The Solitude - Revision history

M-westerby at 17:23, August 26, 2021

2021-08-26T17:23:25Z

V-Federici at 11:54, January 28, 2021

2021-01-28T11:54:04Z

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2020-12-21T14:35:30Z

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V-Federici at 14:06, December 21, 2020

2020-12-21T14:06:44Z

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V-Federici at 14:04, December 21, 2020

2020-12-21T14:04:47Z

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2020-10-05T12:48:21Z

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V-Federici at 12:47, October 5, 2020

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V-Federici at 12:43, October 5, 2020

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V-Federici at 14:22, August 4, 2020

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, August 26, 2021
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		+	{{Place
		+	\|Established Present=No
		+	\|Established Date=1784
		+	\|Established Circa=No
		+	\|Established Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Established Questionable=No
		+	\|Established HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Established Present End=No
		+	\|Established Circa End=No
		+	\|Established Questionable End=No
		+	\|Through Present=Yes
		+	\|Through Circa=No
		+	\|Through Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Through Questionable=No
		+	\|Through HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Through Present End=No
		+	\|Through Circa End=No
		+	\|Through Questionable End=No
		+	\|Location=Philadelphia, PA
		+	\|Coordinates=39.97261, -75.19775
		+	\|Geolocation link=coordinates
		+	\|Condition=Altered
		+	\|Keywords=Bed; Bridge; Prospect; Seat; Vase/Urn; View/Vista; Walk; Wall
		+	\|Site owners={{Site owner
		+	\|Name=John Penn
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1760
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1834
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Granville Penn
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1761
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1844
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Granville John Penn
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1803
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1867
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Rev. Thomas Gordon Penn
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=Yes
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1869
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=City of Philadelphia
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	}}
	'''The Solitude''', located on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, was the country estate of the Englishman John Penn (1760–1834). Greatly interested in 18th-century English architecture and landscape design, Penn created a small villa and [[picturesque]] landscape at his country retreat that many scholars credit with helping to spread neoclassicism in America. Today, the villa stands on the grounds of the Philadelphia Zoo.		'''The Solitude''', located on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, was the country estate of the Englishman John Penn (1760–1834). Greatly interested in 18th-century English architecture and landscape design, Penn created a small villa and [[picturesque]] landscape at his country retreat that many scholars credit with helping to spread neoclassicism in America. Today, the villa stands on the grounds of the Philadelphia Zoo.
−
−	~~==Overview==~~
−	~~'''Site Dates:''' Established 1784<br/>~~
−	~~'''Site Owner(s):''' John Penn (1760–1834); Granville Penn (1761–1844); Granville John Penn (1803–1867); Rev. Thomas Gordon Penn (d. 1869); City of Philadelphia<br/>~~
−	~~'''Location:''' Philadelphia, PA<br/>~~
−	~~'''Condition:''' altered<br/>~~
−	~~[https://goo.gl/maps/djcjfE8tdYQzJk7w7 View on Google maps]~~

	<hr>		<hr>

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 When designing The Solitude, Penn was very likely inspired by small country villas that had become fashionable on the outskirts of London during the second half of the eighteenth century. During this time of great metropolitan growth, wealthy Englishmen, drawing upon the tradition of ancient Roman villas, constructed small homes in the country. English villas of the 18th century were typically planned to maximize visual continuity between the architecture and the landscape. The architecture and landscape at The Solitude were similarly coordinated to produce a unified visual experience.<ref>Gleason 2002, 97, 78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]</ref> This effect is evident in the use of double glass doors to transition from the mansion’s parlor to the [[portico]] and [[lawn]] on the east side of the structure. Elizabeth Milroy has argued that the doors effectively “draw the exterior scenery into the villa’s interior.”<ref>Milroy 2016, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]. See also Westcott 1877, 441, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero]; Moss 1998, 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8TVTVJ3 view on Zotero]; Gleason 2002, 25&ndash;26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]. William Hamilton’s nearby estate, The Woodlands, located just a couple of miles south of Penn’s home, also utilized glass doors and a portico to link interior space to the landscape. The portico at The Woodlands dates to the original house built there by Hamilton in circa 1770. Hamilton also made extensive renovations to the house between 1786 and 1789, which postdate the construction of The Solitude between 1784 and 1785.</ref>
-[[Image:0048.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.]]
+[[Image:0048.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, John Nancarrow, "Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785.]]
 The Solitude had “perhaps one of the earliest American landscapes shaped around principles of the [[picturesque]],” according to Gleason.<ref>Gleason 2002, 93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]. Penn’s “love for the picturesque landscape,” Gleason argues, “was awakened in the woods outside Spa [in Belgium],” which he had visited during the summer of 1782. See page 9.</ref> Penn, who was deeply interested in literature and, especially, poetry, was “heavily influenced by his understanding of contemporary poetry and his medium’s link to the picturesque movement”&mdash;particularly the writings of Thomas Gray (1716&ndash;1771) and Reverend William Mason (1724&ndash;1797)&mdash;when designing The Solitude.<ref>Gleason 2002, 79, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]. Penn owned a copy of Mason’s “The English Garden” as well as other poems published by him in 1774. See page 85. According to Gleason, Penn’s understanding of the picturesque may have also been shaped by the theoretical and practical texts of Arthur Young (1741&ndash;1820), Edmund Burke (1729&ndash;1797), and Philip Miller (1691&ndash;1771). See pages 85&ndash;86.</ref> The irregularity and variety championed by such theorists of the [[picturesque]] is evident in a pen-and-ink landscape plan of The Solitude that Penn commissioned the surveyor John Nancarrow to create, most likely sometime around 1785 [Fig. 3].<ref>While this plan is usually dated by scholars to c. 1784, Gleason provides convincing evidence that Penn may have commissioned the drawing in 1785. According to Penn’s accounts, Penn paid Nancarrow £15 on May 20, 1785, to survey the estate and produce a representation of the landscape plan. Gleason 2002, 86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]. Additionally, Penn also paid Nancarrow £49.4.6 on March 29, 1787, raising the possibility that Nancarrow produced this plan of the estate’s landscape after it had already been realized. See page 86n160.</ref> A legend appears at the upper right of the plan and names many of the landscape features shown in the image. Penn's square mansion house and kitchen appear at the top right of the rectangular parcel of land represented in Nancarrow’s plan. Falls Road bisects the property diagonally, and a carriage [[drive]] meanders from the road, terminating between the villa and the kitchen buildings in an oval-shaped carriage turn-around surrounded by a ring of trees. On the east side of Falls Road, Nancarrow depicts a [[bowling green]] and [[wilderness]] with semi-circular and serpentine [[walk]]s for strolling. Utilitarian features of the landscape design, such as an extensive [[kitchen garden]] and stable and carriage house, are located on the opposite side of the road, far from the mansion house and the view of Penn’s guests. A [[ha-ha]] runs along part of the southeastern border of Penn's estate, dividing it from land owned by the Bolton family without creating an obvious barrier between the two properties.<ref>The plan labels the property to the south of The Solitude as “Bolton’s Land.” According to the digital project “Mapping West Philadelphia: Landowners in October 1777,” this parcel of land was acquired by Joseph Bolton in 1772; see http://www.archives.upenn.edu/WestPhila1777/map.php</ref> Penn's large [[flower garden]], situated in the middle of a wooded area to the east of Falls Road near the southern edge of the estate, is divided into eight irregularly-shaped sections and takes the form of a lopsided rectangle.
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 File:2128.jpg|Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture'' (1755), pl. 37.
-Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, "Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785.
 File:2146.jpg|William Russell Birch, ''The Solitude'', 1796&ndash;1808.

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 ==Other Resources==
-[http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/Visit/Map/The-Solitude.htm The Solitude - Philadelphia Zoo]
+[https://web.archive.org/web/20151007161443/http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/Explore/The-Solitude-House.htm The Solitude - Philadelphia Zoo]
 <hr>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, December 21, 2020
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−	'''The Solitude''', located on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]] in Philadelphia, was the country estate of the Englishman John Penn (1760–1834). Greatly interested in 18th-century English architecture and landscape design, Penn created a small villa and [[picturesque]] landscape at his country retreat that many scholars credit with helping to spread neoclassicism in America. Today, the villa stands on the grounds of the Philadelphia Zoo.	+	'''The Solitude''', located on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, was the country estate of the Englishman John Penn (1760–1834). Greatly interested in 18th-century English architecture and landscape design, Penn created a small villa and [[picturesque]] landscape at his country retreat that many scholars credit with helping to spread neoclassicism in America. Today, the villa stands on the grounds of the Philadelphia Zoo.

	==Overview==		==Overview==

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 File:2165.jpg|Joshua Rowley Watson, ''Upper [[Bridge]] with the Waterworks on Schuylkill fm Solitude 28.th October; Solitude Jmo. Penn Esqr. 28th October [1816]'' [right], 1816.
-File:2135.jpg|Tucker Factory, Vase with view of '''The Solitude''', c. 1827.
+File:2135.jpg|Tucker Factory, [[Vase]] with [[view]] of "The Solitude", c. 1827.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 * <div id="Physick"></div>Physick, Edmund, December 12, 1789, in a letter from Philadelphia to John Penn in London, describing damage to The Solitude caused by a storm on July 5, 1789 (quoted in Gleason 2002: 90&ndash;91)<ref>Penn–Physick Correspondence, 3:254, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; quoted in Gleason 2002, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[Image:0315.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, William Russell Birch, “"Solitude in Pennsylv.<sup>a</sup> belonging to M.<sup>r</sup> Penn,” in ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (1808), pl. 9.]]
-:“The very heavy falls of water ran over the road with such force as to carry along with it as much gravel off the [[walk]]s, into the gully & river (exclusive of common dirt) as has taken seventeen wagon loads to replace. The several of the stones placed near the [[Bridge]] to resemble natural rocks were undermined, the earth being washed from under them, the bridge was injured, and the water flounced down the gully with such great rapidity and violence as to deepen it three feet below the foundation of the [[wall]] you had laid for supporting the bank, the stone [[wall]] diving your land from Boltons was in many places washed down, almost all the land was removed out of the garden [[walk]]s and thrown up in great ridges and piles over the [[bed]]s so as to alter the whole form of the garden, these disagreeable effect having happened, my wife proceeded to get such repairs made as were most necessary, leaving some stone work under the planted stones in the gully unfinished, until we can be favored with your thoughts upon it.” [[#Physick_cite|back up to History]]
+:“The very heavy falls of water ran over the road with such force as to carry along with it as much gravel off the [[walk]]s, into the gully & river (exclusive of common dirt) as has taken seventeen wagon loads to replace. The several of the stones placed near the [[Bridge]] to resemble natural rocks were undermined, the earth being washed from under them, the bridge was injured, and the water flounced down the gully with such great rapidity and violence as to deepen it three feet below the foundation of the [[wall]] you had laid for supporting the bank, the stone [[wall]] diving your land from Boltons was in many places washed down, almost all the land was removed out of the garden [[walk]]s and thrown up in great ridges and piles over the [[bed]]s so as to alter the whole form of the garden, these disagreeable effect having happened, my wife proceeded to get such repairs made as were most necessary, leaving some stone work under the planted stones in the gully unfinished, until we can be favored with your thoughts upon it.” [[#Physick_cite|back up to History]] [[Image:0315.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, William Russell Birch, “"Solitude in Pennsylv.<sup>a</sup> belonging to M.<sup>r</sup> Penn,” in ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (1808), pl. 9.]]
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 :“Here a pleasing solitude at once speaks the propriety of its title. Upon further research the solitary rocks, and the waters of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]] add sublimity to quietness. The house is built with great taste for a bachelor, by the former Governor John Penn, since the revolution.” [Fig. 4]
 <hr>

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:2146.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, William Russell Birch, ''The Solitude'', 1796&ndash;1808.]]
-<span id="Penn1_cite"></span>Englishman John Penn, a grandson of Pennsylvania’s founder, William Penn (1644&ndash;1718), purchased fifteen acres of land on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]] from Isaac Warner in 1784 for a country house he named The Solitude ([[#Penn1|view text]]) [Fig. 1].<ref>Penn named his estate after the Duke of Württemberg’s country palace in Stuttgart, La Solitude (built 1763&ndash;c. 1769), which Penn had visited during a Grand Tour in 1782&ndash;83. Jude Collin Gleason argues that La Solitude, as well as another of the Duke of Württemberg’s palaces visited by Penn&mdash;Monrepos (1760&ndash;64) near Ludwigsburg&mdash;are two very early examples of French neoclassicism in Germany. Gleason, “A House in the Most Singular Style: John Penn’s The Solitude” (master’s thesis, University of Delaware, 2002), 12&ndash;13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref> The estate provided refuge from the hostile political climate Penn encountered in Philadelphia the previous year, when he traveled from London to request compensation from the Pennsylvania assembly for family property seized during the American Revolution.<ref>John Penn inherited three-fourths of the family’s proprietary rights and property in Pennsylvania after the death of his father, Thomas Penn (1702&ndash;1775). The remaining one-fourth belonged to Penn’s older cousin, also named John Penn (1729&ndash;1795), who was from Philadelphia and resided at his country estate Lansdowne, located just northwest of The Solitude. Gleason 2002, 2, 17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]; Thompson Westcott, ''The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, with Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants'' (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877), 437, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero]; Elizabeth Milroy, ''The Grid and the River: Philadelphia’s Green Places, 1682&ndash;1876'' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016), 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]; Lorett Treese, ''The Storm Gathering: The Penn Family and the American Revolution'' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 195&ndash;97, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RV94U384 view on Zotero].</ref> Jude Collin Gleason has argued that The Solitude’s location several miles outside of the city “allowed Penn to keep his finger on the political pulse of Philadelphia, while keeping a safe distance from unfriendly factions.”<ref>Gleason 2002, 21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]. The decision may also have been driven by family considerations, providing Penn with an alternative to staying at Lansdowne. See also pages 19&ndash;20.</ref> <span id="GW_cite"></span>Penn did occasionally entertain such illustrious guests as [[George Washington]] (1732&ndash;1799), who recorded in his diary that he had dined at Penn's estate following a meeting of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 ([[#GW|view text]]). <span id="RS_cite"></span>In a 1785 letter to her husband, however, Rebecca Shoemaker (1730&ndash;1819), a resident of nearby Laurel Hill on the east bank of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], wrote that Penn was “living a most recluse life” at The Solitude and that he was “making it all a garden and has built a house in a most singular style” ([[#RS|view text]]).<ref>Rebecca Rawle and her second husband, Samuel Shoemaker, constructed a house at Laurel Hill in 1767, and the property remained in the Rawle-Shoemaker family until 1828. Roger W. Moss, ''Historic Houses of Philadelphia: A Tour of the Region’s Museum Homes'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press for The Barra Foundation, 1998), 98&ndash;99, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8TVTVJ3 view on Zotero].</ref>
+<span id="Penn1_cite"></span>Englishman John Penn, a grandson of Pennsylvania’s founder, William Penn (1644&ndash;1718), purchased fifteen acres of land on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]] from Isaac Warner in 1784 for a country house he named The Solitude ([[#Penn1|view text]]) [Fig. 1].<ref>Penn named his estate after the Duke of Württemberg’s country palace in Stuttgart, La Solitude (built 1763&ndash;c. 1769), which Penn had visited during a Grand Tour in 1782&ndash;83. Jude Collin Gleason argues that La Solitude, as well as another of the Duke of Württemberg’s palaces visited by Penn&mdash;Monrepos (1760&ndash;64) near Ludwigsburg&mdash;are two very early examples of French neoclassicism in Germany. Gleason, “A House in the Most Singular Style: John Penn’s The Solitude” (master’s thesis, University of Delaware, 2002), 12&ndash;13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref> The estate provided refuge from the hostile political climate Penn encountered in Philadelphia the previous year, when he traveled from London to request compensation from the Pennsylvania assembly for family property seized during the American Revolution.<ref>John Penn inherited three-fourths of the family’s proprietary rights and property in Pennsylvania after the death of his father, Thomas Penn (1702&ndash;1775). The remaining one-fourth belonged to Penn’s older cousin, also named John Penn (1729&ndash;1795), who was from Philadelphia and resided at his country estate Lansdowne, located just northwest of The Solitude. Gleason 2002, 2, 17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]; Thompson Westcott, ''The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, with Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants'' (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877), 437, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero]; Elizabeth Milroy, ''The Grid and the River: Philadelphia’s Green Places, 1682&ndash;1876'' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016), 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]; Lorett Treese, ''The Storm Gathering: The Penn Family and the American Revolution'' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 195&ndash;97, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RV94U384 view on Zotero].</ref> Jude Collin Gleason has argued that The Solitude’s location several miles outside of the city “allowed Penn to keep his finger on the political pulse of Philadelphia, while keeping a safe distance from unfriendly factions.”<ref>Gleason 2002, 21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero]. The decision may also have been driven by family considerations, providing Penn with an alternative to staying at Lansdowne. See also pages 19&ndash;20.</ref> <span id="GW_cite"></span>Penn did occasionally entertain such illustrious guests as George Washington (1732&ndash;1799), who recorded in his diary that he had dined at Penn's estate following a meeting of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 ([[#GW|view text]]). <span id="RS_cite"></span>In a 1785 letter to her husband, however, Rebecca Shoemaker (1730&ndash;1819), a resident of nearby Laurel Hill on the east bank of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], wrote that Penn was “living a most recluse life” at The Solitude and that he was “making it all a garden and has built a house in a most singular style” ([[#RS|view text]]).<ref>Rebecca Rawle and her second husband, Samuel Shoemaker, constructed a house at Laurel Hill in 1767, and the property remained in the Rawle-Shoemaker family until 1828. Roger W. Moss, ''Historic Houses of Philadelphia: A Tour of the Region’s Museum Homes'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press for The Barra Foundation, 1998), 98&ndash;99, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8TVTVJ3 view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:2127.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture'' (1755), pl. 1.]]
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ==Texts==
-* <div id="Penn1"></div>Penn, John, date unknown, entry in his Commonplace Book, Historical Society of Pennsylvania (quoted in Westcott 1877: 438&ndash;439)<ref>Westcott 1877, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Penn1_cite|back up to History]]
+* <div id="Penn1"></div>Penn, John, date unknown, entry in his Commonplace Book, Historical Society of Pennsylvania (quoted in Westcott 1877: 438&ndash;439)<ref>Westcott 1877, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“I felt indeed the accustomed ''amor patriae'' and admiration of England, but sometimes a republican enthusiasm which attached me to America and almost tempted me to stay. . . . Earlier in the year I had made a dear purchase of fifteen acres, costing £600 sterling, and on the banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]]. I named it, from the Duke of Wurtemberg’s, The Solitude&mdash;a name vastly more characteristic of my place. Advancing my house, I gradually altered my scheme to the great increase of the expenses it put me to. I might be in part actuated in this by a motive now grown stronger, the vanity of English taste in furnishing and decorating the house; and thought the money less thrown away as I then purposed keeping a house in the country, either for my agent to wait my return to the old country should my affairs require it.”
+:“I felt indeed the accustomed ''amor patriae'' and admiration of England, but sometimes a republican enthusiasm which attached me to America and almost tempted me to stay. . . Earlier in the year I had made a dear purchase of fifteen acres, costing £600 sterling, and on the banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]]. I named it, from the Duke of Wurtemberg’s, The Solitude&mdash;a name vastly more characteristic of my place. Advancing my house, I gradually altered my scheme to the great increase of the expenses it put me to. I might be in part actuated in this by a motive now grown stronger, the vanity of English taste in furnishing and decorating the house; and thought the money less thrown away as I then purposed keeping a house in the country, either for my agent to wait my return to the old country should my affairs require it.” [[#Penn1_cite|back up to History]]
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
-* <div id="RS"></div>Shoemaker, Rebecca, May 23, 1785, in a letter from Philadelphia to Samuel Shoemaker in London, describing The Solitude (quoted in Gleason 2002: 36)<ref>Samuel and Rebecca Shoemaker Diaries, vol. 2: 208, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; quoted in Gleason 2002, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref> [[#RS_cite|back up to History]]
+* <div id="RS"></div>Shoemaker, Rebecca, May 23, 1785, in a letter from Philadelphia to Samuel Shoemaker in London, describing The Solitude (quoted in Gleason 2002: 36)<ref>Samuel and Rebecca Shoemaker Diaries, vol. 2: 208, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; quoted in Gleason 2002, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“He lives a most recluse life over [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]]. He bought about twenty acres of land and is making it all a garden and has built a house in a most singular style.”
+:“He lives a most recluse life over [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]]. He bought about twenty acres of land and is making it all a garden and has built a house in a most singular style.” [[#RS_cite|back up to History]]
-* <div id="GW"></div>[[George Washington|Washington, George]], July 19, 1787, diary entry describing The Solitude, estate of John Penn, near Philadelphia, PA<ref>Washington Papers, [http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-05-02-0002-0007-0019 ''Founders Online'', National Archives].</ref> [[#GW_cite|back up to History]]
+* <div id="GW"></div>Washington, George, July 19, 1787, diary entry describing The Solitude, estate of John Penn, near Philadelphia, PA<ref>Washington Papers, [http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-05-02-0002-0007-0019 ''Founders Online'', National Archives].</ref>
-:“Dined (after coming out of Convention) at Mr. John Penn the youngers. Drank Tea & spent the evening at my lodgings.”
+:“Dined (after coming out of Convention) at Mr. John Penn the youngers. Drank Tea & spent the evening at my lodgings.” [[#GW_cite|back up to History]]
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
-* <div id="Physick"></div>Physick, Edmund, December 12, 1789, in a letter from Philadelphia to John Penn in London, describing damage to The Solitude caused by a storm on July 5, 1789 (quoted in Gleason 2002: 90&ndash;91)<ref>Penn–Physick Correspondence, 3:254, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; quoted in Gleason 2002, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Physick_cite|back up to History]]
+* <div id="Physick"></div>Physick, Edmund, December 12, 1789, in a letter from Philadelphia to John Penn in London, describing damage to The Solitude caused by a storm on July 5, 1789 (quoted in Gleason 2002: 90&ndash;91)<ref>Penn–Physick Correspondence, 3:254, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; quoted in Gleason 2002, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CCXPRCVR view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“The very heavy falls of water ran over the road with such force as to carry along with it as much gravel off the [[walk]]s, into the gully & river (exclusive of common dirt) as has taken seventeen wagon loads to replace. The several of the stones placed near the [[Bridge]] to resemble natural rocks were undermined, the earth being washed from under them, the bridge was injured, and the water flounced down the gully with such great rapidity and violence as to deepen it three feet below the foundation of the [[wall]] you had laid for supporting the bank, the stone [[wall]] diving your land from Boltons was in many places washed down, almost all the land was removed out of the garden [[walk]]s and thrown up in great ridges and piles over the [[bed]]s so as to alter the whole form of the garden, these disagreeable effect having happened, my wife proceeded to get such repairs made as were most necessary, leaving some stone work under the planted stones in the gully unfinished, until we can be favored with your thoughts upon it.”
+:“The very heavy falls of water ran over the road with such force as to carry along with it as much gravel off the [[walk]]s, into the gully & river (exclusive of common dirt) as has taken seventeen wagon loads to replace. The several of the stones placed near the [[Bridge]] to resemble natural rocks were undermined, the earth being washed from under them, the bridge was injured, and the water flounced down the gully with such great rapidity and violence as to deepen it three feet below the foundation of the [[wall]] you had laid for supporting the bank, the stone [[wall]] diving your land from Boltons was in many places washed down, almost all the land was removed out of the garden [[walk]]s and thrown up in great ridges and piles over the [[bed]]s so as to alter the whole form of the garden, these disagreeable effect having happened, my wife proceeded to get such repairs made as were most necessary, leaving some stone work under the planted stones in the gully unfinished, until we can be favored with your thoughts upon it.” [[#Physick_cite|back up to History]]
 [[Image:0315.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, William Russell Birch, “"Solitude in Pennsylv.<sup>a</sup> belonging to M.<sup>r</sup> Penn,” in ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (1808), pl. 9.]]
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 File:2128.jpg|Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture'' (1755), pl. 37.
-Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.
 File:2146.jpg|William Russell Birch, ''The Solitude'', 1796&ndash;1808.
-Image:0315.jpg|William Russell Birch, “Solitude in Pennsylv.<sup>a</sup> belonging to M.<sup>r</sup> Penn,” in ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (1808), pl. 9.
+Image:0315.jpg|William Russell Birch, “Solitude in Pennsylv.<sup>a</sup> belonging to M.<sup>r</sup> Penn,” in ''The Country [[Seat]]s of the United States'' (1808), pl. 9.
-File:2164.jpg|Joshua Rowley Watson, ''Upper Bridge with the Waterworks on Schuylkill fm Solitude 28.th October; Solitude Jmo. Penn Esqr. 28th October [1816]'' [left], 1816.
+File:2164.jpg|Joshua Rowley Watson, ''Upper [[Bridge]] with the Waterworks on Schuylkill fm Solitude 28.th October; Solitude Jmo. Penn Esqr. 28th October [1816]'' [left], 1816.
-File:2165.jpg|Joshua Rowley Watson, ''Upper Bridge with the Waterworks on Schuylkill fm Solitude 28.th October; Solitude Jmo. Penn Esqr. 28th October [1816]'' [right], 1816.
+File:2165.jpg|Joshua Rowley Watson, ''Upper [[Bridge]] with the Waterworks on Schuylkill fm Solitude 28.th October; Solitude Jmo. Penn Esqr. 28th October [1816]'' [right], 1816.
 File:2135.jpg|Tucker Factory, Vase with view of '''The Solitude''', c. 1827.