Washington Square (Philadelphia, PA) - Revision history

M-westerby at 19:57, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T19:57:32Z

M-westerby at 19:56, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T19:56:38Z

V-Federici at 15:58, December 21, 2020

2020-12-21T15:58:07Z

V-Federici at 15:57, December 21, 2020

2020-12-21T15:57:04Z

V-Federici at 15:55, December 21, 2020

2020-12-21T15:55:45Z

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-21T15:54:07Z

Other Resources

V-Federici at 17:57, November 17, 2020

2020-11-17T17:57:14Z

V-Federici at 17:54, November 17, 2020

2020-11-17T17:54:48Z

V-Federici at 14:56, August 4, 2020

2020-08-04T14:56:13Z

A-Whitlock at 20:43, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T20:43:09Z

@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 |External link URL=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh93000671
 |External link text=LOC
 }}
 }}
@@ Line 185: / Line 191: @@
 Image:0903.jpg|M. Schmitz (artist), Thomas S. Sinclair (lithographer), John B. Colahan (surveyor), “Map of Washington [[Square]], Philadelphia,” 1843.
 </gallery>
 <hr>

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, August 30, 2021
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		+	{{Place
		+	\|Alternate names=Southeast Square; Potter’s Field
		+	\|Established Present=No
		+	\|Established Date=1682
		+	\|Established Circa=No
		+	\|Established Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Established Questionable=No
		+	\|Established HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Established Present End=No
		+	\|Established Circa End=No
		+	\|Established Questionable End=No
		+	\|Through Present=Yes
		+	\|Through Circa=No
		+	\|Through Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Through Questionable=No
		+	\|Through HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Through Present End=No
		+	\|Through Circa End=No
		+	\|Through Questionable End=No
		+	\|Location=Philadelphia, PA
		+	\|Coordinates=39.94724, -75.15133
		+	\|Geolocation link=coordinates
		+	\|Condition=Extant
		+	\|Keywords=Cemetery/Burying ground/Burial ground; Fence; Promenade; Seat; Square; Walk
		+	\|Site owners={{Site owner
		+	\|Name=City of Philadelphia
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=National Park Service
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	\|Associated people={{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Thomas Holme
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=George Bridport
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=George Vaux
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	\|Other resources={{ExternalLink
		+	\|External link URL=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh93000671
		+	\|External link text=LOC
		+	}}
		+	}}
	Washington Square, originally called Southeast Square, was one of five open spaces incorporated into William Penn’s original plan for the city of Philadelphia in 1683. It was primarily a grazing pasture and potter’s field—as well as an important site of both celebration and mourning for Philadelphia’s African American community—until 1794. In that year the city began to return the site to its original role as a public square, with the inclusion of [[walk\|walks]] and an extensive variety of trees. Philadelphia’s Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to the city’s squares in 1815, and proposed renaming them in honor of celebrated Americans, with Southeast Square rechristened Washington Square in honor of the country’s first president.		Washington Square, originally called Southeast Square, was one of five open spaces incorporated into William Penn’s original plan for the city of Philadelphia in 1683. It was primarily a grazing pasture and potter’s field—as well as an important site of both celebration and mourning for Philadelphia’s African American community—until 1794. In that year the city began to return the site to its original role as a public square, with the inclusion of [[walk\|walks]] and an extensive variety of trees. Philadelphia’s Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to the city’s squares in 1815, and proposed renaming them in honor of celebrated Americans, with Southeast Square rechristened Washington Square in honor of the country’s first president.
−
−	~~==Overview==~~
−	~~'''Alternate Names:''' Southeast Square; Potter’s Field {{break}}~~
−	~~'''Site Dates:''' 1682–present {{break}}~~
−	~~'''Site Owner(s):''' City of Philadelphia; National Park Service{{break}}~~
−	~~'''Associated People:''' Thomas Holme (d. 1695); George Bridport (1783–1819); George Vaux (1779–1836) {{break}}~~
−	~~'''Location:''' Philadelphia, PA<br/>~~
−	~~'''Condition:''' extant<br/>~~
−	~~[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Washington+Square+Park/@39.9472354,-75.1513297,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x5e718fbcd1ea571e View on Google maps]~~

	<hr>		<hr>

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 [[File:0901.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 3, George Bridport, “Alternative designs for Washington Monument, Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1816.]]
-By 1794, Philadelphia’s municipal councils determined to improve Southeast Square by removing the [[burying ground]], enclosing the site with a border [[fence]], and planting Lombardy poplars.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. See also the entry for “Trees” in ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia'', which highlights the importance of the Lombardy poplar as one of George Washington’s favorite trees. See [http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2].</ref> Though no longer used for burials, the site continued to be used for livestock, with a cattle market operating on the west side of the square between 1797 and 1815.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero].</ref> In 1815 and 1816, the Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to Philadelphia’s squares and proposed renaming its four smaller squares in honor of celebrated Americans. This led to George Bridport’s 1816 plan for the site, which was renamed Washington Square in honor of the United States’ first president [Fig. 2].<ref>Elizabeth Milroy, “Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800–1850,” ''Change Over Time'' 1:1 (Spring 2011): 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4VUAK4JG view on Zotero]. Southeast Square was known as Washington Square as early as 1818, but it was not officially renamed until 1825.</ref> Bridport, a London-born, Philadelphia-based artist and architect, developed a plan for the site featuring two circular [[promenade|promenades]] and a central plaza to accommodate a memorial to George Washington, for which the Society of the Cincinnati had begun to solicit funds as early as 1810.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. Numerous advertisements in the ''Democratic Press'', ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'', and ''Relfs Philadelphia Gazette'' began to appear in 1810, announcing a lottery to raise funds for the Washington monument.</ref> Bridport developed two separate designs for the proposed monument: the first a domed [[temple]] flanked by [[obelisk|obelisks]], and the second a figurative statue framed by an [[arch]] [Fig. 3]. The executed design for Washington Square differed somewhat from Bridport’s original plan, as shown in an 1843 map, though it retained a circular [[promenade]] [Fig. 4]. The monument to George Washington never came to fruition, despite the efforts of the Society of the Cincinnati and proposals by Bridport and others, including the sculptor Henrico Caucici and the architect William Strickland.<ref>Caucici proposed his model of an equestrian statue as the design for the Washington monument; see ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' (November 20, 1816), p. 3.</ref>
+By 1794, Philadelphia’s municipal councils determined to improve Southeast Square by removing the [[burying ground]], enclosing the site with a border [[fence]], and planting Lombardy poplars.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. See also the entry for “Trees” in ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia'', which highlights the importance of the Lombardy poplar as one of George Washington’s favorite trees. http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2.</ref> Though no longer used for burials, the site continued to be used for livestock, with a cattle market operating on the west side of the square between 1797 and 1815.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero].</ref> In 1815 and 1816, the Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to Philadelphia’s squares and proposed renaming its four smaller squares in honor of celebrated Americans. This led to George Bridport’s 1816 plan for the site, which was renamed Washington Square in honor of the United States’ first president [Fig. 2].<ref>Elizabeth Milroy, “Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800–1850,” ''Change Over Time'' 1:1 (Spring 2011): 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4VUAK4JG view on Zotero]. Southeast Square was known as Washington Square as early as 1818, but it was not officially renamed until 1825.</ref> Bridport, a London-born, Philadelphia-based artist and architect, developed a plan for the site featuring two circular [[promenade|promenades]] and a central plaza to accommodate a memorial to George Washington, for which the Society of the Cincinnati had begun to solicit funds as early as 1810.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. Numerous advertisements in the ''Democratic Press'', ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'', and ''Relfs Philadelphia Gazette'' began to appear in 1810, announcing a lottery to raise funds for the Washington monument.</ref> Bridport developed two separate designs for the proposed monument: the first a domed [[temple]] flanked by [[obelisk|obelisks]], and the second a figurative statue framed by an [[arch]] [Fig. 3]. The executed design for Washington Square differed somewhat from Bridport’s original plan, as shown in an 1843 map, though it retained a circular [[promenade]] [Fig. 4]. The monument to George Washington never came to fruition, despite the efforts of the Society of the Cincinnati and proposals by Bridport and others, including the sculptor Henrico Caucici and the architect William Strickland.<ref>Caucici proposed his model of an equestrian statue as the design for the Washington monument; see ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' (November 20, 1816), p. 3.</ref>
 [[File:0903.jpg|thumbnail|left|Fig. 4, M. Schmitz (artist), Thomas S. Sinclair (lithographer), John B. Colahan (surveyor), “Map of Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1843.]]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 [[File:0901.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 3, George Bridport, “Alternative designs for Washington Monument, Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1816.]]
-By 1794, Philadelphia’s municipal councils determined to improve Southeast Square by removing the [[burying ground]], enclosing the site with a border [[fence]], and planting Lombardy poplars.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. See also the entry for “Trees” in ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia'', which highlights the importance of the Lombardy poplar as one of George Washington’s favorite trees, <ref>See [http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2].</ref> Though no longer used for burials, the site continued to be used for livestock, with a cattle market operating on the west side of the square between 1797 and 1815.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero].</ref> In 1815 and 1816, the Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to Philadelphia’s squares and proposed renaming its four smaller squares in honor of celebrated Americans. This led to George Bridport’s 1816 plan for the site, which was renamed Washington Square in honor of the United States’ first president [Fig. 2].<ref>Elizabeth Milroy, “Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800–1850,” ''Change Over Time'' 1:1 (Spring 2011): 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4VUAK4JG view on Zotero]. Southeast Square was known as Washington Square as early as 1818, but it was not officially renamed until 1825.</ref> Bridport, a London-born, Philadelphia-based artist and architect, developed a plan for the site featuring two circular [[promenade|promenades]] and a central plaza to accommodate a memorial to George Washington, for which the Society of the Cincinnati had begun to solicit funds as early as 1810.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. Numerous advertisements in the ''Democratic Press'', ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'', and ''Relfs Philadelphia Gazette'' began to appear in 1810, announcing a lottery to raise funds for the Washington monument.</ref> Bridport developed two separate designs for the proposed monument: the first a domed [[temple]] flanked by [[obelisk|obelisks]], and the second a figurative statue framed by an [[arch]] [Fig. 3]. The executed design for Washington Square differed somewhat from Bridport’s original plan, as shown in an 1843 map, though it retained a circular [[promenade]] [Fig. 4]. The monument to George Washington never came to fruition, despite the efforts of the Society of the Cincinnati and proposals by Bridport and others, including the sculptor Henrico Caucici and the architect William Strickland.<ref>Caucici proposed his model of an equestrian statue as the design for the Washington monument; see ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' (November 20, 1816), p. 3.</ref>
+By 1794, Philadelphia’s municipal councils determined to improve Southeast Square by removing the [[burying ground]], enclosing the site with a border [[fence]], and planting Lombardy poplars.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. See also the entry for “Trees” in ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia'', which highlights the importance of the Lombardy poplar as one of George Washington’s favorite trees. See [http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2].</ref> Though no longer used for burials, the site continued to be used for livestock, with a cattle market operating on the west side of the square between 1797 and 1815.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero].</ref> In 1815 and 1816, the Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to Philadelphia’s squares and proposed renaming its four smaller squares in honor of celebrated Americans. This led to George Bridport’s 1816 plan for the site, which was renamed Washington Square in honor of the United States’ first president [Fig. 2].<ref>Elizabeth Milroy, “Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800–1850,” ''Change Over Time'' 1:1 (Spring 2011): 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4VUAK4JG view on Zotero]. Southeast Square was known as Washington Square as early as 1818, but it was not officially renamed until 1825.</ref> Bridport, a London-born, Philadelphia-based artist and architect, developed a plan for the site featuring two circular [[promenade|promenades]] and a central plaza to accommodate a memorial to George Washington, for which the Society of the Cincinnati had begun to solicit funds as early as 1810.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. Numerous advertisements in the ''Democratic Press'', ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'', and ''Relfs Philadelphia Gazette'' began to appear in 1810, announcing a lottery to raise funds for the Washington monument.</ref> Bridport developed two separate designs for the proposed monument: the first a domed [[temple]] flanked by [[obelisk|obelisks]], and the second a figurative statue framed by an [[arch]] [Fig. 3]. The executed design for Washington Square differed somewhat from Bridport’s original plan, as shown in an 1843 map, though it retained a circular [[promenade]] [Fig. 4]. The monument to George Washington never came to fruition, despite the efforts of the Society of the Cincinnati and proposals by Bridport and others, including the sculptor Henrico Caucici and the architect William Strickland.<ref>Caucici proposed his model of an equestrian statue as the design for the Washington monument; see ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' (November 20, 1816), p. 3.</ref>
 [[File:0903.jpg|thumbnail|left|Fig. 4, M. Schmitz (artist), Thomas S. Sinclair (lithographer), John B. Colahan (surveyor), “Map of Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1843.]]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 [[File:0901.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 3, George Bridport, “Alternative designs for Washington Monument, Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1816.]]
-By 1794, Philadelphia’s municipal councils determined to improve Southeast Square by removing the [[burying ground]], enclosing the site with a border [[fence]], and planting Lombardy poplars.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. See also the entry for “Trees” in ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia'', which highlights the importance of the Lombardy poplar as one of George Washington’s favorite trees, <http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/>.</ref> Though no longer used for burials, the site continued to be used for livestock, with a cattle market operating on the west side of the square between 1797 and 1815.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero].</ref> In 1815 and 1816, the Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to Philadelphia’s squares and proposed renaming its four smaller squares in honor of celebrated Americans. This led to George Bridport’s 1816 plan for the site, which was renamed Washington Square in honor of the United States’ first president [Fig. 2].<ref>Elizabeth Milroy, “Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800–1850,” ''Change Over Time'' 1:1 (Spring 2011): 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4VUAK4JG view on Zotero]. Southeast Square was known as Washington Square as early as 1818, but it was not officially renamed until 1825.</ref> Bridport, a London-born, Philadelphia-based artist and architect, developed a plan for the site featuring two circular [[promenade|promenades]] and a central plaza to accommodate a memorial to George Washington, for which the Society of the Cincinnati had begun to solicit funds as early as 1810.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. Numerous advertisements in the ''Democratic Press'', ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'', and ''Relfs Philadelphia Gazette'' began to appear in 1810, announcing a lottery to raise funds for the Washington monument.</ref> Bridport developed two separate designs for the proposed monument: the first a domed [[temple]] flanked by [[obelisk|obelisks]], and the second a figurative statue framed by an [[arch]] [Fig. 3]. The executed design for Washington Square differed somewhat from Bridport’s original plan, as shown in an 1843 map, though it retained a circular [[promenade]] [Fig. 4]. The monument to George Washington never came to fruition, despite the efforts of the Society of the Cincinnati and proposals by Bridport and others, including the sculptor Henrico Caucici and the architect William Strickland.<ref>Caucici proposed his model of an equestrian statue as the design for the Washington monument; see ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' (November 20, 1816), p. 3.</ref>
+By 1794, Philadelphia’s municipal councils determined to improve Southeast Square by removing the [[burying ground]], enclosing the site with a border [[fence]], and planting Lombardy poplars.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. See also the entry for “Trees” in ''The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia'', which highlights the importance of the Lombardy poplar as one of George Washington’s favorite trees, <ref>See [http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2].</ref> Though no longer used for burials, the site continued to be used for livestock, with a cattle market operating on the west side of the square between 1797 and 1815.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero].</ref> In 1815 and 1816, the Select and Common Councils appointed a committee to oversee improvements to Philadelphia’s squares and proposed renaming its four smaller squares in honor of celebrated Americans. This led to George Bridport’s 1816 plan for the site, which was renamed Washington Square in honor of the United States’ first president [Fig. 2].<ref>Elizabeth Milroy, “Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800–1850,” ''Change Over Time'' 1:1 (Spring 2011): 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/4VUAK4JG view on Zotero]. Southeast Square was known as Washington Square as early as 1818, but it was not officially renamed until 1825.</ref> Bridport, a London-born, Philadelphia-based artist and architect, developed a plan for the site featuring two circular [[promenade|promenades]] and a central plaza to accommodate a memorial to George Washington, for which the Society of the Cincinnati had begun to solicit funds as early as 1810.<ref>''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 1.35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]. Numerous advertisements in the ''Democratic Press'', ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'', and ''Relfs Philadelphia Gazette'' began to appear in 1810, announcing a lottery to raise funds for the Washington monument.</ref> Bridport developed two separate designs for the proposed monument: the first a domed [[temple]] flanked by [[obelisk|obelisks]], and the second a figurative statue framed by an [[arch]] [Fig. 3]. The executed design for Washington Square differed somewhat from Bridport’s original plan, as shown in an 1843 map, though it retained a circular [[promenade]] [Fig. 4]. The monument to George Washington never came to fruition, despite the efforts of the Society of the Cincinnati and proposals by Bridport and others, including the sculptor Henrico Caucici and the architect William Strickland.<ref>Caucici proposed his model of an equestrian statue as the design for the Washington monument; see ''Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser'' (November 20, 1816), p. 3.</ref>
 [[File:0903.jpg|thumbnail|left|Fig. 4, M. Schmitz (artist), Thomas S. Sinclair (lithographer), John B. Colahan (surveyor), “Map of Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1843.]]

@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/washington-square-pa?destination=search-results The Cultural Landscape Foundation]
-[https://www.nps.gov/inde/learn/historyculture/places-washingtonsquare.htm National Park Service]
+[https://www.nps.gov/inde/learn/historyculture/places-washingtonsquare.htm Washington Square (National Park Service)]
 <hr>

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:0144.jpg|thumbnail|left|Fig. 1, Thomas Holme, “A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania,” 1681.]]
+[[File:0144.jpg|thumbnail|left|Fig. 1, Thomas Holme, “A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania,” 1683.]]
 The 1683 plan for the city of Philadelphia, devised by William Penn and his surveyor, Thomas Holme, featured five public squares—one in the city’s center, and one in each of its four quadrants—which were intended to preserve the health and well-being of “this greene country town” and its inhabitants [Fig. 1]. The Southeast Square, however, soon began to serve other purposes; as early as 1706 it was leased as grazing pasture and was also designated a [[burying ground]] for strangers and the poor, later serving as an interment site for Revolutionary War soldiers and victims of Philadelphia’s 1793 yellow fever epidemic. It also became an important locus for free and enslaved African Americans, who used the square as both a [[cemetery]] and a place of celebration.<ref>Bill Double, ''Philadelphia’s Washington Square'' (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 8–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/8JWSTAP2 view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:0144.jpg|Thomas Holme, “A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania,” 1681.
+Image:0144.jpg|Thomas Holme, “A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania,” 1683.
 Image:0902.jpg|George Bridport, “Design for Washington Monument, Washington [[Square]], Philadelphia,” 1816.

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 *Shippen, William, Jr., December 18, 1787, in a letter to Thomas Lee Shippen<ref>Quoted in ''Cultural Landscape Report'' 2010, 2.19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/H4XK5UWA view on Zotero]</ref>
-:" . . . the negroes have determined to watch all who are buried in the Potters field . . . on Saturday night with the assistance of six invalids with muskets [the exhumers] beat off the negroes and obtained a corps. I lodged it in the Theater. The resolute impertinent blacks broke open ye house stole ye subject and reburied it.”
+:" . . . the negroes have determined to watch all who are buried in the Potters field. . . on Saturday night with the assistance of six invalids with muskets [the exhumers] beat off the negroes and obtained a corps. I lodged it in the Theater. The resolute impertinent blacks broke open ye house stole ye subject and reburied it.”
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 * Trollope, Frances Milton, 1830, describing Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA (1832: 2:48&ndash;49)<ref>Frances Trollope, ''Domestic Manners of the Americans'', 3rd ed., 2 vols. (London: Wittaker, Treacher, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T5RXDF7G view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“Near this enclosure [at the State House] is another of much the same description, called Washington Square. Here there was an excellent crop of clover; but as the trees are numerous, and highly beautiful, and several commodious [[seat]]s are placed beneath their shade, it is, spite of the long grass, a very agreeable retreat from heat and dust. It was rarely, however, that I saw any of these [[seat]]s occupied; the Americans have either no leisure, or no inclination for those moments of ''delassement'' that all other people, I believe, indulge in. . . . it is nevertheless the nearest approach to a London [[square]] that is to be found in Philadelphia.”
+:“Near this enclosure [at the State House] is another of much the same description, called Washington Square. Here there was an excellent crop of clover; but as the trees are numerous, and highly beautiful, and several commodious [[seat]]s are placed beneath their shade, it is, spite of the long grass, a very agreeable retreat from heat and dust. It was rarely, however, that I saw any of these [[seat]]s occupied; the Americans have either no leisure, or no inclination for those moments of ''delassement'' that all other people, I believe, indulge in. . . it is nevertheless the nearest approach to a London [[square]] that is to be found in Philadelphia.”
 * Trego, Charles, 1843, describing Philadelphia, PA (1843: 318&ndash;19)<ref>Charles B. Trego, ''A Geography of Pennsylvania'' (Philadelphia: Edward C. Biddle, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HC6JKU7N view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“''Public [[Square]]s''.—It is to the wise and liberal foresight of the great founder of Pennsylvania that we owe most of the public [[square]]s which now ornament our city. In the original plan, as laid out by Thomas Holmes, Penn’s surveyor general in 1682, there was to be a public [[square]] in the centre containing ten acres, and one in each quarter of the city containing eight acres. . . .
+:“''Public [[Square]]s''.—It is to the wise and liberal foresight of the great founder of Pennsylvania that we owe most of the public [[square]]s which now ornament our city. In the original plan, as laid out by Thomas Holmes, Penn’s surveyor general in 1682, there was to be a public [[square]] in the centre containing ten acres, and one in each quarter of the city containing eight acres. . .
-:“Washington [[square]], on Sixth street between Walnut and Locust, was for many years used as a public [[burial ground]] for the poor and for strangers, under the name of the Potters’ field. . . . Its improvement as a public [[square]] commenced in 1815, when a variety of trees were planted, gravel [[walk]]s laid out, and other steps taken which have led to its present attractive appearance. It is intended to erect, in the centre of this [[square]], a monument to the memory of Washington; the cornerstone having been laid with due ceremony at the celebration of his birth day, on the 22nd of February, 1833.”
+:“Washington [[square]], on Sixth street between Walnut and Locust, was for many years used as a public [[burial ground]] for the poor and for strangers, under the name of the Potters’ field. . . Its improvement as a public [[square]] commenced in 1815, when a variety of trees were planted, gravel [[walk]]s laid out, and other steps taken which have led to its present attractive appearance. It is intended to erect, in the centre of this [[square]], a monument to the memory of Washington; the cornerstone having been laid with due ceremony at the celebration of his birth day, on the 22nd of February, 1833.”
 * [[J. C. Loudon|Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)]], 1850, describing public gardens (1850: 332&ndash;33)<ref>J. C. Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“856. ''Public Gardens''. . . .
+:“856. ''Public Gardens''. . .
 :“''[[Promenade]] at Philadelphia''. There is a very pretty enclosure before the walnut tree entrance to the state-house, with good well-kept gravel [[walk]]s, and many beautiful flowering trees. It is laid down in grass, not in turf; which indeed, Mrs. Trollope observes, ‘is a luxury she never saw in America.’ Near this enclosure is another of a similar description, called Washington Square, which has numerous trees, with commodious seats placed beneath their shade.”
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
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-Image:0902.jpg|George Bridport, “Design for Washington Monument, Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1816.
+Image:0902.jpg|George Bridport, “Design for Washington Monument, Washington [[Square]], Philadelphia,” 1816.
-Image:0901.jpg|George Bridport, “Alternative designs for Washington Monument, Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1816.
+Image:0901.jpg|George Bridport, “Alternative designs for Washington Monument, Washington [[Square]], Philadelphia,” 1816.
-Image:1141_top.jpg|Anonymous, “Map of Washington Square” [detail], c. 1835&ndash;40.
+Image:1141_top.jpg|Anonymous, “Map of Washington [[Square]]” [detail], c. 1835&ndash;40.
-Image:1141_bottom.jpg|Anonymous, “Map of Washington Square” [detail], c. 1835&ndash;40.
+Image:1141_bottom.jpg|Anonymous, “Map of Washington [[Square]]” [detail], c. 1835&ndash;40.
-Image:0903.jpg|M. Schmitz (artist), Thomas S. Sinclair (lithographer), John B. Colahan (surveyor), “Map of Washington Square, Philadelphia,” 1843.
+Image:0903.jpg|M. Schmitz (artist), Thomas S. Sinclair (lithographer), John B. Colahan (surveyor), “Map of Washington [[Square]], Philadelphia,” 1843.
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