Trustees’ Garden - Revision history

M-westerby at 19:33, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T19:33:31Z

M-westerby at 19:28, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T19:28:14Z

M-westerby at 19:26, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T19:26:05Z

V-Federici: /* History */

2021-03-29T08:14:39Z

History

A-Whitlock at 14:18, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T14:18:09Z

A-Whitlock at 14:14, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T14:14:43Z

A-Whitlock at 14:14, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T14:14:15Z

A-Whitlock at 15:33, January 10, 2020

2020-01-10T15:33:40Z

A-Whitlock at 15:33, January 10, 2020

2020-01-10T15:33:10Z

A-Whitlock at 15:24, January 10, 2020

2020-01-10T15:24:16Z

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 |From Questionable End=No
 |End Present=No
 |End Circa=No
 |End Concurrence=After

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 |From Questionable End=No
 |End Present=No
 |End Circa=No
-|End Concurrence=Exact
+|End Concurrence=After
 |End Questionable=Yes
 |End HasEndDate=No

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:26, August 30, 2021
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		+	{{Place
		+	\|Alternate names=Trustee Garden
		+	\|Established Present=No
		+	\|Established Date=1734
		+	\|Established Circa=No
		+	\|Established Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Established Questionable=No
		+	\|Established HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Established Present End=No
		+	\|Established Circa End=No
		+	\|Established Questionable End=No
		+	\|Through Present=No
		+	\|Through Date=1748
		+	\|Through Circa=No
		+	\|Through Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Through Questionable=No
		+	\|Through HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Through Present End=No
		+	\|Through Circa End=No
		+	\|Through Questionable End=No
		+	\|Location=Savannah, GA
		+	\|Coordinates=32.07713, -81.08566
		+	\|Geolocation link=coordinates
		+	\|Condition=Demolished
		+	\|Keywords=Grove; Nursery; Plantation; Public garden/Public ground; Square; Walk; Wood/Woods
		+	\|Site owners={{Site owner
		+	\|Name=The Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	\|Associated people={{Associated person
		+	\|Name=General James Oglethorpe
		+	\|Role=Founder
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Joseph Fitzwalter
		+	\|Role=Gardener
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Date=1734
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Date=1735
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Paul Amatis
		+	\|Role=Gardener
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Date=1735
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Date=1736
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Joseph Fitzwalter
		+	\|Role=Gardener
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Date=1737
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Date=1738
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Hugh Anderson
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Date=1736
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Date=1739
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Newdigate Stephens
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Date=1742
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=Yes
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	}}
	'''Trustees’ Garden''', founded in Savannah, Georgia, in 1734, is an important early example of a public [[botanic garden]] and [[nursery]] in the British American colonies. It was established to collect plants that would grow best in Savannah’s climate with the goals of encouraging agriculture and establishing profitable silk and wine industries.		'''Trustees’ Garden''', founded in Savannah, Georgia, in 1734, is an important early example of a public [[botanic garden]] and [[nursery]] in the British American colonies. It was established to collect plants that would grow best in Savannah’s climate with the goals of encouraging agriculture and establishing profitable silk and wine industries.
−
−	~~==Overview==~~
−
−	~~'''Alternate Names:''' Trustee Garden<br/>~~
−	~~'''Site Dates:''' 1734–1748<br/>~~
−	~~'''Site Owner(s):''' The Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America<br/>~~
−	'''Associated People:''' General James Oglethorpe (founder); Joseph Fitzwalter (1734–1735 and 1737–1738, head gardener); Paul Amatis (1735–1736, silk production expert and head gardener); Hugh Anderson (1736–1739, inspector of the public garden); Newdigate Stephens (1742–?, head gardener)<br/>
−	~~'''Location:''' Savannah, GA<br/>~~
−	~~'''Condition:''' demolished<br/>~~
−	~~[https://goo.gl/maps/UDcpzFKCMo4F64kW9 View on Google maps]~~

	<hr>		<hr>

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 The Trustees’ Garden, established in 1734 on behalf of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America by the British military officer James Oglethorpe (1696–1785), was a [[public garden]] located in Savannah. Founded two years after Oglethorpe secured the charter for the colony of Georgia and one year after he established Savannah, the ten-acre garden was part of Oglethorpe’s original plan for the town [[common]] located on the banks of the Savannah River on the east end of the town of Savannah (on what is now East Broad Street).<ref>Historic Savannah Foundation, ''Historic Savannah'' (Savannah, GA: Historic Savannah Foundation, 1968), 129, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AQRCIPJF view on Zotero].</ref> There are no known extant images of Trustees’ Garden from the period, but one map created in 1757 includes an inscription marking the location of the “Trustees garden gate” in the lower right corner [Fig. 1]. Trustees’ Garden is an important early example of an American [[public garden]] motivated by scientific principles and of the trans-Atlantic networks of people, plants, and ideas that would characterize efforts in botany and garden design during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
-Driven by British Enlightenment principals and commercial interests, Georgia Trustee Stephen Hales (1677–1761) and advisor Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), both members of the Royal Society in London, championed the garden as a site for scientific experimentation and modeled it after the examples of the botanic and physic gardens at Chelsea and Oxford in England. Experiments in the garden would, the Trustees hoped, determine what plants grew best in Savannah’s climate. Another goal for the Trustees’ Garden was to encourage colonists to cultivate the most successful crops. To that end, the garden served as a [[nursery]] providing free seeds and saplings for farmers and gardeners.<ref>Thomas D. Wilson, ''The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond'' (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015), 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RX2M8BBV view on Zotero]; James W. Holland, “The Beginning of Public Agricultural Experimentation in America: The Trustees’ Garden in Georgia,” ''Agricultural History'' 12, no. 3 (July 1938): 274, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/6VTU9Z4I view on Zotero]; Renate Wilson and David L. Cowan, “Trustee Garden,” ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' (October 6, 2016), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TQH9RFZZ view on Zotero]; and Alice B. Lockwood, “Savannah,” ''Gardens of Colony and State: Gardens and Gardeners of the American Colonies and of the Republic before 1840'', vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s for the Garden Club of America, 1931), 270, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/JNB7BI9T view on Zotero].</ref><span id="Moore_1736_cite"></span>
+Driven by British Enlightenment principles and commercial interests, Georgia Trustee Stephen Hales (1677–1761) and advisor Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), both members of the Royal Society in London, championed the garden as a site for scientific experimentation and modeled it after the examples of the botanic and physic gardens at Chelsea and Oxford in England. Experiments in the garden would, the Trustees hoped, determine what plants grew best in Savannah’s climate. Another goal for the Trustees’ Garden was to encourage colonists to cultivate the most successful crops. To that end, the garden served as a [[nursery]] providing free seeds and saplings for farmers and gardeners.<ref>Thomas D. Wilson, ''The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond'' (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015), 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RX2M8BBV view on Zotero]; James W. Holland, “The Beginning of Public Agricultural Experimentation in America: The Trustees’ Garden in Georgia,” ''Agricultural History'' 12, no. 3 (July 1938): 274, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/6VTU9Z4I view on Zotero]; Renate Wilson and David L. Cowan, “Trustee Garden,” ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' (October 6, 2016), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TQH9RFZZ view on Zotero]; and Alice B. Lockwood, “Savannah,” ''Gardens of Colony and State: Gardens and Gardeners of the American Colonies and of the Republic before 1840'', vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s for the Garden Club of America, 1931), 270, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/JNB7BI9T view on Zotero].</ref><span id="Moore_1736_cite"></span>
 Gardeners planted a range of vegetation at Trustees’ Garden, including pear, apple, peach, orange, fig, and olive trees, as well as pomegranates, spices, and herbs. Francis Moore reported in 1736 that the garden had been arranged in different zones. English fruit trees were planted “in the coldest part of the Garden,” while fruits from warmer parts of Europe, including olives, figs, and pomegranates, were established in another section. In the most sheltered and warmest quarter of the garden, experiments growing coffee, cocoa, and cotton took root ([[#Moore_1736|view text - 1]]).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, January 27, 2020
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	Image:2240.jpg\|1875 copy by M.P C.E. Muller of a 1757 map by John Gercer William deBrahm, “Plan of the City of Savannah and its Fortifications,” Courtesy of City of Savannah Municipal Archives.		Image:2240.jpg\|1875 copy by M.P C.E. Muller of a 1757 map by John Gercer William deBrahm, “Plan of the City of Savannah and its Fortifications,” Courtesy of City of Savannah Municipal Archives.
		+
		+	Image:2242.jpg\|Original Plaster Cast of Georgia Trustee's seal for the establishment of the Colony of Georgia, Seal LXXXVII.28, By permission of the British Library.

	Image:2243.jpg\|Original Plaster Cast of Georgia Trustee's seal for the establishment of the Colony of Georgia, Seal LXXXVII.29, By permission of the British Library.		Image:2243.jpg\|Original Plaster Cast of Georgia Trustee's seal for the establishment of the Colony of Georgia, Seal LXXXVII.29, By permission of the British Library.

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 The Trustees hired botanists to supply plants from Europe, the Caribbean, and Central and South America in the hopes that some of would prove adaptable to Savannah’s growing conditions. They first retained the Scottish botanist Dr. William Houstoun (d. 1733) in October 1732 for three years to make a voyage to Madeira, Jamaica, Cartagena, Porto Bello, Campeche, and Vera Cruz. Houstoun was charged with procuring exotic specimens—especially medicinal plants and herbs, on the advice of Sloane—in these locales to send to Savannah. Houstoun died soon after arriving in Jamaica, and Robert Millar was contracted by the Trustees in March 1734 to resume Houstoun’s project. Millar established a base in Jamaica and focused his efforts on collecting medicinal herbs such as Jesuits bark (used in the treatment of malaria and fevers), ipecacuhana (an emetic), and cochineal (used as a red dye) in Central and South America, but he soon ran afoul of Spanish authorities and his trip was cut short.<ref>Holland 1938, 277–78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/6VTU9Z4I view on Zotero]; and Wilson and Cowan 2016, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/TQH9RFZZ view on Zotero].</ref> A gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden supplied the Trustees with various seeds, including white mulberry, potash, and cotton. Other “friends of the Georgia experiment” contributed plants, seeds, and vines from Europe and the East Indies.<ref>Holland 1938, 283–84, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/6VTU9Z4I view on Zotero]; and Joseph Krafka Jr., “An Account of the Attempt of the Society of Apothecaries to Establish the Drug Trade in Colonial Georgia,” ''Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association'' 28, no. 9 (1939): 616, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/BRZ3CBFG view on Zotero].</ref><span id="Moore_1736_2_cite"></span>
-[[File:2243.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 2, Original Plaster Cast of Georgia Trustee's seal for the establishment of the Colony of Georgia, Seal LXXXVII.29.]]
+[[File:2243.jpg|right|thumb|Fig. 2, Original Plaster Cast of Georgia Trustee's seal for the establishment of the Colony of Georgia, Seal LXXXVII.29.]]
 One of the Trustees’ main goals for the garden was to cultivate grapevines and white mulberry trees to produce wine and silk, which they hoped would prove profitable commodities for export that would benefit the British economy. In November 1732 Houstoun acquired grapevines in Madeira to support the Trustees’ interest in establishing viticulture in the colony and sent the vines to Savannah by way of Charleston, South Carolina. The Trustees also hired Paul Amatis (d. 1736), an Italian expert in silk production, to oversee the growing of white mulberry trees at the garden in Savannah, and soon brought in additional silk-makers from Piedmont to teach the colonists the art and science of silk production ([[#Moore_1736_2|view text - 2]]).<ref>Holland 1938, 271–73, 278, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/6VTU9Z4I view on Zotero]; Wilson 2015, 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RX2M8BBV view on Zotero]; and Julie Anne Sweet, “A Misguided Mistake: The Trustees’ Public Garden in Savannah, Georgia,” ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 93, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/MDTB4KA4 view on Zotero].</ref> The Trustees’ hopes for a silk industry in Georgia were so strong that one side of their official seal featured a silkworm on a mulberry tree leaf [Fig. 2]. In addition, the Trustees sent twenty-five copies of the illustrated instructional treatise ''A Compendious Account of the Whole Art of Breeding, Nursing, and the Right Ordering of the Silk-Worm'', published in London in 1733, to guide the colonists in raising silkworms [Fig. 3].<ref>Florence (Nisbet) Marye and Philip Thornton Marye, ''Garden History of Georgia'', 1733–1933, eds. Hattie C. Rainwater and Loraine M. Cooney (Atlanta, GA: Peachtree Garden Club, 1933), 17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/GNC4U42D view on Zotero]; and T. B., ''A Compendious Account of the Whole Art of Breeding, Nursing, and Right Ordering of the Silk-Worm'' (London: Printed for John Worrall, Olive Payne, Thomas Boreman, and Thomas Game, 1733), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/E6UAWUQJ view on Zotero].</ref> By 1740 nearly the entire Trustees’ Garden plot was turned over to the cultivation of mulberry trees.<ref>Historic Savannah Foundation 1968, 129–30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AQRCIPJF view on Zotero].</ref> Despite these efforts, the Trustees’ expectations for prosperous silk and wine industries in the colony ultimately failed to materialize.<span id="Tailfer_cite"></span>
 [[File:2234.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 3, Title page from T. B., ''A Compendious Account of the Whole Art of Breeding, Nursing, and Right Ordering of the Silk-worm'', 1733.]]

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:2240.jpg|1875 copy by M.P C.E. Muller of a 1757 map by John Gercer William deBrahm, “Plan of the City of Savannah and its Fortifications,” City of Savannah Municipal Archives.
+Image:2240.jpg|1875 copy by M.P C.E. Muller of a 1757 map by John Gercer William deBrahm, “Plan of the City of Savannah and its Fortifications,” Courtesy of City of Savannah Municipal Archives.
 Image:2234.jpg|Title page from T. B., ''A Compendious Account of the Whole Art of Breeding, Nursing, and Right Ordering of the Silk-worm'', 1733.

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:2240-detail.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 1, 1875 copy by M.P C.E. Muller of a 1757 map by John Gercer William deBrahm, “Plan of the City of Savannah and its Fortifications”[detail].]]
+[[File:2240-detail.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 1, 1875 copy by M.P C.E. Muller of a 1757 map by John Gercer William deBrahm, “Plan of the City of Savannah and its Fortifications” [detail].]]
 The Trustees’ Garden, established in 1734 on behalf of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America by the British military officer James Oglethorpe (1696–1785), was a [[public garden]] located in Savannah. Founded two years after Oglethorpe secured the charter for the colony of Georgia and one year after he established Savannah, the ten-acre garden was part of Oglethorpe’s original plan for the town [[common]] located on the banks of the Savannah River on the east end of the town of Savannah (on what is now East Broad Street).<ref>Historic Savannah Foundation, ''Historic Savannah'' (Savannah, GA: Historic Savannah Foundation, 1968), 129, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AQRCIPJF view on Zotero].</ref> There are no known extant images of Trustees’ Garden from the period, but one map created in 1757 includes an inscription marking the location of the “Trustees garden gate” in the lower right corner [Fig. 1]. Trustees’ Garden is an important early example of an American [[public garden]] motivated by scientific principles and of the trans-Atlantic networks of people, plants, and ideas that would characterize efforts in botany and garden design during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.