https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&feed=atom&action=historyWriting the Landscape - Revision history2024-03-28T22:25:43ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.2https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=41846&oldid=prevM-westerby at 16:27, September 1, 20212021-09-01T16:27:58Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:27, September 1, 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h3><span style="color:#616161;">Texts as Representations of and Sources for American Landscape Design History</span></h3></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h3><span style="color:#616161;">Texts as Representations of and Sources for American Landscape Design History</span></h3></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span style="font-size: 20px; color: #222222; letter-spacing: .5px; line-height: 45px;">''Elizabeth Kryder-Reid''</span> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span style="font-size: 20px; color: #222222; letter-spacing: .5px; line-height: 45px;">''Elizabeth Kryder-Reid'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(2010)</ins></span> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__TOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__TOC__</div></td></tr>
</table>M-westerbyhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=38725&oldid=prevV-Federici at 15:24, August 4, 20202020-08-04T15:24:44Z<p></p>
<a href="https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=38725&oldid=37527">Show changes</a>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37527&oldid=prevV-Federici at 14:39, February 6, 20202020-02-06T14:39:51Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:39, February 6, 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l86" >Line 86:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 86:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>[T]he health, the comfort, the intellectual and social, nay the moral and religious well being of man would be much promoted by a greater regard than is usual, to the structure, arrangement and embellishment of our cities, towns and villages. . . Provide pleasant [[walk]]s, roads, [[avenues]], [[square]]s, [[common]]s, gardens, [[fountain]]s, [[bath]]s, &c., and you have done something towards directing the public mind to gratifications more elevating than some of those to which human nature is so prone, and towards which it sometimes seems to flay rather than to walk. Provide pleasant schools and school houses, with play grounds, and gardens, and fields, and lyceums, and cabinets, and collections in natural history, and you have done something more still. Adorn the whole with shade trees, and fruit trees, and fountains, and a thousand things which we have not time to name and you make, at every step, some progress in the great work of human elevation.<ref>William A. Alcott, “Embellishment and Improvement of Towns and Villages,” ''American Annals of Education'' (August 1838), 337, 347, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5K3WRQ2I/q/embellishment%20and%20improvement view on Zotero].</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>[T]he health, the comfort, the intellectual and social, nay the moral and religious well being of man would be much promoted by a greater regard than is usual, to the structure, arrangement and embellishment of our cities, towns and villages. . . Provide pleasant [[walk]]s, roads, [[avenues]], [[square]]s, [[common]]s, gardens, [[fountain]]s, [[bath]]s, &c., and you have done something towards directing the public mind to gratifications more elevating than some of those to which human nature is so prone, and towards which it sometimes seems to flay rather than to walk. Provide pleasant schools and school houses, with play grounds, and gardens, and fields, and lyceums, and cabinets, and collections in natural history, and you have done something more still. Adorn the whole with shade trees, and fruit trees, and fountains, and a thousand things which we have not time to name and you make, at every step, some progress in the great work of human elevation.<ref>William A. Alcott, “Embellishment and Improvement of Towns and Villages,” ''American Annals of Education'' (August 1838), 337, 347, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5K3WRQ2I/q/embellishment%20and%20improvement view on Zotero].</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0701.jpg|thumb|400 px|Fig. 1, Lewis Miller, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“Botanic </del>garden in Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1847.”]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0701.jpg|thumb|400 px|Fig. 1, Lewis Miller, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“[[Botanic </ins>garden<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>in Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1847.”]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0702.jpg|thumb|400 px|Fig. 2, Lewis Miller, “South Water Street, 1807.”]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0702.jpg|thumb|400 px|Fig. 2, Lewis Miller, “South Water Street, 1807.”]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l131" >Line 131:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 131:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not only were superstition and resistance to change factors, but the American social and economic context often precluded the implementation of designs in the scale and elaborateness of their British contemporaries. For instance, visual evidence and contemporary descriptions suggest that even in cases where designs are proposed in treatises known to have been in the library of a site’s owner, such as in Batty Langley’s ''New Principles of Gardening'' in the library of [[George Washington]] and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the executed designs were much simpler than the treatise templates.<ref>Such research may also be valuable for a more judicial use of treatises in historic garden restorations, which have tended to rely on treatise illustrations for the details of planting designs that are rarely preserved archaeologically or illustrated in the historic record. At Hampton, the Ridgely estate in Baltimore, Maryland, for example, Alden Hopkins used ''The British Parterre'' and Kip’s engraving of Fragnall in England for the layout of parterres on the terraces, although there is no evidence to connect either source to Hampton historically. Similarly, the outline and topography of the William Paca garden in Annapolis, Maryland, were recovered archaeologically, but the planting plans for the terrace beds were taken from period treatise illustrations. A critical awareness of the fictionalized aspects of colonial revival gardens is growing, but further study will help to establish a more accurate understanding of the historical use of treatises (for examples of this literature see Charles A. Birnbaum and Cheryl Wagner, eds., ''Making Educated Decisions: A Landscape Preservation Bibliography'' (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, Preservation Assistance Division, 1994), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/Q99UJGB7/q/making%20educated%20decisions view on Zotero]). This issue of the relation between treatises and usage is also addressed in the individual ''Keywords'' term discussions.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not only were superstition and resistance to change factors, but the American social and economic context often precluded the implementation of designs in the scale and elaborateness of their British contemporaries. For instance, visual evidence and contemporary descriptions suggest that even in cases where designs are proposed in treatises known to have been in the library of a site’s owner, such as in Batty Langley’s ''New Principles of Gardening'' in the library of [[George Washington]] and Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the executed designs were much simpler than the treatise templates.<ref>Such research may also be valuable for a more judicial use of treatises in historic garden restorations, which have tended to rely on treatise illustrations for the details of planting designs that are rarely preserved archaeologically or illustrated in the historic record. At Hampton, the Ridgely estate in Baltimore, Maryland, for example, Alden Hopkins used ''The British Parterre'' and Kip’s engraving of Fragnall in England for the layout of parterres on the terraces, although there is no evidence to connect either source to Hampton historically. Similarly, the outline and topography of the William Paca garden in Annapolis, Maryland, were recovered archaeologically, but the planting plans for the terrace beds were taken from period treatise illustrations. A critical awareness of the fictionalized aspects of colonial revival gardens is growing, but further study will help to establish a more accurate understanding of the historical use of treatises (for examples of this literature see Charles A. Birnbaum and Cheryl Wagner, eds., ''Making Educated Decisions: A Landscape Preservation Bibliography'' (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, Preservation Assistance Division, 1994), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/Q99UJGB7/q/making%20educated%20decisions view on Zotero]). This issue of the relation between treatises and usage is also addressed in the individual ''Keywords'' term discussions.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0007.jpg|thumb|left|400 px|Fig. 4, Charles H. Wolf, attr., ''Pennsylvania Farmstead with Many <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fences</del>'', c. 1847.]] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0007.jpg|thumb|left|400 px|Fig. 4, Charles H. Wolf, attr., ''Pennsylvania Farmstead with Many <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Fence]]s</ins>'', c. 1847.]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0420.jpg|thumb|left|400 px|Fig. 5, Anonymous, “Franklin College, in Athens, Georgia” in ''Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion'' 6, no. 19 (May 13, 1854): 297.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0420.jpg|thumb|left|400 px|Fig. 5, Anonymous, “Franklin College, in Athens, Georgia” in ''Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion'' 6, no. 19 (May 13, 1854): 297.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37523&oldid=prevV-Federici at 20:57, February 5, 20202020-02-05T20:57:20Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:57, February 5, 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l79" >Line 79:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 79:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fiction and poetry, although intended to be read as works of imagination, are also useful in elucidating the appearance, function, and conceptualization of gardens as social or symbolic spaces. Some, such as [[Timothy Dwight|Timothy Dwight’s]] poem “Greenfield Hill” (1794) and George Ogilvie’s poem “The Planter” (1791) describing [[Alexander Garden|Dr. Garden’s]] [[Otranto (Charleston, S.C.)|Otranto]] [[plantation]], were based on actual sites.<ref>Timothy Dwight, “Greenfield Hill” (1794). Part III is reprinted in ''The American Landscape: Literary Sources and Documents,'' vol. 1, ed. Graham Clarke (East Sussex: Helm, 1993), 36–87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TRGJ9W95/q/the%20american%20landscape view on Zotero]; George Ogilvie, “The Planter,” reprinted in Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP/q/dr.%20alexander%20garden%20 view on Zotero]. </ref> Others are more purely imaginative, such as the garden described in ''Wieland'', a novel by Charles Brockden Brown.<ref>Charles Brockden Brown, ''Wieland, or The Transformation'' (New York: T. and J. Swords, 1798), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5CB78G5T/q/Wieland view on Zotero].</ref> Narratives woven about such imagined sites often provide insight into how authors believed gardens could work. In Brown’s gothic tale, for example, the garden [[temple]] was both a personal retreat and a family gathering place—a site of refined music, leisure, and celebration suited for such purposes by the emblematic coding affixed to the garden structure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fiction and poetry, although intended to be read as works of imagination, are also useful in elucidating the appearance, function, and conceptualization of gardens as social or symbolic spaces. Some, such as [[Timothy Dwight|Timothy Dwight’s]] poem “Greenfield Hill” (1794) and George Ogilvie’s poem “The Planter” (1791) describing [[Alexander Garden|Dr. Garden’s]] [[Otranto (Charleston, S.C.)|Otranto]] [[plantation]], were based on actual sites.<ref>Timothy Dwight, “Greenfield Hill” (1794). Part III is reprinted in ''The American Landscape: Literary Sources and Documents,'' vol. 1, ed. Graham Clarke (East Sussex: Helm, 1993), 36–87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TRGJ9W95/q/the%20american%20landscape view on Zotero]; George Ogilvie, “The Planter,” reprinted in Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP/q/dr.%20alexander%20garden%20 view on Zotero]. </ref> Others are more purely imaginative, such as the garden described in ''Wieland'', a novel by Charles Brockden Brown.<ref>Charles Brockden Brown, ''Wieland, or The Transformation'' (New York: T. and J. Swords, 1798), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5CB78G5T/q/Wieland view on Zotero].</ref> Narratives woven about such imagined sites often provide insight into how authors believed gardens could work. In Brown’s gothic tale, for example, the garden [[temple]] was both a personal retreat and a family gathering place—a site of refined music, leisure, and celebration suited for such purposes by the emblematic coding affixed to the garden structure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to fiction, other genres of literature also provide evidence for American landscape design history. Biographies, such as Samuel L. Knapp’s ''Life of Lord Timothy Dexter'', are valuable sources of information for their subjects’ estates. Histories, such as Nehemiah Adams’s ''Boston Common'' and John Warner Barber’s ''Historical Collections'', not only contain landscape description and commentary, but also often include illustrations as well as quote obscure primary accounts.<ref>Samuel L. Knapp, ''Life of Lord Timothy Dexter'' (Newburyport, MA: John G. Tilton, 1848), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/CHXTAR49/q/life%20of%20lord%20timothy view on Zotero]; Nehemiah Adams, ''Boston Common'' (Boston: William D. Ticknor and H. B. Williams, 1842), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/VXTWGJ58/q/boston%20common view on Zotero]; John Warner Barber published ''Historical Collections for Connecticut'' (1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/2448J7CG/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero]; ''Massachusetts'' (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1839</del>), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/F53ITP6J/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero]; ''New York'' (1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IUJRUUA5/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero]; and ''New Jersey'' (1844) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/KBBHZ5NT/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero] (the latter two were co-authored with Henry Howe).</ref> Early art and architectural histories are also useful compendia of site descriptions as well as articulations of landscape theory. For example, in addition to her descriptions of exemplary sites and praise of the relatively new rural [[cemeteries]], Louisa Tuthill’s ''History of Architecture'' (1848) comments on the moral meanings of the garden in mid-19th-century America with the following allegory:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to fiction, other genres of literature also provide evidence for American landscape design history. Biographies, such as Samuel L. Knapp’s ''Life of Lord Timothy Dexter'', are valuable sources of information for their subjects’ estates. Histories, such as Nehemiah Adams’s ''Boston Common'' and John Warner Barber’s ''Historical Collections'', not only contain landscape description and commentary, but also often include illustrations as well as quote obscure primary accounts.<ref>Samuel L. Knapp, ''Life of Lord Timothy Dexter'' (Newburyport, MA: John G. Tilton, 1848), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/CHXTAR49/q/life%20of%20lord%20timothy view on Zotero]; Nehemiah Adams, ''Boston Common'' (Boston: William D. Ticknor and H. B. Williams, 1842), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/VXTWGJ58/q/boston%20common view on Zotero]; John Warner Barber published ''Historical Collections for Connecticut'' (1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/2448J7CG/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero]; ''Massachusetts'' (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1844</ins>), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/F53ITP6J/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero]; ''New York'' (1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IUJRUUA5/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero]; and ''New Jersey'' (1844) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/KBBHZ5NT/q/historical%20collections view on Zotero] (the latter two were co-authored with Henry Howe).</ref> Early art and architectural histories are also useful compendia of site descriptions as well as articulations of landscape theory. For example, in addition to her descriptions of exemplary sites and praise of the relatively new rural [[cemeteries]], Louisa Tuthill’s ''History of Architecture'' (1848) comments on the moral meanings of the garden in mid-19th-century America with the following allegory:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>Two little girls from a city, had one day taken a long walk beyond the city upon a public road. A sudden shower of rain threatened to drench them to the skin. Several houses upon the road offered themselves as places of shelter; the youngest girl proposed to enter the nearest one. “No,” said the elder, “we will not go in here, nor into the next, but yonder is a neat, pretty cottage, with flowers in the yard; I know they will be kind in there.” “But this is the biggest house,” urged the younger sister. “Oh! but I am afraid to go in here, it looks so dirty and careless; hurry hurry sister! for I know they will treat us well where they take so much pains with their neat house and garden.” And the girl’s reasoning was correct. There was gentleness and kindness within, as well as neatness and taste without.<ref>Louisa Tuthill, ''History of Architecture from the Earliest Times: Its Present Condition in Europe and the United States'' (1848; repr., New York: Garland, 1988), 326, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4ACTS7DK/q/history%20of%20architecture view on Zotero].</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><blockquote>Two little girls from a city, had one day taken a long walk beyond the city upon a public road. A sudden shower of rain threatened to drench them to the skin. Several houses upon the road offered themselves as places of shelter; the youngest girl proposed to enter the nearest one. “No,” said the elder, “we will not go in here, nor into the next, but yonder is a neat, pretty cottage, with flowers in the yard; I know they will be kind in there.” “But this is the biggest house,” urged the younger sister. “Oh! but I am afraid to go in here, it looks so dirty and careless; hurry hurry sister! for I know they will treat us well where they take so much pains with their neat house and garden.” And the girl’s reasoning was correct. There was gentleness and kindness within, as well as neatness and taste without.<ref>Louisa Tuthill, ''History of Architecture from the Earliest Times: Its Present Condition in Europe and the United States'' (1848; repr., New York: Garland, 1988), 326, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4ACTS7DK/q/history%20of%20architecture view on Zotero].</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
</table>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37522&oldid=prevV-Federici at 20:52, February 5, 20202020-02-05T20:52:25Z<p></p>
<a href="https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37522&oldid=37521">Show changes</a>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37521&oldid=prevV-Federici at 20:20, February 5, 20202020-02-05T20:20:32Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:20, February 5, 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5" >Line 5:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A 1739 advertisement lists a lot for sale with an “extensive, pleasant, and profitable” garden. Among its holdings in 1770, a colonial lending library lists 27 titles related to husbandry, botany, and gardening. A late 18th-century French traveler gathering information on potential investments for a French-Swiss banking syndicate describes notable gardens along his journey. A Washington, DC, gardener with a burgeoning [[nursery]] business writes in 1804 about the advantages of planting [[hedge]]s. A collection of house portraits published by subscription in 1808 begins with brief captions praising the setting and beauty of each estate.<ref>''South Carolina Gazette'', 1739 (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation); ''The Charter, Laws, and Catalogue of Books of the Library Company of Philadelphia'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1770); Jacques Pierre Brissot de Warville’s letters were published in 1788 and translated into English in 1792 as ''New Travels in the United States of America'' (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1964), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RB4EKFVG view on Zotero]; Thomas Main, ''Directions for the Transplantation and Management of Young Thorn or Other Hedge Plants'' (Washington, DC: A.G. and Way, 1807), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/UEDDDN6J view on Zotero]; William Russell Birch, ''The Country Seats of the United States of North America'' (Springland, PA: W. Birch, 1808),[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TNTZAF2Q/q view on Zotero]. </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A 1739 advertisement lists a lot for sale with an “extensive, pleasant, and profitable” garden. Among its holdings in 1770, a colonial lending library lists 27 titles related to husbandry, botany, and gardening. A late 18th-century French traveler gathering information on potential investments for a French-Swiss banking syndicate describes notable gardens along his journey. A Washington, DC, gardener with a burgeoning [[nursery]] business writes in 1804 about the advantages of planting [[hedge]]s. A collection of house portraits published by subscription in 1808 begins with brief captions praising the setting and beauty of each estate.<ref>''South Carolina Gazette'', 1739 (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation); ''The Charter, Laws, and Catalogue of Books of the Library Company of Philadelphia'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1770); Jacques Pierre Brissot de Warville’s letters were published in 1788 and translated into English in 1792 as ''New Travels in the United States of America'' (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1964), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RB4EKFVG view on Zotero]; Thomas Main, ''Directions for the Transplantation and Management of Young Thorn or Other Hedge Plants'' (Washington, DC: A.G. and Way, 1807), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/UEDDDN6J view on Zotero]; William Russell Birch, ''The Country Seats of the United States of North America'' (Springland, PA: W. Birch, 1808), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TNTZAF2Q/q view on Zotero]. </ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Each of these texts provides a glimpse into the world of men and women who shaped the American landscape and offers clues as to how they articulated its meanings. Because gardens were multivalent, touching upon notions of scientific agriculture, [[picturesque]] scenery, and national identity, the sources that recorded them are equally diverse, encompassing a wide range of voices and contexts. Some texts give details of a site’s appearance; others convey advice that a landowner or practicing gardener might read. Together they provide evidence of the theory and practice of landscape design in America and demonstrate not just the history of the built environment, but also the ways in which gardening knowledge was structured and aesthetic debates were organized. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Each of these texts provides a glimpse into the world of men and women who shaped the American landscape and offers clues as to how they articulated its meanings. Because gardens were multivalent, touching upon notions of scientific agriculture, [[picturesque]] scenery, and national identity, the sources that recorded them are equally diverse, encompassing a wide range of voices and contexts. Some texts give details of a site’s appearance; others convey advice that a landowner or practicing gardener might read. Together they provide evidence of the theory and practice of landscape design in America and demonstrate not just the history of the built environment, but also the ways in which gardening knowledge was structured and aesthetic debates were organized. </div></td></tr>
</table>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37520&oldid=prevV-Federici at 19:39, February 5, 20202020-02-05T19:39:46Z<p></p>
<a href="https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37520&oldid=37519">Show changes</a>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37519&oldid=prevV-Federici at 19:24, February 5, 20202020-02-05T19:24:43Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:24, February 5, 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l182" >Line 182:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 182:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earliest American published treatises were selections or “epitomes” from European and British publications often combined with the practical experiences of the authors. Some compilations were as simplistic as Robert Squibb’s ''Gardener’s Calendar for the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia'' (1787), which borrowed heavily from John Abercrombie’s ''Every Man His Own Gardener'' but adapted it to the southern climate by moving directions one month earlier.<ref>Bullion 1992, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> Samuel Deane’s ''New-England Farmer, or Georgical Dictionary'' (1790) relied heavily on Miller for the [[nursery]] and [[kitchen garden]] sections and quoted extensively from Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences''.<ref>Bullion 1992, 32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> Other American publications drew upon more extensive experimentation, such as John Beale Bordley’s several publications on agricultural topics, which were based on his experience farming on Wye Island in Maryland.<ref>John Beale Bordley, ''Country Habitations'' (Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1798), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ7V6B5S/q/country%20habitations view on Zotero]; ''Gleanings from the Most Celebrated Books on Husbandry, Gardening, and Rural Affairs'' (Philadelphia: James Humphreys, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/ZQ6ZJJB5/q/gleanings%20from%20the%20most%20celebrated view on Zotero]; ''Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs'' (Philadelphia: Budd and Bartram for T. Dobson, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5RGHPBJT/q/essays%20and%20notes view on Zotero]. For a discussion of Bordley’s work, see Bullion 1992, 34–35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> [[Martha Daniell Logan]]’s brief ''Gardener’s Kalendar'' (1779) was based on her experiences in the warmer climate of South Carolina.<ref>Bullion 1992, 35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> John Randolph, the King’s last attorney in Virginia, incorporated his own experience with advice from Miller on the [[kitchen garden]] to write “A Treatise on Gardening by a Gentleman of Virginia” (1793).<ref>John Randolph, ''A Treatise on Gardening'' (Richmond, VA: T. Nicolson, 1793), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/67E77FJU/q/treatise%20on%20gardening view on Zotero]. The text was subsequently published with John Gardiner and David Hepburn’s second edition of ''The American Gardener'' (1818), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RISZAN8M/q/the%20american%20gardener view on Zotero]; see Bullion 1992, 38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> [[Humphrey Marshall]], a cousin of [[John Bartram]], established a [[botanical garden]] at his estate in Marshallton, Pennsylvania, and published a catalogue of trees.<ref>Humphrey Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Cruikshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS/q/Arbustum%20Americanum view on Zotero]; Senn 1969, 154, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RHTVIXBM/q/farm%20and%20garden view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The earliest American published treatises were selections or “epitomes” from European and British publications often combined with the practical experiences of the authors. Some compilations were as simplistic as Robert Squibb’s ''Gardener’s Calendar for the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia'' (1787), which borrowed heavily from John Abercrombie’s ''Every Man His Own Gardener'' but adapted it to the southern climate by moving directions one month earlier.<ref>Bullion 1992, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> Samuel Deane’s ''New-England Farmer, or Georgical Dictionary'' (1790) relied heavily on Miller for the [[nursery]] and [[kitchen garden]] sections and quoted extensively from Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences''.<ref>Bullion 1992, 32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> Other American publications drew upon more extensive experimentation, such as John Beale Bordley’s several publications on agricultural topics, which were based on his experience farming on Wye Island in Maryland.<ref>John Beale Bordley, ''Country Habitations'' (Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1798), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ7V6B5S/q/country%20habitations view on Zotero]; ''Gleanings from the Most Celebrated Books on Husbandry, Gardening, and Rural Affairs'' (Philadelphia: James Humphreys, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/ZQ6ZJJB5/q/gleanings%20from%20the%20most%20celebrated view on Zotero]; ''Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs'' (Philadelphia: Budd and Bartram for T. Dobson, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5RGHPBJT/q/essays%20and%20notes view on Zotero]. For a discussion of Bordley’s work, see Bullion 1992, 34–35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> [[Martha Daniell Logan]]’s brief ''Gardener’s Kalendar'' (1779) was based on her experiences in the warmer climate of South Carolina.<ref>Bullion 1992, 35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> John Randolph, the King’s last attorney in Virginia, incorporated his own experience with advice from Miller on the [[kitchen garden]] to write “A Treatise on Gardening by a Gentleman of Virginia” (1793).<ref>John Randolph, ''A Treatise on Gardening'' (Richmond, VA: T. Nicolson, 1793), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/67E77FJU/q/treatise%20on%20gardening view on Zotero]. The text was subsequently published with John Gardiner and David Hepburn’s second edition of ''The American Gardener'' (1818), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RISZAN8M/q/the%20american%20gardener view on Zotero]; see Bullion 1992, 38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MKAGJ2V/q/bullion view on Zotero].</ref> [[Humphrey Marshall]], a cousin of [[John Bartram]], established a [[botanical garden]] at his estate in Marshallton, Pennsylvania, and published a catalogue of trees.<ref>Humphrey Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Cruikshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS/q/Arbustum%20Americanum view on Zotero]; Senn 1969, 154, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RHTVIXBM/q/farm%20and%20garden view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The late-18th-century practice of adapting British horticultural advice for the American climate continued with the publication of new works written specifically for an American audience. This is not to say, however, that the writings were substantively different from their European counterparts. For instance, William Kenrick noted the inadequacy of much of the advice of “foreign authors [that]. . . They cannot duly appreciate the value of our native fruits,” yet he relied heavily on the European authors listed among his thirty-nine sources cited in his introduction.<ref>Kenrick 1833, vii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/9P5RJHWR/q/new%20american%20orchardist view on Zotero].</ref> In another example, [[Bernard M’Mahon|Bernard M’Mahon’s]] ''American Gardener’s Calendar'' (1806), “adapted to the climates and seasons of the United States,” included eighteen pages devoted to ornamental designs and planting that were taken almost directly from Humphry Repton, as well as other sections lifted wholesale from John Abercrombie.<ref>Traub 1928–1929, 100–102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/S7SCUMNZ/q/traub view on Zotero].</ref> Even[[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]], a pioneer of uniquely American landscape design, drew heavily on [[J. C. Loudon]], who in turn relied on Dézallier D’Argenville.<ref>Other examples of cross-fertilization between British and American 19th-century garden treatises include Downing’s introduction to Jane Loudon’s treatise, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5JTF8Z3D view on Zotero], and David Landreth’s edition of George Johnson’s ''Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN/q/dictionary%20of%20modern%20gardening view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The late-18th-century practice of adapting British horticultural advice for the American climate continued with the publication of new works written specifically for an American audience. This is not to say, however, that the writings were substantively different from their European counterparts. For instance, William Kenrick noted the inadequacy of much of the advice of “foreign authors [that]. . . They cannot duly appreciate the value of our native fruits,” yet he relied heavily on the European authors listed among his thirty-nine sources cited in his introduction.<ref>Kenrick 1833, vii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/9P5RJHWR/q/new%20american%20orchardist view on Zotero].</ref> In another example, [[Bernard M’Mahon|Bernard M’Mahon’s]] ''American Gardener’s Calendar'' (1806), “adapted to the climates and seasons of the United States,” included eighteen pages devoted to ornamental designs and planting that were taken almost directly from Humphry Repton, as well as other sections lifted wholesale from John Abercrombie.<ref>Traub 1928–1929, 100–102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/S7SCUMNZ/q/traub view on Zotero].</ref> Even [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]], a pioneer of uniquely American landscape design, drew heavily on [[J. C. Loudon]], who in turn relied on Dézallier D’Argenville.<ref>Other examples of cross-fertilization between British and American 19th-century garden treatises include Downing’s introduction to Jane Loudon’s treatise, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5JTF8Z3D view on Zotero], and David Landreth’s edition of George Johnson’s ''Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN/q/dictionary%20of%20modern%20gardening view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Garden treatise literature in the first half of the 19th century also represented a period of dramatic change, due in part to changes in early American publishing practice and in part to the field of garden and landscape design itself. The lack of enforceable copyright restrictions, the increasing efficiency of print shops, and the tariffs on imported books led to a lucrative trade in reprints of European titles.<ref>David Kaser, ''Messrs. Carey & Lea of Philadelphia: A Study in the History of the Booktrade'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957). See especially chapter 6, “The Reprint Trade,” 91–115, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5AIHMGNT/q/kaser view on Zotero].</ref> There were also a number of technological changes in the printing process in the second quarter of the 19th century that transformed the publishing industry. George Palmer Putnam, secretary of the Association of New York Publishers compared American publication statistics in 1842 and 1853 and found an increase of about 800 percent in the number of original works published in America, an increase more than “ten times faster than the population.”<ref>Quoted in Ronald J. Zboray, “Antebellum Reading and the Ironies of Technological Innovation,” in Davidson 1989, 180, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SV74BNEH/q/zboray view on Zotero]. </ref> This growth was due in large part to the introduction of the steam-driven flat bed press and the introduction of stereotyping (1811) and electrotyping (1841). These innovations, together with the introduction of two new papermaking machines in the 1830s, resulted in cheaper materials, reduced labor costs, a more efficient process, and greater flexibility in the production of multiple editions.<ref>Zboray in Davidson 1989, 188–90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SV74BNEH/q/zboray view on Zotero].</ref> Technological advances in bookbinding also offered a variety of choices in the appearance of the books themselves. These innovations were particularly suited to architectural and landscape design publications because they allowed the integration of text and images. [[A. J. Downing|Downing]] took full advantage of the relief printing process, and his ''Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' was fully illustrated with wood engravings.<ref>Wood in Tatum and Blair, 184, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AZV8EHTM/q/macdougall view on Zotero].</ref> The ease of printing multiple editions also allowed the incorporation of up-to-date information, new ideas, and the latest sites.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Garden treatise literature in the first half of the 19th century also represented a period of dramatic change, due in part to changes in early American publishing practice and in part to the field of garden and landscape design itself. The lack of enforceable copyright restrictions, the increasing efficiency of print shops, and the tariffs on imported books led to a lucrative trade in reprints of European titles.<ref>David Kaser, ''Messrs. Carey & Lea of Philadelphia: A Study in the History of the Booktrade'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957). See especially chapter 6, “The Reprint Trade,” 91–115, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5AIHMGNT/q/kaser view on Zotero].</ref> There were also a number of technological changes in the printing process in the second quarter of the 19th century that transformed the publishing industry. George Palmer Putnam, secretary of the Association of New York Publishers compared American publication statistics in 1842 and 1853 and found an increase of about 800 percent in the number of original works published in America, an increase more than “ten times faster than the population.”<ref>Quoted in Ronald J. Zboray, “Antebellum Reading and the Ironies of Technological Innovation,” in Davidson 1989, 180, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SV74BNEH/q/zboray view on Zotero]. </ref> This growth was due in large part to the introduction of the steam-driven flat bed press and the introduction of stereotyping (1811) and electrotyping (1841). These innovations, together with the introduction of two new papermaking machines in the 1830s, resulted in cheaper materials, reduced labor costs, a more efficient process, and greater flexibility in the production of multiple editions.<ref>Zboray in Davidson 1989, 188–90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SV74BNEH/q/zboray view on Zotero].</ref> Technological advances in bookbinding also offered a variety of choices in the appearance of the books themselves. These innovations were particularly suited to architectural and landscape design publications because they allowed the integration of text and images. [[A. J. Downing|Downing]] took full advantage of the relief printing process, and his ''Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' was fully illustrated with wood engravings.<ref>Wood in Tatum and Blair, 184, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AZV8EHTM/q/macdougall view on Zotero].</ref> The ease of printing multiple editions also allowed the incorporation of up-to-date information, new ideas, and the latest sites.</div></td></tr>
</table>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37518&oldid=prevV-Federici at 18:32, February 5, 20202020-02-05T18:32:27Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:32, February 5, 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l89" >Line 89:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 89:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Such calls for reform in public health, education, and welfare through landscape improvements did not go unheeded, and the 1830s and 1840s saw an unprecedented initiative in the landscape design of public spaces such as rural [[cemeteries]], city [[square]]s, public [[park]]s and [[fountain]]s, and [[botanic garden|botanical gardens]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Such calls for reform in public health, education, and welfare through landscape improvements did not go unheeded, and the 1830s and 1840s saw an unprecedented initiative in the landscape design of public spaces such as rural [[cemeteries]], city [[square]]s, public [[park]]s and [[fountain]]s, and [[botanic garden|botanical gardens]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:0701.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Lewis Miller, “Botanic garden in Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1847.”]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:0702.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Lewis Miller, “South Water Street, 1807.”]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Various legal documents provide information on landscape design. Deed records, wills, legislative and court records, and contracts all mention gardens, and, while rarely providing the detail given in travelers’ descriptions, they represent gardens as inherited property, exchanged commodity, and so forth. Legislative documents reveal the prescriptive rules governing the use of public and private space, while court records often betray the disparity between the legislated ideal and actual practice. Contracts, one of the few ways to relate gardens to the labor that constructed and maintained them, are valuable in the dating of garden construction and improvements and in determining the costs of that work.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Various legal documents provide information on landscape design. Deed records, wills, legislative and court records, and contracts all mention gardens, and, while rarely providing the detail given in travelers’ descriptions, they represent gardens as inherited property, exchanged commodity, and so forth. Legislative documents reveal the prescriptive rules governing the use of public and private space, while court records often betray the disparity between the legislated ideal and actual practice. Contracts, one of the few ways to relate gardens to the labor that constructed and maintained them, are valuable in the dating of garden construction and improvements and in determining the costs of that work.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:0701.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Lewis Miller, “Botanic garden in Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1847.”]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Garden information is also recorded in the archives of institutions and governmental bodies that commissioned landscape improvements. For instance, church vestry records and minute books preserve decisions such as walling a church yard or relocating a burying ground. In the case of the [[National Mall|Mall]] in Washington, DC, federal documents reveal not only the evolution of design plans but also debates surrounding the appropriateness and value of the competing schemes for the seat of the national government.<ref>Therese O’Malley, “‘A Public Museum of Trees’: Mid Nineteenth-Century Plans for the Mall,” in ''The Mall in Washington, 1791–1991'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 61–76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I/q/public%20museum%20of%20trees view on Zotero]. </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Garden information is also recorded in the archives of institutions and governmental bodies that commissioned landscape improvements. For instance, church vestry records and minute books preserve decisions such as walling a church yard or relocating a burying ground. In the case of the [[National Mall|Mall]] in Washington, DC, federal documents reveal not only the evolution of design plans but also debates surrounding the appropriateness and value of the competing schemes for the seat of the national government.<ref>Therese O’Malley, “‘A Public Museum of Trees’: Mid Nineteenth-Century Plans for the Mall,” in ''The Mall in Washington, 1791–1991'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 61–76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I/q/public%20museum%20of%20trees view on Zotero]. </ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:0702.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Lewis Miller, “South Water Street, 1807.”]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Map keys and image captions are useful in determining the relationship between text and image. These and other texts range from a simple label identifying a site or landscape feature to extensive prose providing the narrative for an illustration. For example, Lewis Miller’s mid-19th-century sketchbook often included accounts of his visits or experiences wrapped around sketches of the sites or events. His sketchbook includes a drawing and description of a visit to the “Botanic Garden” in Princeton and another watercolor sketch with an accompanying account of a theft of fruit [Figs. 1 and 2].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Map keys and image captions are useful in determining the relationship between text and image. These and other texts range from a simple label identifying a site or landscape feature to extensive prose providing the narrative for an illustration. For example, Lewis Miller’s mid-19th-century sketchbook often included accounts of his visits or experiences wrapped around sketches of the sites or events. His sketchbook includes a drawing and description of a visit to the “Botanic Garden” in Princeton and another watercolor sketch with an accompanying account of a theft of fruit [Figs. 1 and 2].</div></td></tr>
</table>V-Federicihttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Writing_the_Landscape&diff=37517&oldid=prevV-Federici at 18:31, February 5, 20202020-02-05T18:31:25Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:31, February 5, 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l91" >Line 91:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 91:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Various legal documents provide information on landscape design. Deed records, wills, legislative and court records, and contracts all mention gardens, and, while rarely providing the detail given in travelers’ descriptions, they represent gardens as inherited property, exchanged commodity, and so forth. Legislative documents reveal the prescriptive rules governing the use of public and private space, while court records often betray the disparity between the legislated ideal and actual practice. Contracts, one of the few ways to relate gardens to the labor that constructed and maintained them, are valuable in the dating of garden construction and improvements and in determining the costs of that work.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Various legal documents provide information on landscape design. Deed records, wills, legislative and court records, and contracts all mention gardens, and, while rarely providing the detail given in travelers’ descriptions, they represent gardens as inherited property, exchanged commodity, and so forth. Legislative documents reveal the prescriptive rules governing the use of public and private space, while court records often betray the disparity between the legislated ideal and actual practice. Contracts, one of the few ways to relate gardens to the labor that constructed and maintained them, are valuable in the dating of garden construction and improvements and in determining the costs of that work.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0701.jpg|thumb<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|left</del>|Fig. 1, Lewis Miller, “Botanic garden in Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1847.”]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:0701.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Lewis Miller, “Botanic garden in Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1847.”]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Garden information is also recorded in the archives of institutions and governmental bodies that commissioned landscape improvements. For instance, church vestry records and minute books preserve decisions such as walling a church yard or relocating a burying ground. In the case of the [[National Mall|Mall]] in Washington, DC, federal documents reveal not only the evolution of design plans but also debates surrounding the appropriateness and value of the competing schemes for the seat of the national government.<ref>Therese O’Malley, “‘A Public Museum of Trees’: Mid Nineteenth-Century Plans for the Mall,” in ''The Mall in Washington, 1791–1991'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 61–76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I/q/public%20museum%20of%20trees view on Zotero]. </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Garden information is also recorded in the archives of institutions and governmental bodies that commissioned landscape improvements. For instance, church vestry records and minute books preserve decisions such as walling a church yard or relocating a burying ground. In the case of the [[National Mall|Mall]] in Washington, DC, federal documents reveal not only the evolution of design plans but also debates surrounding the appropriateness and value of the competing schemes for the seat of the national government.<ref>Therese O’Malley, “‘A Public Museum of Trees’: Mid Nineteenth-Century Plans for the Mall,” in ''The Mall in Washington, 1791–1991'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 61–76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I/q/public%20museum%20of%20trees view on Zotero]. </ref></div></td></tr>
</table>V-Federici