Sundial - Revision history

V-Federici at 14:47, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T14:47:09Z

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-05-12T12:14:52Z

Inscribed

A-Whitlock at 14:02, February 24, 2020

2020-02-24T14:02:43Z

V-Federici at 22:10, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T22:10:10Z

V-Federici at 22:09, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T22:09:20Z

V-Federici at 22:05, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T22:05:21Z

V-Federici at 22:02, January 27, 2020

2020-01-27T22:02:08Z

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A-brey: Fixed Sauthier typo in history

2019-03-28T16:07:41Z

Fixed Sauthier typo in history

Bchristen: CE

2018-07-17T19:22:39Z

B-zweig at 20:33, June 6, 2018

2018-06-06T20:33:20Z

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 ==History==
-The sundial, like the garden [[statue]], has proved to be an ephemeral garden feature. Sundials (also referred to as dials or dyals) have occasional presence in the written record of the American landscape. Perhaps like other utilitarian features, such as outhouses, they were not considered worthy of extensive descriptions. Nevertheless, 18th-century observers noted their presence and treatise authors espoused their value. In 1841, garden magazine editor [[C. M. Hovey]] was pleased to note the use of sundials, which he described as old but worthy ornaments that would contribute to the “finished” appearance of a garden.
+The sundial, like the garden [[statue]], has proved to be an ephemeral garden feature. Sundials (also referred to as dials or dyals) have occasional presence in the written record of the American landscape. Perhaps like other utilitarian features, such as outhouses, they were not considered worthy of extensive descriptions. Nevertheless, 18th-century observers noted their presence and treatise authors espoused their value. In 1841, garden magazine editor C. M. Hovey was pleased to note the use of sundials, which he described as old but worthy ornaments that would contribute to the “finished” appearance of a garden.
 [[File:1842.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, George Harvey, ''A Morning Rainbow, A Composition on the Grounds of R. Donaldson, Esq.'', 1840–50.]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [[File:0460.jpg|thumb|225px|Fig. 5, Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the [[Square]] and the Town of Bath'' [detail], 1809. The plan indicates two sundials in two oval spaces at “I.”]]
-The development of cast-iron sundials, mentioned in 1826 by [[J. C. Loudon]], increased the availability of sundials and the variety of forms they could take. [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey’s]] 1841 article also suggests that as the 19th century progressed and industrial manufacture accelerated, the production of sundials increased apace while their relative cost decreased.
+The development of cast-iron sundials, mentioned in 1826 by [[J. C. Loudon]], increased the availability of sundials and the variety of forms they could take. Hovey’s 1841 article also suggests that as the 19th century progressed and industrial manufacture accelerated, the production of sundials increased apace while their relative cost decreased.
 With respect to form, 19th-century designer [[A. J. Downing]] insisted that if the sundial was placed within sight of the house, its design should be kept stylistically consistent with that of the house. The sundial at his own Highland Place, for example, was executed, as was the house, in the Gothic style.
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], November 1841, “Select Villa Residences,” describing Highland Place, estate of [[A. J. Downing]], Newburgh, NY (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 403–9)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Select Villa Residences, with Descriptive Notices of Each; Accompanied with Remarks and Observations on the Principles and Practice of Landscape Gardening: Intended with a View to Illustrate the Art of Laying Out, Arranging, and Forming Gardens and Ornamental Grounds,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 401–11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SXS8ZS3J view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), November 1841, “Select Villa Residences,” describing Highland Place, estate of [[A. J. Downing]], Newburgh, NY (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 403–9)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Select Villa Residences, with Descriptive Notices of Each; Accompanied with Remarks and Observations on the Principles and Practice of Landscape Gardening: Intended with a View to Illustrate the Art of Laying Out, Arranging, and Forming Gardens and Ornamental Grounds,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 401–11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SXS8ZS3J view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“6. '''Sun Dial'''. We are gratified to witness the introduction of the '''sun dial''' into our gardens. It is an old, but suitable ornament, and now that they can be procured at such reasonable prices, and such beautiful pedestals upon which to place them, we shall advise their general introduction into [[lawn]]s and extensive [[flower garden]]s. We shall give an engraving, in a future number, of some of the pedestals made in New York, at the manufactory of Mr. Goodwin, corner of Chamber and Hudson Streets, and of Mr. Little, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. A very neat dial plate is manufactured by S. Moore, of Connecticut, which may be had at the very low price of one dollar, and which answers every purpose. [These dials are offered for sale by Messrs. Hovey & Co., Boston, and G.C. Thorburn, New York.] . . .
 :“The '''sun dial''' is the last object which invites our attention, as we stand again on the main entrance. The pedestal is executed in the Gothic style, and we do not know of a single object which would add so much in itself to the finished appearance of the [[lawn]].”
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0339.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 35, policy no. 18, Insurance policy drawings for [[Mount Vernon]], June 5, 1805. The sundial is located above the lawn in the image.
+File:0339.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 35, policy no. 18, Insurance policy drawings for [[Mount Vernon]], June 5, 1805. The '''sundial''' is located above the [[lawn]] in the image.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0615.jpg|William Ponyer, Sundial for John Endecott, 1630.
+File:0615.jpg|William Ponyer, '''Sundial''' for John Endecott, 1630.
 File:0463.jpg|Anonymous, Overmantel painting from Morattico Hall, 1715.
-File:1216.jpg|[[Anthony St. John Baker]], Mount Airy, Virginia; northeast front, 1827, in ''Mémoires d’un voyageur qui se repose'' (1850), part IV, 520A.
+File:1216.jpg|[[Anthony St. John Baker]], [[Mount]] Airy, Virginia; northeast front, 1827, in ''Mémoires d’un voyageur qui se repose'' (1850), part IV, 520A.
-File:2014.jpg|[[Anthony St. John Baker]], “Front View of Mount Airy, Virginia,” 1827, in ''Mémoires d’un voyageur qui se repose'' (1850), part IV, 520A.
+File:2014.jpg|[[Anthony St. John Baker]], “Front [[View]] of [[Mount]] Airy, Virginia,” 1827, in ''Mémoires d’un voyageur qui se repose'' (1850), part IV, 520A.
 File:0332.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''[[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1831.
-File:2034.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, ''View of David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde_Park_(on_the_Hudson_River,_NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, with a Sundial'' (from Hosack Album), c. 1832.
+File:2034.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, ''[[View]] of David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde_Park_(on_the_Hudson_River,_NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, with a '''Sundial''''' (from Hosack Album), c. 1832.
 File:1842.jpg|George Harvey, ''A Morning Rainbow, A Composition on the Grounds of R. Donaldson, Esq.'', 1840–50.

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 File:0299.jpg|Claude Joseph Sauthier, John Hawk’s plan of the Governor’s House and grounds in New Bern, NC, 1783. The feature “dyel” is marked at the center of the [[parterre]]s.
-File:0460.jpg|Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the [[Square]] and the Town of Bath'' [detail], 1809. The plan indicates two sundials in two oval spaces at “I.”
+File:0460.jpg|Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the [[Square]] and the Town of Bath'' [detail], 1809. The plan indicates two '''sundials''' in two oval spaces at “I.”
-File:0935.jpg|Alexander Walsh, “Plan of a Garden,” in ''New England Farmer'' 19, no. 39 (March 31, 1841): 308. A sundial was proposed for the center of “D.”
+File:0935.jpg|Alexander Walsh, “Plan of a Garden,” in ''New England Farmer'' 19, no. 39 (March 31, 1841): 308. A '''sundial''' was proposed for the center of “D.”
-File:0878.jpg|Anonymous, “Ground Plan of a portion of Downing's [[Botanic_garden|Botanic Gardens]] and [[Nursery|Nurseries]],” in ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Improvement in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 404.
+File:0878.jpg|Anonymous, “Ground Plan of a portion of Downing's [[Botanic_garden|Botanic Gardens]] and [[Nursery|Nurseries]],” in ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Improvement in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 404. '''Sundial''' is at 6.
-File:0390.jpg|Anonymous, “Sundial,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' 4th ed. (1849), 427, fig. 75.
+File:0390.jpg|Anonymous, “'''Sundial''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' 4th ed. (1849), 427, fig. 75.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0339.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 35, policy no. 18, Insurance policy drawings for [[Mount Vernon]], June 5, 1805.
+File:0339.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 35, policy no. 18, Insurance policy drawings for [[Mount Vernon]], June 5, 1805. The sundial is located above the lawn in the image.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 *[[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (1828: 1:n.p.)<ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols. (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''Sundial''', n. (sun and dial), An instrument to show the time of day, by means of the shadow of a gnomon or style on a plate (Locke).”
 *Walsh, Alexander, March 31, 1841, “Plan of a Garden” (''New England Farmer'' 19: 308–9)<ref>Alexander Walsh, “Remarks on Ornamental Gardening, With a Plan of a Fruit, Flower and Vegetable Garden,” ''New England Farmer, and Horticultural Register'' 19 (March 31, 1841): 308–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HD2AV62D view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The garden and pleasure ground I would describe, is of an oblong form, 165 feet by 120 feet, with one end next the north side of the house. . .
@@ Line 72: / Line 73: @@
 *[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr. 1991: 423, 427, 473)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Where there is a [[terrace]] ornamented with [[urn]]s or [[vase]]s, and the proprietor wishes to give a corresponding air of elegance to his grounds, [[vase]]s, '''sundials''', etc., may be placed in various appropriate situations, not only in the architectural [[flower-garden]], but on the [[lawn]], and through the [[pleasure-ground]]s in various different points near the house. We say near the house, because we think so highly artificial and architectural an object as a sculptured [[vase]], is never correctly introduced unless it appear in some way connected with buildings, or objects of a like architectural character. . .

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 File:0935.jpg|Alexander Walsh, “Plan of a Garden,” in ''New England Farmer'' 19, no. 39 (March 31, 1841): 308. A sundial was proposed for the center of “D.”
-File:0878.jpg|Anonymous, “Ground Plan of a portion of Downing's [[Botanic Gardens]] and [[Nursery|Nurseries]],” in ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Improvement in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 404.
+File:0878.jpg|Anonymous, “Ground Plan of a portion of Downing's [[Botanic_garden|Botanic Gardens]] and [[Nursery|Nurseries]],” in ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Improvement in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 404.
 File:0390.jpg|Anonymous, “Sundial,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' 4th ed. (1849), 427, fig. 75.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:1842.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, George Harvey, ''A Morning Rainbow, A Composition on the Grounds of R. Donaldson, Esq.'', 1840–50.]]
-[[File:0299.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Claude Joseph Sautiher, John Hawk’s plan of the Governor’s House and grounds in New Bern, NC, 1783. The feature “dyel” is marked at the center of the parterres.]]
+[[File:0299.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Claude Joseph Sauthier, John Hawk’s plan of the Governor’s House and grounds in New Bern, NC, 1783. The feature “dyel” is marked at the center of the parterres.]]
 The sundial, like the garden [[statue]], has proved to be an ephemeral garden feature. Sundials (also referred to as dials or dyals) have occasional presence in the written record of the American landscape. Perhaps like other utilitarian features, such as outhouses, they were not considered worthy of extensive descriptions. Nevertheless, 18th-century observers noted their presence and treatise authors espoused their value. In 1841, garden magazine editor [[C. M. Hovey]] was pleased to note the use of sundials, which he described as old but worthy ornaments that would contribute to the “finished” appearance of a garden.

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 [[File:0460.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Fig. 5, Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath'' [detail], 1809. The plan indicates two sundials in two oval spaces at “I.”]]
-The development of cast-iron sundials, mentioned in 1826 by [[J. C. Loudon]], increased the availability of sundials and the variety of forms they could take. [[C. M. Hovey|Hovey’s]] 1841 article also suggests that as the 19th century progressed and industrial manufacture accelerated, the production of sundials increased apace while their relative cost decreased.
+The development of cast-iron sundials, mentioned in 1826 by [[J. C. Loudon]], increased the availability of sundials and the variety of forms they could take. [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey’s]] 1841 article also suggests that as the 19th century progressed and industrial manufacture accelerated, the production of sundials increased apace while their relative cost decreased.
 With respect to form, 19th-century designer [[A. J. Downing]] insisted that if the sundial was placed within sight of the house, its design should be kept stylistically consistent with that of the house. The sundial at his own [[Highland Place]], for example, was executed, as was the house, in the Gothic style.
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
-*[[C. M. Hovey|Hovey, C. M]]., November 1841, “Select Villa Residences,” describing [[Highland Place]], estate of [[A. J. Downing]], Newburgh, NY (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 403–9)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Select Villa Residences, with Descriptive Notices of Each; Accompanied with Remarks and Observations on the Principles and Practice of Landscape Gardening: Intended with a View to Illustrate the Art of Laying Out, Arranging, and Forming Gardens and Ornamental Grounds,” ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 401–11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SXS8ZS3J view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], November 1841, “Select Villa Residences,” describing [[Highland Place]], estate of [[A. J. Downing]], Newburgh, NY (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 403–9)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Select Villa Residences, with Descriptive Notices of Each; Accompanied with Remarks and Observations on the Principles and Practice of Landscape Gardening: Intended with a View to Illustrate the Art of Laying Out, Arranging, and Forming Gardens and Ornamental Grounds,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 11 (November 1841): 401–11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SXS8ZS3J view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“6. '''Sun Dial'''. We are gratified to witness the introduction of the '''sun dial''' into our gardens. It is an old, but suitable ornament, and now that they can be procured at such reasonable prices, and such beautiful pedestals upon which to place them, we shall advise their general introduction into [[lawn]]s and extensive [[flower garden]]s. We shall give an engraving, in a future number, of some of the pedestals made in New York, at the manufactory of Mr. Goodwin, corner of Chamber and Hudson Streets, and of Mr. Little, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. A very neat dial plate is manufactured by S. Moore, of Connecticut, which may be had at the very low price of one dollar, and which answers every purpose. [These dials are offered for sale by Messrs. Hovey & Co., Boston, and G.C. Thorburn, New York.] ...
 :“The '''sun dial''' is the last object which invites our attention, as we stand again on the main entrance. The pedestal is executed in the Gothic style, and we do not know of a single object which would add so much in itself to the finished appearance of the [[lawn]].”
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
-*[[J. C. Loudon|Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826: 359)<ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826: 359)<ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“1834. ''''Sun-dials'''' are venerable and pleasing garden-decorations; and should be placed in conspicuous frequented parts, as in the intersection of principal [[walk]]s, where the ‘note which they give of time’ may be readily recognised by the passenger. Elegant and cheap forms are now to be procured in cast-iron, which, it is to be hoped, will render their use more frequent.”
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 [[File:0935.jpg|thumb|Fig. 6, Alexander Walsh, “Plan of a Garden,” in ''New England Farmer'' 19, no. 39 (March 31, 1841): 308. A sundial was proposed for the center of “D.” ]]
-*[[Walsh, Alexander]], March 31, 1841, “Plan of a Garden” (''New England Farmer'' 19: 308–9)<ref>Alexander Walsh, “Remarks on Ornamental Gardening, With a Plan of a Fruit, Flower and Vegetable Garden,” ''The New England Farmer, and Horticultural Register'' 19 (March 31, 1841): 308–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HD2AV62D view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Walsh, Alexander]], March 31, 1841, “Plan of a Garden” (''New England Farmer'' 19: 308–9)<ref>Alexander Walsh, “Remarks on Ornamental Gardening, With a Plan of a Fruit, Flower and Vegetable Garden,” ''New England Farmer, and Horticultural Register'' 19 (March 31, 1841): 308–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HD2AV62D view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The garden and pleasure ground I would describe, is of an oblong form, 165 feet by 120 feet, with one end next the north side of the house. . . .
 :“D has a circle in the center 26 feet in diameter, a parterre for annual flowers; in the centre a '''sun-dial.'''” [Fig. 6]
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 [[File:0390.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 7, Anonymous, “Sundial,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 427, fig. 75.]]
-*[[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr. 1991: 423, 427, 473)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr. 1991: 423, 427, 473)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Where there is a [[terrace]] ornamented with [[urn]]s or [[vase]]s, and the proprietor wishes to give a corresponding air of elegance to his grounds, [[vase]]s, '''sundials''', etc., may be placed in various appropriate situations, not only in the architectural [[flower-garden]], but on the [[lawn]], and through the [[pleasure-ground]]s in various different points near the house. We say near the house, because we think so highly artificial and architectural an object as a sculptured [[vase]], is never correctly introduced unless it appear in some way connected with buildings, or objects of a like architectural character. . . .
 :“'''Sundials''' . . . are among the oldest decorations for the garden and grounds, and there are scarcely any which we think more suitable. They are not merely decorative, but have also an useful character, and may therefore be occasionally placed in distant parts of the grounds, should a favorite [[walk]] terminate there. When we meet daily in our [[walk]]s for a number of years, with one of these silent monitors of the flight of time, we become in a degree attached to it, and really look upon it as gifted with a species of intelligence, beaming out when the sunbeams smile upon its dial-plate. . . . [Fig. 7]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 [[File:0339.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 35, policy no. 18, Insurance policy drawings for Mount Vernon, June 5, 1805.]]
 “Sundial” was the term used to describe a planar device, typically made of wood, stone, or metal, designed to determine the passage of time by showing the shadow of the sun.<ref>Mark P. Leone and Paul A. Shackel argue that clocks and scientific instruments, including sundials, were used in 17th- and 18th-century Annapolis to measure the natural world and regularize time and work. These devices helped to establish “the discipline associated with work for a profit.” As wealth-owning classes expanded in the first and third quarters of the 18th century, so did the use of clocks, watches, and scientific and musical instruments. See Mark P. Leone and Paul A. Shackel, “Forks, Clocks and Power,” in ''Mirror and Metaphor: Material and Social Construction of Reality'', eds. Daniel W. Ingersoll and Gordon Bronitsky (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987), 45–61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W9MWTT9S view on Zotero].</ref> Composed of a dial face and a gnomon, the sundial required an exposed, sunny location. As the sun passed overhead each day, the style (the straight edge of the gnomon) cast a shadow on the calibrated system of markings located on the dial. In addition to the obvious need for sunlight, the calibrations of the dial face and style had to be coordinated with calculations regarding the earth’s axis and latitudinal position. As outdoor markers of time, sundials could be fixed either vertically, sometimes attached to the exterior of a building, or horizontally. In the latter case, they were typically placed on pedestals, such as the cedar, locust, or mulberry posts that were specified in 1764 by the Kingston Parish in Gloucester County, Virginia. The pedestals on which they were situated could also be made of stone, as depicted in a view of the grounds at [[Blithewood]], on the Hudson River in New York [Fig. 1]. This kind of elevated mount allowed both visibility and ease of use.
 [[File:0460.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Fig. 5, Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath'' [detail], 1809. The plan indicates two sundials in two oval spaces at “I.”]]
 The development of cast-iron sundials, mentioned in 1826 by [[J. C. Loudon]], increased the availability of sundials and the variety of forms they could take. [[C. M. Hovey|Hovey’s]] 1841 article also suggests that as the 19th century progressed and industrial manufacture accelerated, the production of sundials increased apace while their relative cost decreased.