Wilderness - Revision history

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V-Federici at 11:55, January 28, 2021

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2020-08-06T18:58:15Z

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2020-07-01T14:01:02Z

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2020-04-02T12:24:03Z

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V-Federici at 22:03, January 29, 2020

2020-01-29T22:03:27Z

V-Federici at 21:59, January 29, 2020

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V-Federici at 21:52, January 29, 2020

2020-01-29T21:52:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:24, August 19, 2021
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	Image:0048.jpg\|John Nancarrow, "Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785. “The '''Wilderness'''” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.		Image:0048.jpg\|John Nancarrow, "Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785. “The '''Wilderness'''” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.
		+
		+	Image:2304.jpg\|''A Religious Encampment in the Wilderness'', December 30, 1865.

	</gallery>		</gallery>

@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 ==Images==
 ===Inscribed===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
@@ Line 161: / Line 160: @@
 Image:1053.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a ''rural Garden'', after the new manner,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. III. “. . .we enter the '''wildernesses''' at b,b, etc...”
 Image:1380.jpg|Batty Langley, “Several Designs for '''Wildernesses''' and [[Labyrinth]]s,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.
@@ Line 171: / Line 172: @@
 ===Associated===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 Image:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 In the 17th and early 18th centuries, wilderness [[walk]]s were typically bordered by dense, high [[hedge]]s, as suggested by Richard Bradley (1719). Increasingly, these [[hedge]]s were either trimmed to a low height or removed altogether in favor of [[shrub]]s underplanted with flowers. This shift in taste is indicated by Miller's treatise, in which he criticized high [[hedge]]s and recommended lining the [[walk]]s of the wilderness with irregularly disposed “Wood-flowers” (such as violets and daffodils), backed by low flowering [[shrub]]s (such as roses and honeysuckles). This method created a graduated [[slope]] of [[shrub]]s culminating in the grouping of trees. Eventually, this manner of arranging a wilderness became more commonly known as [[shrubbery]] in horticultural manuals. <ref>Laird 1999, 101, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VHZIWTH3 view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|left|350 px|Fig. 2, John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. “The Wilderness” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the plan.]]
+[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|left|350 px|Fig. 2, John Nancarrow, "Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785. “The Wilderness” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the plan.]]
 The emergence of such [[shrubbery]], however, did not mean the immediate demise of the wilderness, nor did it mean that the new use of the term “[[shrubbery]]” correlated precisely with the old. <ref>Laird 1999, 101–2, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VHZIWTH3 view on Zotero].</ref> [[shrubbery|Shrubberies]] were typically characterized by decorative plantings arranged with respect to height in graduated [[slope]]s, and it is clear from Miller's account that wildernesses could be similarly arranged. Nonetheless, some differences distinguish the two features. Most significantly, a wilderness (unlike a [[shrubbery]]) was often arranged in [[geometric style|geometrical]] fashion, with regularized plantings punctuated by a centrally placed decorative object, such as a [[fountain]] or [[statue]]. The illusion of density in wilderness vegetation often was created by planting trees in a quincunx pattern (resembling the arrangement of a five-face on a die), a plan not generally used in [[shrubbery|shrubberies]].
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 Image:1388.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a Garden and '''Wilderness''' in an Island,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. XV.
-Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. “The '''Wilderness'''” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, "Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785. “The '''Wilderness'''” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [[File:0069.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, [[Samuel Vaughan]], Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.]]
-A few colonial wildernesses were constructed in a manner roughly comparable to that described by Miller and Langley.<ref>Barbara Paca-Steele and St. Clair Wright have identified a wilderness garden at the William Paca house and garden in Annapolis, MD Barbara Paca-Steele with St. Clair Wright, “The Mathematics of an Eighteenth-Century Wilderness Garden,” ''Journal of Garden History'' 6, no. 4 (1986): 299–320, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BXR4J256 view on Zotero].</ref> A 1734 real estate advertisement for a South Carolina island, for example, noted a shady wilderness filled with [[walk]]s and [[arbor]]s. John Penn and [[George Washington]] each built a wilderness on his estate, placing the feature at a distance from the main house, in keeping with Langley's prescriptions. In John Nancarrow’s c. 1784 plan of John Penn's estate in Philadelphia, the wilderness is labeled at “c” [Fig. 2]. In his plan for [[Mount Vernon]] [Fig. 3], [[Samuel Vaughan]] in 1787 depicted wildernesses flanking the serpentine [[walk]]s and eventually merging at some distance from the main house. In practice, [[George Washington|Washington]] did not follow [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan's]] recommendation but kept the area clear to form a [[view]] framed by wildernesses, as his contemporaries Langley and Miller recommended. According to [[George Washington|Washington's]] diaries, the wildernesses at [[Mount Vernon]] were also intersected with [[walk]]s, although such details are not noted on [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]]’s plan of the estate. In keeping with the elision between the terms “wilderness” and “[[shrubbery]]” in this period, [[George Washington|Washington]] sometimes referred to these planting features as [[shrubbery|shrubberies]].
+A few colonial wildernesses were constructed in a manner roughly comparable to that described by Miller and Langley.<ref>Barbara Paca-Steele and St. Clair Wright have identified a wilderness garden at the William Paca house and garden in Annapolis, MD Barbara Paca-Steele with St. Clair Wright, “The Mathematics of an Eighteenth-Century Wilderness Garden,” ''Journal of Garden History'' 6, no. 4 (1986): 299–320, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BXR4J256 view on Zotero].</ref> A 1734 real estate advertisement for a South Carolina island, for example, noted a shady wilderness filled with [[walk]]s and [[arbor]]s. John Penn and George Washington each built a wilderness on his estate, placing the feature at a distance from the main house, in keeping with Langley's prescriptions. In John Nancarrow’s c. 1784 plan of John Penn's estate in Philadelphia, the wilderness is labeled at “c” [Fig. 2]. In his plan for [[Mount Vernon]] [Fig. 3], [[Samuel Vaughan]] in 1787 depicted wildernesses flanking the serpentine [[walk]]s and eventually merging at some distance from the main house. In practice, Washington did not follow [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan's]] recommendation but kept the area clear to form a [[view]] framed by wildernesses, as his contemporaries Langley and Miller recommended. According to Washington's diaries, the wildernesses at [[Mount Vernon]] were also intersected with [[walk]]s, although such details are not noted on [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]]’s plan of the estate. In keeping with the elision between the terms “wilderness” and “[[shrubbery]]” in this period, Washington sometimes referred to these planting features as [[shrubbery|shrubberies]].
 [[File:0358.jpg|thumb|left|fig. 4, Anonymous, “[[Rustic_style|Rustic]] Seat,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.]]
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
-* [[George Washington|Washington, George]], 1785, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, VA (Jackson and Twohig, eds., 1978: 4:75, 103–7)<ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington,'' ed. by Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, 6 vols. (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1978), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Washington, George, 1785, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of George Washington, Fairfax County, VA (Jackson and Twohig, eds., 1978: 4:75, 103–7)<ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington,'' ed. by Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, 6 vols. (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1978), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref>
 : “[January 12] Road to my Mill Swamp, where my Dogue run hands were at work & to other places in search of the sort of Trees I shall want for my [[walk]]s, [[grove]]s, & '''Wildernesses'''.
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1828.jpg|Stephen Switzer, Plan for “The Mannour of Paston,” in ''Ichnographia rustica'' (1718), fig. XII. “Wilderness” is marked in the densely planted quadrant at right.
+Image:1828.jpg|Stephen Switzer, Plan for “The Mannour of Paston,” in ''Ichnographia rustica'' (1718), fig. XII. “'''Wilderness'''” is marked in the densely planted quadrant at right.
-Image:1053.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a ''rural Garden'', after the new manner,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. III. “...we enter the '''wildernesses''' at b,b, etc...”
+Image:1053.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a ''rural Garden'', after the new manner,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. III. “. . .we enter the '''wildernesses''' at b,b, etc...”
-Image:1380.jpg|Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and [[Labyrinth]]s,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.
+Image:1380.jpg|Batty Langley, “Several Designs for '''Wildernesses''' and [[Labyrinth]]s,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.
 Image:1388.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a Garden and '''Wilderness''' in an Island,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. XV.
-Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. “The Wilderness” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. “The '''Wilderness'''” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1378.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of an [[Avenue]] with its Wildernesses on each Side,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. V.
+Image:1378.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of an [[Avenue]] with its '''Wildernesses''' on each Side,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. V.
 Image:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX.
@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 Image:0550.jpg|Victor de Grailly, ''The Tomb at [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1840—50.
-Image:0358.jpg|Anonymous, “Rustic Seat,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.
+Image:0358.jpg|Anonymous, “[[Rustic_style|Rustic]] [[Seat]],” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.
-Image:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The Lake,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
+Image:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The [[Lake]],” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 Image:1380.jpg|Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and [[Labyrinth]]s,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.
-Image:1388.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a Garden and Wilderness in an Island,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. XV.
+Image:1388.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a Garden and '''Wilderness''' in an Island,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. XV.
 Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. “The Wilderness” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the pan.

@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 : “3. A state of disorder. . .
 : “4. A [[wood]] in a garden, resembling a forest.”
 <hr>
 ==Images==

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 In the 17th and early 18th centuries, wilderness [[walk]]s were typically bordered by dense, high [[hedge]]s, as suggested by Richard Bradley (1719). Increasingly, these [[hedge]]s were either trimmed to a low height or removed altogether in favor of [[shrub]]s underplanted with flowers. This shift in taste is indicated by Miller's treatise, in which he criticized high [[hedge]]s and recommended lining the [[walk]]s of the wilderness with irregularly disposed “Wood-flowers” (such as violets and daffodils), backed by low flowering [[shrub]]s (such as roses and honeysuckles). This method created a graduated [[slope]] of [[shrub]]s culminating in the grouping of trees. Eventually, this manner of arranging a wilderness became more commonly known as [[shrubbery]] in horticultural manuals. <ref>Laird 1999, 101, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VHZIWTH3 view on Zotero].</ref>
 The emergence of such [[shrubbery]], however, did not mean the immediate demise of the wilderness, nor did it mean that the new use of the term “[[shrubbery]]” correlated precisely with the old. <ref>Laird 1999, 101–2, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VHZIWTH3 view on Zotero].</ref> [[shrubbery|Shrubberies]] were typically characterized by decorative plantings arranged with respect to height in graduated [[slope]]s, and it is clear from Miller's account that wildernesses could be similarly arranged. Nonetheless, some differences distinguish the two features. Most significantly, a wilderness (unlike a [[shrubbery]]) was often arranged in [[geometric style|geometrical]] fashion, with regularized plantings punctuated by a centrally placed decorative object, such as a [[fountain]] or [[statue]]. The illusion of density in wilderness vegetation often was created by planting trees in a quincunx pattern (resembling the arrangement of a five-face on a die), a plan not generally used in [[shrubbery|shrubberies]].
-[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. “The Wilderness” is noted at “c.,” in the upper-left portion of the plan. ]]
+[[File:0069.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, [[Samuel Vaughan]], Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.]]
 A few colonial wildernesses were constructed in a manner roughly comparable to that described by Miller and Langley.<ref>Barbara Paca-Steele and St. Clair Wright have identified a wilderness garden at the William Paca house and garden in Annapolis, MD Barbara Paca-Steele with St. Clair Wright, “The Mathematics of an Eighteenth-Century Wilderness Garden,” ''Journal of Garden History'' 6, no. 4 (1986): 299–320, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BXR4J256 view on Zotero].</ref> A 1734 real estate advertisement for a South Carolina island, for example, noted a shady wilderness filled with [[walk]]s and [[arbor]]s. John Penn and [[George Washington]] each built a wilderness on his estate, placing the feature at a distance from the main house, in keeping with Langley's prescriptions. In John Nancarrow’s c. 1784 plan of John Penn's estate in Philadelphia, the wilderness is labeled at “c” [Fig. 2]. In his plan for [[Mount Vernon]] [Fig. 3], [[Samuel Vaughan]] in 1787 depicted wildernesses flanking the serpentine [[walk]]s and eventually merging at some distance from the main house. In practice, [[George Washington|Washington]] did not follow [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan's]] recommendation but kept the area clear to form a [[view]] framed by wildernesses, as his contemporaries Langley and Miller recommended. According to [[George Washington|Washington's]] diaries, the wildernesses at [[Mount Vernon]] were also intersected with [[walk]]s, although such details are not noted on [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]]’s plan of the estate. In keeping with the elision between the terms “wilderness” and “[[shrubbery]]” in this period, [[George Washington|Washington]] sometimes referred to these planting features as [[shrubbery|shrubberies]].
-[[File:0358.jpg|thumb|left|fig. 4, Anonymous, “Rustic Seat,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.]]
+[[File:0358.jpg|thumb|left|fig. 4, Anonymous, “[[Rustic_style|Rustic]] Seat,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.]]
 The term “wilderness” persisted in early 19th-century American horticultural manuals. [[Bernard M’Mahon]] (1806), for example, emphasized winding [[walk]]s framed by closely planted vegetation and occasionally leading to open spaces also bounded by [[plantation]]s. By this date, however, the term already was waning in importance. The ''Encyclopaedia'' (1798) denounced the “stars and other ridiculous figures” that sometimes appeared in wilderness plans. When [[Noah Webster]] defined wilderness in his dictionary of 1828, the landscape definition term was listed last and was explained only briefly as “a [[wood]] in a garden, resembling a forest.” When [[A. J. Downing]] in 1847 referred to “The Wilderness” at [[Montgomery Place]], in Dutchess County, NY, he referred to the recreation of a native woodland [Fig. 4] and not to a feature consistent with discussions found in earlier gardening treatises. [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing's]] evocative description of a “richly wooded valley,” where one could imagine oneself “in the depths of an old forest, far away from the haunts of civilization,” reflects a central trope in 19th-century American culture, representing the wilderness as a primeval forest. The later definition shaped not only aesthetics but also the nation’s sense of self-identity. Thus the wilderness in American gardens evolved from an artificially constructed space set apart from the natural landscape to an unimproved natural landscape included within the conception of the garden.
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
-[[File:1378.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Batty Langley, “Design of an Avenue with its Wildernesses on each Side,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. V.]]
+[[File:1378.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Batty Langley, “Design of an [[Avenue]] with its Wildernesses on each Side,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. V.]]
 * Langley, Batty, 1728, ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728; repr., 1982: xi, xi [page numbers are not distinctively sequential], 195–200)<ref>Batty Langley, ''New Principles of Gardening, or The Laying out and Planting Parterres, Groves, Wildernesses, Labyrinths, Avenues, Parks, &c.'' (London: A. Bettesworth and J. Batley, etc., 1728; repr., New York: Garland, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MRDTAEKC/ view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 : “Indeed, ’tis oftentimes necessary to place ''[[grove|Grove]]s'' and open '''''Wildernesses''''' in such remote Parts of Gardens, from whence ''pleasant [[prospect|Prospect]]s are taken''; but then we should always take care to plant ''proportionable [[avenue|Avenue]]s'' leading from the House to them, under whose ''Shade'' we might with Pleasure pass and repass at any time of the Day. . .
 : “Plate V. is a third Design of an ''[[avenue|Avenue]]'' with its '''''Wildernesses''''' on each Side, wherein is contain’d great Variety of Walking. . . [Fig. 5]
-[[File:1380.jpg|thumb|Fig. 6, Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and Labyrinths,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.]]
+[[File:1380.jpg|thumb|Fig. 6, Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and [[Labyrinth]]s,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.]]
-: “Plate VII. consists of four several Designs for '''''Wildernesses''''' and ''[[labyrinth|Labyrinth]]s'' wherein A A, ''&c''. are ''[[arbor|Arbor]]s'', or Places of Repose. [Fig. 6]
+: “Plate VII. consists of four several Designs for '''''Wildernesses''''' and ''[[Labyrinth|Labyrinths]]'' wherein A A, ''&c''. are ''[[arbor|Arbor]]s'', or Places of Repose. [Fig. 6]
 : “''General'' DIRECTIONS, &c. . . .
-: “X. That all those Parts which are out of [[View]] from the House, be form’d into '''Wildernesses''', [[labyrinth|Labyrinth]]s, &c. . . .
+: “X. That all those Parts which are out of [[View]] from the House, be form’d into '''Wildernesses''', [[Labyrinth|Labyrinths]], &c. . . .
 : “XVI. That the [[walk|Walk]]s of a '''Wilderness''' be never narrower than ten Feet, or wider than twenty five Feet.
 : “XVII. That the [[walk|Walk]]s of a '''Wilderness''' be so plac’d, as to respect the best [[View]]s of the Country. . .
@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 File:1053.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a ''rural Garden'', after the new manner,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. III.
-File:1380.jpg|Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and Labyrinths,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.
+File:1380.jpg|Batty Langley, “Several Designs for Wildernesses and [[Labyrinth]]s,” in ''New Principles of Gardening''  (1728), pl. VII.
 File:1388.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of a Garden and Wilderness in an Island,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. XV.
@@ Line 172: / Line 172: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1378.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of an Avenue with its Wildernesses on each Side,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. V.
+File:1378.jpg|Batty Langley, “Design of an [[Avenue]] with its Wildernesses on each Side,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. V.
 File:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX.
-File:0069.jpg|[[Samuel Vaughan]], Plan of Mount Vernon, 1787.
+File:0069.jpg|[[Samuel Vaughan]], Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.
-File:0087.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], ''View of Mount Vernon looking to the North'', July 17, 1796.
+File:0087.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], ''[[View]] of [[Mount Vernon]] looking to the North'', July 17, 1796.
 File:0710.jpg|J. Weiss, ''Home of George Washington, "The Father of His Country"'', 1797.
-File:0550.jpg|Victor de Grailly, ''The Tomb at Mount Vernon'', c. 1840—50.
+File:0550.jpg|Victor de Grailly, ''The Tomb at [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1840—50.
-File:0358.jpg|Anonymous, “Rustic Seat,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.
+File:0358.jpg|Anonymous, “Rustic Seat,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.
-File:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The Lake,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
+File:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The Lake,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 : “[January 12] Road to my Mill Swamp, where my Dogue run hands were at work & to other places in search of the sort of Trees I shall want for my [[walk]]s, [[grove]]s, & '''Wildernesses'''.
-: “At the Sein Landing & between that & the point at the old Brick kiln I found about half a dozn. young Elm trees, but not very promising ones. Many thriving ash trees on high (at least dry) ground of proper size for transplanting and a great abundance of the red-bud of all sizes. In the field which I bought of Barry & Miss Wade along the drain, & prongs of it, are one or two more; but rather of large size—but in the latter (a prong of the drain in Barry’s field) there are great abundance of the white thorn (now full of the red Berries in clusters). Within the [[meadow|Meadow]] [[fence]] at the Mill, & within that Inclosure next Isaac Gates’s are some young Crab apple trees and young Pine trees in the old field of all sizes. And in the Branch of Hell hole betwn. the [[gate|Gate]] & its mouth are a number of very fine young Poplars—Locusts— Sasafras and Dogwood. Some Maple Trees on high ground & 2 or 3 [[shrub|Shrubs]] (in wet ground) wch. I take to be of the Fringe tree. . . .
+: “At the Sein Landing & between that & the point at the old Brick kiln I found about half a dozn. young Elm trees, but not very promising ones. Many thriving ash trees on high (at least dry) ground of proper size for transplanting and a great abundance of the red-bud of all sizes. In the field which I bought of Barry & Miss Wade along the drain, & prongs of it, are one or two more; but rather of large size—but in the latter (a prong of the drain in Barry’s field) there are great abundance of the white thorn (now full of the red Berries in clusters). Within the [[meadow|Meadow]] [[fence]] at the Mill, & within that Inclosure next Isaac Gates’s are some young Crab apple trees and young Pine trees in the old field of all sizes. And in the Branch of Hell hole betwn. the [[gate|Gate]] & its mouth are a number of very fine young Poplars—Locusts— Sasafras and Dogwood. Some Maple Trees on high ground & 2 or 3 [[shrub|Shrubs]] (in wet ground) wch. I take to be of the Fringe tree. . .
-: “[March 17] Laid out a [[walk]] for the '''Wilderness''' intended on the South of the Serpentine road on the left. . . .
+: “[March 17] Laid out a [[walk]] for the '''Wilderness''' intended on the South of the Serpentine road on the left. . .
-: “[March 18] I went to my Dogue run [[plantation|Plantation]] to make choice of the size, & to direct the taking up of Pine trees, for my two '''wildernesses'''. Brought 3 waggon load of them home, and planted every other hole round the [[walk|Walk]]s in them. Began with that on the right, which was planted before the wet fell, & better planted; that is with more pains the other (on the left) being hurried more and the ground wet and sticky. . . .
+: “[March 18] I went to my Dogue run [[plantation|Plantation]] to make choice of the size, & to direct the taking up of Pine trees, for my two '''wildernesses'''. Brought 3 waggon load of them home, and planted every other hole round the [[walk|Walk]]s in them. Began with that on the right, which was planted before the wet fell, & better planted; that is with more pains the other (on the left) being hurried more and the ground wet and sticky. . .
-: “[March 21] Staked up the largest of my Trees in the [[avenue]]s and '''Wilderness''' and [[shrubbery|Shrubberies]] to day, which from the softness of the ground & impression made on them by the Wind were leaning. . . .
+: “[March 21] Staked up the largest of my Trees in the [[avenue]]s and '''Wilderness''' and [[shrubbery|Shrubberies]] to day, which from the softness of the ground & impression made on them by the Wind were leaning. . .
-: “[March 22] Mrs. Grayson sent me 8 Yew & 4 Aspan trees & Colo. Mason some Cherry Grafts. Planted the intermediate holes round the [[walk|Walk]] in the '''Wilderness''' on the right and filled the spaces between with young Pines. . . .
+: “[March 22] Mrs. Grayson sent me 8 Yew & 4 Aspan trees & Colo. Mason some Cherry Grafts. Planted the intermediate holes round the [[walk|Walk]] in the '''Wilderness''' on the right and filled the spaces between with young Pines. . .
 : “[March 24] Finding the Trees round the [[walk|Walk]]s in my '''wildernesses''' rather too thin I doubled them by putting (other Pine) trees between each.
 : “Laid off the [[walk|Walk]]s in my [[grove|Grove]]s, at each end of the House.”
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 * [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], October 1847, describing [[Montgomery Place]], country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, NY (quoted in Haley 1988: 47–48)<ref>Jacquetta M. Haley, ed., ''Pleasure Grounds: Andrew Jackson Downing and Montgomery Place'' (Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Press, 1988), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SSZXJFSC view on Zotero].</ref>
-: “Leaving the morning walk, we enter at once into ‘The '''Wilderness'''.’ This is a large and long wooded valley. It is broad, and much varied in surface, swelling into deep ravines, and spreading into wide hollows. In its lowest depths runs a large stream of water, that has, in portions, all the volume and swiftness of a mountain torrent. But the peculiarity of ‘The '''Wilderness''',’ is in the depth and massiveness of its foliage. It is covered with the native growth of trees, thick, dark and shadowy, so that once plunged in its recesses, you can easily imagine yourself in the depths of an old forest, far away from the haunts of civilization. . . .
+: “Leaving the morning walk, we enter at once into ‘The '''Wilderness'''.’ This is a large and long wooded valley. It is broad, and much varied in surface, swelling into deep ravines, and spreading into wide hollows. In its lowest depths runs a large stream of water, that has, in portions, all the volume and swiftness of a mountain torrent. But the peculiarity of ‘The '''Wilderness''',’ is in the depth and massiveness of its foliage. It is covered with the native growth of trees, thick, dark and shadowy, so that once plunged in its recesses, you can easily imagine yourself in the depths of an old forest, far away from the haunts of civilization. . .
 : “But the '''Wilderness''' is by no means savage in the aspect of its beauty; on the contrary, here as elsewhere in this demesne, are evidences, in every improvement, of a fine appreciation of the natural charms of the locality. The whole of this richly wooded valley is threaded with [[walk]]s, ingeniously and naturally conducted so as to penetrate to all the most interesting points; while a great variety of [[Rustic_style|rustic]] [[seat]]s, formed beneath the trees, in deep secluded [[thicket]]s, by the side of the swift rushing stream, or on some inviting [[eminence]], enables one fully to enjoy them.” [See Fig. 4]
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