Samuel Vaughan - Revision history

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 '''Samuel Vaughan''' (April 23, 1720&ndash;1802) was a London merchant and owner of sugar [[plantation]]s in Jamaica. An ardent supporter of the cause of American independence, Vaughan contributed to the development of several important American sites and institutions, including the [[State House Yard]] and the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, where he also designed the popular [[pleasure ground]] known as [[Gray’s Garden]].
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 ==Other Resources==
 [http://tclf.org/pioneer/samuel-vaughan/biography-samuel-vaughan The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

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 ==Images==
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 Image:1110.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Sketch plan of [[Mount Vernon]], June&ndash;September 1787.

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 ==History==
 During the 1740s Samuel Vaughan established extensive commercial enterprises in London, the West Indies, and the American colonies. He purchased large quantities of land and slaves in the vicinity of Montego Bay in Jamaica, where he established lucrative sugar [[plantation]]s.<ref>Alan Taylor, ''Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760&ndash;1820'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R76N7T3F view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan strengthened his ties to America through marriage in 1747 to Sarah Hallowell (1727&ndash;1809), daughter of the wealthy Boston merchant, shipbuilder, and landowner Benjamin Hallowell.<ref>Emma Huntington Nason, ''Old Hallowell on the Kennebec'' (Augusta, ME: Press of Burleigh & Flynt, 1909), 74&ndash;75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; ''Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens of the State of Maine, American Series of Popular Biographies—Maine Edition'' (Boston: New England Historical Publishing Company, 1903), 167, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4E8FE95 view on Zotero]. </ref> Unlike his loyalist father-in-law, Vaughan was a passionate advocate of American liberty and a great admirer of George Washington. In London he was a member of the “Club of Honest Whigs”&mdash;a liberal coterie of intellectuals and religious dissenters (several of them, like Vaughan, were Unitarians) who met to discuss science, philosophy, and social and political reform.<ref>Verner W. Crane, “The Club of Honest Whigs: Friends of Science and Liberty,” ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 23 (April 1966): 220&ndash;21, 228, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D99WNVM2 view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part I,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (March 1961): 52&ndash;53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero].</ref> At his home in the English village of Wanstead, Vaughan hosted visiting American patriots such as Benjamin Franklin, who became an intimate family friend, and Josiah Quincy Jr., to whom Franklin introduced Vaughan in 1774.<ref>Josiah Quincy, ''Memoir of the Life of Josiah Quincy, Junior, of Massachusetts Bay: 1744&ndash;1775'', ed. Eliza Susan Quincy (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1875), 204, 214, 242, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/247JWVJA view on Zotero].</ref> It was possibly at Wanstead that Vaughan developed the knowledge of [[landscape gardening]] that he later brought to America. Nearby Wanstead House&mdash;a magnificent Palladian residence designed by Colen Campbell&mdash;was among the first in England to have its existing formal gardens renovated (c. 1725&ndash;71) in the Romantic, [[natural style|naturalistic mode]] that became known as the [[English style]]. Thousands of shrubs and trees were added to the [[park]], along with architectural accents (such as a boathouse-[[grotto]] on the man-made [[lake]] and an ornamental [[temple]] that also functioned as a poultry house and keeper’s lodge).<ref>Sally Jeffery, “The Gardens of Wanstead,” in ''Proceedings of a Study Day held at the Temple, Wanstead Park, Greater London, September 25, 1999'', ed. Katherine Myers (London: London Historic Parks and Gardens Trust, 2003), 24&ndash;36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HQK9H3S5 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan would include similar garden features in the landscape projects he later oversaw in Philadelphia.
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 Although Vaughan ultimately scaled back his encyclopedic plan for landscaping the [[State House Yard]], he nevertheless assembled a great number and variety of specimens, which he laid out in accordance with the naturalistic conventions of the [[English style]]. In addition to receiving accolades for his good taste and generosity in developing the [[State House Yard]], Vaughan was praised for his signal contributions to the American Philosophical Society. In a letter of August 2, 1786, Benjamin Rush observed, “He [Vaughan] has been the principal cause of the resurrection of our Philosophical Society. He has even done more, he has laid the foundation of a philosophical hall which will preserve his name and the name of his family among us for many, many years to come.”<ref> William E. Lingelbach, “Philosophical Hall: The Home of the American Philosophical Society,” ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 43 (1953): 49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E5XJR6BI view on Zotero].</ref> Less well known was Vaughan’s responsibility for the fashionable [[pleasure garden]] recently opened at [[Gray's Garden|Gray’s Tavern]] on the [[Schuylkill River]]. With the aid of an English gardener and a team of laborers, Vaughan had transformed the steep, wooded grounds into a romantic [[park]] known as [[Gray’s Garden]]. A maze of paths meandered through informal plantings of flowers and shrubs, and featured [[picturesque]] [[view]]s of fanciful garden structures such as [[grotto|grottoes]], [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[bridge]]s, and a [[rustic style|rustic]] [[hermitage]] that functioned as a [[bathhouse]].<ref>Toogood 2004, 83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Stetson 1949, 467&ndash;68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]; Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL.D.'', ed. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), 1: 275&ndash;77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:1110.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Samuel Vaughan, Sketch plan of [[Mount Vernon]], June&ndash;September 1787.]]
+[[File:1110.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, Samuel Vaughan, Sketch plan of [[Mount Vernon]], June&ndash;September 1787.]]
-Despite his many occupations in Philadelphia, Vaughan traveled frequently to Boston and visited other regions of the United States. In July 1786 he and [[Manasseh Cutler]] began preparations for a trip to the White Mountains, where they intended to study native flora, fauna, and minerals (Vaughan’s pet subject), aided by scientific instruments that Vaughan had imported from Europe.<ref>Cutler 1888, 2:247, 271, 281, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1787 Vaughan hosted two dinners for George Washington while the president was in Philadelphia for the Federal Convention, and then set off on a 1400-mile journey to [[Mount Vernon]]. During his trip, Vaughan kept a journal in which he detailed the sites and natural phenomena he encountered while traveling through Pittsburgh (celebrating the 4th of July at Fort Pitt), [[Berkeley Springs]], Williamsburg, and other towns.<ref>Williams, March 1961, 53, 56&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part II, From Carlisle to Pittsburgh,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (June 1961): 160&ndash;73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part III. From Pittsburgh to Fort Cumberland Thence to Mount Vernon,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (September 1961): 261&ndash;85, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4TTHJVB view on Zotero].</ref> At [[Mount Vernon]] Vaughan made notes on the mansion and grounds and completed a sketch [Fig. 1], from which he later produced two more detailed versions, one of which he sent as a gift to Washington.<ref>Williams, June 1961, 273&ndash;74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero].</ref>
+Despite his many occupations in Philadelphia, Vaughan traveled frequently to Boston and visited other regions of the United States. In July 1786 he and [[Manasseh Cutler]] began preparations for a trip to the White Mountains, where they intended to study native flora, fauna, and minerals (Vaughan’s pet subject), aided by scientific instruments that Vaughan had imported from Europe.<ref>Cutler 1888, 2:247, 271, 281, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1787 Vaughan hosted two dinners for George Washington while the president was in Philadelphia for the Federal Convention, and then set off on a 1400-mile journey to [[Mount Vernon]]. During his trip, Vaughan kept a journal in which he detailed the sites and natural phenomena he encountered while traveling through Pittsburgh (celebrating the 4th of July at Fort Pitt), [[Berkeley Springs]], Williamsburg, and other towns.<ref>Williams, March 1961, 53, 56&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part II, From Carlisle to Pittsburgh,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (June 1961): 160&ndash;73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part III. From Pittsburgh to Fort Cumberland Thence to Mount Vernon,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (September 1961): 261&ndash;85, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4TTHJVB view on Zotero].</ref> At [[Mount Vernon]] Vaughan made notes on the mansion and grounds and completed a sketch [Fig. 2], from which he later produced two more detailed versions, one of which he sent as a gift to Washington.<ref>Williams, June 1961, 273&ndash;74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero].</ref>
 In 1790 Vaughan took his final leave of America and returned to England. Just prior to his departure, he formally requested that [[William Bartram]]&mdash;rather than an English gardener&mdash;be entrusted with maintaining the shrubs and trees at the [[State House Yard]], asserting: “He is fully competent to the business, which I conceive not to be the case of the English Gardiner proposed, who not being acquainted with the productions of this Country & who hath neither ability to judge or means to procure the variety necessary to supply those destroyed or dead.”<ref>Stetson 1949, 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero].</ref> From the other side of the Atlantic, Vaughan continued to exchange scientific information and specimens with [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler]], Washington, and other American friends. He also supervised the development of property inherited from his father-in-law, Benjamin Hallowell, in the town of [[Hallowell, Maine]]. As early as 1784, he had sought to establish a Unitarian community there and he continued to promote the spiritual, agricultural, and mercantile growth of the town through family members who became residents—most notably his son [[Benjamin Vaughan|Benjamin]], who developed a noted garden while advancing the pioneering horticultural work that had become a family tradition.<ref>Taylor 1990, 34&ndash;37, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R76N7T3F view on Zotero]; Murray 1989, 204, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Nason 1909, 50&ndash;51, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; George Willis Cooke, ''Unitarianism in America: A History of Its Origin and Development'' (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1902), 77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7MMW5NPJ view on Zotero]; John H. Sheppard, ''Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family, and More Particularly of Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D.'' (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1865), 5&ndash;6, 12&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 Image:0069.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.
-Image:0461.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Plan of Bath [ [[Berkeley Springs]] ], Virginia, 1787, from the diary of Samuel Vaughan, June&ndash;September 1787.
+Image:0461.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Plan of Bath [[Berkeley Springs|[Berkeley Springs]]], Virginia, 1787, from the diary of Samuel Vaughan, June&ndash;September 1787.
 Image:0462.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, “Warm or [[Berkeley Springs]] in Virginia,” 1787, from the diary of Samuel Vaughan, June&ndash;September 1787.

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 [http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0040 The Massachusetts Historical Society]
-[http://scdb.swem.wm.edu/?p=collections/findingaid&id=6972&q=&rootcontentid=4627 Samuel Vaughan Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary]
+[http://archon.wmlibraries.com:8080/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=6972 Samuel Vaughan Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary]
 [http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0040 Vaughan family papers, Massachusetts Historical Society]

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 [[File:1110.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Samuel Vaughan, Sketch plan of [[Mount Vernon]], June&ndash;September 1787.]]
-Despite his many occupations in Philadelphia, Vaughan traveled frequently to Boston and visited other regions of the United States. In July 1786 he and [[Manasseh Cutler]] began preparations for a trip to the White Mountains, where they intended to study native flora, fauna, and minerals (Vaughan’s pet subject), aided by scientific instruments that Vaughan had imported from Europe.<ref>Cutler 1888, 2:247, 271, 281, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1787 Vaughan hosted two dinners for [[George Washington]] while the president was in Philadelphia for the Federal Convention, and then set off on a 1400-mile journey to [[Mount Vernon]]. During his trip, Vaughan kept a journal in which he detailed the sites and natural phenomena he encountered while traveling through Pittsburgh (celebrating the 4th of July at Fort Pitt), [[Berkeley Springs]], [[Williamsburg]], and other towns.<ref>Williams, March 1961, 53, 56&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part II, From Carlisle to Pittsburgh,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (June 1961): 160&ndash;73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part III. From Pittsburgh to Fort Cumberland Thence to Mount Vernon,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (September 1961): 261&ndash;85, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4TTHJVB view on Zotero].</ref> At [[Mount Vernon]] Vaughan made notes on the mansion and grounds and completed a sketch [Fig. 1], from which he later produced two more detailed versions, one of which he sent as a gift to [[George Washington|Washington]].<ref>Williams, June 1961, 273&ndash;74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero].</ref>
+Despite his many occupations in Philadelphia, Vaughan traveled frequently to Boston and visited other regions of the United States. In July 1786 he and [[Manasseh Cutler]] began preparations for a trip to the White Mountains, where they intended to study native flora, fauna, and minerals (Vaughan’s pet subject), aided by scientific instruments that Vaughan had imported from Europe.<ref>Cutler 1888, 2:247, 271, 281, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1787 Vaughan hosted two dinners for [[George Washington]] while the president was in Philadelphia for the Federal Convention, and then set off on a 1400-mile journey to [[Mount Vernon]]. During his trip, Vaughan kept a journal in which he detailed the sites and natural phenomena he encountered while traveling through Pittsburgh (celebrating the 4th of July at Fort Pitt), [[Berkeley Springs]], Williamsburg, and other towns.<ref>Williams, March 1961, 53, 56&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part II, From Carlisle to Pittsburgh,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (June 1961): 160&ndash;73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, “Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or ‘Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.’ Part III. From Pittsburgh to Fort Cumberland Thence to Mount Vernon,” ed. Edward G. Williams, ''Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'' 44 (September 1961): 261&ndash;85, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4TTHJVB view on Zotero].</ref> At [[Mount Vernon]] Vaughan made notes on the mansion and grounds and completed a sketch [Fig. 1], from which he later produced two more detailed versions, one of which he sent as a gift to [[George Washington|Washington]].<ref>Williams, June 1961, 273&ndash;74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero].</ref>
 In 1790 Vaughan took his final leave of America and returned to England. Just prior to his departure, he formally requested that [[William Bartram]]&mdash;rather than an English gardener&mdash;be entrusted with maintaining the shrubs and trees at the [[State House Yard]], asserting: “He is fully competent to the business, which I conceive not to be the case of the English Gardiner proposed, who not being acquainted with the productions of this Country & who hath neither ability to judge or means to procure the variety necessary to supply those destroyed or dead.”<ref>Stetson 1949, 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero].</ref> From the other side of the Atlantic, Vaughan continued to exchange scientific information and specimens with [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler]], [[George Washington|Washington]], and other American friends. He also supervised the development of property inherited from his father-in-law, Benjamin Hallowell, in the town of [[Hallowell, Maine]]. As early as 1784, he had sought to establish a Unitarian community there and he continued to promote the spiritual, agricultural, and mercantile growth of the town through family members who became residents—most notably his son [[Benjamin Vaughan|Benjamin]], who developed a noted garden while advancing the pioneering horticultural work that had become a family tradition.<ref>Taylor 1990, 34&ndash;37, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R76N7T3F view on Zotero]; Murray 1989, 204, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Nason 1909, 50&ndash;51, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; George Willis Cooke, ''Unitarianism in America: A History of Its Origin and Development'' (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1902), 77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7MMW5NPJ view on Zotero]; John H. Sheppard, ''Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family, and More Particularly of Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D.'' (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1865), 5&ndash;6, 12&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero].</ref>