Solomon Willard - Revision history

M-westerby at 22:55, August 11, 2021

2021-08-11T22:55:47Z

M-westerby at 22:53, August 11, 2021

2021-08-11T22:53:59Z

V-Federici at 09:44, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T09:44:22Z

Bchristen at 21:23, October 8, 2018

2018-10-08T21:23:37Z

Bchristen at 21:23, October 8, 2018

2018-10-08T21:23:00Z

Bchristen at 21:20, October 8, 2018

2018-10-08T21:20:05Z

Bchristen:

2018-09-20T17:24:06Z

<hr>

E-athens at 15:52, February 6, 2018

2018-02-06T15:52:20Z

E-athens at 19:16, February 5, 2018

2018-02-05T19:16:49Z

E-athens at 18:18, January 31, 2018

2018-01-31T18:18:05Z

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 |Death Circa End=No
 |Death Questionable End=No
-|Roles=Builder; Architect
+|Roles=Architect; Builder
 |Keywords=Column/Pillar; Fence; Obelisk
 |Other resources={{ExternalLink
 |External link URL=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no99042900.html
 |External link text=LOC
 }}{{ExternalLink
 |External link URL=http://tclf.org/solomon-willard

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 '''Solomon Willard''' (June 26, 1783&ndash;February 27, 1861) was an American architect and builder active in Massachusetts. He is remembered chiefly for overseeing the construction of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] (1826&ndash;42) in Boston, one of the earliest monuments erected in the United States to commemorate the Revolutionary War.
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 Image:0697.jpg|Lewis Miller, “[[Bunker Hill Monument]], Boston,” in ''Sketches and Chronicles'' (1966), p. 147.
 </gallery>
 <hr>

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 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
-Image:0697.jpg|Lewis Miller, “Bunker Hill Monument, Boston,” in ''Sketches and Chronicles'' (1966), p. 147.
+Image:0697.jpg|Lewis Miller, “[[Bunker Hill Monument]], Boston,” in ''Sketches and Chronicles'' (1966), p. 147.
 </gallery>
 <hr>

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 In 1826 Willard was appointed superintendent and architect of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]]. Faced with the unprecedented challenge of erecting a stone [[obelisk]] over 220 feet tall, he cut costs by quarrying his own granite, leading to the establishment of several quarries in nearby West Quincy, Massachusetts, as well as a railway to transport the heavy stone.<ref>Solomon Willard, ''Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill, with the Details of Experiments Made in Quarrying the Granite'' (Boston: Charles Cook, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RES2EZNJ view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 107&ndash;128, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; John A. Laukkanen, ''Quincy Quarries: Gold and Gloom'' (Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2004), 2, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHAG45HF view on Zotero].</ref> Special machinery devised by Willard allowed him to use larger blocks of granite than had previously been possible. His preference for working with granite on this massive scale influenced his designs for monuments in and around Boston, resulting in a severe style of architecture later dubbed the Boston Granite Style.<ref>Jane Holtz Kay, ''Lost Boston'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 129&ndash;32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WUTR2V6P view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 225&ndash;50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
-Willard was also responsible for a number of funerary monuments and [[cemetery]] projects, including a fifteen-foot [[obelisk]] for the monument to John Harvard (1607&ndash;1638) in the Phipps Street [[burial ground|Burial Ground]] in Charleston (1828)<ref>Wheildon 1865, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; Edwin Monroe Bacon, ''Boston: A Guide Book to the City and Vicinity,'' rev. ed. (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1922), 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NSSGSCX view on Zotero].</ref> and a twenty-five-foot granite [[obelisk]] marking the graves of Benjamin Franklin’s parents in the Granary [[burying ground|Burying Ground]] in Boston (1827), where Willard also designed a new granite wall and Egyptian revival [[gateway]] (1831; erected 1840).<ref>Goodwin 2009, 65, 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Blanche M. G. Linden, ''Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount Auburn Cemetery'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 93, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJ7267GQ view on Zotero]; Edward Warren, ''The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography and Journals,'' 2 vols. (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), 2:35&ndash;38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQGETJRX view on Zotero].</ref> Around 1840, Willard laid out the grounds of the Hall Place [[cemetery]] in Quincy and erected a thirty-ton [[column]] there, reportedly depositing a set of stonecutter’s tools in the top of the shaft.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 240&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
+Willard was also responsible for a number of funerary monuments and [[cemetery]] projects, including a fifteen-foot [[obelisk]] for the monument to John Harvard (1607&ndash;1638) in the Phipps Street [[burial ground|Burial Ground]] in Charleston (1828)<ref>Wheildon 1865, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; Edwin Monroe Bacon, ''Boston: A Guide Book to the City and Vicinity,'' rev. ed. (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1922), 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NSSGSCX view on Zotero].</ref> and a twenty-five-foot granite [[obelisk]] marking the graves of Benjamin Franklin’s parents in the Granary [[burying ground|Burying Ground]] in Boston (1827), where Willard also designed a new granite wall and Egyptian revival [[gateway]] (1831; erected 1840).<ref>Goodwin 2009, 65, 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Blanche M. G. Linden, ''Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount Auburn Cemetery'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 93, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJ7267GQ view on Zotero]; Edward Warren, ''The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography and Journals,'' 2 vols. (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), 2:35&ndash;38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQGETJRX view on Zotero].</ref> In approximately 1840, Willard laid out the grounds of the Hall Place [[cemetery]] in Quincy and erected a thirty-ton [[column]] there, reportedly depositing a set of stonecutter’s tools in the top of the shaft.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 240&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''

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 ==History==
-Largely self taught, Solomon Willard was a polymath who devoted himself to a wide range of pursuits: carpentry, sculpture, architecture, geology, chemistry, and agriculture, among them. Although he spent most of his career in Massachusetts, from 1810 to 1818 he also sought professional opportunities in the mid-Atlantic region, where he met and worked with a number of prominent architects. Willard carved “ornamental furnishings” for a church in Baltimore designed by the expatriate French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765&ndash;c. 1838), who appears to have acquainted him with a number of neoclassical decorative motifs.<ref>George M. Goodwin, “The Gateway to Newport’s Jewish Cemetery,” ''Rhode Island History'' 67, no. 2 (Summer&ndash;Autumn 2009): 69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy''(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 86n, 140, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]; William W. Wheildon, ''Memoir of Solomon Willard, Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker Hill Monument'' (Boston: The Monument Association, 1865), 39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> He also provided Charles Bulfinch with a carved wooden architectural model of the U.S. Capitol, as well as presentation drawings and working plans based on [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]’s designs.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 38&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> Returning to Boston, Willard carved ornamental details for some of the city’s first Greek Revival buildings and by 1820 was working as an independent architect, incorporating elements of Greek, Gothic, and Egyptian styles into his designs.
+Largely self taught, Solomon Willard was a polymath who devoted himself to a wide range of pursuits: carpentry, sculpture, architecture, geology, chemistry, and agriculture, among them. Although he spent most of his career in Massachusetts, from 1810 to 1818 he also sought professional opportunities in the mid-Atlantic region, where he met and worked with a number of prominent architects. Willard carved “ornamental furnishings” for a church in Baltimore designed by the expatriate French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765&ndash;c. 1838), who appears to have acquainted him with a number of neoclassical decorative motifs.<ref>George M. Goodwin, “The Gateway to Newport’s Jewish Cemetery,” ''Rhode Island History'' 67, no. 2 (Summer&ndash;Autumn 2009): 69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy''(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 86n, 140, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]; William W. Wheildon, ''Memoir of Solomon Willard, Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker Hill Monument'' (Boston: Monument Association, 1865), 39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> He also provided Charles Bulfinch with a carved wooden architectural model of the U.S. Capitol, as well as presentation drawings and working plans based on [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Benjamin Henry Latrobe's]] designs.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 38&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> Returning to Boston, Willard carved ornamental details for some of the city’s first Greek Revival buildings and, by 1820, was working as an independent architect, incorporating elements of Greek, Gothic, and Egyptian styles into his designs.
 In 1826 Willard was appointed superintendent and architect of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]]. Faced with the unprecedented challenge of erecting a stone [[obelisk]] over 220 feet tall, he cut costs by quarrying his own granite, leading to the establishment of several quarries in nearby West Quincy, Massachusetts, as well as a railway to transport the heavy stone.<ref>Solomon Willard, ''Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill, with the Details of Experiments Made in Quarrying the Granite'' (Boston: Charles Cook, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RES2EZNJ view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 107&ndash;128, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; John A. Laukkanen, ''Quincy Quarries: Gold and Gloom'' (Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2004), 2, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHAG45HF view on Zotero].</ref> Special machinery devised by Willard allowed him to use larger blocks of granite than had previously been possible. His preference for working with granite on this massive scale influenced his designs for monuments in and around Boston, resulting in a severe style of architecture later dubbed the Boston Granite Style.<ref>Jane Holtz Kay, ''Lost Boston'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 129&ndash;32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WUTR2V6P view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 225&ndash;50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>

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 ==Notes==
 <references/>
 [[Category: People|Willard, Solomon]]

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 —''Robyn Asleson''
 ==Texts==
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 :“It has always seemed to me that any of the three figures which have been proposed, if well designed, would make a respectable monument. The [[obelisk]] I have always preferred for its severe cast and its nearer approach to the simplicity of nature than the others. The [[column]] might be more splendid. The character of the [[obelisk]], without a pedestal, seems to me to be strictly appropriate for the occasion and I think would rank first as a specimen of art and be highly creditable to the taste of the age.”
 ==Images==
@@ Line 21: / Line 25: @@
 Image:0697.jpg|Lewis Miller, “Bunker Hill Monument, Boston,” in ''Sketches and Chronicles'' (1966), p. 147.
 </gallery>
 ==Other Resources==
@@ Line 30: / Line 34: @@
 [http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-00934.html American National Biography]
 ==Notes==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==History==
-Largely self taught, Solomon Willard was a polymath who devoted himself to a wide range of pursuits, including carpentry, sculpture, architecture, geology, chemistry, and agriculture. Although he spent most of his career in Massachusetts, from 1810 to 1818 he also sought professional opportunities in the mid-Atlantic region, where he met and worked with a number of prominent architects. Willard carved “ornamental furnishings” for a church in Baltimore designed by the expatriate French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765&ndash;c. 1838), who appears to have acquainted him with a number of neoclassical decorative motifs, <ref>George M. Goodwin, “The Gateway to Newport’s Jewish Cemetery,” ''Rhode Island History'' 67, no. 2 (Summer&ndash;Autumn 2009): 69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy''(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 86n, 140, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]; William W. Wheildon, ''Memoir of Solomon Willard, Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker Hill Monument'' (Boston, Mass.: The Monument Association, 1865), 39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> and provided Charles Bulfinch with a carved wooden architectural model of the U.S. Capitol, as well as presentation drawings and working plans based on [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]’s designs.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 38&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> Returning to Boston, Willard carved ornamental details for some of the city’s first Greek Revival buildings and by 1820 was working as an independent architect, incorporating elements of Greek, Gothic, and Egyptian styles into his designs.
+Largely self taught, Solomon Willard was a polymath who devoted himself to a wide range of pursuits, including carpentry, sculpture, architecture, geology, chemistry, and agriculture. Although he spent most of his career in Massachusetts, from 1810 to 1818 he also sought professional opportunities in the mid-Atlantic region, where he met and worked with a number of prominent architects. Willard carved “ornamental furnishings” for a church in Baltimore designed by the expatriate French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765&ndash;c. 1838), who appears to have acquainted him with a number of neoclassical decorative motifs, <ref>George M. Goodwin, “The Gateway to Newport’s Jewish Cemetery,” ''Rhode Island History'' 67, no. 2 (Summer&ndash;Autumn 2009): 69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy''(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 86n, 140, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]; William W. Wheildon, ''Memoir of Solomon Willard, Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker Hill Monument'' (Boston: The Monument Association, 1865), 39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> and provided Charles Bulfinch with a carved wooden architectural model of the U.S. Capitol, as well as presentation drawings and working plans based on [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]’s designs.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 38&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref> Returning to Boston, Willard carved ornamental details for some of the city’s first Greek Revival buildings and by 1820 was working as an independent architect, incorporating elements of Greek, Gothic, and Egyptian styles into his designs.
-In 1826 Willard was appointed superintendent and architect of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]]. Faced with the unprecedented challenge of erecting a stone [[obelisk]] over 220 feet tall, he cut costs by quarrying his own granite, leading to the establishment of several quarries in nearby West Quincy, Massachusetts, as well as a railway to transport the heavy stone.<ref>Solomon Willard, ''Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill, with the Details of Experiments Made in Quarrying the Granite'' (Boston: Charles Cook, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RES2EZNJ view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 107&ndash;128, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; John A. Laukkanen, ''Quincy Quarries: Gold and Gloom'' (Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, 2004), 2, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHAG45HF view on Zotero].</ref> Special machinery devised by Willard allowed him to use larger blocks of granite than had previously been possible. His preference for working with granite on this massive scale influenced his designs for monuments in and around Boston, resulting in a severe style of architecture later dubbed the Boston Granite Style.<ref>Jane Holtz Kay, ''Lost Boston'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 129&ndash;32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WUTR2V6P view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 225&ndash;250, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
+In 1826 Willard was appointed superintendent and architect of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]]. Faced with the unprecedented challenge of erecting a stone [[obelisk]] over 220 feet tall, he cut costs by quarrying his own granite, leading to the establishment of several quarries in nearby West Quincy, Massachusetts, as well as a railway to transport the heavy stone.<ref>Solomon Willard, ''Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill, with the Details of Experiments Made in Quarrying the Granite'' (Boston: Charles Cook, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RES2EZNJ view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 107&ndash;128, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; John A. Laukkanen, ''Quincy Quarries: Gold and Gloom'' (Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2004), 2, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHAG45HF view on Zotero].</ref> Special machinery devised by Willard allowed him to use larger blocks of granite than had previously been possible. His preference for working with granite on this massive scale influenced his designs for monuments in and around Boston, resulting in a severe style of architecture later dubbed the Boston Granite Style.<ref>Jane Holtz Kay, ''Lost Boston'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 129&ndash;32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WUTR2V6P view on Zotero]; Wheildon 1865, 225&ndash;50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
-Willard was also responsible for a number of funerary monuments and [[cemetery]] projects, including a fifteen-foot [[obelisk]] for the monument to John Harvard (1607&ndash;1638) in the Phipps Street [[burial ground|Burial Ground]] in Charleston (1828)<ref>Wheildon 1865, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; Edwin Monroe Bacon, ''Boston: A Guide Book to the City and Vicinity,'' (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1922, rev. ed.), 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NSSGSCX view on Zotero].</ref> and a twenty-five-foot granite [[obelisk]] marking the graves of Benjamin Franklin’s parents in the Granary [[burying ground|Burying Ground]] in Boston (1827), where Willard also designed a new granite wall and Egyptian revival [[gateway]] (1831; erected 1840).<ref>Goodwin 2009, 65, 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Blanche M. G. Linden, ''Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount Auburn Cemetery'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 93, see also 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJ7267GQ view on Zotero]; Edward Warren, ''The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography and Journals,'' 2 vols. (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), 2: 35&ndash;38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQGETJRX view on Zotero]. </ref> Around 1840, Willard laid out the grounds of the Hall Place [[cemetery]] in Quincy and erected a thirty-ton [[column]] there, reportedly depositing a set of stonecutter’s tools in the top of the shaft.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 240&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
+Willard was also responsible for a number of funerary monuments and [[cemetery]] projects, including a fifteen-foot [[obelisk]] for the monument to John Harvard (1607&ndash;1638) in the Phipps Street [[burial ground|Burial Ground]] in Charleston (1828)<ref>Wheildon 1865, 227&ndash;28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; Edwin Monroe Bacon, ''Boston: A Guide Book to the City and Vicinity,'' (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1922, rev. ed.), 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NSSGSCX view on Zotero].</ref> and a twenty-five-foot granite [[obelisk]] marking the graves of Benjamin Franklin’s parents in the Granary [[burying ground|Burying Ground]] in Boston (1827), where Willard also designed a new granite wall and Egyptian revival [[gateway]] (1831; erected 1840).<ref>Goodwin 2009, 65, 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Blanche M. G. Linden, ''Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount Auburn Cemetery'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 93, see also 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJ7267GQ view on Zotero]; Edward Warren, ''The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography and Journals,'' 2 vols. (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), 2:35&ndash;38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQGETJRX view on Zotero].</ref> Around 1840, Willard laid out the grounds of the Hall Place [[cemetery]] in Quincy and erected a thirty-ton [[column]] there, reportedly depositing a set of stonecutter’s tools in the top of the shaft.<ref>Wheildon 1865, 240&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
 --''Robyn Asleson''