https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&feed=atom&action=historyEphraim Chambers - Revision history2024-03-29T07:28:22ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.2https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=41919&oldid=prevM-westerby at 20:01, September 8, 20212021-09-08T20:01:52Z<p></p>
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</table>M-westerbyhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=41904&oldid=prevM-westerby at 20:08, September 7, 20212021-09-07T20:08:55Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Keywords=Alley; Arbor; Arch; Avenue; Basin; Bath/Bathhouse; Bed; Beehive; Border; Bower; Bowling green; Canal; Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall; Column/Pillar; Common; Conservatory; Copse; Edging; Espalier; Fence; Flower garden; Fountain; Gate/Gateway; Greenhouse; Grotto; Grove; Hedge; Hermitage; Jet; Kitchen garden; Labyrinth; Mound; Mount; Nursery; Obelisk; Orchard; Park; Parterre; Pavilion; Piazza; Plantation; Plot/Plat; Portico; Prospect; Shrubbery; Square; Statue; Summerhouse; Sundial; Temple; Terrace/Slope; Thicket; View/Vista; Walk; Wall; Wilderness; Wood/Woods; Yard</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Keywords=Alley; Arbor; Arch; Avenue; Basin; Bath/Bathhouse; Bed; Beehive; Border; Bower; Bowling green; Canal; Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall; Column/Pillar; Common; Conservatory; Copse; Edging; Espalier; Fence; Flower garden; Fountain; Gate/Gateway; Greenhouse; Grotto; Grove; Hedge; Hermitage; Jet; Kitchen garden; Labyrinth; Mound; Mount; Nursery; Obelisk; Orchard; Park; Parterre; Pavilion; Piazza; Plantation; Plot/Plat; Portico; Prospect; Shrubbery; Square; Statue; Summerhouse; Sundial; Temple; Terrace/Slope; Thicket; View/Vista; Walk; Wall; Wilderness; Wood/Woods; Yard</div></td></tr>
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</table>M-westerbyhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=41903&oldid=prevM-westerby at 20:04, September 7, 20212021-09-07T20:04:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|Keywords=Alley; Arbor; Arch; Avenue; Basin; Bath/Bathhouse; Bed; Beehive; Border; Bower; Bowling green; Canal; Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall; Column/Pillar; Common; Conservatory; Copse; Edging; Espalier; Fence; Flower garden; Fountain; Gate/Gateway; Greenhouse; Grotto; Grove; Hedge; Hermitage; Jet; Kitchen garden; Labyrinth; Mound; Mount; Nursery; Obelisk; Orchard; Park; Parterre; Pavilion; Piazza; Plantation; Plot/Plat; Portico; Prospect; Shrubbery; Square; Statue; Summerhouse; Sundial; Temple; Terrace/Slope; Thicket; View/Vista; Walk; Wall; Wilderness; Wood/Woods; Yard</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}{{ExternalLink</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|External link URL=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5070</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|External link text=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ephraim Chambers''' (c. 1680&ndash;May 15, 1740), an English writer and translator, compiled the ''Cyclopaedia: or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (1728), generally considered the first modern encyclopedia, which was widely used in the American colonies and an important source of ancient and modern ideas about gardening.<ref>Richard Yeo, “Ephraim Chambers’s Cyclopædia (1728) and the Tradition of Commonplaces,” ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 57 (1996): 163&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9QSHW4N view on Zotero]; Charles W. J. Withers, “Encyclopaedism, Modernism, and the Classification of Geographical Knowledge,” ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'' 21 (1996): 276, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Ephraim Chambers''' (c. 1680&ndash;May 15, 1740), an English writer and translator, compiled the ''Cyclopaedia: or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (1728), generally considered the first modern encyclopedia, which was widely used in the American colonies and an important source of ancient and modern ideas about gardening.<ref>Richard Yeo, “Ephraim Chambers’s Cyclopædia (1728) and the Tradition of Commonplaces,” ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 57 (1996): 163&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9QSHW4N view on Zotero]; Charles W. J. Withers, “Encyclopaedism, Modernism, and the Classification of Geographical Knowledge,” ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'' 21 (1996): 276, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/HistSciTech/Cyclopaedia/ ''Cyclopaedia'' online, University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/HistSciTech/Cyclopaedia/ ''Cyclopaedia'' online, University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5070 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>M-westerbyhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=36257&oldid=prevL-Baradel: /* History */2019-09-24T18:43:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to his ''Cyclopedia'', Chambers produced English translations of French books on perspective, chemistry, and architecture. His ''Treatise of Architecture, with Remarks and Observations'' (1723), a translation of a work of 1714 by the French artist Sébastien Le Clerc (1637&ndash;1714), circulated in America as one of the earliest systematic studies of architectural ornament available in English.<ref>Janice G. Schimmelman, ''Architectural Books in Early America: Architectural Treatises and Building Handbooks Available in American Libraries and Bookstores'' (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll, 1999), 77&ndash;78, 168, 178, 185, 196, 202, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JNESNDH9 view on Zotero]; Helen Park, ''A List of Architectural Books Available in America Before the Revolution'' (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, 1973), 40, 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TCRBFMTW view on Zotero].</ref> Toward the end of his life, Chambers collaborated with the botanist John Martyn (1699&ndash;1768) on an English translation of the five-volume ''Philosophical History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris'' (1742).<ref>Yeo 2001, 54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWV9W3JA </del>view on Zotero]; Bradshaw 1981, 123&ndash;24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> At the time of his death, Chambers had gathered copious materials for a new edition of the ''Cyclopaedia'', which it fell to the prolific English botanist John Hill (1714&ndash;1775) to compile in a two-volume supplement published in 1753. Hill evidently included extensive transcriptions from his own botanical writings, which led to the remark that he had “render[ed] the work rather a Gardener’s Calendar than a Supplement to a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.”<ref>“Original Biographical Anecdotes of Ephraim Chambers,” ''Gentleman’s Magazine'' 55, pt. 2 (1785): 672, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2CDR2GAK view on Zotero]; see also Russell 1997, 125n, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; “The Life of Mr. Ephraim Chambers,” ''Universal Magazine'' 76 (1785): 3, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VSBZD2S9 view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to his ''Cyclopedia'', Chambers produced English translations of French books on perspective, chemistry, and architecture. His ''Treatise of Architecture, with Remarks and Observations'' (1723), a translation of a work of 1714 by the French artist Sébastien Le Clerc (1637&ndash;1714), circulated in America as one of the earliest systematic studies of architectural ornament available in English.<ref>Janice G. Schimmelman, ''Architectural Books in Early America: Architectural Treatises and Building Handbooks Available in American Libraries and Bookstores'' (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll, 1999), 77&ndash;78, 168, 178, 185, 196, 202, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JNESNDH9 view on Zotero]; Helen Park, ''A List of Architectural Books Available in America Before the Revolution'' (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, 1973), 40, 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TCRBFMTW view on Zotero].</ref> Toward the end of his life, Chambers collaborated with the botanist John Martyn (1699&ndash;1768) on an English translation of the five-volume ''Philosophical History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris'' (1742).<ref>Yeo 2001, 54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9IDW8B75 </ins>view on Zotero]; Bradshaw 1981, 123&ndash;24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> At the time of his death, Chambers had gathered copious materials for a new edition of the ''Cyclopaedia'', which it fell to the prolific English botanist John Hill (1714&ndash;1775) to compile in a two-volume supplement published in 1753. Hill evidently included extensive transcriptions from his own botanical writings, which led to the remark that he had “render[ed] the work rather a Gardener’s Calendar than a Supplement to a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.”<ref>“Original Biographical Anecdotes of Ephraim Chambers,” ''Gentleman’s Magazine'' 55, pt. 2 (1785): 672, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2CDR2GAK view on Zotero]; see also Russell 1997, 125n, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; “The Life of Mr. Ephraim Chambers,” ''Universal Magazine'' 76 (1785): 3, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VSBZD2S9 view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>—''Robyn Asleson''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>—''Robyn Asleson''</div></td></tr>
</table>L-Baradelhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=36256&oldid=prevL-Baradel: /* History */2019-09-24T18:39:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWV93JA </del>view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWV9W3JA </ins>view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>L-Baradelhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=36255&oldid=prevL-Baradel: /* History */2019-09-24T18:30:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:30, September 24, 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5473</del>/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWV9W3JA </del>view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">54737</ins>/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9IDW8B75 </ins>view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>L-Baradelhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=36254&oldid=prevL-Baradel: /* History */2019-09-24T18:21:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:21, September 24, 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWV9W3JA </del>view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/5473/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9IDW8B75 </ins>view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/5473/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>L-Baradelhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=36253&oldid=prevL-Baradel: /* History */2019-09-24T18:10:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">History</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWV9W3JA </del>view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/5473/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9IDW8B75 </ins>view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/5473/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>L-Baradelhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=35187&oldid=prevBchristen: copyedits2018-09-20T18:46:26Z<p>copyedits</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:46, September 20, 2018</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </del>Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/5473/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During his apprenticeship to the London bookseller, publisher, and globe-maker John Senex (d. 1740), Chambers developed a plan to create a general encyclopedia of knowledge.<ref>Richard Yeo, ''Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 35&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9IDW8B75 view on Zotero].</ref> Of the wide range of sources consulted, he later asserted: “No body that fell in my way has been spared, antient nor modern, foreign nor domestic, Christian nor Jew, nor Heathen: philosophers, divines, mathematicians, critics, casuists, grammarians, physicians, antiquaries, mechanics, have been all brought under contribution.”<ref>Yeo 2001, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; see also Lael Ely Bradshaw, “Ephraim Chambers’ Cyclopaedia,” in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopedie'', ed. Frank Kafker (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 128&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MFGNW9JX view on Zotero].</ref> One of Chambers’s goals was to simplify and clarify word usage&mdash;“to expunge the modern French and Italian terms in the several arts, where we have Latin and Greek ones; and even the Latin and Greek ones, where we have English or Saxon ones, equal in sound and significancy” [''sic''].<ref>Yeo 2001, 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero].</ref> The first edition, divided into two illustrated folio volumes, was published by subscription in 1728 with a dedication to George II. The articles appeared in alphabetical order, but Chambers adopted the novel approach of connecting them through an extensive cross-referencing system. A philosophical preface at the beginning of the first volume divided all knowledge into forty-seven separate branches and listed the articles that belonged to each. Thus, in addition to simply checking the meaning of individual words, readers could investigate subjects in a systematic manner, employing the book as “a course of antient and modern learning.”<ref>Jeff Loveland, “Unifying Knowledge and Dividing Disciplines: The Development of Treatises in the ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica,’” ''Book History'' 9 (2006): 65&ndash;69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/5473/items/itemKey/F474GSBQ view on Zotero]; Yeo 2001, 132&ndash;44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV9W3JA view on Zotero]; Terence M. Russell, ''The Encyclopaedic Dictionary in the Eighteenth Century: Architecture, Arts and Crafts'', 5 vols. (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997), 2&ndash;30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BSGW2TDA view on Zotero]; Withers 1996, 282&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JWV93JA view on Zotero].</ref> The pioneering example of Chambers’s ''Cyclopedia'' influenced subsequent publications, including Samuel Johnson’s ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755).<ref>Gwin J. Kolb and James H. Sledd, “Johnson’s ‘Dictionary’ and Lexicographical Tradition,” ''Modern Philology'' 50 (1953): 181&ndash;83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UBD55Q9V view on Zotero].</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chambers’s discussion of garden terminology and practice drew on several ancient authors (including Pliny and Vitruvius),<ref>Others mentioned under the heading “Agriculture” include Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Constantinus, Caesar, Baptista Porta, Heresbachius, and Agricola; see Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia: Or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'', 2 vols. (London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, D. Midwinter, et al., 1728), 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref> as well as a number of modern English and French authors. Writers in English included the nurseryman and garden designer George London (c. 1640–1714) and his partner Henry Wise (c. 1653&ndash;1738) of the Brompton Nursery in London, who had laid out important gardens in the [[geometric style]], and their student Stephen Switzer (1682–1745), an early proponent of the [[natural style|natural]] or [[English style]]. Chambers also referred to the Rev. John Lawrence (1668&ndash;1732), a horticulturalist who specialized in the cultivation of fruit; John Mortimer (c. 1656–1736), a merchant and writer on agriculture, known for ''The Whole Art of Husbandry, in the way of Managing and Improving of Land'' (1707); and John Evelyn (1620–1706), a gardener, founding member of the Royal Society, and prolific writer on topics ranging from practical estate management to gardening to philosophy. The French authors consulted by Chambers included the soil scientist Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), author of ''Théâtre d'Agriculture'' (1600); the doctor and agronomist Jean Liébault (1535–1596), whose publications include ''Praedium rusticum'' (1554) and ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564); the agronomist Noël Chomel (1633&ndash;1712), author of the ''Dictionnaire œconomique''; Pierre Bellon, author of ''Les remontrances sur le defaut de labour'' (1558); and Pierre de Croiscens, who produced the 1539 French translation of the medieval Italian almanac ''Rustican''. Chambers also appears to have consulted the Spaniard Gabriel Alonzo de Herrara’s ''Libro de agriculture'' (1539).<ref>Chambers’s exact reference is to “Alphonso Herrara, in Italian”; See Chambers, 1728, 1:48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KQ7DQGN view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Texts==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Texts==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1741, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1741: 1:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol1">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . . .'', 5th ed., vol. 1 (London: D. Midwinter: 1741), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PTXK378N view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1741, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1741: 1:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol1">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . . .'', 5th ed., vol. 1 (London: D. Midwinter <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">et al.</ins>: 1741), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PTXK378N view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“AJUTAGE, or ADJUTAGE, in hydraulics, part of the apparatus of an artificial [[fountain]], or [[jet|jet d’eau]]; being a sort of tube, fitted to the mouth or aperture of the vessel: through which the water is to be played, and by it determined into this or that figure. . . .”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“AJUTAGE, or ADJUTAGE, in hydraulics, part of the apparatus of an artificial [[fountain]], or [[jet|jet d’eau]]; being a sort of tube, fitted to the mouth or aperture of the vessel: through which the water is to be played, and by it determined into this or that figure. . . .”</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1743, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1743: 2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . . .'', 5th ed., vol. 2 (London: D. Midwinter et al, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/78H3PZF5 view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1743, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1743: 2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . . .'', 5th ed., vol. 2 (London: D. Midwinter et al<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/78H3PZF5 view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[labyrinth|LABYRINTH]] . . . among the ancients, was a large intricate edifice cut out into various isles, and meanders, running into each other, so as to render it difficult to get out of it.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[labyrinth|LABYRINTH]] . . . among the ancients, was a large intricate edifice cut out into various isles, and meanders, running into each other, so as to render it difficult to get out of it.”</div></td></tr>
</table>Bchristenhttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ephraim_Chambers&diff=35186&oldid=prevBchristen: short-form headers, still2018-09-20T18:36:16Z<p>short-form headers, still</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:36, September 20, 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Texts==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Texts==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1741, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1741: 1:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol1">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . . .'', 5th ed., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2 vols</del>. (London: D. Midwinter: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741–43</del>), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PTXK378N view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1741, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1741: 1:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol1">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . . .'', 5th ed., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vol</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 </ins>(London: D. Midwinter: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741</ins>), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PTXK378N view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“AJUTAGE, or ADJUTAGE, in hydraulics, part of the apparatus of an artificial [[fountain]], or [[jet|jet d’eau]]; being a sort of tube, fitted to the mouth or aperture of the vessel: through which the water is to be played, and by it determined into this or that figure. . . .”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“AJUTAGE, or ADJUTAGE, in hydraulics, part of the apparatus of an artificial [[fountain]], or [[jet|jet d’eau]]; being a sort of tube, fitted to the mouth or aperture of the vessel: through which the water is to be played, and by it determined into this or that figure. . . .”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l65" >Line 65:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741–43</del>, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol1"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chambers, Ephraim, 1741</ins>, ''Cyclopaedia'' (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741: </ins>1:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol1"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[arch|ARCH]], in architecture, is a concave structure, raised with a mould bent in form of the ''[[arch]]'' of a curve, and serving as the inward support of any superstructure. . . .</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[arch|ARCH]], in architecture, is a concave structure, raised with a mould bent in form of the ''[[arch]]'' of a curve, and serving as the inward support of any superstructure. . . .</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l251" >Line 251:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 251:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1743, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1743: 2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . . .'', 5th ed., 2 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vols </del>(London: D. Midwinter et al, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741-43</del>), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/78H3PZF5 view on Zotero].</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Chambers, Ephraim, 1743, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1743: 2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2">Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . . .'', 5th ed., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vol. </ins>2 (London: D. Midwinter et al, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1743</ins>), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/78H3PZF5 view on Zotero].</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[labyrinth|LABYRINTH]] . . . among the ancients, was a large intricate edifice cut out into various isles, and meanders, running into each other, so as to render it difficult to get out of it.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[labyrinth|LABYRINTH]] . . . among the ancients, was a large intricate edifice cut out into various isles, and meanders, running into each other, so as to render it difficult to get out of it.”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l410" >Line 410:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 410:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741–43</del>, ''Cyclopaedia'' (2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chambers, Ephraim, 1743</ins>, ''Cyclopaedia'' (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1743: </ins>2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[walk|WALKS]], in gardening, See the article [[alley|ALLEYS]].”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[walk|WALKS]], in gardening, See the article [[alley|ALLEYS]].”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l435" >Line 435:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 435:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1741–43</del>, ''Cyclopaedia'' (2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2"></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chambers, Ephraim, 1743</ins>, ''Cyclopaedia'' (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1743: </ins>2:n.p.)<ref name="Chambers_vol2"></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[yard|YARD]]-LAND . . . ''Virgata terrae'', or ''virga terrae'', is a certain quantity of land, various according to the place.—At Wimbleton in Surrey, it is only 15 acres; but in most other countries it contains 20, in some 24, in some 30, and in others 40, to 45 acres. See ACRE.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:“[[yard|YARD]]-LAND . . . ''Virgata terrae'', or ''virga terrae'', is a certain quantity of land, various according to the place.—At Wimbleton in Surrey, it is only 15 acres; but in most other countries it contains 20, in some 24, in some 30, and in others 40, to 45 acres. See ACRE.”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l442" >Line 442:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 442:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Other Resources==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Other Resources==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/HistSciTech/Cyclopaedia/ ''Cyclopaedia'' online, University of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wisconsin-Madison </del>Libraries]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/HistSciTech/Cyclopaedia/ ''Cyclopaedia'' online, University of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wisconsin–Madison </ins>Libraries]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81125389.html Library of Congress Authority File]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81125389.html Library of Congress Authority File]</div></td></tr>
</table>Bchristen