State House Yard - Revision history

M-westerby at 18:37, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T18:37:49Z

M-westerby at 18:29, August 30, 2021

2021-08-30T18:29:19Z

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-21T14:57:01Z

Other Resources

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-21T14:55:25Z

Other Resources

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-21T14:53:08Z

Other Resources

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-21T14:49:38Z

Other Resources

V-Federici at 14:26, August 4, 2020

2020-08-04T14:26:37Z

Show changes

A-Whitlock at 20:40, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T20:40:50Z

A-Whitlock at 20:40, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T20:40:27Z

A-Whitlock at 20:40, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T20:40:10Z

Show changes

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 |Geolocation link=coordinates
 |Condition=Altered
 |Site owners={{Site owner
 |Name=State of Pennsylvania
@@ Line 207: / Line 208: @@
 *Martin, William Dickinson, May 20, 1809 (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)
-:“The State House. . . is a large building on the south side of Chestnut Street. . . Attached to the State House, is a large [[green]] occupying a whole [[square]] to Walnut Street. This is a neat place, ornamented with rows of Elms & Poplars: as also having handsome gravel[[ walk]]s, one of which extends thro’ the Centre with grass [[plot]]s on each side. The whole is enclosed in high brick [[wall]]s.”
+:“The State House. . . is a large building on the south side of Chestnut Street. . . Attached to the State House, is a large [[green]] occupying a whole [[square]] to Walnut Street. This is a neat place, ornamented with rows of Elms & Poplars: as also having handsome gravel [[ walk]]s, one of which extends thro’ the Centre with grass [[plot]]s on each side. The whole is enclosed in high brick [[wall]]s.”

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 The '''State House Yard''' in Philadelphia was dedicated as a public [[green]] in the 1730s. It was one of the earliest [[public garden]]s in America. Laid out in the mid-1780s, it was also among the first American landscapes designed in a naturalistic [[English style]] featuring American trees. Its importance as a site for civic and patriotic assemblies is reflected in the name by which it has been known since the early 19th century, Independence Square or Mall.
 <hr>
@@ Line 147: / Line 238: @@
 ==Other Resources==
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 ==Other Resources==
-[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh95003289 Library of Congress Name Authority]
+[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh95003289 Library of Congress Authority File]
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 ==Other Resources==
-[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009007255 Library of Congress Name Authority]
+[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh95003289 Library of Congress Name Authority]
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, December 21, 2020
Line 147:		Line 147:

	==Other Resources==		==Other Resources==
		+	[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2009007255 Library of Congress Name Authority]
		+
	[http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]		[http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]
-[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/17/hh17f.htm U.S. Park Service, Independence National Historical Park]
+[https://www.nps.gov/inde/planyourvisit/independencesquarebuildings.htm Independence National Historical Park (National Park Service)]
 [http://ggll.weebly.com/peale.html Ghost Gardens, Lost Landscapes]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 Ironically, it was one of those strangers to Philadelphia who finally took up the long-deferred project of landscaping the property. [[Samuel Vaughan]], a wealthy British merchant and close friend of Benjamin Franklin, arrived in Philadelphia with his family in September 1783, the same month that the governor and Assemblymen were discussing development of the Yard. By the end of the year, [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] had proposed a plan for laying out the property and had hired a professional gardener, William Rees, to begin implementing his design.<ref>Toogood 2004, 74, 76, 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref> [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan’s]] plan called for a double [[alley]] of elm trees lining a broad central [[walk]], with connecting serpentine gravel [[walk]]s on either side.<ref>Toogood 1994, 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZKMF6B37 view on Zotero].</ref> He planted a number of elms and pines in March 1784, and the following year transplanted an additional 100 elms from the Princeton, New Jersey, estate of Col. George Morgan (1743&ndash;1810).<ref>“The State House Yard,” ''Philadelphia Register, and National Recorder'' (May 29, 1819), p. 361, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JJC5KN25 view on Zotero].</ref> Like [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]], Morgan was a member of the American Philosophical Society and a founding member of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, established in February 1785. Morgan was also a land speculator and horticulturalist with a particular interest in preserving trees.<ref> Louis Houck, ''The Spanish Regime in Missouri'', 2 vols. (Chicago: E. R. Donnelly & Sons Company, 1909), 1:300, 303, 305, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BKDABA9A view on Zotero].</ref> He donated a further 25 elms to the State House Yard in 1786.<ref>Toogood 2004, 87, 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] initially intended to develop the State House Yard as a national [[arboretum]], with an example of every tree and shrub that grew in the thirteen states of America.<ref>Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 14, 1785,Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file “Humphry Marshall Papers,” USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero]. See also Toogood 2004, 86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref> He received many of these plants as donations. For example, early in 1785 the British expatriate Mahlon Hall (1734&ndash;1818), whose [[Schuylkill River]] estate neighbored [[Belmont (Philadelphia, PA)]] and Landsdowne, supplied ninety-two hollies, two weeping willows, four white cedars, and a number of other trees.<ref>Toogood 2004, 90&ndash;91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref> In early April 1785 [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] compiled a list of over 700 plants representing 40 different species that he had received as donations, and another 75 examples of 55 species that he had purchased from the botanists and nurserymen [[William Bartram|William]] and John Bartram Jr., fellow members of the American Philosophical Society.<ref>Joel T. Fry, ''John Bartram’s House and Garden (Bartram’s Garden)'', Historic American Landscape Survey (2004), 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “List of Trees ‘Planted in the State-House Square,’” April 7, 1785, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file “Humphry Marshall Papers,” USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3RW2HBXQ view on Zotero]. See also Toogood 2004, 85, 86, 90&ndash;91, 93&ndash;94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Sarah P. Stetson, “The Philadelphia Sojourn of Samuel Vaughan,” ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 73 (October 1949): 465&ndash;66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero].</ref> In a letter of May 28, 1785, to the Bartrams’ cousin, the botanist and plant dealer [[Humphry Marshall]], [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] appealed for assistance in completing the collection, noting “I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining . . . and shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had, that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.”<ref>Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 28, 1785, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file “Humphry Marshall Papers,” USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4N9E2PIM view on Zotero]; see also Vaughan, May 14, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero].</ref> Although [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] ultimately scaled back his ambitious landscape plan, he nevertheless assembled a remarkable variety of specimens. From January to June 1785, he employed the nurseryman and gardener John Lithen to supervise the planting of these trees and shrubs.<ref>Fry 2004, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> In distinct contrast to the [[geometric style]] that characterized other Philadelphia gardens (such as the Norris garden, which shared a wall with the State House Yard), [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] designed the plantings in informal [[clump]]s in accordance with the fashionable [[natural style]] he had absorbed in England. Quantities of sand, gravel, and earth were carted in to to create artificial [[mound]]s. [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] continued this work in 1786 and 1787, purchasing additional trees and shrubs from John Bartram Jr. and Joseph Sepher. He added a pair of Windsor settees and a pair of garden chairs (both fashioned on the spot from red cedar logs) in 1785, and five street lamps in 1789. A team of laborers maintained the grounds under the supervision of gardener Jonathan Pilling until 1794, and thereafter under Edward Martin.<ref>Toogood 2004, 91, 93–96, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref>
+[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] initially intended to develop the State House Yard as a national [[arboretum]], with an example of every tree and shrub that grew in the thirteen states of America.<ref>Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 14, 1785,Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file “Humphry Marshall Papers,” USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero]. See also Toogood 2004, 86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref> He received many of these plants as donations. For example, early in 1785 the British expatriate Mahlon Hall (1734&ndash;1818), whose [[Schuylkill River]] estate neighbored [[Belmont (Philadelphia, PA)|Belmont]] and Landsdowne, supplied ninety-two hollies, two weeping willows, four white cedars, and a number of other trees.<ref>Toogood 2004, 90&ndash;91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref> In early April 1785 [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] compiled a list of over 700 plants representing 40 different species that he had received as donations, and another 75 examples of 55 species that he had purchased from the botanists and nurserymen [[William Bartram|William]] and John Bartram Jr., fellow members of the American Philosophical Society.<ref>Joel T. Fry, ''John Bartram’s House and Garden (Bartram’s Garden)'', Historic American Landscape Survey (2004), 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “List of Trees ‘Planted in the State-House Square,’” April 7, 1785, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file “Humphry Marshall Papers,” USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3RW2HBXQ view on Zotero]. See also Toogood 2004, 85, 86, 90&ndash;91, 93&ndash;94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Sarah P. Stetson, “The Philadelphia Sojourn of Samuel Vaughan,” ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 73 (October 1949): 465&ndash;66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero].</ref> In a letter of May 28, 1785, to the Bartrams’ cousin, the botanist and plant dealer [[Humphry Marshall]], [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] appealed for assistance in completing the collection, noting “I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining . . . and shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had, that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.”<ref>Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 28, 1785, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file “Humphry Marshall Papers,” USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4N9E2PIM view on Zotero]; see also Vaughan, May 14, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero].</ref> Although [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] ultimately scaled back his ambitious landscape plan, he nevertheless assembled a remarkable variety of specimens. From January to June 1785, he employed the nurseryman and gardener John Lithen to supervise the planting of these trees and shrubs.<ref>Fry 2004, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> In distinct contrast to the [[geometric style]] that characterized other Philadelphia gardens (such as the Norris garden, which shared a wall with the State House Yard), [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] designed the plantings in informal [[clump]]s in accordance with the fashionable [[natural style]] he had absorbed in England. Quantities of sand, gravel, and earth were carted in to to create artificial [[mound]]s. [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] continued this work in 1786 and 1787, purchasing additional trees and shrubs from John Bartram Jr. and Joseph Sepher. He added a pair of Windsor settees and a pair of garden chairs (both fashioned on the spot from red cedar logs) in 1785, and five street lamps in 1789. A team of laborers maintained the grounds under the supervision of gardener Jonathan Pilling until 1794, and thereafter under Edward Martin.<ref>Toogood 2004, 91, 93–96, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:0324.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, William Russell Birch, “Back of the State House, Philadelphia,” 1800.]]