.<ref>Joel T. Fry, ''John Bartram’s House and Garden (Bartram's Garden)'', Historic American Landscape Survey, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2004), 4, 7, 15-18, 22, 27-30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; James A. Jacobs, ''John Bartram House and Garden, Greenhouse (Seed House)'', Historic American Landscapes Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2001), 1-2 </ref> Around the same time, he developed a garden on six or seven acres of ground sloping from the house down to the river.<ref>Fry, 2004, 4, 7, 18, 22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> A drawing of 1758 that [[John Bartram|Bartram]] sent to his English friend and business associate [[Peter Collinson]] in London identifies no specific plant materials, but clearly indicates a terraced garden divided into four well-defined zones. [Fig. 1] The area directly behind the house is labeled "Common [[Flower Garden]]," with an "Upper [[Kitchen Garden]]" to its north and "A new flower Garden" (measuring twenty-six by ten yards) to the south. Board [[fence]]s enclose each of these areas. A stone retaining [[wall]] punctuated by steps marks the transition from the upper gardens down to the much larger “Lower [[Kitchen Garden]]," laid out on a slope that ended at the banks of Schuylkill River.  An oval-shaped [[pond]] at the center of the lower garden connects to the “spring or milk House,” located in the shade of a large tree near the garden’s northern [[fence]]. Plantings interspersed along this [[fence]] may represent espaliered trees.<ref>Fry, 2004, 43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]</ref> Three long [[alley]]s of trees running the full length of the garden  are labeled "[[Walk]]s 150 yards long of a moderate descent." Following his visit to the property in 1787, [[Manasseh Cutler]] described this feature as “a [[walk]] to the river, between two rows of large, lofty trees,” adding that the trees were of “all of different kinds." <span id="Cutler_cite"></span>According to [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler]], the walk terminated in a [[summerhouse]] on the river bank ([[#Cutler|view text]]).

[[John Bartram|Bartram]] initially gathered plants for his garden from the countryside near his house. Over time, he ventured farther afield, eventually exploring remote wilderness areas from New York to Florida. [[John Bartram|Bartram's]] extensive field experience distinguished him from most of the gardeners and botanists of his day. Informed by personal knowledge of the natural habitats of the plants in his collection, he transplanted new finds to those sections of his property that most closely approximated the environmental conditions and terrain in which he had first encountered them.<ref>For a discussion, see Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in the Design of Botanic Gardens, 1730-1830," in ''Garden History: Issues and Approaches'', ed. John Dixon Hunt, (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992),  282, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NQV3X8M7 view on Zotero].</ref> [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] insatiable botanical curiosity and far-ranging expeditions placed a premium on comprehensiveness, as did the function of his garden as a supplier of plants for sale and exchange. Initiating a trading relationship with J. Slingsby Cressy, a physician and botanist in Antigua, [[John Bartram|Bartram]] emphasized the breadth of his interests: “Whatsoever whether great or small ugly or handsom sweet or stinking…every thing in the universe in their own nature appears beautiful to mee,”<ref>John Bartram to J. Slingsby Cressy, c. 1740, in John Bartram, ''The Correspondence of John Bartram, 1734-1777'', ed. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), 131, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref> Twenty years later, in a letter to [[Peter Collinson]], he crowed, “I can challenge any garden in America for variety.”<ref>John Bartram to Peter Collinson, July 19, 1761, in Bartram, 1992: 529, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref> Plants from Bartram’s garden survive in a number of European and American herbaria.<ref>For examples, see Joel T. Fry, "John Bartram and His Garden: Would John Bartram Recognize His Garden Today?," in ''America’s Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram, 1699-1777'', ed. Nancy Everill Hoffmann and John C. Van Horne (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 2004), 159, n.10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/95CXP28C view on Zotero].</ref>

Despite his love of variety, [[John Bartram|Bartram]] was initially reluctant to cultivate delicate plants that required inordinate care to survive Philadelphia’s climate. <span id="Tender_cite"></span>“I don’t greatly like tender plants what wont bear our severe winters,” he remarked to Philip Miller (1791-1771), curator of the Chelsea Physick Garden, in a letter of June 20, 1757 ([[#Tender|view text]]). This position changed somewhat in 1760, the year of [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] first visit to South Carolina, when he decided to build a [[greenhouse]]. As he explained to [[Peter Collinson]], his plan was to construct the building of stone and to grow “some pretty flowering winter shrubs, and plants for winter’s diversion,” rather than the exotic orange trees and tropical plants that several of his neighbors cultivated in their more opulent [[greenhouses]]. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] erected a modest, one-and-a-half story building of stone with an east facing window, which was completed by December 1762 when he informed Collinson that he had included an external fireplace and two flues in the back wall for heat.<ref>James A. Jacobs, John Bartram House and Garden, Greenhouse (Seed House), Historic American Landscapes Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2001), 2, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TZG4ANHU view on Zotero].</ref> From the 1760s on, the addition of warm-weather Carolina plants transformed Bartram’s garden, enlivening it with brilliantly colored flowers that he delighted in.<ref>See, for example, Bartram, 1992, 495, 529, 668-69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref> 

From an early date Bartram provided trees, shrubs, bulbs, roots, and seeds to many of his neighbors in Philadelphia, including [[William Hamilton]] of [[The Woodlands]], [[Charles Willson Peale]] of [[Belfield]], and Thomas Penn of [[Springettsbury]]. His business expanded exponentially after he entered into an informal partnership with the London merchant [[Peter Collinson]] who was his faithful correspondent and advocate for over thirty years. With the encouragement of [[Peter Collinson|Collinson]] and a growing British and European clientele, [[John Bartram|Bartram]] traveled to most of the American colonies, collecting unusual plants and seeds to transplant and cultivate at his garden. During Bartram’s frequent absences from home on botanical expeditions, the garden was managed by his wife, Ann Mendenhall Bartram (1703–1789).  Despite the disruption in trade caused by the American Revolution, the commercial nursery business continued to flourish through to the end of the eighteenth century, as a burgeoning domestic market joined the overseas trade. Bartram's business was still thriving as it approached its third decade. “I must inlarge my nursery garden,” he informed a friend in August 1769.<ref>John Bartram to John Fothergill, August 12, 1769, quoted in Fry, 2004, 37,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref>

Following the death of [[John Bartram]] in 1777, the nursery business continued under the supervision of John Bartram, Jr. (1743-1812) with assistance from his elder brother, the natural history explorer and illustrator [[William Bartram]] (1739-1823). Under their watch, the garden became an outdoor classroom. Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815), the first professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania, brought his students to the garden to study live plants in situ, and the Bartrams noted with pride that their family’s [[botanic garden]] “may with propriety and truth be called the Botanical Academy of Pennsylvania, since…the Professors of Botany, Chemistry, and Materia Medica, attended by their youthful train of pupils, annually assemble here during the Floral season."<ref>William Bartram, ''William Bartram: Travels and Other Writings'', ed. Thomas P. Slaughter (New York: The Library of America, 1996), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3XMTDFZR view on Zotero], 587.</ref> [[John Bartram]]’s children continued to expand the business, adding a second [[greenhouse]] around 1790, and another in 1817. <ref>Fry, 2004, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; Benjamin Hays Smith, “Some Letters from William Hamilton of the Woodlands to his Private Secretary,” ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 29 (1905), 258-59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MW5WVDUF view on Zotero].</ref> The fame of the garden attracted many distinguished visitors. [[George Washington]] paid a visit on June 10 and September 2, 1787 while in Philadelphia for the Continental Convention.<ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington'', ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979), 5: 166, 183, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XXSQS73D view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Washington_cite"></span>Although he disparaged the garden in his diary, describing it as “not laid off with much taste, nor was it large,” he was impressed by the many “curious pl[an]ts. Shrubs & trees, many of which are exotics” ([[#Washington|view text]]). <span id="Washington_2_cite"></span>Two years later he requested a catalog from the Bartrams ([[#Washington_2|view text]]) and in 1792 ordered at least 106 varieties of plants. Three hundred trees and shrubs from Bartram's Garden were planted in ornamental ovals at [[Mount Vernon]] that spring.<ref>See "List of Plants from John Bartram’s Nursery, March 1792," and George Augustine Washington to George Washington, April 15-16, 1792, in George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington'', Presidential Series, ed. by Robert F. Haggard and Mark A. Mastromarino (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2002), 10: 175-83, 272-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T247JI6J view on Zotero].</ref> 

In 1807 the Bartrams distributed ''A Catalog of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants Indigenous to the United States of America, cultivated and Disposed of by John Bartram and Son at their Botanical Garden at Kingessing, near Philadelphia. To which is added a Catalog of Foreign Plants Collected from Various Parts of the Globe''. By that time, John Jr. had brought in his son, James Howell Bartram (1783-1818), to assist in managing the garden. After 1812, the daughter of John Bartram, Jr., Ann Bartram Carr (1779-1858), was responsible for maintaining the garden and operating the business. She had learned the science of botany and the art of botanical illustration from her uncle [[William Bartram|William]] and together with her husband Colonel Robert Carr (1778-1866) and his son John Bartram Carr (1804-1839), she enlarged the commercial [[nursery]] and continued the international trade in seeds and plants. At its peak the enterprise operated ten [[greenhouse]]s and maintained a collection of over 1400 native and 1000 exotic plant species.<ref>Fry, 2004, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> In 1838 the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail Road laid out the first route south of Philadelphia, cutting through the west side of the Bartram-Carr property. Later in the century, the single track was expanded to two tracks. Having continued to grow and thrive through three generations of the Bartram family, Bartram's Botanic Garden and Nursery began to experience financial difficulties and was sold out of the family in 1850. The historic garden was purchased by the wealthy railroad industrialist Andrew M. Eastwick (1811-1879), who maintained it as a private park. <ref>Fry, 2004, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> Today it is a 45-acre National Historic Landmark, operated by the John Bartram Association in cooperation with Philadelphia Parks and Recreation

==Texts==
*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], 1740/41, letter to Peter Bayard describing hedges (1992: 174-75)<ref name="Bartram_1992">Bartram, 1992, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref>
:  “As to the evergreens for pyramids that which is called in Europe the silver fir in new England hemlock & our people spruice is esteemed one of the most beautiful evergreens for showey pyramids & yew & holy is also much esteemed…for [[hedge]]s in A garden I like our red cedar or Juniper for tall natural pyramids the white or Lord weymouth pine & balm of gilead fir the larix & spruce fir & abor vita.” 


* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 11, 1743, letter to [[Peter Collinson]], describing the garden of Dr. Christopher Witt (1675-1765) in Germantown, Pa. (1992: 215-16)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "I have lately been to visit our friend Doctor wit [Witt] where I spent 4 of 5 very agreeable sometimes in his garden wehre I viewed every kind of plant I believe that grew therin.... I observed particularly the Doctors famous Lychnis which thee hath dignified so highly, is I think unworthy of that Character    our swamps & low grounds is full of them    I had so contemptible an opinion of it as not to think it worthy sending nor afford it room in my garden."


* [[Pehr Kalm|Kalm, Peter [Pehr]]], September 25, 1748, ''Travels into North America'' (1770, 1: 112-13) <ref> Peter [Pehr] Kalm, ''Travels into North America: Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects'', trans. John Reinhold Forster, 3 vols. (London: John Reinhold Forster, 1770), 1, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W7RZN46S view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Mr. ''John Bartram'' is an ''Englishman'', who lives in the country about four miles from ''Philadelphia''. He has acquired a great knowledge of natural philosophy and history, and seems to be born with a peculiar genius for these sciences.... He has in several successive years made frequent excursions into different distant parts of ''North America'', with an intention of gathering all sorts of plants which are scarce and little known. Those which he found he has planted in his own [[botanic garden|botanical garden]], and likewise sent over their seeds or fresh roots to ''England''. We owe to him the knowledge of many scarce plants, which he first found, and which were never known before."


* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], February 12, 1753, letter to Jared Eliot describing hedges (1992: 342)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: “About 16 years past I planted a [[hedge]] of red Cedars one foot long on a small bank About 2 foot asunder[.] they growed so well that in 3 or 4 years I had a A fine [[hedge]] 4 foot high 2 foot thick, & so close that A bird could not fly thro it.” 


* [[Alexander Garden|Garden, Alexander]], November 4, 1754 to [[Cadwallader Colden]] (quoted in Colden, 1920: 471-72). <ref>Cadwallader Colden, "The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden", vol. 4 (1748-1754), ''Collections of the New-York Historical Society'' (1920): 471-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AWRMN2FD view on Zotero].</ref>
:<p>"I have met wt very Little new in the Botanic way unless Your acquaintance Bartram....</p>
:<p>"His garden is a perfect portraiture of himself, here you meet wt a row of rare plants almost covered over wt weeds, here with a Beautiful Shrub, even Luxuriant Amongst Briars, and in another corner an Elegant & Lofty tree lost in common [[thicket]] &mdash; on our way from town to his house he carried me to severall rocks & Dens where he shewed me some of his rare plants, which he had brought from the Mountains &c. In a word he disdains to have a garden less than Pensylvania [''sic''] & Every den is an [[Arbor|Arbour]], Every run of water, a [[Canal]], & every small level Spot a [[Parterre]], where he nurses up some of his Idol Flowers & cultivates his darling productions."</p>


* <div id="Tender"></div>[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 20, 1757, letter to Philip Miller (1992: 423-24)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref> [[#Tender_cite|back up to history]]
: “I dont greatly like tender plants what wont bear our severe winters but perhaps annual plants that would perfect thair seeds with you without the help of  A hot bed in the spring will do with us in the open ground.... Two roots of a sort is enough. I don’t want much of any one species but variety pleaseth me.”


*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], February 18, 1758, letter to Philip Miller in London (1992: 456-58)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "At present my fancy runs all upon the living curious seeds cuttings of bulbous roots[.] fibrous roots is difficult to send… for now every few nights I dream of seeing & gathering the finest flowers & roots to plant in my garden[.] pray my dear friend oblige me with one or two of thy best sorts[.] I want but one of A sort but I love variety [.] pray don’t let our dutch outdo me."


*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 24, 1760, in a letter to [[Peter Collinson]], describing his plans for the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in Darlington 1849: 224) <ref name="Darlington_1849">William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Dear friend, I am going to build a [[greenhouse]]. Stone is got; and hope as soon as harvest is over to begin to build it, to put some pretty flowering winter shrubs, and plants for winter’s diversion; not to be crowded with orange trees, or those natural to the Torrid Zone, but such as will do, being protected from frost."


* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], July 19, 1761, letter to Peter [[Peter Collinson]] (1992: 529)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "I have now A glorious appearance of Carnations from thy seed—the brightest color that ever eyes beheld now, what with thine dr. Witts & others I can challenge any garden in America for variety." 


* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], May 1763, letter to [[Peter Collinson]] (1992: 594)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "My garden now makes A glorious appearance  I have A fine anonis with A large spike of blew flowers in full bloom which I gathered in Potemack 3 years ago…my great carolina saracena is in bloom…it is a glorious odd flower A goldish color & striped."


*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], May 1, 1764, letter to [[Peter Collinson]] (1992: 627-28)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: “I have many Carolina seeds come up this spring in the [[bed]] I sowed when I cam home…. Doctor Shippen gave me some seed last summer which he brought from the south of Europe one fine sumach grew 18 inches… I sheltered them with boards & thay are now very fresh the first I transplanted to one side of my [[walks]].... Last summer there came up in my [[greenhouse]] from east India seed formerly sowed there an odd kind of Sumach (as I take it to be)[.] it growed in A few months near 4 foot high & continued green & growing all winter & this spring I planted it it out to take its chance it shoots vigorously & almost as red as crimson how it will stand next winter I cant say but I intend to cover the ground well above its root.... Last summer there came up in my greenhouse from east India seed formerly sowed there an odd kind of Sumach (as I take it to be)[.] it fgrowd in A few months near 4 foot high & continued green & growing all winter & this spring I planted it it out to take its chance it shoots vigorously & almost as red as crimson how it will stand next winter I cant say but I intend to cover the ground well above its root.”


* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 1766, to [[Peter Collinson]](London 1992: 668-69)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "I have brought home with me A fine Collection of strange florida plants."


*[[Iwan Alexiowitz|Alexiowitz, Iwan]], 1769, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in Darlington 1849: 50) <ref name="Darlington_1849"></ref>
:“The whole store of nature’s kind luxuriance seemed to have been exhausted on these beautiful [[meadow]]s; he made me count the amazing number of cattle and horses now feeding on solid bottoms, which but a few years before had been covered with water. Thence we rambled through his fields, where the rightangular [[fence]]s, the heaps of pitched stones, the flourishing clover, announced the best husbandry, as well as the most assiduous attention....He next showed me his [[orchard]], formerly planted on a barren, sandy soil, but long since converted into one of the richest spots in that vicinage.”


* Mr. Iw--n Al--z, c. 1770, describing John Bartram and the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in [[J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur|St. John de Crèvecœur, J. Hector]], ''Letters from an American Farmer'', 1783: 248, 254) <ref> "A Russian Gentleman, Describing the Visit He Paid at My Request To Mr. John Bertram, The Celebrated Pennsylvanian Botanist," quoted in J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, ''Letters from an American Farmer: Describing Certain Provincial Situations, Manners, and Customs Not Generally Known'' (London: Thomas Davies and Lockyer Davis, 1783), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JIVSDQ3K view on Zotero]</ref>
: <p>"Let us... pay a visit to Mr. John Bertram [''sic''], the first botanist, in this new hemisphere....  It is to this simple man that America is indebted for several useful discoveries, and the knowledge of many new plants.... </p>
: <p>"Every disposition of the fields, [[fence]]s, and trees, seemed to bear the marks of perfect order and regularity, which in rural affairs, always indicate a prosperous industry... </p>
: <p>"From his study we went into the garden, which contained a great variety of curious plants and shrubs; some grew in a [[greenhouse|green-house]], over the door of which were written these lines, </p>
::" Slave to no sect, who takes no private road, 
::" But looks through nature, up to nature's God!" 


* <div id="Washington"></div>[[George Washington|Washington, George]], June 10, 1787, describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1979: 5: 166) <ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington'', ed. by Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XXSQS73D view on Zotero].</ref>  [[#Washington_cite|back up to history]]
: "[We] rid to see the [[botanic garden|Botanical garden]] of Mr. Bartram; which, tho’ Stored with many curious plts. Shrubs & trees,  many of which are exotics was not laid off with much taste, nor was it large."


* <div id="Cutler"></div>[[Rev. Manasseh Cutler|Cutler, Rev. Manasseh]], July 14, 1787, describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1888: 1:272-74) <ref name="Cutler_1888">Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, L.L.D.'', ed. by William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, vol. 1 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Cutler_cite|back up to history]]
: "We crossed the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], at what is called the lower ferry, over the floating [[bridge]], to [[Gray's Garden|Gray's tavern]], and, in about two miles, came to Mr. Bartram's [[seat]]. We alighted from our carriages, and found our company were : Mr. [Caleb] Strong, Governor [Alexander] Martin, [[George Mason|Mr. [George] Mason]] and son, Mr. [Hugh] Williamson, [[James Madison|Mr. [James] Madison]], Mr. [John] Rutledge, and [[Alexander Hamilton|Mr. [Alexander] Hamilton]], all members of Convention, [[Samuel Vaughan|Mr. Vaughan]], and Dr. [Gerardus] Clarkson and son. Mr. Bartram lives in an ancient Fabric, built with stone, and very large, which was the seat of his father. His house is on an [[eminence]] fronting to the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], and his garden is on the declivity of the hill between his house and the river. We found him, with another man, hoeing in his garden, in a short jacket and trowsers, and without shoes or stockings. He at first stared at us, and seemed to be somewhat embarrassed at seeing so large and gay a company so early in the morning. Dr. Clarkson was the only person he knew, who introduced me to him, and informed him that I wished to converse with him on botanical subjects, and, as I lived in one of the Northern States, would probably inform him of trees and plants which he had not yet in his collection; that the other gentlemen wished for the pleasure of a walk in his garden. I instantly entered on the subject of botany with as much familiarity as possible, and inquired after some rare plants which I had heard that he had. He presently got rid of his embarrassment, and soon became very sociable, which was more than I expected, from the character I had heard of the man. I found him to be a practical botanist, though he seemed to understand little of the theory. We ranged the several [[alley]]s, and he gave me the generic and specific names, place of growth, properties, etc., so far as he knew them. This is a very ancient garden, and the collection is large indeed, but is made principally from the Middle and Southern States. It is finely situated, as it partakes of every kind of soil, has a fine stream of water, and an artificial [[lake/pond|pond]], where he has a good collection of aquatic plants. There is no situation in which plants or trees are found but that they may be propagated here in one that is similar. But every thing is very badly arranged, for they are neither placed ornamentally nor botanically, but seem to be jumbled together in heaps. The other gentlemen were very free and sociable with him, particularly Governor Martin, who has a smattering of botany and a fine taste for natural history. There are in this garden some very large trees that are exotic, particularly an English oak, which he assured me was the only one in America. He had the Pawpaw tree, or Custard apple. It is small, though it bears fruit ; but the fruit is very small. He has also a large number of aromatics, some of them trees, and some plants. One plant I thought equal to cinnamon. The Franklin tree is very curious. It has been found only on one particular spot in Georgia.... From the house is a [[walk]] to the river, between two rows of large, lofty trees, all of different kinds, at the bottom of which is a [[summerhouse|summer-house]] on the bank, which here is a ledge of rocks, and so situated as to be convenient for fishing in the river, where a plenty of several kinds of fish may be caught. Mr. Bartram showed us several natural curiosities in the place where he keeps his seeds; they were principally fossils. He appeared fond of exchanging a number of his trees and plants for those which are peculiar to the Northern States. We proposed a correspondence, by which we could more minutely describe the productions peculiar to the Southern and Northern States. 
: "About nine, we took our leave of Mr. Bartram, who appeared to be well pleased with his visitors, and returned to [[Gray's Garden|Gray's tavern]], where we breakfasted."


* <div id="Washington_2"></div>Lear, Tobias to Clement Biddle, October 7, 1789 (1993: 4: 124-25)<ref>George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington'', Presidential Series, ed. Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HI3EUPA2 view on Zotero].</ref>  [[#Washington_2_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[George Washington|The President]] will thank you to get from Mr Bartram a list of the plants & shrubs which he has for sale, with the price affixed to each, and also a note to each of the time proper for transplanting them, as he is desireous of having some sent to [[Mount Vernon]] this fall if it is proper.<p></p> 
: "It is customary for those persons who publish lists of their plants &c. to insert many which they have had, but which have been all disposed of&mdash; [[George Washington|the President]] will therefore wish to have a list only of what he actually has in his Gardon."


* [[Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn]], March 24, 1798, journal entry describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1965: 52)<ref name="Niemcewicz">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, ''Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels through America in 1797&ndash;99, 1805, with Some Further Account of Life in New Jersey'', ed. & trans. by Metchie J. E. Budka, Collections of The New Jersey Historical Society at Newark (Elizabeth, NJ: The Grassmann Publishing Company, 1965), xiv, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/URG5ABAD view on Zotero].</ref>
:"We arrived at the farmhouse. It is built of great stones wiht a few rustic columns of the same material. The gardens extends as far as the [[Schuylkill River|Skulkill]]. It was not the moment to see it. There was not yet a green leaf. Straightaway I cam upon [[William Bartram|Bartram]], the traveler and poet. . . . he showed us a few trees and bushes, brought for the most part from Georgia and the Carolinas, and the remainder from the Continent. His interest in botany, added to the profits that he has made from it, has led him to undertake, at times, journeys of 100 miles solely to go  into a forest to collect there a plant or a bush. ''Franklinia'' is a tree from Georgia, with a superb flower; ''Gotheria procumbens'' from Jersey with its little leaves of deep green speckled with red; they taste like honey; during the wars it was served instead of tea. The [[hothouse]] is neither big nor luxuriant. I have seen there green tea from China and Boh[e]a. Its leaves are a deep green, an inch and a half in length when they are allowed to grow; but for drinking they are picked very young, especially those of Imperial Tea. [[William Bartram|Bartram deals]] in plants, flowers, bushes, etc.; he sells much to Europe. He is the best botanist in this country."


* [[Alexander Wilson|Wilson, Alexander]], August 10, 1804, "A Rural Walk. The Scenery drawn from Nature," Gray's Ferry (1876: 359, 361-64) <ref> Alexander Wilson, ''The Poems and Literary Prose of Alexander Wilson, the American Ornithologist'', ed.  Alexander B. Grosart, 2 vols. (Paisley: Alex. Gardner, 1876), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VK9Q28VZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: “The Summer sun was riding high,
:: “The [[wood]] in deepest verdure drest;
: “From care and clouds of dust to fly,
:: “Across yon bubbling brook I past; 
<p></p>
: “And up the hill, with cedars spread,
:: “Where vines through spice-[[wood]] [[thicket]]s roam;
: “I took the woodland path, that led 
:: “To [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] hospitable dome….
<p> </p>
: “The squirrel chipp’d, the tree-frog whirr’d,
:: “The dove bemoan’d in shadiest [[bower|bow’r]]….
<p> </p>
: “A wide extended waste of [[wood]],
:: “Beyond in distant [[prospect]] lay; 
: “Where Delaware’s majestic flood
:: “Shone like the radiant orb of day….
<p> </p>
: “There market-maids, in lovely rows,
:: “With wallets white, were riding home;
: “And thund’ring gigs, with powder’d beauxs [''sic''],
:: “Through [[Gray’s Garden|Gray’s]] green festive shade to roam.
<p> </p>
: “There Bacchus fills his flowing cup,
:: “There Venus’ lovely train are seen;
: “There lovers sigh, and gluttons sup,
:: “By [[shrubbery|shrubb’ry]] [[walks]], in [[arbor|arbours]] green.
<p> </p>
: “But dearer pleasures warm my heart, 
:: “And fairer scenes salute my eye;
: “As thro’ these cherry-rows I dart
:: “Where [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] fairy landscapes lie.
<p> </p>
: “Sweet flows the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill’s]] winding tide,
:: “By [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] emblossomed [[bower|bow’rs]];
: “Where nature sports, in all her pride
:: “Of choicest plants, and fruits, and flow’rs.
<p></p>
: "These sheltering pines that shade the path, &mdash;
:: "That tow'ring cypress moving slow, &mdash; 
: "Survey a thousand sweets beneath,
:: "And smile upon the [[groves]] below....
<p> </p>
: "From pathless [[woods]], from Indian plains,
:: "From shores where exil'd Britons rove;
: "Arabia's rich luxuriant scene,
:: "And Otaheite's ambrosial [[grove]].
<p> </p>
: "Unnumber'd plants and [[shrubbery|shrubb'ry]] sweet,
:: "Adorning still the circling year;
: "Whose names the Muse can ne'er repeat,
:: "Display their mingling blossoms here....
<p> </p>
: "For them thro' Georgia's sultry clime,
:: "And Florida's sequester'd shore;
: "Their streams, dark [[woods]], and cliffs sublime,
:: "His dangerous way he did explore.
<p> </p>
: "And here their blooming tribes he tends,
:: "And tho' revolving Winters reign,
: "Still Spring returns him back his friends,
:: "His shades and blossom'd [[bowers]] again."


* [[William Bartram|Bartram, William]], 1807, Preface to ''A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, Indigenous to the United States of America'' (1996: 586-87)<ref>Bartram, 1996, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3XMTDFZR view on Zotero].</ref>
: "KINGSESS GARDENS were begun about 80 years since by [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]] the elder.... They are situated on the west banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], four miles from Philadelphia, and contain about eight acres of land. The mansion and [[greenhouse|green houses]] stand on an [[eminence]] from which the garden descends by gentle [[terrace/slope|slopes]] to the edge of the river, and on either side the ground rises into hills of moderate elevation to the summits of which its [[borders]] extend. From this scite [''sic''] are distinctly seen the winding course of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], its broad-spread [[meadow]]s and cultivated farms, for many miles up and down.... The whole comprehends an extensive [[prospect]], rich in the beauty of its scenery and endless in diversity. 
: "His [Bartram's] view in the establishment [of the garden] was to make it a deposite [''sic''] of the vegetables of these United States, (then British Colonies), as well as those of Europe and other parts of the earth, that they might be the more convenient for investigation. He soon furnished his grounds with the curious and beautiful vegetables in the environs, and by degrees those more distant, which were arranged according to their natural soil and situation, either in the garden, or on his [[plantation]], which consisted of between 200 and 300 acres of land, the whole of which he termed his garden....
: "Thus these extensive gardens became the Seminary of American vegetables, from whence they were distributed to Europe, and other regions of the civilized world. They may with propriety and truth be called the ''Botanical Academy of Pennsylvania'', since, being near Philadelphia, the Professors of Botany, Chemistry, and Materia Medica, attended by their youthful train of pupils, annually assemble here during the Floral season. 
: "The revered founder lived to see his garden flourish beyond him most sanguine expectations, and extend its reputation both at home and abroad, as the [[Botanic Garden]] of America. In this condition it descended to his son, whose care it has been to preserve its well-earned fame, as well by continuing the collection already there, as by making annual excursions to increase the variety. Finding old age coming on, he has lately associated his son with him in the concern, and hopes by their untied exertions the gardens will continue to be worthy of the attention of the lovers of science and the admirers of nature."


* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Near Philadelphia I found the [[botanic garden]] of Messrs. John and [[William Bartram]]. This is likewise an old establishment, founded under the patronage of the late Dr. Fothergill, by the father of the now living Bartrams. This place, delightfully situated on the banks of the Delaware, is kept up by the present proprietors, and probably will increase under the care of the son of [[John Bartram]], a young gentleman of classical education, and highly attached to the study of botany. Mr. [[William Bartram]], the well known author of “Travels through North and South Carolina,” I found a very intelligent, agreeable, and communicative gentleman; and from him I received considerable information about the plants of that country, particularly respecting the habitats of a number of rare and interesting trees. It is with the liveliest emotions of pleasure I call to mind the happy hours I spent in this worthy man’s company, during the period I lived in his neighbourhood.


* Baldwin, William, August 14, 1818, letter from Philadelphia to [[William Darlington]] (Darlington 1843: 277-78)<ref>William Baldwin, ''Reliquiae Baldwinianae: Selections from the Correspondence of the Late William Baldwin with Occasional Notes, and a Short Biographical Memoir'', ed. William Darlington (Philadelphia: Kimber and Sharpless, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZCT2UNV view on Zotero].</ref> 
: " I spent several hours yesterday with our worthy old friend BARTRAM; and have made an arrangement with Col. [[Robert Carr|ROBERT CARR]], who has the management of the garden, to cultivate my S. American plants. He has now the ''Lantana Bratrami'' [''sic''] (for the first time) in flower in his garden…. [[Ann Carr|Mrs. CARR]] (daughter of the  late [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]],) draws elegantly,&mdash; and has engaged to execute as many drawings for me as I want…..
: “I found yesterday…a new species of ''Prunella''….On showing a specimen of it to Mr. BARTRAM, he thought he had seen it, &mdash; and considered it a new species. He will search for it, and let me know."


*[[James Thacher|Thacher, James]], 1828, describing history of Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1828: 1: 67)<ref>James Thacher, ''American Medical Biography: Or, Memoirs of Eminent Physicians Who Have Flourished in America'', 2 vols (Boston: Richardson & Lord and Cottons & Barnard, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A6TFSIKP view on Zotero].</ref>
: "[[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]] was the first native American who conceived and carried into effect the plan of a [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] for the reception and cultivation of indigenous as well as exotic plants, and of travelling for the purpose of accomplishing this plan. He purchased a situation on the banks of Schuylkill, and enriched it with every variety of the most curious and beautiful vegetables, collected in his excursions, which his sons have since continued to cultivate."


*Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1830, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in Boyd 1929: 428) <ref>James Boyd, ''A History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1827-1927'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1929), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero].</ref>
:“Mr. Carr’s fruit [[nursery]] has been greatly improved, and will be enlarged next spring to twelve acres—its present size is eight. The trees are arranged in systematical order, and the [[walk]]s well gravelled. The whole is abundantly stocked, from the seed bed to the tree. Here are to be found 113 varieties of apples, 72 of pears, 22 of cherries, 17 of apricots, 45 of plums, 39 of peaches, 5 of nectarines, 3 of almonds, 6 of quinces, 5 of mulberries, 6 of raspberries, 6 of currants, 5 of filberts, 8 of walnuts, 6 of strawberries, and 2 of medlars. The stock, considered according to its growth, has in the first class of ornamental trees, esteemed for their foliage, flowers, or fruit, 76 sorts; of the second class 56 sorts; of the third class 120 sorts; of ornamental evergreens 52 sorts; of vines and creepers, for covering [[wall]]s and [[arbor|arbours]], 35 sorts; of honey suckle 30 sorts, and of roses 80 varieties.”


*[[William Wynne|Wynne, William]], June 1832, "Some Account of the Nursery Gardens and the State of Horticulture in the Neighbourhood of Philadelphia," describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery, vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa. (''Gardener's Magazine'' 8: 272–73) <ref>William Wynne, "Some Account of the Nursery Gardens and the State of Horticulture in the Neighbourhood of Philadelphia, with Remarks on the Subject of the Emigration of British Gardens to the United States," ''The gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement'' 8, no. 38 (June 1832): 272-76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CKN7ZG86 view on Zotero.] </ref>

:"I shall begin with Bartram’s Botanic Garden; the precedence being due to it, both for antiquity (it having been established 100 years), and from its containing the best collection of American plants in the United States. There are above 2000 species (natives) contained in a space of six acres, not including the fruit [[nursery]] and vineyard, which comprise eight acres. . . . Indeed, the most remarkable feature in this [[nursery]], and that which renders it superior to most of its class, is the advantage of possessing large specimens of all the rare American trees and [[shrubs]]; which are not only highly ornamental, but likewise very valuable, from the great quantities of seed they afford for exportation to London, Paris, Petersburgh, Calcutta, and several other parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This garden is the regular resort of the learned and scientific gentlemen of Philadelphia."


*[[C. M. Hovery|Hovey, C. M.]], June 1837, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 3: 210)
:“In the [[orangery]] attached to the large [[greenhouse]] are a great number of very old orange and lemon trees.”


* [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], March 1837, "Notes on Some of the Nurseries and Private Gardens in the Neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia" (June 1837: 211)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, "Notes on Some of the Nurseries and Private Gardens in the Neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia, Visited in the Early Part of  the Month of March, 1837," ''The Magazine of Horticulture'', 3 (June 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/32HMSJRW view on Zotero].</ref>
: “It is with deep regret that we learn that one of the principal rail roads in the State of Pennsylvania, now constructing, will run to the city directly through the [[nursery]] of Col. Carr, and will cut up the grounds in such a manner as to entirely destroy their beauty; but what is a source of yet deeper regret, is the destruction which it will cause of some of the old and still beautiful specimens of trees which ornament the place; several of these, which have long served as a memento of the zealous labors of the elder [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and [[William Bartram|his sons]], will fall by the woodman’s axe. It is a melancholy scene to the American horticulturist to see the few beautiful private residences and [[nursery|nurseries]] of which our country can boast, one by one, purchased by individuals or companies, to be cut up into building lots, or otherwise destroyed, by rail roads running directly through them. [[David Hosack|Dr. Hosack’s]], at [[Hyde Park]], N.Y., the best specimens of gardening in this country, was the first; [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt’s]], [[Lemon Hill|Laurel [Lemon]] Hill]], but little inferior in its style, next; and now one of the oldest [[nursery|nurseries]], bounded by one of the best naturalists this country ever produced, is to follow, though not the same, a similar fate.”


[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|Fig. 2, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 from François André Michaux, ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
* [[François André Michaux|Michaux, François André]], 1841, describing the Bartram Oak at the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1: 37) <ref>François André Michaux, ''The North American Sylva; Or, A Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and North America...Translated from the French of F. Andrew Michaux...Illustrated by 122 Finely Colored Plates by Thomas Nuttall'', trans. by Augustus L. Hillhouse, 6 vols (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1841), 1, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BTCGCMGG view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Every botanist who has visited different regions of the globe must have remarked certain species of vegetables which are so little multiplied that they seem likely at no distant period to disappear from the earth. To this class belongs the Bartram Oak. Several English and American naturalists who, like my father and myself, have spent years in exploring the United States, and who have obligingly communicated to us the result of their observations, have like us, found no traces of this species except a single stock in a field belonging to [[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]], on the banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], 4 miles from Philadelphia…. [Fig. 2]<p></p>
: "Several young plants, which I received from [[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]] himself, have been placed in our public gardens to insure the preservation of the species."


*[[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (pp. 18–19) <ref name="Darlington_1849"></ref>
:“He [John Bartram] was, perhaps, the first Anglo-American who conceived the idea of establishing a [[botanic garden|BOTANIC GARDEN]] for the reception and cultivation of the various vegetables, natives of the country, as well as exotics, and of travelling for the discovery and acquisition of them.<p></p>

:“* The BARTRAM BOTANIC GARDEN, (established in or about the year 1730,) is most eligibly and beautifully situated, on the right bank of the river Schuylkill, a short distance below the city of Philadelphia. Being the oldest establishment of the kind in this western world, and exceedingly interesting, from its history and associations,—one might almost hope, even in this utilitarian age, that, if no motive more commendable could avail, a feeling of state or city pride, would be sufficient to ensure its preservation, in its original character, and for the sake of its original objects. But, alas! there seems to be too much reason to apprehend that it will scarcely survive the immediate family of its noble-hearted founder,—and that even the present generation may live to see the accumulated treasures of a century laid waste—with all the once gay [[parterre]]s and lovely [[border]]s converted into lumberyards and coal-landings.”


*[[J. C. Loudon|Loudon, J. C.]], 1850, describing [[nursery|nurseries]] in America (p. 339) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero].</ref>
:“884. ''At and near Philadelphia'' are Bartram’s botanic garden, now the nursery of Colonel Carr, and accurately described by his foreman, Mr. Wynne (''Gard. Mag''., vol. viii. p. 272.); Messrs. Landreth and Co.’s [[nursery]]; and that of Messrs. Hibbert and Buist; besides some commercial gardens in which, to a small [[nursery]] with [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse|hot-houses]], are added the appendages of a tavern. These tavern gardens, Mr. Wynne informs us, are the resort of many of the citizens of Philadelphia, more especially the gardens of M. Arran, and M. d’Arras; the first having a very good museum, and the latter a beautiful collection of large orange and lemon trees."

==Images==
<span id="roundabout_img"></span>
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0056.jpg| John or William Bartram, "A Draught of John Bartram's House and Garden as it appears from the River," 1758. 

Image:2074.jpg|Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 from François André Michaux, ''North American Sylva'' (1841).

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://tclf.org/landscapes/bartrams-garden The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]