Washington Monument (Washington, DC) - Revision history

M-westerby at 19:52, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T19:52:01Z

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-21T15:51:42Z

Other Resources

V-Federici at 14:54, August 4, 2020

2020-08-04T14:54:26Z

M-Westerby: /* Images */

2020-05-06T14:26:25Z

Images

M-Westerby: /* History */

2020-04-08T19:21:25Z

History

L-Baradel: /* Overview */

2019-12-30T19:14:37Z

Overview

Bchristen at 20:22, September 16, 2018

2018-09-16T20:22:48Z

Bchristen at 20:17, September 16, 2018

2018-09-16T20:17:57Z

Bchristen: caption clean up

2018-09-16T20:15:43Z

caption clean up

Bchristen: condition redux and overview clean up

2018-08-16T18:42:09Z

condition redux and overview clean up

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 The '''Washington Monument''' is a towering [[obelisk]] on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, DC, that was erected as a memorial to George Washington (1732&ndash;1799), commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of the United States.
 <hr>
@@ Line 80: / Line 155: @@
 Image:0042.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Smith Jr., ''Washington, DC, with projected improvements'', c. 1852.
 </gallery>
 <hr>

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 ==Other Resources==
-[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2001006472.html Library of Congress Authority File]
+[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86000926 Library of Congress Authority File]
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/washington-monument?destination=search-results The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Washington Monument''' is a towering [[obelisk]] on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, DC, that was erected as a memorial to [[George Washington]] (1732&ndash;1799), commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of the United States.
+The '''Washington Monument''' is a towering [[obelisk]] on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, DC, that was erected as a memorial to George Washington (1732&ndash;1799), commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of the United States.
 ==Overview==
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:0830.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Robert Mills, Details of the Washington Monument for Mr. Daugherty, Superintendent of the Work, Washington, DC, October 24, 1848.]]
-Although plans for the monument began during [[George Washington|Washington]]’s lifetime, construction was delayed until several decades after his death as a result of protracted debate over the intentions, location, and design most fitting for this key emblem of the new nation.<ref>Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, DC, the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 36&ndash;60, 118&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Rubil Morales-Vázquez, “Imagining Washington: Monuments and Nation Building in the Early Capital,” ''Washington History'' 12, no. 1 (Spring–Summer 2000): 14&ndash;17, 22&ndash;24; 28&ndash;29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781&ndash;1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 265&ndash;68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, “The Self-Made Monument: George Washington and the Fight to Erect a National Memorial,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 22, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 225&ndash;42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; Robert Belmont Freeman Jr., “Design Proposals for the Washington National Monument,” ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society'' 49 (1973/74): 151–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NFB7I9D view on Zotero].</ref>
+Although plans for the monument began during Washington’s lifetime, construction was delayed until several decades after his death as a result of protracted debate over the intentions, location, and design most fitting for this key emblem of the new nation.<ref>Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, DC, the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 36&ndash;60, 118&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Rubil Morales-Vázquez, “Imagining Washington: Monuments and Nation Building in the Early Capital,” ''Washington History'' 12, no. 1 (Spring–Summer 2000): 14&ndash;17, 22&ndash;24; 28&ndash;29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781&ndash;1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 265&ndash;68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, “The Self-Made Monument: George Washington and the Fight to Erect a National Memorial,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 22, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 225&ndash;42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; Robert Belmont Freeman Jr., “Design Proposals for the Washington National Monument,” ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society'' 49 (1973/74): 151–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NFB7I9D view on Zotero].</ref>
 The initial plan for the monument, authorized by the Continental Congress in 1783, was for a bronze equestrian [[statue]] with “the general to be represented in Roman dress, holding a truncheon in his right hand.”<ref>Savage 1987, 227, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero].</ref> The [[statue]] and its support (a marble pedestal ornamented with bas-relief panels representing scenes from the Revolutionary War) were to occupy a central position at the convergence of two central axes in [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]]’s 1791 plan of Washington, DC, and would be “executed by the best Artist in Europe, under the superintendence of the Minister of the United States at the Court of Versailles.”<ref>Morales-Vázquez 2000, 14 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Savage 1987, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero].</ref>
-After [[George Washington|Washington]]’s death in 1799, Congress debated alternative schemes for the monument, including a grand mausoleum enshrining the President’s remains.<ref>Savage 2005, 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 220&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Morales-Vázquez 2000, 23&ndash;24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero].</ref> Finally, in 1833, a group of private citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society for the purpose of erecting a memorial “whose dimensions and magnificence shall be commensurate with the greatness and gratitude of the nation which gave him birth [and] whose splendor will be without parallel in the world.”<ref>Pamela Scott, “Robert Mills and American Monuments,” in ''Robert Mills, Architect'', ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 157, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero].</ref> In 1845 the Society accepted a design submitted by the American architect [[Robert Mills]], whose previous memorial projects included a [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|monument to Washington]] in the city of Baltimore. Returning to an architectural form he had suggested for the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in 1825, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] proposed a 600-foot Egyptian-style marble [[obelisk]] encircled by a colonnaded Greek [[temple]] replete with statuary, ornamental relief sculptures, and murals representing historical events.<ref>Bryan 2001, 290&ndash;91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Liscombe 1994, 260&ndash;63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Scott 1989, 158&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 50&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero].</ref>
+After Washington’s death in 1799, Congress debated alternative schemes for the monument, including a grand mausoleum enshrining the President’s remains.<ref>Savage 2005, 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 220&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Morales-Vázquez 2000, 23&ndash;24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero].</ref> Finally, in 1833, a group of private citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society for the purpose of erecting a memorial “whose dimensions and magnificence shall be commensurate with the greatness and gratitude of the nation which gave him birth [and] whose splendor will be without parallel in the world.”<ref>Pamela Scott, “Robert Mills and American Monuments,” in ''Robert Mills, Architect'', ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 157, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero].</ref> In 1845 the Society accepted a design submitted by the American architect [[Robert Mills]], whose previous memorial projects included a [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|monument to Washington]] in the city of Baltimore. Returning to an architectural form he had suggested for the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in 1825, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] proposed a 600-foot Egyptian-style marble [[obelisk]] encircled by a colonnaded Greek [[temple]] replete with statuary, ornamental relief sculptures, and murals representing historical events.<ref>Bryan 2001, 290&ndash;91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Liscombe 1994, 260&ndash;63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Scott 1989, 158&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 50&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero].</ref>
 Construction began in 1848 but came to a halt from 1854 to 1877 owing to lack of funds, the Civil War, and other difficulties. By then, [[Robert Mills|Mills]]’s design had been radically simplified for aesthetic as well as financial reasons [Fig. 1]. When construction resumed under the supervision of Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey (1831&ndash;1896) of the Army Corps of Engineers, all decorative elements and inscriptions were eliminated and the height of the monument was scaled back to just over 555 feet, 5 inches.<ref>Savage 2005, 107, 112&ndash;17, 123&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero].</ref> Nevertheless, upon completion in 1884, the Washington Monument was the tallest built structure in the world and it remains the tallest building in Washington, DC<ref>“History & Culture,” Washington Monument web page, [http://www.nps.gov/wamo/historyculture/index.htm National Park Service].</ref>
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 :“Through the base of the great circle of the balustrade are four apertures at the four cardinal points, leading outside of the balustrade, upon the top of the main cornice, where a gallery 6 feet wide and 750 feet in circumference encircles the whole, enclosed by an ornamental guard, forming the crowning member on the top of the tholus of the main cornice of the grand colonnade. Within the thickness of this wall, staircases descend to a lower gallery over the plafond of the proanos of the colonnade lighted from above. This gallery, which extends all round the colonnade, is 20 feet wide&mdash;divided into rooms for the records of the monument, works of art, or studios for artists engaged in the service of the Monument. Two other ways communicate with this gallery from below.
-:“In the centre of the grand [[terrace]] above described, rises the lofty [[obelisk]] shaft of the Monument, 50 feet square at the base, and 500 feet high, diminishing as it rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet square; at the foot of this shaft and on each face project four massive zocles 25 feet high, supporting so many colossal symbolic tripods of victory 20 feet high, surmounted by fascial columns with their symbols of authority. These zocle faces are embellished with inscriptions, which are continued around the entire base of the shaft, and occupy the surface of that part of the shaft between the tripods. On each face of the shaft above this is sculptured the four leading events in [[George Washington|General Washington’s]] eventful career, in basso relievo, and above this the shaft is perfectly plain to within 50 feet of its summit, where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the glory which the name of WASHINGTON has attained.
+:“In the centre of the grand [[terrace]] above described, rises the lofty [[obelisk]] shaft of the Monument, 50 feet square at the base, and 500 feet high, diminishing as it rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet square; at the foot of this shaft and on each face project four massive zocles 25 feet high, supporting so many colossal symbolic tripods of victory 20 feet high, surmounted by fascial columns with their symbols of authority. These zocle faces are embellished with inscriptions, which are continued around the entire base of the shaft, and occupy the surface of that part of the shaft between the tripods. On each face of the shaft above this is sculptured the four leading events in General Washington’s eventful career, in basso relievo, and above this the shaft is perfectly plain to within 50 feet of its summit, where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the glory which the name of WASHINGTON has attained.
 :“To ascend to the summit of the [[column]], the same facilities as below are provided within the shaft, by an easy graded gallery, which may be traversed by a railway, terminating in a circular observatory 20 feet in diameter, around which at the top is a look-out gallery, which opens a [[prospect]] all around the horizon.” [Fig. 2]

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 Image:0830.jpg|Robert Mills, Details of the Washington Monument for Mr. Daugherty, Superintendent of the Work, Washington, DC, October 24, 1848.
-Image:0428.jpg|Edward Weber, ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.
+Image:0428.jpg|Edward Weber, ''[[View]] of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.
-Image:0025.jpg|Robert P. Smith, ''View of Washington'', c. 1850.
+Image:0025.jpg|Robert P. Smith, ''[[View]] of Washington'', c. 1850.
 Image:0111.jpg|Seth Eastman, ''Washington’s Monument, Under Construction'', November 16, 1851.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:0830.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Robert Mills, “Details of the Washington Monument for Mr. Daugherty, Superintendent of the Work, Washington, DC, October 24, 1848."]]
+[[File:0830.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Robert Mills, Details of the Washington Monument for Mr. Daugherty, Superintendent of the Work, Washington, DC, October 24, 1848.]]
 Although plans for the monument began during [[George Washington|Washington]]’s lifetime, construction was delayed until several decades after his death as a result of protracted debate over the intentions, location, and design most fitting for this key emblem of the new nation.<ref>Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, DC, the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 36&ndash;60, 118&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Rubil Morales-Vázquez, “Imagining Washington: Monuments and Nation Building in the Early Capital,” ''Washington History'' 12, no. 1 (Spring–Summer 2000): 14&ndash;17, 22&ndash;24; 28&ndash;29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781&ndash;1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 265&ndash;68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, “The Self-Made Monument: George Washington and the Fight to Erect a National Memorial,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 22, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 225&ndash;42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; Robert Belmont Freeman Jr., “Design Proposals for the Washington National Monument,” ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society'' 49 (1973/74): 151–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NFB7I9D view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Overview==
-'''Site Dates:''' 1848&ndash;present<br/>
+'''Site Dates:''' 1848 to present<br/>
 '''Site Owner(s):''' National Park Service<br/>
 '''Associated People:''' [[Robert Mills]] (1781&ndash;1855, architect); Thomas Lincoln Casey (1831&ndash;1896, engineer)<br/>

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Although plans for the monument began during [[George Washington|Washington]]’s lifetime, construction was delayed until several decades after his death as a result of protracted debate over the intentions, location, and design most fitting for this key emblem of the new nation.<ref>Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, DC, the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 36&ndash;60, 118&ndash;23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Rubil Morales-Vázquez, “Imagining Washington: Monuments and Nation Building in the Early Capital,” ''Washington History'' 12, no. 1 (Spring–Summer 2000): 14&ndash;17, 22&ndash;24; 28&ndash;29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781&ndash;1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 265&ndash;68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, “The Self-Made Monument: George Washington and the Fight to Erect a National Memorial,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 22, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 225&ndash;42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; Robert Belmont Freeman Jr., “Design Proposals for the Washington National Monument,” ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society'' 49 (1973/74): 151–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NFB7I9D view on Zotero].</ref>
-The initial plan for the monument, authorized by the Continental Congress in 1783, was for a bronze equestrian [[statue]] with “the general to be represented in Roman dress, holding a truncheon in his right hand.”<ref> Savage 1987, 227,  [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero].</ref> The [[statue]] and its support (a marble pedestal ornamented with bas-relief panels representing scenes from the Revolutionary War) were to occupy a central position at the convergence of two central axes in [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]]’s 1791 plan of Washington, DC, and would be “executed by the best Artist in Europe, under the superintendence of the Minister of the United States at the Court of Versailles.”<ref>Morales-Vázquez 2000, 14 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Savage 1987, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero].</ref>
+The initial plan for the monument, authorized by the Continental Congress in 1783, was for a bronze equestrian [[statue]] with “the general to be represented in Roman dress, holding a truncheon in his right hand.”<ref>Savage 1987, 227, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero].</ref> The [[statue]] and its support (a marble pedestal ornamented with bas-relief panels representing scenes from the Revolutionary War) were to occupy a central position at the convergence of two central axes in [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]]’s 1791 plan of Washington, DC, and would be “executed by the best Artist in Europe, under the superintendence of the Minister of the United States at the Court of Versailles.”<ref>Morales-Vázquez 2000, 14 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Savage 1987, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero].</ref>
-After [[George Washington|Washington]]’s death in 1799, Congress debated alternative schemes for the monument, including a grand mausoleum enshrining the President’s remains.<ref>Savage 2005, 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 220&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Morales-Vázquez 2000, 23&ndash;24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero].</ref> Finally, in 1833, a group of private citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society for the purpose of erecting a memorial “whose dimensions and magnificence shall be commensurate with the greatness and gratitude of the nation which gave him birth [and] whose splendor will be without parallel in the world.”<ref>Pamela Scott, “Robert Mills and American Monuments,” in ''Robert Mills, Architect'', ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 157, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero].</ref> In 1845 the Society accepted a design submitted by the American architect [[Robert Mills]], whose previous memorial projects included a [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|monument to Washington]] in the city of Baltimore. Returning to an architectural form he had suggested for the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in 1825, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] proposed a 600-foot Egyptian-style marble [[obelisk]] encircled by a colonnaded Greek [[temple]] replete with statuary, ornamental relief sculptures, and murals representing historical events.<ref> Bryan 2001, 290&ndash;91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Liscombe 1994, 260&ndash;63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Scott 1989, 158&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 50&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero].</ref>
+After [[George Washington|Washington]]’s death in 1799, Congress debated alternative schemes for the monument, including a grand mausoleum enshrining the President’s remains.<ref>Savage 2005, 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 220&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Morales-Vázquez 2000, 23&ndash;24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero].</ref> Finally, in 1833, a group of private citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society for the purpose of erecting a memorial “whose dimensions and magnificence shall be commensurate with the greatness and gratitude of the nation which gave him birth [and] whose splendor will be without parallel in the world.”<ref>Pamela Scott, “Robert Mills and American Monuments,” in ''Robert Mills, Architect'', ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 157, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero].</ref> In 1845 the Society accepted a design submitted by the American architect [[Robert Mills]], whose previous memorial projects included a [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|monument to Washington]] in the city of Baltimore. Returning to an architectural form he had suggested for the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in 1825, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] proposed a 600-foot Egyptian-style marble [[obelisk]] encircled by a colonnaded Greek [[temple]] replete with statuary, ornamental relief sculptures, and murals representing historical events.<ref>Bryan 2001, 290&ndash;91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Liscombe 1994, 260&ndash;63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Scott 1989, 158&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 50&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero].</ref>
 Construction began in 1848 but came to a halt from 1854 to 1877 owing to lack of funds, the Civil War, and other difficulties. By then, [[Robert Mills|Mills]]’s design had been radically simplified for aesthetic as well as financial reasons [Fig. 1]. When construction resumed under the supervision of Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey (1831&ndash;1896) of the Army Corps of Engineers, all decorative elements and inscriptions were eliminated and the height of the monument was scaled back to just over 555 feet, 5 inches.<ref>Savage 2005, 107, 112&ndash;17, 123&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero].</ref> Nevertheless, upon completion in 1884, the Washington Monument was the tallest built structure in the world and it remains the tallest building in Washington, DC<ref>“History & Culture,” Washington Monument web page, [http://www.nps.gov/wamo/historyculture/index.htm National Park Service].</ref>
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ==Texts==
-[[File:1835.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Robert Mills, ''Sketch of the Washington Nat’l. Monumt.'', 1845.]]
+[[File:1835.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Robert Mills, ''Sketch of the Washington Nat’l. Monumt'', 1845.]]
 *[[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1838, description of his design of the Washington Monument (quoted in Harvey 1903: 26&ndash;28)<ref>Frederick L. Harvey, ''History of the Washington Monument and Washington National Monument Society'' (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1903), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/975T9R2S view on Zotero.]</ref>
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 <references/>
 [[Category: Places]]