A Project of the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art
History of Early American Landscape Design

Difference between revisions of "Virgil Warder"

[http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/research/casva/research-projects.html A Project of the National Gallery of Art, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts ]
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Virgil Warder''' (1713-after 1793) was an African American slave who served for many years as gardener at [[Springettsbury]], the Penn family estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia.  
+
{{Person
 +
|Birth Present=No
 +
|Birth Date=1713
 +
|Birth Circa=No
 +
|Birth Concurrence=Exact
 +
|Birth Questionable=No
 +
|Birth HasEndDate=No
 +
|Birth Present End=No
 +
|Birth Circa End=No
 +
|Birth Questionable End=No
 +
|Death Present=No
 +
|Death Date=1793
 +
|Death Circa=No
 +
|Death Concurrence=After
 +
|Death Questionable=No
 +
|Death HasEndDate=No
 +
|Death Present End=No
 +
|Death Circa End=No
 +
|Death Questionable End=No
 +
|Roles=Gardener
 +
|Keywords=Arbor; Greenhouse; Grove; Labyrinth; Parterre; Seat; Walk; Wilderness
 +
}}
 +
'''Virgil Warder''' (1713–after 1793) was an enslaved African American who served for many years as gardener at [[Springettsbury]], the Penn family estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia.  
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
Virgil Warder spent his early life at The Grove, a plantation in Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, owned by Joseph Warder (d. 1775). He was about twenty years old when Warder sold him to Thomas Penn (1702-1775), a fellow Quaker, on January 26, 1734.<ref>Bill of sale of the negro “Virgill” from Joseph Warder to Thomas Penn, January 26, 1734, in Charles M. Andrews and Frances G. Davenport, Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783 in the British Museum, in Minor London Archives, and in the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1908), 358, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4WECQS2 view on Zotero]; G. M. Justice, May 4, 1844, “Wm. Penn—Not a Slaveholder at the Time of his Death,” ‘’The Living Age’’ 8 (1846), 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; John Woolf Jordan, ed., Colonial Families of Philadelphia, 2 vols. (New York and Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1911), Vol. 2, 1405-06, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kc2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false view on Zotero].</ref> According to the Philadelphia brewer and revolutionary leader Timothy Matlack (1736-1829), Warder initially worked as a laborer under the charge of the gardener, James Alexander. Warder initially worked as a laborer at [[Springettsbury]], Penn's suburban estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia, under the supervision of the gardener, James Alexander. Following Alexander's death in 1778, Warder assumed his responsibilities, taking charge of the garden and greenhouse.  and receiving an annuity from the Penn family for maintaining the property.<ref>George A. Martin, "Biographical Notes from the 'Maryland Gazette,' 1800-1810," ''Maryland Historical Magazine'', 42 (September 1947), 177, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WBUFUI7H view on Zotero]; G. M. Justice, "Wm. Penn--Not a Slaveholder at the Time of His Death," ''The Living Age'' (March 28, 1846): 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; Watson, 1844, 2: 479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GNIVQS8S view on Zotero]. </ref> <span id="White_cite"></span> He became a well-known fixture of the place, conducting visitors through the gardens and [[greenhouse]]. Both [[Deborah Norris Logan]] and [[Elizabeth Drinker]] recalled the “curious aloe,” originally planted by James Alexander and subsequently cultivated by Warder. When it finally bloomed in August 1778, Warder was besieged by curious crowds from Philadelphia who came to see it ([[#White|view text]]).<ref>Elizabeth Drinker, ''Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759 to 1807 A.D.'', ed. Henry D. Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company , 1889), 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero].</ref>  
+
Virgil Warder spent his early life at Grove Place, a plantation in Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, owned by Joseph Warder (d. 1775).<ref>For information on Grove Place and the Warder family, see John Woolf Jordan, ed., ''Colonial Families of Philadelphia'', 2 vols. (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1911), 2:1405&ndash;06, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VSVCX46V view on Zotero].</ref> He was about twenty years old when Joseph Warder sold him to Thomas Penn (1702&ndash;1775), a fellow Quaker, on January 26, 1734.<ref>Bill of sale of the negro “Virgill” from Joseph Warder to Thomas Penn, January 26, 1734, in Charles M. Andrews and Frances G. Davenport, ''Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783 in the British Museum, in Minor London Archives, and in the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge'' (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1908), 358, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4WECQS2 view on Zotero]; G. M. Justice, May 4, 1844, “Wm. Penn—Not a Slaveholder at the Time of his Death,” ''Living Age'' 8 (1846): 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; Jordan 1911, 2:1405&ndash;06, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kc2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false view on Zotero].</ref> Penn had arrived in Pennsylvania from England two years earlier in order to assume the role of Proprietor. Warder is variously described as his “house servant” and “body servant” or valet. According to the Philadelphia brewer and revolutionary leader Timothy Matlack (1736&ndash;1829), Warder also worked as a laborer under the charge of Penn’s gardener, James Alexander (d. 1778), most likely after Penn’s return to England in 1741. Although Matlack locates Warder and Alexander at Pennsbury, the Penn family’s plantation in Morrisville, contemporary sources make clear that Warder actually worked at [[Springettsbury]], the suburban estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia, established in the 1680s by Pennsylvania’s original Proprietor William Penn.<ref>For errors made by Matlack and others in their accounts of Virgil Warder, see: J. R. T., “Appendix.&mdash;Referred to in a Preceding Column,''Friend'' 18 (1845): 155, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZNJ9E63 view on Zotero]; Justice 1846, 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; William Watts Hart Davis, ''The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time'' (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Print, 1876), 182, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E32THG7X view on Zotero].</ref>  
  
Warder was named in the will of Deborah Morris (1724-1793), a daughter of the wealthy Philadelphia Quaker brewer and politician Anthony Morris (1682-1763), who owned extensive property in her own right. In her will, dated March 16, 1793, Morris directed her executors to sell "my lot of ground in Seventh Street in the said city, now in the tenure of Virgil Warder a blackman." Although the relationship between Warder and Morris is unclear, her will indicates that they shared an interest in gardens, and that Morris was highly sympathetic to the plight of enslaved African Americans. Morris's mansion house in Mulberry Court, which backed up to the lot on Seventh Street occupied by Warder, featured a garden that Morris prized greatly and went to extraordinary lengths to preserve and protect in perpetuity through the terms of her will.<ref>"The owner of the several messuages and lots, in this clause mentioned, shall not build nor suffer any building to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of my said dwelling-house, nor open, nor permit, or suffer to be opened, if they can in any wise prevent it, an alley through the court, in which my said dwelling-house is situated.... I do declare this devise and several successive estates hereby limited and created to be subject to the same conditions, as to building on the garden lot, or opening the alley as area in the last preceding devise expressed.... Being desirous that the Court in which I now dwell, shall be kept open for the health, and convenience of the inhabitants, I direct that the garden lots herein before mentioned shall be always left open, and unbuilt on, and that the lot on which my store room lately stood, shall be left open for public use, as part of the said Court, and to enlarge the way therein."</ref> Morris's will also established four annuities to benefit the Society of Friends' Free Negro School in Philadelphia. A closing statement toward the end of her will articulates the sense of injustice that motivated her generosity: "And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage."<ref>Robert C. Moon, ''The Morris Family of Philadelphia, Descendants of Anthony Morris, 1654-1721'', 2 vols. (Robert C. Moon, M. D., 1898), 1: 287, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref>
+
Traces of Warder’s agricultural activities survive in a bill issued to Thomas Penn on April 7, 1752, for “a scythe for Virgil’s use” and “2 whetstones for d[itt]o.<ref>In addition, on August 22, 1766, Penn was charged for Warden’s public whipping (“Wiping at Publick Post”) and board for three days in jail; Justice 1846, 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]. </ref> Following James Alexander’s death in 1778, Warder assumed his responsibilities, taking charge of the garden and [[greenhouse]]. <span id="White_cite"></span>He became a well-known fixture of the place, conducting visitors through the gardens and [[greenhouse]]. Both [[Deborah Norris Logan]] and Elizabeth Drinker recalled the “curious aloe,” originally planted by James Alexander and subsequently cultivated by Warder. When it finally bloomed in August 1778, Warder was besieged by curious crowds from Philadelphia who came to see it ([[#White|view text]]).<ref>Elizabeth Drinker, ''Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759 to 1807 A.D.'', ed. Henry D. Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1889), 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero].</ref>  
  
 +
Warder was named in the will of Deborah Morris (1724&ndash;1793), a daughter of the wealthy Quaker brewer and politician Anthony Morris (1682&ndash;1763) and the owner of extensive property in her own right. In her will, dated March 16, 1793, Morris directed her executors to sell “my lot of ground in Seventh Street in the said city [Philadelphia], now in the tenure of Virgil Warder a blackman.”<ref>Robert C. Moon, ''The Morris Family of Philadelphia, Descendants of Anthony Morris, 1654&ndash;1721'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Robert C. Moon, M. D., 1898), 1:287, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref> Although the extent of Warder’s relationship with Morris is unknown, her will indicates that she shared his interest in ancient Philadelphia gardens, and that she was highly sympathetic to the plight of enslaved African Americans. The ancestral Philadelphia mansion in which she lived had been erected around 1686 by her grandfather in Mulberry Court, which backed up to the lot on Seventh Street occupied by Warder. The house featured a garden that Morris went to extraordinary lengths to protect in perpetuity through the terms of her will.<ref>“The owner of the several messuages and lots, in this clause mentioned, shall not build nor suffer any building to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of my said dwelling-house, nor open, nor permit, or suffer to be opened, if they can in any wise prevent it, an alley through the court, in which my said dwelling-house is situated. . . I do declare this devise and several successive estates hereby limited and created to be subject to the same conditions, as to building on the garden lot, or opening the alley as area in the last preceding devise expressed. . . Being desirous that the Court in which I now dwell, shall be kept open for the health, and convenience of the inhabitants, I direct that the garden lots herein before mentioned shall be always left open, and unbuilt on, and that the lot on which my store room lately stood, shall be left open for public use, as part of the said Court, and to enlarge the way therein.” See Moon 1898, 1:290&ndash;94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref> Morris’s will also made provisions for four annuities to benefit the Society of Friends’ Free Negro School in Philadelphia. Toward the end of the document, she articulated the sense of injustice that motivated her generosity: “And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage.”<ref>Moon 1898, 1:296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref>
  
 +
As a result of his longevity—already approximately eighty years old at the time he was mentioned in Deborah Morris’s will—and his long period of service at [[Springettsbury]], one of Philadelphia’s oldest estates, Warder was viewed as a living historic relic by younger generations of Philadelphians. His wife, Susannah (1701&ndash;1809), the daughter of a cook at Pennsbury, was even more celebrated for her longevity than her husband. When she died at the extraordinary age of 109, her obituary appeared in numerous American and British newspapers and journals.<ref>“Obituary, with Anecdotes, of Remarkable Persons,” ''Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review'' 79 (1809): 885, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CS6ZZV4B view on Zotero]; “Deaths Abroad,” ''Monthly Magazine'' 28 (1809): 546, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M3TC27N3 view on Zotero]; “Deaths,” ''Scots Magazine'' 71 (1809): 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2WWCH7I3 view on Zotero]; “Deaths Abroad,” ''European Magazine and London Review'' 56 (1809): 237, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FPGZGU6G view on Zotero]; ''Maryland Gazette'', July 19, 1809, in Robert Barnes, ''Marriages and Deaths from the Maryland Gazette, 1727&ndash;1839'' (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1973), 191,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CS3SCJEQ view on Zotero]. See also Thomas Bailey, ''Records of Longevity, with an Introductory Discourse on Vital Statistics'' (London: Darton & Co., 1857), 389, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AT59UUNB view on Zotero].</ref> In recognition of their many years of faithful service, both Warders reportedly received an annuity from the Penn family. It is unclear whether they also received their freedom.<ref>George A. Martin, “Biographical Notes from the ‘Maryland Gazette,’ 1800&ndash;1810,” ''Maryland Historical Magazine'' 42 (September 1947): 177, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WBUFUI7H view on Zotero]; Justice 1846, 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants, and of the. . . Inland Part of Pennsylvania from the Days of the Founders'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Penington, 1844), 2:479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero].</ref>
  
 +
—''Robyn Asleson''
  
 +
<hr>
  
Susanna’s obituaries:
+
==Texts==
“Obituary, with Anecdotes, of Remarkable Persons,” Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review, Volume 79, part 2 (September 1809), 885-94; https://books.google.com/books?id=axM3AAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
+
* Obituary of Susanna Warder, July 7, 1809, ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'': 3<ref>Obituary of Susanna Warder, ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' [Philadelphia] (July 7, 1809), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/6GEHTWF7 view on Zotero].</ref>
p. 885) Warden, Susannah, b. March 1701, Pennsbury Manor, Pa., wid. Virgil Warden, house servant William Penn, d. Philadelphia, 30 June 1809
 
 
 
“Deaths Abroad,” Monthly Magazine, , vol. 28, no. 5, December 14, 1809, p. 546; https://books.google.com/books?id=500oAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
 
 
 
“Deaths,” The Scots Magazine, vol. 71, 1809, p. 716-20; --this is on p,. 716
 
https://books.google.com/books?id=09k5AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
 
“Deaths Abroad,” The European Magazine and London Review, v. 56  (September 1809), p. 237; https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8gPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
 
At Philadelphia, in her 109th year, Susannah Warden, formerly wife of Virgil Warden, one of the house servants of the great William Penn. This aged woman was born in William Penn’s house, at Pennsburgh [sic] Manor, in March 1701, and has of late been supported by the Penn family.
 
 
 
Thomas Bailey, Records of Longevity, with an Introductory Discourse on Vital Statistics (London: Darton & Co., 1857),, p. 389;
 
https://books.google.com/books?id=x1UBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
 
 
 
 
 
Robert Barnes, Marriages and Deaths from the Maryland Gazette, 1727-1839 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 2004 [orig. pub. 1973]; https://books.google.com/books?id=tQCu-QzxbYkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
 
Maryland Gazette, July 19, 1809
 
191) Warder, Susanna, formerly the wife of Virgil Warder, who was one of the house servants of William Penn, Proprietor of Pennsylvania, died in Phila., on the 30th inst. [June], in her 109th year. This aged black woman, a daughter of one of his [Penn’s] cooks, was born at his mansion house in Pennsbury Manor, in March, 1701, the same year he left the Province to return to England. The Penn family, respecting her faithful services in the time of her youth, allowed an annual sum to support her comfortably, when she was not able to work, to the end of her days.  
 
  
 +
:“DIED, on the 30th of last month, in the hundred and ninth year of her age, Susanna Warder, formerly the wife of Virgil Warder, who was one of the house servants of William Penn [''sic''], proprietor of Pennsylvania.
  
William Watts Hart Davis, The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Print, 18776)
+
:“This aged black woman, (a daughter of one of his cooks) was born at his mansion house in Pennsbury Manor, in March 1701, being the same year in which he left the province on his return to England.
https://books.google.com/books?id=bwtNS1C8ljwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
 
182) The Gentleman’s Magazine, of a forgotten date, contains the following: “Died at Philadelphia in 1809, in her one hundred and ninth year, Susannah Warden, formerly wife of Virgil Warden, one of the house servants of the great William Penn. [sic] (183) This aged woman was born in William Penn’s hosue at Pennsbury manor, in March 1701, and has of late been suported by the Penn family.” We doubt the correctness of part of this statement. In 1733 Thomas Penn purchased, of J. Warder, of Bucks county, a negro, afterwards known as Virgil. He was then twenty years of age, having been born in 1713, and was very old when he died. He and his wife lived in the kitchen at Springettsbury. The death referred to, in the Gentleman’s Magazine, was no doubt the wife of this old negro. Virgil could not have been a hosue servant of William Penn, for he was only five years old when the Proprietary died, in England. His wife may have been born at Pennsbury.
 
  
 +
:“At that time, Philadelphia, now the largest city in the United States, was a [[wilderness]], the inhabitants of which were chiefly Indians, of the Delaware and other tribes.
  
J.R.T., “Appendix. –Referred to in a Preceding Column,” The Friend, vol. 18, no. 20, (February 7, 1845), 155; https://books.google.com/books?id=0SpHAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
+
:“Susanna was tall and streight in her person, graceful in all her deportments, agreeable in her manners, and temperate in her speech and mode of living.
  
 +
:“Her memory was good, and her sight, which improved towards the close of her life, remarkably clear; but of late time she became hard of hearing.
  
 +
:“The Penn family, respecting her faithful services in the time of her youth, allowed an annual sum to support her comfortably, when she was not able to work, to the end of her days.”
  
G. M. Justice, May 4, 1844, “Wm. Penn—Not a Slaveholder at the Time of his Death,” The Living Age, 1846, Volume 8, 1846
 
“Be it Remembered, That I Joseph Warder of the ffalls Town Ship in the County of Bucks in Consideration of ffifty Poudns Current Money of Pensilvania to me in hand paid by the hon.ble Thomas Penn Esqr. …. Negro Man named Virgill aged about Twenty years, To hold to the said Thomas Penn his Executrs. Admrs. And assigns against me the said Joseph Warder and all Persons Claiming or to Claim the said Negro man by any wayes means or pretence whatsoever In Witness whereof I have hereunto Set my hand and Seal this 26th day of the Eleventh Month (Jan’y anno Dui 1733-4).
 
  
Joseph Warder
+
*Matlack, Timothy, January 11, 1817, letter to William Findley (Pickering 1826: 185)<ref>Timothy Pickering, “Letters on the Origin and Progress of Attempts for the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania,” ''Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 8, 2nd series (1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G5KG6DQ6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Jailer’s bill. August 22, 1766 To Virgil Warder, a Negro fees
 
To mitemos…
 
To his bread 3 days
 
To his wiping at Public Post
 
Richard Hockley paid
 
It would appear from the above bill, that Virgil’s bread, for three days, cost just one ninth of the price of a public whipping. In anotehr bill to Thomas Penn, dated “April 7, 1752,” is a charge for “a scythe for Virgil’s use, 2-6” and “2 whetstones for do. 2 shillgs.
 
  
 +
:“Penn left a family of slaves behind him; one of which I have often conversed with, and he always spoke of himself as Penn’s body servant: He lived to extreme old age, and continued a gardener at Pennsbury-house [''sic''], near this city, comfortably provided for to the last of his days.”
  
  
The Morris Family of Philadelphia: Descendants of Anthony Morris, 1654-1721, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Robert C. Moon, 1898), vol. 1; https://archive.org/stream/morrisfamilyofph01moon#page/n9/mode/2up
+
* <div id="White"></div>[[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], October 10, 1826, diary entry (quoted in White 2008: 19)<ref>Sharon White, ''Vanished Gardens: Finding Nature in Philadelphia'' (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS view on Zotero].</ref>
Deborah Morris returned with her aunt to Philadelphia, in September 1773. After her return…she took up her residence in what was then called Mulberry Court, running from 6th Street above Market Street, where she built herself a house directly across the court, to prevent persons and vehicles passing from 6th to 7th streets….
 
289) “…my late grandfather’s mansion house at the corner of Front Street and Morris Alley…
 
290) “It is my desire, as it was the desire of my late dear father, that the Mansion house at present erected on the said lot, shall stand as long as it may with safety to the inhabitants, and when it shall become necessary to rebuilt it, I hereby authorize and empower my said nephew…erect therewith a good, but plain three story brick house, keeping as near as possible to the old foundations, and also a brick wall on the south side of the garden, and when this shall be done, I direct the following words and figures, viz. A.M. 1686, to be affixed in blue bricks, at one of the gable ends of the house, that being about the time my worthy grandfather bilt the present house.
 
“Item. I devise to my sister Elizabeth Shoemaker, for and during her natural life, all my present mansion or dwelling house, and half the garden lot contiguous thereto, with the Westernmost frame house in Farmers Alley….
 
(291) And I do hereby declare this devise and the sevral successive estates, hereby limited and created, to be upon this express condition, viz. that the owner of the several messuages and lots in this clause mentioned, shall not build nor suffer any buildings to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of my said dwelling house, nor open nor permit or suffer to be opeend, if they can in any wise prevent it, an alley through the Court in which my said dwelling house is situated….
 
“I devise to my niece Phoebe Morris during her natural life, all that my next house of old mansion situated in Mulberry Court with the lot back of it on Farmers Alley, and both the frame tenements thereon, being bounded on the east by the lot sold by me to Jonathan Jones, and on the West by a cartway, left for the use of the said Court, also one-half of the garden lot south mof my present dwelling house, bounded on the south by the lot ….
 
  
The will of Deborah Morris (1724-1793), Deborah Morris was the daughter of wealthy Philadelphian Anthony Morris. A Quaker, she was noted for her piety, individuality and eccentricity.a Quaker known for piety and eccentricity, March 16, 1793,  
+
:“The Gardens of [[Springettsbury|Springetsbury]] were in full beauty in my youth, and were really very agreeable after the old fashion, with [[Parterre]]s, Gravelled [[Walk]]s, a [[Labyrinth]] of Horn-beam and a little [[wilderness]] &mdash; And the [[greenhouse|Green house]], under the Superintendence of Old Virgil the Gardener, produced a flowering Aloe which almost half the town went to see, produced a comfortable Revenue to the old man &mdash; Soon after the house was burned down by accident; and now quantities of the yellow Blossoms of Broom in spring time mark the place. . . ‘where once the garden smiled.’” [[#White_cite|back up to History]]
  
Recorded Will Book W, p. 367, Office of Register of Wills, Pbila.
 
  
" Be it remembered that I, Deborah Morris of the city of Philadelphia, Spinster, being of sound disposing mind and memory, do make (this sixteenth day of the third month one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three) this my last will and testament as follows : Revoking hereby" all other wills by me heretofore made.
+
* Watson, John Fanning, 1830, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1830: 534)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Fathers'' (Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PTREQIN view on Zotero]. This account by Watson contains several errors. William Penn is confused with Thomas Penn and the death dates of both Warders is incorrect.</ref>
First. I authorize my executors, hereinafter named, to pay and discharge all my debts and funeral expenses as soon after my decease as may be, and to enable them so to do, I hereby empower my said executors, the survivors or survivor of them, to sell at public or private sale, convey and assure all that my tract of land in Nockamixon Township, Bucks County, being the remainder of what I purchased of my nephew, William Shoemaker; all that my undivided moiety of a tract of land called Callenders Meadows, on the Allegany Mountain in Bedford County, purchased of Samuel Wallis and held jointly by Joseph Potts and myself, although the deed is in my name, all my estate purchased of Alexander Macke}^, situated on Dock and Pear Streets, in the City of Philadelphia ; all that my lot of ground in Seventh Street in the said city, now in the tenure of Virgil Warder a blackman; and also all that my house and lot of ground on the north side of High Street in the said city, now in the tenure of [p. 288] James Biddle, being in front eighteen feet ten inches and in depth an hundred and seventy feet, from which no privilege of
 
outlet shall ever be granted into the Court, but I will and direct that the house and lot last mentioned shall be sold, subject to twelve pounds per annum, pa3^able thereout annually forever to the Contributors to the Pennsylvania Hospital for the benefit of that institution.  
 
  
Morris made provisions for funds to be paid to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia Dispensary and the free negro school in the form of annual annuities from the devised properties.
+
:“There were black people, whose surname was Warder. They had been house servants of William Penn [''sic''], and because of their great age were provided for by the Penn family, living in the kitchen part of the house at [[Springettsbury|Springetsbury]]. Virgil was probably upwards of 100 years of age when he died. His wife died in 1782; and there is something concerning both of them to be seen published in Bradford’s Gazette of that time. The aged Timothy Matlack told me he remembered talking with Virgil often about the year 1745, and that he was then quite grey headed, but very active. When Matlack saw him there he was under charge of James Alexander, the gardener.
Morris made provisions for funds to be paid to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia Dispensary and free negro school in the form of annual annuities from the devised properties. Concerning the annuities to the school Morris wrote: "And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage."
 
 
  
  
 +
* Watson, John Fanning, 1844, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1844: 2:478&ndash;79)<ref>Watson 1844, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero]. Watson’s account contains several erroneous dates.</ref>
  
--''Robyn Asleson''
+
:“''[[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]]'' . . . was once cultivated in the style of a gentleman’s [[seat]], and occupied by the Penn family. . . .
  
==Texts==
+
:“Celebrated as it was, for its display and beauty, now almost nothing remains. . . Its former [[grove]]s of tall cedars, and ranges of catalpa trees are no more. For many years the Penn family continued to have the place kept up in appearance, even after they ceased to make it a residence. James Alexander, called Penn’s gardener, occupied the premises; and old Virgil Warder, and his wife, servant—blacks, lived there to an old age, occupying the kitchen as their home, on an annuity (as it was said) from the Penn family&mdash;paid to them till their deaths, about the year 1782&ndash;83. For many years, the young people of the city&mdash;before the war of Independence, visited [[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]] in May time, to gather flowers, and to talk with and see old gray-headed Virgil, who had always much to say about the Penns of former days. It was all enchanted ground to the young&mdash; . . .
  
* Obituary of Susanna Warder, July 7, 1809, Poulson's American Daily Advertiser<ref>''Poulson's American Daily Advertiser'' (Philadelphia, Pa.), July 7, 1809, 3, http://boards.ancestry.pl/surnames.warder/62/mb.ashx  accessed 9/21/2015.</ref>
+
:“In the year 1777 [''sic''], old Virgil had quite a harvest, derived from the blooming there&mdash;a great wonder then&mdash;of the great American aloe, which had long been nursed in the [[greenhouse|green-house]]. It was visited by many&mdash;and all had their gifts ready for the old black man.
: "DIED, on the 30th of last month, in the hundred and ninth year of her age, Susanna Warder, formerly the wife of Virgil Warder, who was one of the house servants of William Penn [sic], proprietor of Pennsylvania.<p></p>
 
: "This aged black woman, (a daughter of one of his cooks) was born at his mansion house in [[Pennsbury Manor]], in March 1701, being the same year in which he left the province on his return to England.<p></p>
 
: "At that time, Philadelphia, now the largest city in the United States, was a [[wilderness]], the inhabitants of which were chiefly Indians, of the Delaware and other tribes.<p></p>
 
: "Susanna was tall and streight in her person, graceful in all her deportments, agreeable in her manners, and temperate in her speech and mode of living.
 
: "Her memory was good, and her sight, which improved towards the close of her life, remarkably clear; but of late time she became hard of hearing.
 
: "The Penn family, respecting her faithful services in the time of her youth, allowed an annual sum to support her comfortably, when she was not able to work, to the end of her days."
 
  
 +
:“The garden had evergreens, made into [[arbor|arbours]], and nicely trimmed and clipped in formal array. There was also a seeming [[wilderness]] of shade, with gravel paths meandering through, &c.”
  
* Timothy Matlack, January 11, 1817, letter to William Findley (Pickering 1826: 185)<ref>Timothy Pickering, "Letters on the Origin and Progress of Attempts for the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania," ''Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 8, 2nd series (1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G5KG6DQ6 view on Zotero].</ref>
+
<hr>
: "Penn left a family of slaves behind him; one of which I have often conversed with, and he always spoke of himself as Penn’s body servant: He lived to extreme old age, and continued a gardener at Pennsbury-house [sic], near this city, comfortably provided for to the last of his days."
 
 
 
 
 
* <div id="White"></div>[[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], October 10, 1826, diary entry (quoted in White, 2008: 19)<ref>Sharon White, ''Vanished Gardens: Finding Nature in Philadelphia'' (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 19 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS view on Zotero]</ref>[[#White_cite|back up to history]]
 
: "The Gardens of Springetsbury [sic] were in full beauty in my youth, and were really very agreeable after the old fashion, with [[Parterre]]s, Gravelled [[Walk]]s, a [[Labyrinth]] of Horn-beam and a little [[wilderness]] &mdash; And the [[Grenhouse|Green house]], under the Superintendence of Old Virgil the Gardener, produced a flowering Aloe which almost half the town went to see, produced a comfortable Revenue to the old man &mdash; Soon after the house was burned down by accident; and now quantities of the yellow Blossoms of Broom in spring time mark the place...'where once the garden smiled'.”
 
 
 
 
 
* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1830, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1830: 534)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Fathers'' (Philadelphia and New York: E. L. Carey & A. Hart and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PTREQIN view on Zotero].</ref>
 
: "There were black people, whose surname was Warder. They had been house servants of William Penn [sic; Thomas], and because of their great age were provided for by the Penn family, living in the kitchen part of the house at Springetsbury. Virgil was probably upwards of 100 years of age when he died. His wife died in 1782; and there is something concerning both of them to be seen published in Bradford’s Gazette of that time. The aged Timothy Matlack told me he remembered talking with Virgil often about the year 1745, and that he was then quite grey headed, but very active. When Matlack saw him there he was under charge of James Alexander, the gardener."
 
 
 
 
 
* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1844, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1844: 2:478-79)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants, and of the ... Inland Part of Pennsylvania from the Days of the Founders'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Penington, 1844),[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero].</ref>
 
: ''[[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]]''...was once cultivated in the style of a gentleman’s [[seat]], and occupied by the Penn family….<p></p>
 
: "Celebrated as it was, for its display and beauty, now almost nothing remains…. Its former [[grove]]s of tall cedars, and ranges of catalpa trees are no more. For many years the Penn family continued to have the place kept up in appearance, even after they ceased to make it a residence. James Alexander, called Penn’s gardener, occupied the premises; and old Virgil Warder, and his wife, servant—blacks, lived there to an old age, occupying the kitchen as their home, on an annuity (as it was said) from the Penn family&mdash; paid to them till their deaths, about the year 1782-83. For many years, the young people of the city&mdash; before the war of Independence, visited [[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]] in May time, to gather flowers, and to talk with and see old gray-headed Virgil, who had always much to say about the Penns of former days. It was all enchanted ground to the young&mdash;…<p></p>
 
: "In the year 1777 [sic], old Virgil had quite a harvest, derived from the blooming there&mdash; a great wonder then&mdash; of the great American aloe, which had long been nursed in the [[greenhouse|green-house]]. It was visited by many&mdash; and all had their gifts ready for the old black man.<p></p>
 
: "The garden had evergreens, made into [[arbor|arbours]], and nicely trimmed and clipped in formal array. There was also a seeming [[wilderness]] of shade, with gravel paths meandering through, & c."<p></p>
 
 
 
==Images==
 
 
 
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 
 
 
</gallery>
 
 
 
 
 
==References==
 
[https://rocklib.omeka.net/items/show/447 Will of Deborah Norris, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation]
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
 +
 +
<hr>
  
 
[[Category:People|Warder, Virgil]]
 
[[Category:People|Warder, Virgil]]

Latest revision as of 21:32, October 5, 2021

Overview

Birth Date: 1713

Death Date: After 1793

Role: Gardener

Used Keywords: Arbor, Greenhouse, Grove, Labyrinth, Parterre, Seat, Walk, Wilderness

Export as RDF

Virgil Warder (1713–after 1793) was an enslaved African American who served for many years as gardener at Springettsbury, the Penn family estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia.

History

Virgil Warder spent his early life at Grove Place, a plantation in Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, owned by Joseph Warder (d. 1775).[1] He was about twenty years old when Joseph Warder sold him to Thomas Penn (1702–1775), a fellow Quaker, on January 26, 1734.[2] Penn had arrived in Pennsylvania from England two years earlier in order to assume the role of Proprietor. Warder is variously described as his “house servant” and “body servant” or valet. According to the Philadelphia brewer and revolutionary leader Timothy Matlack (1736–1829), Warder also worked as a laborer under the charge of Penn’s gardener, James Alexander (d. 1778), most likely after Penn’s return to England in 1741. Although Matlack locates Warder and Alexander at Pennsbury, the Penn family’s plantation in Morrisville, contemporary sources make clear that Warder actually worked at Springettsbury, the suburban estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia, established in the 1680s by Pennsylvania’s original Proprietor William Penn.[3]

Traces of Warder’s agricultural activities survive in a bill issued to Thomas Penn on April 7, 1752, for “a scythe for Virgil’s use” and “2 whetstones for d[itt]o.”[4] Following James Alexander’s death in 1778, Warder assumed his responsibilities, taking charge of the garden and greenhouse. He became a well-known fixture of the place, conducting visitors through the gardens and greenhouse. Both Deborah Norris Logan and Elizabeth Drinker recalled the “curious aloe,” originally planted by James Alexander and subsequently cultivated by Warder. When it finally bloomed in August 1778, Warder was besieged by curious crowds from Philadelphia who came to see it (view text).[5]

Warder was named in the will of Deborah Morris (1724–1793), a daughter of the wealthy Quaker brewer and politician Anthony Morris (1682–1763) and the owner of extensive property in her own right. In her will, dated March 16, 1793, Morris directed her executors to sell “my lot of ground in Seventh Street in the said city [Philadelphia], now in the tenure of Virgil Warder a blackman.”[6] Although the extent of Warder’s relationship with Morris is unknown, her will indicates that she shared his interest in ancient Philadelphia gardens, and that she was highly sympathetic to the plight of enslaved African Americans. The ancestral Philadelphia mansion in which she lived had been erected around 1686 by her grandfather in Mulberry Court, which backed up to the lot on Seventh Street occupied by Warder. The house featured a garden that Morris went to extraordinary lengths to protect in perpetuity through the terms of her will.[7] Morris’s will also made provisions for four annuities to benefit the Society of Friends’ Free Negro School in Philadelphia. Toward the end of the document, she articulated the sense of injustice that motivated her generosity: “And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage.”[8]

As a result of his longevity—already approximately eighty years old at the time he was mentioned in Deborah Morris’s will—and his long period of service at Springettsbury, one of Philadelphia’s oldest estates, Warder was viewed as a living historic relic by younger generations of Philadelphians. His wife, Susannah (1701–1809), the daughter of a cook at Pennsbury, was even more celebrated for her longevity than her husband. When she died at the extraordinary age of 109, her obituary appeared in numerous American and British newspapers and journals.[9] In recognition of their many years of faithful service, both Warders reportedly received an annuity from the Penn family. It is unclear whether they also received their freedom.[10]

Robyn Asleson


Texts

  • Obituary of Susanna Warder, July 7, 1809, Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser: 3[11]
“DIED, on the 30th of last month, in the hundred and ninth year of her age, Susanna Warder, formerly the wife of Virgil Warder, who was one of the house servants of William Penn [sic], proprietor of Pennsylvania.
“This aged black woman, (a daughter of one of his cooks) was born at his mansion house in Pennsbury Manor, in March 1701, being the same year in which he left the province on his return to England.
“At that time, Philadelphia, now the largest city in the United States, was a wilderness, the inhabitants of which were chiefly Indians, of the Delaware and other tribes.
“Susanna was tall and streight in her person, graceful in all her deportments, agreeable in her manners, and temperate in her speech and mode of living.
“Her memory was good, and her sight, which improved towards the close of her life, remarkably clear; but of late time she became hard of hearing.
“The Penn family, respecting her faithful services in the time of her youth, allowed an annual sum to support her comfortably, when she was not able to work, to the end of her days.”


  • Matlack, Timothy, January 11, 1817, letter to William Findley (Pickering 1826: 185)[12]
“Penn left a family of slaves behind him; one of which I have often conversed with, and he always spoke of himself as Penn’s body servant: He lived to extreme old age, and continued a gardener at Pennsbury-house [sic], near this city, comfortably provided for to the last of his days.”


“The Gardens of Springetsbury were in full beauty in my youth, and were really very agreeable after the old fashion, with Parterres, Gravelled Walks, a Labyrinth of Horn-beam and a little wilderness — And the Green house, under the Superintendence of Old Virgil the Gardener, produced a flowering Aloe which almost half the town went to see, produced a comfortable Revenue to the old man — Soon after the house was burned down by accident; and now quantities of the yellow Blossoms of Broom in spring time mark the place. . . ‘where once the garden smiled.’” back up to History


  • Watson, John Fanning, 1830, Annals of Philadelphia (1830: 534)[14]
“There were black people, whose surname was Warder. They had been house servants of William Penn [sic], and because of their great age were provided for by the Penn family, living in the kitchen part of the house at Springetsbury. Virgil was probably upwards of 100 years of age when he died. His wife died in 1782; and there is something concerning both of them to be seen published in Bradford’s Gazette of that time. The aged Timothy Matlack told me he remembered talking with Virgil often about the year 1745, and that he was then quite grey headed, but very active. When Matlack saw him there he was under charge of James Alexander, the gardener.”


  • Watson, John Fanning, 1844, Annals of Philadelphia (1844: 2:478–79)[15]
Springettsberry . . . was once cultivated in the style of a gentleman’s seat, and occupied by the Penn family. . . .
“Celebrated as it was, for its display and beauty, now almost nothing remains. . . Its former groves of tall cedars, and ranges of catalpa trees are no more. For many years the Penn family continued to have the place kept up in appearance, even after they ceased to make it a residence. James Alexander, called Penn’s gardener, occupied the premises; and old Virgil Warder, and his wife, servant—blacks, lived there to an old age, occupying the kitchen as their home, on an annuity (as it was said) from the Penn family—paid to them till their deaths, about the year 1782–83. For many years, the young people of the city—before the war of Independence, visited Springettsberry in May time, to gather flowers, and to talk with and see old gray-headed Virgil, who had always much to say about the Penns of former days. It was all enchanted ground to the young— . . .
“In the year 1777 [sic], old Virgil had quite a harvest, derived from the blooming there—a great wonder then—of the great American aloe, which had long been nursed in the green-house. It was visited by many—and all had their gifts ready for the old black man.
“The garden had evergreens, made into arbours, and nicely trimmed and clipped in formal array. There was also a seeming wilderness of shade, with gravel paths meandering through, &c.”

Notes

  1. For information on Grove Place and the Warder family, see John Woolf Jordan, ed., Colonial Families of Philadelphia, 2 vols. (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1911), 2:1405–06, view on Zotero.
  2. Bill of sale of the negro “Virgill” from Joseph Warder to Thomas Penn, January 26, 1734, in Charles M. Andrews and Frances G. Davenport, Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783 in the British Museum, in Minor London Archives, and in the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1908), 358, view on Zotero; G. M. Justice, May 4, 1844, “Wm. Penn—Not a Slaveholder at the Time of his Death,” Living Age 8 (1846): 617, view on Zotero; Jordan 1911, 2:1405–06, view on Zotero.
  3. For errors made by Matlack and others in their accounts of Virgil Warder, see: J. R. T., “Appendix.—Referred to in a Preceding Column,” Friend 18 (1845): 155, view on Zotero; Justice 1846, 617, view on Zotero; William Watts Hart Davis, The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Print, 1876), 182, view on Zotero.
  4. In addition, on August 22, 1766, Penn was charged for Warden’s public whipping (“Wiping at Publick Post”) and board for three days in jail; Justice 1846, 617, view on Zotero.
  5. Elizabeth Drinker, Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759 to 1807 A.D., ed. Henry D. Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1889), 109, view on Zotero.
  6. Robert C. Moon, The Morris Family of Philadelphia, Descendants of Anthony Morris, 1654–1721, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Robert C. Moon, M. D., 1898), 1:287, view on Zotero.
  7. “The owner of the several messuages and lots, in this clause mentioned, shall not build nor suffer any building to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of my said dwelling-house, nor open, nor permit, or suffer to be opened, if they can in any wise prevent it, an alley through the court, in which my said dwelling-house is situated. . . I do declare this devise and several successive estates hereby limited and created to be subject to the same conditions, as to building on the garden lot, or opening the alley as area in the last preceding devise expressed. . . Being desirous that the Court in which I now dwell, shall be kept open for the health, and convenience of the inhabitants, I direct that the garden lots herein before mentioned shall be always left open, and unbuilt on, and that the lot on which my store room lately stood, shall be left open for public use, as part of the said Court, and to enlarge the way therein.” See Moon 1898, 1:290–94, view on Zotero.
  8. Moon 1898, 1:296, view on Zotero.
  9. “Obituary, with Anecdotes, of Remarkable Persons,” Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review 79 (1809): 885, view on Zotero; “Deaths Abroad,” Monthly Magazine 28 (1809): 546, view on Zotero; “Deaths,” Scots Magazine 71 (1809): 216, view on Zotero; “Deaths Abroad,” European Magazine and London Review 56 (1809): 237, view on Zotero; Maryland Gazette, July 19, 1809, in Robert Barnes, Marriages and Deaths from the Maryland Gazette, 1727–1839 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1973), 191,view on Zotero. See also Thomas Bailey, Records of Longevity, with an Introductory Discourse on Vital Statistics (London: Darton & Co., 1857), 389, view on Zotero.
  10. George A. Martin, “Biographical Notes from the ‘Maryland Gazette,’ 1800–1810,” Maryland Historical Magazine 42 (September 1947): 177, view on Zotero; Justice 1846, 617, view on Zotero; John Fanning Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants, and of the. . . Inland Part of Pennsylvania from the Days of the Founders, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Penington, 1844), 2:479, view on Zotero.
  11. Obituary of Susanna Warder, Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia] (July 7, 1809), view on Zotero.
  12. Timothy Pickering, “Letters on the Origin and Progress of Attempts for the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society 8, 2nd series (1826), view on Zotero.
  13. Sharon White, Vanished Gardens: Finding Nature in Philadelphia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 19, view on Zotero.
  14. John Fanning Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Fathers (Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), view on Zotero. This account by Watson contains several errors. William Penn is confused with Thomas Penn and the death dates of both Warders is incorrect.
  15. Watson 1844, view on Zotero. Watson’s account contains several erroneous dates.

Retrieved from "https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Virgil_Warder&oldid=41973"

History of Early American Landscape Design contributors, "Virgil Warder," History of Early American Landscape Design, , https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Virgil_Warder&oldid=41973 (accessed March 28, 2024).

A Project of the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts

National Gallery of Art, Washington