William Bull II - Revision history

M-westerby at 20:01, September 8, 2021

2021-09-08T20:01:26Z

M-westerby at 19:51, September 7, 2021

2021-09-07T19:51:12Z

V-Federici: /* Images */

2021-02-08T18:26:44Z

Images

V-Federici at 15:27, August 4, 2020

2020-08-04T15:27:58Z

A-Whitlock at 14:37, January 17, 2020

2020-01-17T14:37:58Z

L-Baradel: Fixed broken hyperlink to Alexander Garden

2019-12-18T19:24:33Z

Fixed broken hyperlink to Alexander Garden

Bchristen at 15:08, September 20, 2018

2018-09-20T15:08:05Z

Bchristen at 14:43, September 20, 2018

2018-09-20T14:43:04Z

Bchristen at 14:41, September 20, 2018

2018-09-20T14:41:55Z

E-athens at 15:38, February 6, 2018

2018-02-06T15:38:18Z

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 |Other resources={{ExternalLink
 |External link URL=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50045574.html
-|External link text=LOC
+|External link text=Library of Congress Authority File
 }}
 }}

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 '''William Bull II''' (1710&ndash;1791), a prominent planter and politician in Charleston, South Carolina, was also an amateur botanist and horticulturist who laid out gardens at his family’s plantation, [[Ashley Hall]].
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 [http://www.halseymap.com/Flash/gov-detail.asp?polID=97 Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Research Project, Preservation Society of Charleston]
 <hr>

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 Image:0552.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.
-Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, ''Ashley Hall'', river side with [[obelisk]] in [[yard]], c. 1820.
+Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, [[Ashley Hall|''Ashley Hall'']], river side with [[obelisk]] in [[yard]], c. 1820.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 Image:0552.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.
-Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, ''Ashley Hall'', river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.
+Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, ''Ashley Hall'', river side with [[obelisk]] in [[yard]], c. 1820.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 * [[Charles Fraser|Fraser, Charles]], 1853, ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (1854: 68)<ref>Charles Fraser, ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, SC: J. Russell, 1854), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero].</ref>
-: “[William Bull], the first Governor, had entertained [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]], the celebrated naturalist, at the family [[seat]], at Ashley river, where there is now a majestic [[avenue]] of oaks, said to have been planted by his hand.”
+: “[William Bull], the first Governor, had entertained [Mark] Catesby, the celebrated naturalist, at the family [[seat]], at Ashley river, where there is now a majestic [[avenue]] of oaks, said to have been planted by his hand.”
 <hr>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:0552.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.]]
-More extensively educated than most Americans of his generation, William Bull briefly attended Westminster school in London (1723) before continuing his study of Greek, Latin, and science with a Leiden-educated tutor in South Carolina. Bull later enrolled at Leiden in 1731, studying with the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhave (1668&ndash;1738) and becoming, in 1735, the first native-born American to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine degree from the university there.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991) 16&ndash;17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; James Raven, ''London Booksellers and American Customers: Transatlantic Literary Community and the Charleston Library Society, 1748&ndash;1811'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 172, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> Although Bull practiced medicine only briefly, he remained keenly interested in science, assembling a substantial personal library of books on botany and natural history at his home, [[Ashley Hall]]. He also corresponded with the English merchant and amateur botanist [[Peter Collinson]], to whom he sent rare plant specimens, and with Thomas Penn, who was pursuing the study of natural history in Philadelphia.<ref>Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2:122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> When the Scottish physician and budding naturalist [[Dr. Alexander Garden]] arrived in Charleston in 1752, Bull lent him several foundational botanical texts, including Carl Linnaeus’s ''Fundamenta Botanica'' (1736) and ''Classes Plantarum'' (1738), and John Clayton’s ''Flora Virginica'' (1739). Bull also helped familiarize [[Alexander Garden|Garden]] with the native plants of South Carolina and provided him with a letter of introduction to [[Cadwallader Colden]], the Irish-born physician and botanist whom Bull had met in New York the previous year.<ref>Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 33, 35, 53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP view on Zotero]; Raven 2002, 223, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 52, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull served as president of the Charles Town Library Society, a group notable for its enthusiasm for natural history as well as its extravagant purchases of rare and luxurious botanical folios.<ref>Raven 2002, 73, 169&ndash;70, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1773 Bull proposed the formation of a special Library committee “for collecting materials for promoting a Natural History of this Province,” which resulted in the establishment of the Charleston Museum, one of the earliest public museums in America.<ref>Albert E. Sanders and William Dewey Anderson Jr., ''Natural History Investigations in South Carolina: From Colonial Times to the Present'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 18&ndash;19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JPZGUUSQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bull indulged his interest in plants and gardens at [[Ashley Hall]], where he laid out formal gardens in 1770.
+More extensively educated than most Americans of his generation, William Bull briefly attended Westminster school in London (1723) before continuing his study of Greek, Latin, and science with a Leiden-educated tutor in South Carolina. Bull later enrolled at Leiden in 1731, studying with the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhave (1668&ndash;1738) and becoming, in 1735, the first native-born American to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine degree from the university there.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991) 16&ndash;17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; James Raven, ''London Booksellers and American Customers: Transatlantic Literary Community and the Charleston Library Society, 1748&ndash;1811'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 172, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> Although Bull practiced medicine only briefly, he remained keenly interested in science, assembling a substantial personal library of books on botany and natural history at his home, [[Ashley Hall]]. He also corresponded with the English merchant and amateur botanist [[Peter Collinson]], to whom he sent rare plant specimens, and with Thomas Penn, who was pursuing the study of natural history in Philadelphia.<ref>Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2:122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> When the Scottish physician and budding naturalist [[Alexander Garden|Dr. Alexander Garden]] arrived in Charleston in 1752, Bull lent him several foundational botanical texts, including Carl Linnaeus’s ''Fundamenta Botanica'' (1736) and ''Classes Plantarum'' (1738), and John Clayton’s ''Flora Virginica'' (1739). Bull also helped familiarize [[Alexander Garden|Garden]] with the native plants of South Carolina and provided him with a letter of introduction to [[Cadwallader Colden]], the Irish-born physician and botanist whom Bull had met in New York the previous year.<ref>Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 33, 35, 53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP view on Zotero]; Raven 2002, 223, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 52, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull served as president of the Charles Town Library Society, a group notable for its enthusiasm for natural history as well as its extravagant purchases of rare and luxurious botanical folios.<ref>Raven 2002, 73, 169&ndash;70, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1773 Bull proposed the formation of a special Library committee “for collecting materials for promoting a Natural History of this Province,” which resulted in the establishment of the Charleston Museum, one of the earliest public museums in America.<ref>Albert E. Sanders and William Dewey Anderson Jr., ''Natural History Investigations in South Carolina: From Colonial Times to the Present'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 18&ndash;19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JPZGUUSQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bull indulged his interest in plants and gardens at [[Ashley Hall]], where he laid out formal gardens in 1770.
 Through his sisters’ marriages to John Drayton and Henry Middleton and his co-guardianship of his neighbor [[Eliza Lucas Pinckney|Eliza Lucas Pinckney's]] three children, Bull was firmly entrenched among Charleston’s intimately networked social elite.<ref>Meroney 1991, 41&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> In addition to serving as lieutenant-governor of South Carolina from 1759 to 1775, Bull was acting governor on five separate occasions during that period.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2:123&ndash;25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero].</ref> An ardent Loyalist, he fled to England in 1777 following the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, and was still there two years later when rampaging British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” his [[plantation]] at [[Ashley Hall]], destroying a fish dam, tossing his private papers into the garden, and smashing china and glass. The greatest loss may have been Bull’s library, which he reported “was scattered and mostly carried away.”<ref>Bull 1952, 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; Stephen Conway, ''A Short History of the American Revolutionary War'' (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013), 126, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HMAEMEM4 view on Zotero].</ref> Bull returned to America in February 1781, but when British troops evacuated Charleston in December of the following year, he accompanied them back to England, leaving John Julius Pringle to manage his affairs.<ref>Meroney 1991, 166&ndash;67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull died in London in 1791 and the following year his wife, Hannah Beale Bull, wrote to her late husband’s attorney and loyal friend, Nathaniel Russell, instructing him to erect a marble [[obelisk]] on the grounds of [[Ashley Hall]] to preserve Bull’s memory. The monument, which still stands, bears his portrait in relief and a commemorative plaque with a lengthy inscription reading in part: “This [[obelisk]] was erected, sacred to his virtues and her grief, with duty and affection by his disconsolate widow” [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 184 for Bull’s relationship with Russell, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:0552.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.]]
-More extensively educated than most Americans of his generation, William Bull briefly attended Westminster school in London (1723) before continuing his study of Greek, Latin, and science with a Leiden-educated tutor in South Carolina. Bull later enrolled at Leiden in 1731, studying with the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhave (1668&ndash;1738) and becoming, in 1735, the first native-born American to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine degree from the university.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991) 16&ndash;17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; James Raven, ''London Booksellers and American Customers: Transatlantic Literary Community and the Charleston Library Society, 1748&ndash;1811'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 172, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> Although Bull practiced medicine only briefly, he remained keenly interested in science, assembling a substantial personal library of books on botany and natural history at his home, [[Ashley Hall]]. He also corresponded with the English merchant and amateur botanist [[Peter Collinson]], to whom he sent rare plant specimens, and with Thomas Penn, who was pursuing the study of natural history in Philadelphia.<ref>Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2:122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> When the Scottish physician and budding naturalist Dr. [[Alexander Garden]] arrived in Charleston in 1752, Bull lent him several foundational botanical texts, including Carl Linnaeus’s ''Fundamenta Botanica'' (1736) and ''Classes plantarum'' (1738), and John Clayton’s ''Flora Virginica'' (1739). Bull also helped familiarize [[Alexander Garden|Garden]] with the native plants of South Carolina and provided him with a letter of introduction to [[Cadwallader Colden]], the Irish-born physician and botanist whom Bull had met in New York the previous year.<ref>Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 33, 35, 53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP view on Zotero]; Raven 2002, 223, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 52, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull served as president of the Charles Town Library Society, a group notable for its enthusiasm for natural history as well as its extravagant purchases of rare and luxurious botanical folios.<ref>Raven 2002, 73, 169&ndash;70, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1773 Bull proposed the formation of a special Library committee “for collecting materials for promoting a Natural History of this Province,” which resulted in the establishment of the Charleston Museum, one of the earliest public museums in America.<ref>Albert E. Sanders and William Dewey Anderson Jr., ''Natural History Investigations in South Carolina: From Colonial Times to the Present'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 18&ndash;19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JPZGUUSQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bull indulged his interest in plants and gardens at [[Ashley Hall]], where he laid out formal gardens in 1770.
+More extensively educated than most Americans of his generation, William Bull briefly attended Westminster school in London (1723) before continuing his study of Greek, Latin, and science with a Leiden-educated tutor in South Carolina. Bull later enrolled at Leiden in 1731, studying with the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhave (1668&ndash;1738) and becoming, in 1735, the first native-born American to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine degree from the university there.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991) 16&ndash;17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; James Raven, ''London Booksellers and American Customers: Transatlantic Literary Community and the Charleston Library Society, 1748&ndash;1811'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 172, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> Although Bull practiced medicine only briefly, he remained keenly interested in science, assembling a substantial personal library of books on botany and natural history at his home, [[Ashley Hall]]. He also corresponded with the English merchant and amateur botanist [[Peter Collinson]], to whom he sent rare plant specimens, and with Thomas Penn, who was pursuing the study of natural history in Philadelphia.<ref>Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2:122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 122&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> When the Scottish physician and budding naturalist [[Dr. Alexander Garden]] arrived in Charleston in 1752, Bull lent him several foundational botanical texts, including Carl Linnaeus’s ''Fundamenta Botanica'' (1736) and ''Classes Plantarum'' (1738), and John Clayton’s ''Flora Virginica'' (1739). Bull also helped familiarize [[Alexander Garden|Garden]] with the native plants of South Carolina and provided him with a letter of introduction to [[Cadwallader Colden]], the Irish-born physician and botanist whom Bull had met in New York the previous year.<ref>Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 33, 35, 53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP view on Zotero]; Raven 2002, 223, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero]; Meroney 1991, 52, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull served as president of the Charles Town Library Society, a group notable for its enthusiasm for natural history as well as its extravagant purchases of rare and luxurious botanical folios.<ref>Raven 2002, 73, 169&ndash;70, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1773 Bull proposed the formation of a special Library committee “for collecting materials for promoting a Natural History of this Province,” which resulted in the establishment of the Charleston Museum, one of the earliest public museums in America.<ref>Albert E. Sanders and William Dewey Anderson Jr., ''Natural History Investigations in South Carolina: From Colonial Times to the Present'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 18&ndash;19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JPZGUUSQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bull indulged his interest in plants and gardens at [[Ashley Hall]], where he laid out formal gardens in 1770.
-Through his sisters’ marriages to John Drayton and Henry Middleton and his co-guardianship of his neighbor [[Eliza Lucas Pinckney]]’s three children, Bull was firmly entrenched among Charleston’s intimately networked social elite.<ref>Meroney 1991, 41&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> In addition to serving as lieutenant-governor of South Carolina from 1759 to 1775, Bull was acting governor on five separate occasions during that period.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2:123&ndash;25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero].</ref> An ardent Loyalist, he fled to England in 1777 following the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, and was still there two years later when rampaging British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” his [[plantation]] at [[Ashley Hall]], destroying a fish dam, tossing his private papers into the garden, and smashing china and glass. The greatest loss may have been Bull’s library, which he reported “was scattered and mostly carried away.”<ref>Bull 1952, 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; Stephen Conway, ''A Short History of the American Revolutionary War'' (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013), 126, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HMAEMEM4 view on Zotero].</ref> Bull returned to America in February 1781, but when British troops evacuated Charleston in December of the following year, he accompanied them back to England, leaving John Julius Pringle to manage his affairs.<ref>Meroney 1991, 166&ndash;67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull died in London in 1791 and the following year his wife, Hannah Beale Bull, wrote to her late husband’s attorney and loyal friend, Nathaniel Russell, instructing him to erect a marble [[obelisk]] on the grounds of [[Ashley Hall]] to preserve Bull’s memory. The monument, which still stands, bears his portrait in relief and a commemorative plaque with a lengthy inscription reading in part: “This [[obelisk]] was erected, sacred to his virtues and her grief, with duty and affection by his disconsolate widow” [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 184 for Bull’s relationship with Russell, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>
+Through his sisters’ marriages to John Drayton and Henry Middleton and his co-guardianship of his neighbor [[Eliza Lucas Pinckney|Eliza Lucas Pinckney's]] three children, Bull was firmly entrenched among Charleston’s intimately networked social elite.<ref>Meroney 1991, 41&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> In addition to serving as lieutenant-governor of South Carolina from 1759 to 1775, Bull was acting governor on five separate occasions during that period.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2:123&ndash;25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero].</ref> An ardent Loyalist, he fled to England in 1777 following the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, and was still there two years later when rampaging British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” his [[plantation]] at [[Ashley Hall]], destroying a fish dam, tossing his private papers into the garden, and smashing china and glass. The greatest loss may have been Bull’s library, which he reported “was scattered and mostly carried away.”<ref>Bull 1952, 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; Stephen Conway, ''A Short History of the American Revolutionary War'' (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013), 126, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HMAEMEM4 view on Zotero].</ref> Bull returned to America in February 1781, but when British troops evacuated Charleston in December of the following year, he accompanied them back to England, leaving John Julius Pringle to manage his affairs.<ref>Meroney 1991, 166&ndash;67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull died in London in 1791 and the following year his wife, Hannah Beale Bull, wrote to her late husband’s attorney and loyal friend, Nathaniel Russell, instructing him to erect a marble [[obelisk]] on the grounds of [[Ashley Hall]] to preserve Bull’s memory. The monument, which still stands, bears his portrait in relief and a commemorative plaque with a lengthy inscription reading in part: “This [[obelisk]] was erected, sacred to his virtues and her grief, with duty and affection by his disconsolate widow” [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 184 for Bull’s relationship with Russell, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==Texts==
-* Wesley, John, April 15, 1737 (1909: 1:348)<ref> John Wesley, ''The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M., Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford'', ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols. (New York/Chicago: Eaton & Mains/Jennings & Graham, 1909), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XGDQ7CPK view on Zotero].</ref>
+* Wesley, John, April 15, 1737 (1909: 1:348)<ref> John Wesley, ''The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M., Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford'', ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols. (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1909), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XGDQ7CPK view on Zotero].</ref>
 : “I walked over to Ashley Ferry, twelve miles from Charlestown, and thence, . . . to Colonel Bull’s [[seat]], two miles farther. This is the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America; the [[orchard]] and garden being full of most of those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England, but which the laziness of the Americans seldom suffers them to raise.”

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 Image:0552.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.
-Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton,''Ashley Hall'', river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.
+Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, ''Ashley Hall'', river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ==Other Resources==
 [http://south-carolina-plantations.com/charleston/ashley-hall.html South Carolina Plantations]
@@ Line 47: / Line 46: @@
 ==Notes==
 <references/>
 [[Category:People|Bull, William]]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 —''Robyn Asleson''
 ==Texts==
@@ Line 18: / Line 20: @@
 : “[William Bull], the first Governor, had entertained [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]], the celebrated naturalist, at the family [[seat]], at Ashley river, where there is now a majestic [[avenue]] of oaks, said to have been planted by his hand.”
 ==Images==
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
@@ Line 26: / Line 29: @@
 Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.
-</gallery>
+<hr>
 ==Other Resources==
@@ Line 38: / Line 42: @@
 [http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50045574.html Library of Congress Name Authority File]
 ==Notes==