Rosedown Plantation - Revision history

M-westerby at 17:07, August 26, 2021

2021-08-26T17:07:54Z

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V-Federici at 15:43, January 14, 2021

2021-01-14T15:43:29Z

V-Federici at 13:54, December 21, 2020

2020-12-21T13:54:12Z

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-20T17:09:37Z

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V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-20T17:05:11Z

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V-Federici at 14:19, August 4, 2020

2020-08-04T14:19:50Z

A-Whitlock at 20:33, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T20:33:15Z

L-Baradel: /* Overview */

2019-12-30T19:10:30Z

Overview

K-lee: /* Texts */

2019-06-20T13:46:47Z

Texts

A-brey: /* History */ emphasizing Olmsted's travelogues

2019-06-11T21:30:26Z

History: emphasizing Olmsted's travelogues

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 Early inspiration for the Rosedown Plantation gardens would have come from a variety of descriptions, images, and firsthand experiences. Turner has revealed that the Turnbulls owned general works on gardening and agriculture by such notable figures as [[John Claudius Loudon]], and [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], and may also have been familiar with gardening literature adapted for the American South by Jacques-Felix Lelièvre (1795–1854), in French, and the nurseryman and plantation owner Thomas Affleck (1812–1868), in English.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> Their library also contained more specialized works, like Robert Leuchars’s ''Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hot-Houses'', first printed in 1850.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 112, (Leuchars), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> The entrance hall of the main house was decorated with a panoramic Joseph Dufour wallpaper that depicted a dramatic landscape, one of many French imports that may also have shaped the taste of Martha and Daniel Turnbull.<ref>The wallpaper has been replaced at least twice, and the original subject matter of the panorama is unknown. Ola Mae Word, ''Reflections of Rosedown'' (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SHL4LDKA view on Zotero].</ref> They must also have found ideas in firsthand experience of leisure landscapes, which the Turnbulls encountered in their seasonal travels. To escape the Louisiana heat and outbreaks of yellow fever, the Turnbulls summered in Saratoga Springs, New York, and after 1850 in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:2204.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, “Italian walk,” in [[J. C. Loudon]], ''The Villa Gardener'' (1850), p. 182.]]
+[[File:2204.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, “Italian walk,” in [[J. C. Loudon]], ''The Villa Gardener'' (1850), 182.]]
 In 1851, the Turnbull family embarked on a tour of Europe that reflected their taste in garden design and informed Martha’s approach to the Rosedown Plantation gardens in following years. Their itinerary included Liverpool Botanic Garden, Versailles, and Florence, offering them the opportunity to visit a variety of public and palatial gardens. Possibly inspired by one of [[John Claudius Loudon|Loudon’s]] illustrations of an “Italian walk,” [Fig. 2], Martha purchased twelve statues for the garden from F. Leopold Pisani in Florence, maker of marble and alabaster sculptures for wealthy travelers, which she installed throughout the garden upon her return.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 86; Ola Mae Word 1979, Reflections of Rosedown (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 25. For Leopold (or Leopoldo) Pisani see Giuseppe Formigli, ed., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N3QM15fKOyYC&lpg=PA258&dq=Guida%20della%20citta%CC%80%20di%20Firenze%20e%20suoi%20contorni%20leopoldo%20pisani&pg=PA258#v=onepage&q=pisani%20leopoldo&f=false Guida per la città di Firenze e suoi contorni]'' (Firenze: Presso i F. Carini e Giuseppe Formigli, 1849), 258, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/B7ZGAYSS view on Zotero].</ref> These included mythological figures as well as female allegorical personifications of Asia, Africa [Fig. 3], Europe, and America.<ref>The marble sculptures, several of which were photographed in the Carnegie Survey of the Architecture of the South, were removed by Gene Raymond Slivka. Cast-iron garden decorations from Rosedown appeared at Cakebread Auction (April 25–26, 2015).</ref> The seashell-encrusted [[rockery]] that Martha added in 1858 was probably also inspired by features that she observed on her journey.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 125, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:2204.jpg|Anonymous, “Italian [[walk]],” in [[J. C. Loudon]], ''The Villa Gardener'' (1850), p. 182, fig. 93.
+File:2204.jpg|Anonymous, “Italian [[walk]],” in [[J. C. Loudon]], ''The Villa Gardener'' (1850), 182, fig. 93.
 File:2202.jpg| Frances Benjamin Johnston, Lattice [[summerhouse]] at Rosedown Plantation, in ''Rosedown Plantation, St. Francisville, W. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana'', 1938.

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 With the exception of her children Sarah (1831–1914) and William (1829–1856), most of the people named in Martha’s diary prior to the Civil War can be identified with enslaved individuals listed in an 1858 succession document: Moses (age 21), Charles (17); or an 1862 inventory of enslaved people: Ben, Primus (28), Augustus (16?), Dave (17?), Jane (28 or 31), and Jim (65 or 66?).<ref>Anderson 2004, 225-227 (1858), 57-63 (1862), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/QRGQ2RD8 view on Zotero]. Jane may in fact have been recaptured after fleeing enslavement in 1849, although it is not clear if the escaped woman is the same individual mentioned by Martha Turnbull.</ref> Charles may have specialized in propagating and potting [[greenhouse]] plants, <span id="Budding_cite"></span>Jane and Moses grafted fruit trees using a technique known as budding ([[#Budding|view text]]), and <span id="Strawberries_cite"></span>Ben sold vegetables and other produce at a nearby town market ([[#Strawberries|view text]]). Daniel Turnbull’s journal entries from 1860 frequently mention “invalids in garden,” suggesting that the enslaved people whom the Turnbulls regularly forced to work in the gardens at Rosedown had disabilities or illnesses that precluded more physically demanding tasks.<ref>Fricker and Turner 2005, 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AGCFHILK view on Zotero].</ref>
-Early gardening literature from the region suggests that the number of enslaved people forced to work in the Turnbull gardens was atypically high, perhaps a consequence of the size and wealth their plantations. <span id="ExtraHeavy_cite"></span>Daniel Turnbull ranked among the “extra heavy” plantation owners of West Feliciana, one of the richest parishes in Louisiana, in which enslaved African Americans outnumbered white people five to one ([[#ExtraHeavy|view text]]). Thomas Affleck, owner of a [[nursery]] in Washington, Mississippi outside of Natchez, asserted in the 1851 edition of his ''Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar'', “Very rarely is any assistance given by the plantations hands, the whole [[kitchen garden|[kitchen] garden]] being kept in fine order by house-servants, during their leisure time.”<ref>Thomas Affleck, ''Affleck’s Southern Rural Almanac, and Plantation and Garden Calendar, for 1851'' (New Orleans: Office of the “Picayune,” 1850), 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/7SIH9KQH view on Zotero]. Via Turnbull 2012, 102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> Contrary to Affleck’s claims, large groups of enslaved people carried out labor intensive tasks in the gardens at Rosedown, especially during the busiest spring and fall months. <span  id="Strawberries_cite"></span>One entry from April 1856 in Martha’s diary states “I had 18 negroes picking strawberries” ([[#Strawberries|view text]]), <span id="15Hands_cite"></span>while another from March 1860 records “Jim has had 15 hands cleaning Garden for a month” ([[#15Hands|view text]]).
+Early gardening literature from the region suggests that the number of enslaved people forced to work in the Turnbull gardens was atypically high, perhaps a consequence of the size and wealth of their plantations. <span id="ExtraHeavy_cite"></span>Daniel Turnbull ranked among the “extra heavy” plantation owners of West Feliciana, one of the richest parishes in Louisiana, in which enslaved African Americans outnumbered white people five to one ([[#ExtraHeavy|view text]]). Thomas Affleck, owner of a [[nursery]] in Washington, Mississippi outside of Natchez, asserted in the 1851 edition of his ''Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar'', “Very rarely is any assistance given by the plantations hands, the whole [[kitchen garden|[kitchen] garden]] being kept in fine order by house-servants, during their leisure time.”<ref>Thomas Affleck, ''Affleck’s Southern Rural Almanac, and Plantation and Garden Calendar, for 1851'' (New Orleans: Office of the “Picayune,” 1850), 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/7SIH9KQH view on Zotero]. Via Turnbull 2012, 102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> Contrary to Affleck’s claims, large groups of enslaved people carried out labor intensive tasks in the gardens at Rosedown, especially during the busiest spring and fall months. <span  id="Strawberries_cite"></span>One entry from April 1856 in Martha’s diary states “I had 18 negroes picking strawberries” ([[#Strawberries|view text]]), <span id="15Hands_cite"></span>while another from March 1860 records “Jim has had 15 hands cleaning Garden for a month” ([[#15Hands|view text]]).
 Martha Turnbull acquired the plants and seeds for her gardens from both long distance and local sources. The [[nursery]] of [[Robert Buist]] in Philadelphia was a preferred source for many of the seeds and plants for Rosedown, possibly by way of local nurserymen and importers in Louisiana, but Martha also bought from the [[nursery]] of Colonel Hebron near Vicksburg, Mississippi; Makenzie in Philadelphia; William Prince in Flushing, New York; and a nursery in Long Island.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 21 (Buist and Prince), 114 (Makenzie), 127 (Hebron), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> Other plants and cuttings she acquired through exchanges with the owners of neighboring [[plantation]]s, including Mrs. Mathews of Oakley Plantation, Mr. Fort of Catalpa Plantation, and possibly Judge Thomas Butler of the Cottage Plantation, each of whom also had extensive gardens.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 41 (Judge Thomas Butler), 89 (Mrs. Mathews and Mr. Fort), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero]. For more about the gardens of Thomas Butler at his plantation, the Cottage, see Suzanne Louise Turner, “Plantation Papers as a Source for Landscape Documentation and Interpretation: The Thomas Butler Papers,” ''Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology'' 12, no. 3 (1980): 28–45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/3DVEFUZC view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 [http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n84086820 Library of Congress Authority File]
-[https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-parks/historic-sites/rosedown-plantation-state-historic-site/index Louisiana State Historic Sites– Rosedown Plantation]
+[https://www.lastateparks.com/historic-sites/rosedown-plantation-state-historic-site Louisiana State Historic Sites– Rosedown Plantation]
 [https://www.loc.gov/item/la0045/ Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) Documentation]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:05, December 20, 2020
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	==Other Resources==		==Other Resources==
		+	[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n84086820 Library of Congress Authority File]
		+
	[https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-parks/historic-sites/rosedown-plantation-state-historic-site/index Louisiana State Historic Sites– Rosedown Plantation]		[https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-parks/historic-sites/rosedown-plantation-state-historic-site/index Louisiana State Historic Sites– Rosedown Plantation]

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ==Texts==
-*<div id="Richardson"></div>Richardson, Samuel, January 13, 1849, advertisement for landscape and ornamental gardening services (''Mississippi Free Trader and Natchez Gazette'', issue 161)<ref>Samuel Richardson, “Landscape and Ornamental Gardening,” ''Mississippi Free Trader and Natchez Gazette'', January 13, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/YASNYULR view on Zotero]. Also printed in issues published January 2, 1849 and January 10, 1849.</ref> [[#Richardson_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="Richardson"></div>Richardson, Samuel, January 13, 1849, advertisement for landscape and ornamental gardening services (''Mississippi Free Trader and Natchez Gazette'', issue 161)<ref>Samuel Richardson, “Landscape and Ornamental Gardening,” ''Mississippi Free Trader and Natchez Gazette'', January 13, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/YASNYULR view on Zotero]. Also printed in issues published January 2, 1849 and January 10, 1849.</ref>
 :“LANDSCAPE AND ORNAMENTAL GARDENING
 :“THE undersigned respectfully tenders his services in the above line of work, and in building of MOSS and [[Rustic style|RUSTIC]] houses. Garden [[Seat]]s, will give places for [[greenhouse|Green-houses]], [[Conservatory|Conservitorys]], &c., in his depart- as a practical Gardener.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 :“SAMUEL RICHARDSON
 :“Bayou Sara, Dec. 9, 1848.—Dec. 29–4t”
-*<div id="MossHouse"></div>Turnbull, Martha, January 4–February 1, 1849, describing the construction of moss house (Turnbull: 65–66)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 65–66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#MossHouse_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="MossHouse"></div>Turnbull, Martha, January 4–February 1, 1849, describing the construction of moss house (Turnbull: 65–66)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 65–66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Jany. 1849 4 we have spaded all the Garden today—the first time. Sewed Peas, Irish Potatoes. Set out the [[Orangery]] today.
 :“6 cleaning & trimming our [[Orchard]] over the creek—done all the other triming & putting out cuttings—set out all the flowers that were sewed in October
@@ Line 66: / Line 67: @@
 :“25 all cuttings, triming done, & gone to general gardening—still wet as water—forked asparagus [[bed]]—
 :“February 1st Sticking Peas—planting more Irish Potatoes—finished the walks on one side of garden—began on the other—got half of Moss house done mossing—”
@@ Line 87: / Line 89: @@
-*<div id="Budding"></div>Turnbull, Martha, September 1855, describing the autumnal tasks assigned to skilled enslaved workers in the garden (Turnbull: 101–103)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 101–103, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Budding_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="Budding"></div>Turnbull, Martha, September 1855, describing the autumnal tasks assigned to skilled enslaved workers in the garden (Turnbull: 101–103)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 101–103, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Sept. 2nd Made two small Strawberry [[bed]]s & planted them down Sewed Carrots, Parsnips, Salsify—Turnips—Leeks Onions Beets Spinage &c—Mr. T. sewed his grass seed from Carolina—I had to put out all my servants in the Garden, it was overgrown with grass, weeds, &c—Jane & Moses budded many Peach, Pear, Roses Japonicas—2 whole days at it—very cloudy, threatening &—I have no Tomattoes, snap beans, Arbor beans, &c to eat—I gave a new Gardners line out—Charles is constantly potting off & put out many verbenas that he had in [[pot]]s during the summer—”
-*<div id="Strawberries"></div>Turnbull, Martha,  April 1–26, 1856, describing flowers and an abundant strawberry harvest (Turnbull: 122)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 122, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Strawberries_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="Strawberries"></div>Turnbull, Martha,  April 1–26, 1856, describing flowers and an abundant strawberry harvest (Turnbull: 122)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 122, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“April 1st—My Chrysanthemums are beautiful—All new shrubs are exausted & I think will die—The Geraneams are beautiful I cut down—
 :“April 20 I shall put down all my Chrysanthemums in the ground—I am eating Peas for two weeks—Strawberries are very abundant—picked off of one 3rd of the [[bed]] enough for 30 people—& still the [[bed]] red—
@@ Line 97: / Line 100: @@
 :“25th I had 18 negroes picking strawberries until 11 O & did not go over but ½ the [[bed]]—I now have 8 Watering [[Pot]]s—2 Engines.
 :“26 I gathered 2 ½ bushels Strawberries—Ben made 9$—”
-*<div id="15Hands"></div>Turnbull, Martha, March 18–August 21, 1860, mentioning more than fifteen enslaved workers active in the gardens (Turnbull: 127)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#15Hands_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="15Hands"></div>Turnbull, Martha, March 18–August 21, 1860, mentioning more than fifteen enslaved workers active in the gardens (Turnbull: 127)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“18th All my Paris Artichokes to 6 killed—It look like an abundant Spring garden—Jim has had 15 hands cleaning Garden for a month—but since drouth it is getting clean—Charles is propigating.
 :“April One shower only—a drouth—Myrtle [[hedge]] &c all come up & things look better than I expected—I never had such a fine garden notwithstanding drouths—No more rain until July 7th a good shower—No more rain until August 21st such a drouth never saw before—Dave planted out Cauliflower, Broccoli, Celery & how he has managed to keep it alive I cannot tell.”
-*<div id="ExtraHeavy"></div>Anonymous (“Tourist”), May 21, 1860, “Louisiana in Slices. Parish of West Feliciana” mentioning Daniel Turnbull among the owners of the largest [[plantation]]s in Louisiana (''New Orleans Daily Crescent'', vol. 13, no. 66: 1)<ref>“Louisiana in Slices: Parish of West Feliciana,” ''New Orleans Daily Crescent'', May 21, 1860, Morning edition, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/3RHHZ4ZI view on Zotero].</ref> [[#ExtraHeavy_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="ExtraHeavy"></div>Anonymous (“Tourist”), May 21, 1860, “Louisiana in Slices. Parish of West Feliciana” mentioning Daniel Turnbull among the owners of the largest [[plantation]]s in Louisiana (''New Orleans Daily Crescent'', vol. 13, no. 66: 1)<ref>“Louisiana in Slices: Parish of West Feliciana,” ''New Orleans Daily Crescent'', May 21, 1860, Morning edition, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/3RHHZ4ZI view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“West Feliciana is one of the wealthiest parishes of the State, being high among the second rates in wealth and population. [. . . .] The total population of the parish is 12,000, in round numbers, of which about 2000 are whites and about 10,000 slaves, the free negroes being few. [. . . .] Cotton is the principal product. Of the 227,367 acres forming its entire area, about 35,000 are in cotton, 5000 in cane and 19,000 in corn, leaving some 165,000 or 170,000 uncultivated. [. . . .] Many of the planters grown both cotton and cane, but they are generally engaged exclusively in raising either one or the other rather than both. Some of the planters of this parish rank among the largest in the State, and among the extra heavy men may be mentioned Mssrs. Joseph A. S. Acklen, David Barrow, Wm. Ruffin Barrow, Sr., Wm. J. Fort, John Scott Smith, Wm. H. Stirling, Daniel Turnbull, etc.”
+:“West Feliciana is one of the wealthiest parishes of the State, being high among the second rates in wealth and population. [. . .] The total population of the parish is 12,000, in round numbers, of which about 2000 are whites and about 10,000 slaves, the free negroes being few. [. . .] Cotton is the principal product. Of the 227,367 acres forming its entire area, about 35,000 are in cotton, 5000 in cane and 19,000 in corn, leaving some 165,000 or 170,000 uncultivated. [. . .] Many of the planters grown both cotton and cane, but they are generally engaged exclusively in raising either one or the other rather than both. Some of the planters of this parish rank among the largest in the State, and among the extra heavy men may be mentioned Mssrs. Joseph A. S. Acklen, David Barrow, Wm. Ruffin Barrow, Sr., Wm. J. Fort, John Scott Smith, Wm. H. Stirling, Daniel Turnbull, etc.” [[#ExtraHeavy_cite|Back up to History]]
-*<div id="ForeignGardner"></div>Frederick Law Olmsted, 1861, ''The Cotton Kingdom'' (Olmsted 1861: 163–164)<ref>Frederick Law Olmsted, [https://archive.org/details/cottonkingdomtra00olms/page/n5 ''The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States''], vol. 2 (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 163–64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RM4AZRBH view on Zotero].</ref> [[#ForeignGardner_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="ForeignGardner"></div>Frederick Law Olmsted, 1861, ''The Cotton Kingdom'' (Olmsted 1861: 163–164)<ref>Frederick Law Olmsted, [https://archive.org/details/cottonkingdomtra00olms/page/n5 ''The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States''], vol. 2 (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 163–64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RM4AZRBH view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“‘Do you remember a place you passed?’ [describing the locality].
 :“‘Yes,’ said I; ‘a pretty cottage with a large garden, with some [[statue]]s or [[Vase/Urn|vases]] in it.’
-:“‘I think it likely. Got a foreign gardener, I expect. That’s all the fashion with them. A nigger isn’t good enough for them. Well, that belongs to Mr. A. J. Clayborn.[?] He’s got to be a very rich man. I suppose he’s got as many as five hundred people on all his places. He went out to Europe a few years ago, and sometime after he came back, he came up to Natchez. I was there with my wife at the same time, and as she and Mrs. Clayborn came from the same section of country, and used to know each other when they were girls, she thought she must go and see her. Mrs. Clayborn could not talk about anything but the great people they had seen in Europe. She was telling of some great nobleman’s castle they went to, and the splendid [[park]] there was to it, and how grandly they lived. For her part, she admired it so much, and they made so many friends among the people of quality she said, she didn’t care if they always stayed there. In fact, she really wanted Mr. Clayborn to buy one of the castles, and be a nobleman himself. “But he wouldn’t,” says she; “he’s such a strong Democrat, you know.” Ha! Ha! Ha! I wonder what old Tom Jeff. would have said to these swell-head Democrats.’”
+:“‘I think it likely. Got a foreign gardener, I expect. That’s all the fashion with them. A nigger isn’t good enough for them. Well, that belongs to Mr. A. J. Clayborn.[?] He’s got to be a very rich man. I suppose he’s got as many as five hundred people on all his places. He went out to Europe a few years ago, and sometime after he came back, he came up to Natchez. I was there with my wife at the same time, and as she and Mrs. Clayborn came from the same section of country, and used to know each other when they were girls, she thought she must go and see her. Mrs. Clayborn could not talk about anything but the great people they had seen in Europe. She was telling of some great nobleman’s castle they went to, and the splendid [[park]] there was to it, and how grandly they lived. For her part, she admired it so much, and they made so many friends among the people of quality she said, she didn’t care if they always stayed there. In fact, she really wanted Mr. Clayborn to buy one of the castles, and be a nobleman himself. “But he wouldn’t,” says she; “he’s such a strong Democrat, you know.” Ha! Ha! Ha! I wonder what old Tom Jeff. would have said to these swell-head Democrats.’” [[#ForeignGardner_cite|Back up to History]]
@@ Line 118: / Line 123: @@
-*<div id="Sharecroppers"></div>Turnbull, Martha, March 4, 1869, mentioning the paid gardeners whom Martha employed following the emancipation of her enslaved gardeners (Turnbull: 188)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 188, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Sharecroppers_cite|Back up to History]]
+*<div id="Sharecroppers"></div>Turnbull, Martha, March 4, 1869, mentioning the paid gardeners whom Martha employed following the emancipation of her enslaved gardeners (Turnbull: 188)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 188, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“[March] 4th Planted, Corn, Spinach, Ben hawling manure, John plowing Penny Lancaster & Bob helped me two days—Bicks, James, & Truckpatch Orchard contains 8 acres—I suppose I cultivate in vegetables 5 acres—Trees 3 acres—[[Flower garden]]—5 acres—Big Ben Prenter & John are to cultivate it—”
+:“[March] 4th Planted, Corn, Spinach, Ben hawling manure, John plowing Penny Lancaster & Bob helped me two days—Bicks, James, & Truckpatch Orchard contains 8 acres—I suppose I cultivate in vegetables 5 acres—Trees 3 acres—[[Flower garden]]—5 acres—Big Ben Prenter & John are to cultivate it—” [[#Sharecroppers_cite|Back up to History]]
@@ Line 132: / Line 137: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:2204.jpg|Anonymous, “Italian walk,” in [[J. C. Loudon]], ''The Villa Gardener'' (1850), p. 182, fig. 93.
+File:2204.jpg|Anonymous, “Italian [[walk]],” in [[J. C. Loudon]], ''The Villa Gardener'' (1850), p. 182, fig. 93.
-File:2202.jpg| Frances Benjamin Johnston, Lattice summerhouse at Rosedown Plantation, in ''Rosedown Plantation, St. Francisville, W. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana'', 1938.
+File:2202.jpg| Frances Benjamin Johnston, Lattice [[summerhouse]] at Rosedown Plantation, in ''Rosedown Plantation, St. Francisville, W. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana'', 1938.
-File:2203.jpg|Frances Benjamin Johnston, Statue of the personification of Africa, in ''Rosedown Plantation, St. Francisville, W. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana'', 1938.
+File:2203.jpg|Frances Benjamin Johnston, [[Statue]] of the personification of Africa, in ''Rosedown Plantation, St. Francisville, W. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana'', 1938.
 </gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, January 13, 2020
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	</gallery>		</gallery>
−
−	~~<hr>~~
−
−	~~==Map==~~
−	~~{{#display_map:~~
−	~~30.797698, -91.371521~~
−	~~\| service=google~~
−	~~\| enablefullscreen=yes~~
−	}}

	<hr>		<hr>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Overview==
 '''Alternate Names:''' Rose Down<br/>
-'''Site Dates:''' 1834–present<br/>
+'''Site Dates:''' 1834 to present<br/>
-'''Site Owner(s):''' Martha and Daniel Turnbull (1834–1896); Sarah Turnbull Bowman (1896–1914); Nellie, Empsie, Isa, and Maggie Bowman (The Misses Bowman) (1914–1956); Milton Underwood and Catherine Fondren Underwood (1956–); Gene Raymond Slivka (1994–2000); the State of Louisiana (2000–present)<br/>
+'''Site Owner(s):''' Martha and Daniel Turnbull (1834–1896); Sarah Turnbull Bowman (1896–1914); Nellie, Empsie, Isa, and Maggie Bowman (The Misses Bowman) (1914–1956); Milton Underwood and Catherine Fondren Underwood (1956–); Gene Raymond Slivka (1994–2000); the State of Louisiana (2000 to present)<br/>
 '''Associated People:''' Samuel Richardson (landscape gardener); Moses; Charles; Ben; Primus; Augustus; Dave; Jane; Jim (enslaved gardeners)<br/>
 '''Location:''' St. Francisville, West Feliciana Parish, LA<br/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, June 20, 2019
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	*<div id="Sharecroppers"></div>Turnbull, Martha, March 4, 1869, mentioning the paid gardeners whom Martha employed following the emancipation of her enslaved gardeners (Turnbull: 188)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 188, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Sharecroppers_cite\|Back up to History]]		*<div id="Sharecroppers"></div>Turnbull, Martha, March 4, 1869, mentioning the paid gardeners whom Martha employed following the emancipation of her enslaved gardeners (Turnbull: 188)<ref>Turnbull 2012, 188, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Sharecroppers_cite\|Back up to History]]
−	:“[March] 4th Planted, Corn, Spinach, Ben hawling manure, John plowing Penny Lancaster & Bob helped me two days—Bicks, James, & Truckpatch Orchard contains 8 acres—I suppose I cultivate in vegetables 5 acres—Trees 3 ~~acres—Flower garden—5~~ acres—Big Ben Prenter & John are to cultivate it—”	+	:“[March] 4th Planted, Corn, Spinach, Ben hawling manure, John plowing Penny Lancaster & Bob helped me two days—Bicks, James, & Truckpatch Orchard contains 8 acres—I suppose I cultivate in vegetables 5 acres—Trees 3 acres—[[Flower garden]]—5 acres—Big Ben Prenter & John are to cultivate it—”

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 [[File:2203.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, Frances Benjamin Johnston, Statue of the personification of Africa, in ''Rosedown Plantation, St. Francisville, W. Feliciana Parish, Louisiana'', 1938.]]
-Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, most of the construction and maintenance of Rosedown Plantation was undertaken by enslaved people. <span id="ForeignGardner_cite"></span>While the gardens of rich [[plantation]] owners like the Turnbulls were often assumed to have been designed by European immigrant landscape gardeners ([[#ForeignGardner|view text]]), the only professional gardener who can be identified in Martha Turnbull’s diary is Samuel Richardson, a landscape gardener who lived in Bayou Sara in the 1840s and left the service of Martha Turnbull in November of 1847.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Richardson_cite"></span>His advertisements in the local newspaper cite the Turnbulls of Rosedown among his references, as well as Isaac Johnson (1803–1853), the governor of Louisiana and owner of Fairview Plantation on Bayou Sara, David Austin at Bayou Sara, and Martha’s nephew Robert Hilliard Barrow (1824–1878), owner of the Rosale Plantation near St. Francisville ([[#Richardson|view text]]). By 1868, a gardener’s house stood on the [[plantation]] grounds, although Martha’s diary never mentions the title of head gardener.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 183, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
+Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, most of the construction and maintenance of Rosedown Plantation was undertaken by enslaved people. <span id="ForeignGardner_cite"></span> An anecdote in Frederic Law Olmsted's travelogues, published first as ''A Journey in the Back Country'' and later as ''The Cotton Kingdom'', reveals that it was "all the fashion" for rich [[plantation]] owners like the Turnbulls to hire European immigrant landscape gardeners ([[#ForeignGardner|view text]]). The only professional gardener who can be identified in Martha Turnbull’s diary is Samuel Richardson, a landscape gardener who lived in Bayou Sara in the 1840s and left the service of Martha Turnbull in November of 1847.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Richardson_cite"></span>His advertisements in the local newspaper cite the Turnbulls of Rosedown among his references, as well as Isaac Johnson (1803–1853), the governor of Louisiana and owner of Fairview Plantation on Bayou Sara, David Austin at Bayou Sara, and Martha’s nephew Robert Hilliard Barrow (1824–1878), owner of the Rosale Plantation near St. Francisville ([[#Richardson|view text]]). By 1868, a gardener’s house stood on the [[plantation]] grounds, although Martha’s diary never mentions the title of head gardener.<ref>Turnbull 2012, 183, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V view on Zotero].</ref>
 With the exception of her children Sarah (1831–1914) and William (1829–1856), most of the people named in Martha’s diary prior to the Civil War can be identified with enslaved individuals listed in an 1858 succession document: Moses (age 21), Charles (17); or an 1862 inventory of enslaved people: Ben, Primus (28), Augustus (16?), Dave (17?), Jane (28 or 31), and Jim (65 or 66?).<ref>Anderson 2004, 225-227 (1858), 57-63 (1862), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/QRGQ2RD8 view on Zotero]. Jane may in fact have been recaptured after fleeing enslavement in 1849, although it is not clear if the escaped woman is the same individual mentioned by Martha Turnbull.</ref> Charles may have specialized in propagating and potting [[greenhouse]] plants, <span id="Budding_cite"></span>Jane and Moses grafted fruit trees using a technique known as budding ([[#Budding|view text]]), and <span id="Strawberries_cite"></span>Ben sold vegetables and other produce at a nearby town market ([[#Strawberries|view text]]). Daniel Turnbull’s journal entries from 1860 frequently mention “invalids in garden,” suggesting that the enslaved people whom the Turnbulls regularly forced to work in the gardens at Rosedown had disabilities or illnesses that precluded more physically demanding tasks.<ref>Fricker and Turner 2005, 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AGCFHILK view on Zotero].</ref>