Wye House - Revision history

M-westerby at 21:15, August 30, 2021

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A-Whitlock at 18:08, January 2, 2020

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A-Whitlock at 16:12, December 27, 2019

2019-12-27T16:12:26Z

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 |External link text=Wye House Archaeology – “Frederick Douglass and Wye House”
 }}{{ExternalLink
-|External link URL=http://www.chipstone.org/html/publications/2002AF/Kirtley/2002Kirtleyindex.html Chipstone Foundation
+|External link URL=http://www.chipstone.org/html/publications/2002AF/Kirtley/2002Kirtleyindex.html
-|External link text=Alexandra Alevizatos Kirtley, “Survival of the Fittest: The Lloyd Family’s Furniture Legacy”
+|External link text=Chipstone Foundation, Alexandra Alevizatos Kirtley, “Survival of the Fittest: The Lloyd Family’s Furniture Legacy”
 }}
 }}

@@ Line 335: / Line 335: @@
 }}
 '''Wye House''', a [[plantation]] on the Wye River on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, was well-known during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for its [[picturesque]] gardens and [[greenhouse]], which is believed to be the only extant eighteenth-century example of its kind in the United States. Archaeological excavations conducted on the property between 2005 and 2014 have yielded important insights into gardening practices at Wye House as well as into the daily lives of the [[plantation|plantation’s]] large enslaved population.
 <hr>

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 Image:2210.jpg|Charles Wilson Peale, ''The Edward Lloyd Family'', 1771.
-Image:2211.jpg| Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein. . . ,'' ca. 1794 [detail]
+Image:2211.jpg| Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein. . . ,'' ca. 1794
 Image:0629.jpg|E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''Wye House Orangery'', c. 1933.

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:2210.jpg|''The Edward Lloyd Family'', Charles Wilson Peale, 1771.
+Image:2210.jpg|Charles Wilson Peale, ''The Edward Lloyd Family'', 1771.
 Image:2211.jpg| Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein. . . ,'' ca. 1794 [detail]

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:2210.jpg|''The Edward Lloyd Family'', Charles Wilson Peale, 1771, Oil on canvas, 1964.0124 A, B, Museum purchase, Courtesy of Winterthur Museum.
+Image:2210.jpg|''The Edward Lloyd Family'', Charles Wilson Peale, 1771.
-Image:2211.jpg| Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein; describing the situation of the cities, towns, villages, houses of worship and other public buildings, furnaces, forges, mills, and other remarkable places; and of the Federal Territory; as also a sketch of the State of Delaware shewing the probable connexion of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays,'' ca. 1794 [detail]. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, DC.
+Image:2211.jpg| Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein. . . ,'' ca. 1794 [detail]
-Image:0629.jpg|E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''Wye House Orangery'', c. 1933. Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
+Image:0629.jpg|E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''Wye House Orangery'', c. 1933.

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:2230.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland laid down from an actual survey of all the principal waters, public roads, and divisions of the counties therein; describing the situation of the cities, towns, villages, houses of worship and other public buildings, furnaces, forges, mills, and other remarkable places; and of the Federal Territory; as also a sketch of the State of Delaware shewing the probable connexion of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays,'' ca. 1794 [detail]. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Washington, DC.]]
+[[File:2230.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Dennis Griffith, ''Map of the State of Maryland...'' ca. 1794 [detail].]]
 Wye House was established in the middle of the seventeenth century when Edward Lloyd I (d. 1695), a Welsh Puritan, purchased 3,500 acres of farmland on the Wye River in Talbot County on Maryland’s Eastern Shore [Fig. 1].<ref>J. Donnell Tilghman writes that the tracts at Wye were granted to Edward I in 1658. J. Donnell Tilghman, “Wye House,” in ''Gardens of Colony and State: Gardens and Gardeners of the American Colonies and the Republic before 1840'', vol. 2, edited by Alice B. Lockwood (New York: Charles Scribner’s for the Garden Club of America, 2000), 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AWHQTEF7 view on Zotero].</ref> The Lloyds relied on a large enslaved workforce to build their fortune raising livestock and growing tobacco, corn, and wheat.<ref>Jean B. Russo discusses the agricultural labor used to run Edward Lloyd IV’s plantations, including Wye House. See Russo, “A Model Planter: Edward Lloyd IV of Maryland, 1770–1796,” ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 49, no. 1 (January 1992): 62–88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/33G4DBP3 view on Zotero].</ref> The [[plantation]] has remained in the continuous possession of the Lloyd family since its founding, and subsequent generations built the late eighteenth-century mansion, gardens, and [[greenhouse]] for which the property is known.
 Although many of the Lloyds’ buildings at Wye House are still extant, most of the structures associated with the [[plantation|plantation’s]] large enslaved population no longer survive.<ref>Edward IV’s mansion, many of the Lloyds’ gardens, the Lloyd family cemetery, a smokehouse, stables, and a seventeenth-century house known as the Captain’s Cottage survive. The slave quarters on the Long Green and near the agricultural fields, the blacksmith’s and carpenter’s shops, and various storehouses are no longer standing. Elizabeth Pruitt, ''Reordering the Landscape of Wye House: Nature, Spirituality, and Social Order'' (Lantham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017), xvi, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5IF76TWD/q/pruitt view on Zotero].</ref> Scholar Alan Rice argues that the destruction of most of the physical traces of the lives and homes of the enslaved at Wye House amounts to a “‘symbolic annihilation’ of black presence” on the estate. This destruction contributes to the erasure of slavery from the traditional historical narrative of the site.<ref>Alan Rice, “The History of the Transatlantic Slave Trade and Heritage from Below in Action: Guerrilla Memorialisation in the Era of Bicentennial Commemoration,” in ''Heritage from Below'', edited by Iain J.M. Robertson (London: Routledge, 2012), 220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4HIRQQZQ view on Zotero]. This “steady disappearance of quarters and work buildings in the early twentieth century” was also the result of “Emancipation and downsizing of labor.” Pruitt, ''Reordering the Landscape'', 10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5IF76TWD/q/pruitt view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Douglass_1855_cite"></span>First-hand accounts by Frederick Douglass (1818–1895)—undoubtedly the best-known enslaved person to have lived at Wye House—partially illuminate the abuses enslaved people faced on the [[plantation]] and describe the appearance of the Lloyds’ home and gardens ([[#Douglass_1855|view text]]). These accounts provide an important “counterbalance [to] the overwhelming influence of the Lloyd family in the historical record.”<ref>Elizabeth Pruitt, “Transatlantic Roots: Cultural Uses of Plants at the Wye House Plantation,” in ''Atlantic Crossings in the Wake of Frederick Douglass: Archaeology, Literature, and Spatial Culture'', edited by Mark P. Leone and Lee M. Jenkins (Leiden: Brill Rodopi, 2017), 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/INXARUTF view on Zotero].</ref> Furthermore, archaeological excavations conducted between 2005 and 2014 by Archeology in Annapolis and the University of Maryland, College Park, have yielded additional insights about the daily lives and spiritual practices of the hundreds of enslaved individuals who lived and labored on the estate.<ref>Mary Tilghman, an eleventh-generation descendant of Edward Lloyd I, invited the researchers to excavate at Wye House, but the team also solicited input from the descendants of enslaved residents, many of whom still live in the vicinity. After consulting with the descendants of the Lloyds and people enslaved by the Lloyds, the archaeologists concentrated their efforts on understanding the history of gardening at Wye House and the daily lives and spiritual and religious practices of the plantation’s enslaved population. The Archeology in Annapolis project, founded in 1981, is a collaboration between the University of Maryland, College Park, and the Historic Annapolis Foundation to conduct publicly engaged archaeological research. In 2001, Archeology in Annapolis began to expand its excavation sites to include places on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, first to Wye Hall (not related to Wye House) and then Wye House and Easton. Pruitt, ''Reordering the Landscape'', 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5IF76TWD/q/pruitt view on Zotero].</ref> “Through plants and gardening,” both the Lloyds and the enslaved population at Wye House “maintained cultural connections” to their ancestral homelands (Great Britain and Africa respectively).<ref>Pruitt, “Transatlantic Roots,” 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/INXARUTF view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:2210.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, ''The Edward Lloyd Family'', Charles Wilson Peale, 1771, Oil on canvas, 1964.0124 A, B, Museum purchase, Courtesy of Winterthur Museum.]]
+[[File:2210.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, ''The Edward Lloyd Family'', Charles Wilson Peale, 1771.]]
 Little is known about the design of the first mansion and gardens constructed at Wye House. When Edward I moved to England in 1668, he left the estate in the care of his son Philemon Lloyd (1646–85), who most likely built the first Wye House mansion and other structures. The first house was organized along an east-west axis and was located in closer proximity than the current house to the Long [[Green]], the industrial center of production at Wye House and the center of [[plantation]] life for its enslaved residents. It is possible that the elegant Palladian villa depicted in the background at the left-hand side of [[Charles Willson Peale|Charles Willson Peale’s]] 1771 portrait of Edward Lloyd IV (1744–1796), his wife, Elizabeth Tayloe Lloyd (1750–1825), and their daughter Ann (1769–1841) represents the first Wye House mansion [Fig. 2].<ref>Peale painted the Lloyds at Wye House during the spring and summer of 1771. Christopher Weeks, ''Where Land and Water Intertwine: An Architectural History of Talbot County, Maryland'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 58n18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FAA7H5A5 view on Zotero].</ref> A small brick house called the Captain’s Cottage (still extant) may have been an original dependency of the first Wye House and was likely built around 1660–64 and remodeled about 1810. It housed the [[plantation]] overseer who, from this location, could see and surveil the slave quarters on the Long [[Green]].<ref>“Wye House,” National Historic Landmark Nomination Form (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2009), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/M2AK49TQ view on Zotero]; Rice 2012, 221–22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4HIRQQZQ view on Zotero]; and Pruitt, ''Reordering the Landscape'', 51, 69–70, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5IF76TWD/q/pruitt view on Zotero]. The cottage is where, according to Douglass’s 1845 autobiography, the overseer Aaron Anthony brutally and repeatedly whipped Douglass’s Aunt Hester.</ref>

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Alternate Names''': Wye House Plantation; Wye House Farm; Home House Farm<br/>
-'''Site Dates''': 1650s–present<br/>
+'''Site Dates''': 1650s to present<br/>
-'''Site Owner(s)''': Edward Lloyd I (1650s–1695); Edward Lloyd II (1695–1718); Edward Lloyd III (1718–1770); Edward Lloyd IV (1770–1796); Edward Lloyd V (1796–1834); Edward Lloyd VI (1834–1861); Edward Lloyd VII (1861–1907); Charles Howard Lloyd and Mary Donnell Lloyd (c. 1907–1943); Elizabeth Key Lloyd Schiller (1943–1993); Mary Donnell Singer Tilghman (1993–2012); Richard C. Tilghman, Jr. (2012–present)<br/>
+'''Site Owner(s)''': Edward Lloyd I (1650s–1695); Edward Lloyd II (1695–1718); Edward Lloyd III (1718–1770); Edward Lloyd IV (1770–1796); Edward Lloyd V (1796–1834); Edward Lloyd VI (1834–1861); Edward Lloyd VII (1861–1907); Charles Howard Lloyd and Mary Donnell Lloyd (c. 1907–1943); Elizabeth Key Lloyd Schiller (1943–1993); Mary Donnell Singer Tilghman (1993–2012); Richard C. Tilghman, Jr. (2012 to present)<br/>
 '''Associated People''': Peter Moir (indentured gardener); Robert Cushney (free gardener); Frederick Douglass (enslaved person); Mr. McDermott (chief gardener); Big Jacob (enslaved gardener); Little Jacob (enslaved gardener); Kitt (enslaved gardener); and Stephen (enslaved gardener)<br/>
 '''Location''': Talbot County, Maryland<br/>

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 :“The Coll. is possessed of immence property, he had 400 Ars. of land in a [[park]] to keep [[Deer park|Deer]], round which was a [[fence]] of 20 rails high, Maise were planted within for sustenance of his deer. He also had on his farm an immence number of wild Turkies—the writer has seen 20 of them in a flock. His seat being on Wye river, he had a seine of immence length and breadth, requiring at least 20 men to hawl it, of course the quantity of Fish which at times has been taken is wonderful. at one time and in wares [weirs] he fed sheepshead so that at all times of the summer season he could have them fresh for his table.”
 *<div id="Parkinson_1805"></div>Parkinson, Richard, 1798–1800, describing Wye House (1805: 1:226–28)<ref>Richard Parkinson, ''A Tour in America, 1798, 1799, and 1800: Exhibiting Sketches of Society and Manners, and a Particular Account of the American System of Agriculture, with Its Recent Improvements'', 2 vols. (London: J. Harding, 1805), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/J8PV5PS4 view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 48: / Line 49: @@
 :“Mr. Singleton and Mr. Loyd had each a field of clover, and all the clover I saw in my ride. If clover were as productive as some authors tell us, there would be more of it grown: but, like mine, it will not pay for mowing. Mr. Loyd had a small field of timothy,—I suppose intended for his saddle and carriage horses,--and the only one I saw in all my ride, of any intended for hay. Mr. Loyd had the finest field of Indian corn I ever beheld—so neat, not a weed that I saw in one hundred acres all in one field; and the corn then going into silk, and in general as high as a man on horseback. He had the best crop of buckwheat I ever saw, intended to be ploughed in the vegetable manure. He had about five acres of pumpkins in good condition. All his crops were better than any other I saw in any part of America, and every thing in the greatest order. He has some very good sheep, fine cattle, and very good horses. Mr. Loyd’s father had some years before imported a bull and two cows from Mr. Bakewell: and from the offspring he had some of the fattest cattle that could be imagined, for the food they had to live upon. He estimated some of his wheat at fifteen bushels per acre; and it was said the produce from eighteen hundred acres of land was eighteen thousand bushels of wheat; which was one of the greatest crops in America.” [[#Parkinson_1805_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Douglass_1845"></div>Douglass, Frederick, 1845, describing Wye House (1845: 15–16)<ref>Frederick Douglass, ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave'' (Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/JFVW6XCU view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Colonel Lloyd kept a large and finely cultivated garden, which afforded almost constant employment for four men, besides the chief gardener, (Mr. M’Durmond.) This garden was probably the greatest attraction of the place. During the summer months, people came from far and near—from Baltimore, Easton, and Annapolis—to see it. It abounded in fruits of almost every description, from the hardy apple of the north to the delicate orange of the south. This garden was not the least source of trouble on the [[plantation]]. Its excellent fruit was quite a temptation to the hungry swarms of boys, as well as the older slaves, belonging to the colonel, few of whom had the virtue or vice to resist it. Scarcely a day passed, during the summer, but that some slave had to take the lash for stealing fruit. The colonel had to resort to all kinds of stratagems to keep his slaves out of the garden. The last and most successful one was that of tarring the [[fence]] all around; after which, if a slave was caught with any tar upon his person, it was deemed sufficient proof that he had either been into the garden, or had tried to get in. In either case, he was severely whipped by the chief gardener.” [[#Douglass_1845_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Anonymous"></div>Anonymous, 1852, describing Wye House (1852: 59)<ref>Anonymous, “The Maryland Trial of Reapers,” ''The American Farmer, a Monthly Magazine of Agriculture and Horticulture'' 8, no. 2 (August 1852): 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/5MN43NRR view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“[Col. Lloyd’s] residence is one of the most splendid in this country, being the homestead of the Lloyd family since their first settlement in Maryland. The lane leading from the public road to the house is about half a mile long, and arched with stately rows of linden and magnificent elm trees—the gardens are extensive, and in a most splendid state of cultivation, and the lawns and trees and shrubbery around his beautiful mansion, are tastefully arranged, and present a most lovely appearance. The broad and fertile fields are dotted over with majestic forest trees, which present to the eye a most picturesque and beautiful view of the surrounding country.” [[#Anonymous_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Douglass_1855"></div>Douglass, Frederick, 1855, describing Wye House (1855; repr., 1987: 44–48, 70–71)<ref>Frederick Douglass, ''My Bondage and My Freedom'', ed. William L. Andrews (1855; repr., Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/Q764CVCK? view on Zotero].</ref>