Rockwork/Rockery - Revision history

V-Federici: /* Images */

2021-02-18T09:57:47Z

Images

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-02-18T09:57:01Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Citations */

2021-02-18T09:52:11Z

Citations

V-Federici: /* Citations */

2021-02-18T09:50:39Z

Citations

V-Federici: /* Citations */

2021-02-18T09:49:17Z

Citations

V-Federici: /* Citations */

2021-02-18T09:47:50Z

Citations

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-02-09T10:09:16Z

Inscribed

V-Federici at 10:08, February 9, 2021

2021-02-09T10:08:58Z

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-08-06T13:53:41Z

Inscribed

V-Federici at 13:53, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T13:53:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, February 18, 2021
Line 155:		Line 155:

	File:1154.jpg\|Anonymous, “'''Rockwork''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.		File:1154.jpg\|Anonymous, “'''Rockwork''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.
		+
		+	</gallery>
		+
		+	===Associated===
		+	<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
		+
		+	File:1660.jpg\|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country [[seat]], in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), 95, fig. 32. A water tank [[jet]] in the center, surrounded by rockwork.

	</gallery>		</gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, February 18, 2021
Line 156:		Line 156:
	File:1154.jpg\|Anonymous, “'''Rockwork''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.		File:1154.jpg\|Anonymous, “'''Rockwork''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.

−	File:1660.jpg\|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country [[seat]], in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 [[File:1660.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.]]
-*Robert B. Leuchars, describing a ground plan of conservatory, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850: 95) <ref>Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AFVF753S view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Robert B. Leuchars, describing a ground plan of conservatory, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850: 94-95) <ref>Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 94-95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AFVF753S view on Zotero].</ref>
 :REFERENCE TO FIG. 32
 :''A, A, A, A, A, A'', [[Bed]]s in which the plants are set out and arranged according to their methods of growth, habits, height, &c.

@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 :REFERENCE TO FIG. 32
 :''A, A, A, A, A, A'', [[Bed]]s in which the plants are set out and arranged according to their methods of growth, habits, height, &c.
-''B'', Water Tank, with [[jet]] in the centre. This tank is surrounded by '''rock-work''' and characteristic plants.
+:''B'', Water Tank, with [[jet]] in the centre. This tank is surrounded by '''rock-work''' and characteristic plants.
-''C, C'', [[Seat]]s on each side of the [[jet]], commanding, also, [[view]]s of the surrounding grounds.
+:''C, C'', [[Seat]]s on each side of the [[jet]], commanding, also, [[view]]s of the surrounding grounds.
-''D, D, D, D'', Conduit for the hot-water pipes, for warming the structure. This open conduit passes along the wall the whole length and breadth of the house, and is covered with grating, which serves as a path for watering, and conducting
+:''D, D, D, D'', Conduit for the hot-water pipes, for warming the structure. This open conduit passes along the wall the whole length and breadth of the house, and is covered with grating, which serves as a path for watering, and conducting the necessary operations connected with the culture of the plants.
-the necessary operations connected with the culture of the plants.
+:''E, E, E'', an open Balcony, passing all round the house, and surrounded by a balustrade. This balcony forms a continuation of the [[porch]] on the one side, and runs out upon the ground-level on the other. From this balcony are seen the garden, the [[lake]]s, the [[hot-house]], and the ornamental grounds. The chief purpose of this balcony, however, is to maintain the ground-level of the floor, and to make the [[conservatory]] in harmony with the mansion, without destroying its adaptability as a first-rate plant-house, of that class intended for growing large specimens, planted out in the ground.
-''E, E, E'', an open Balcony, passing all round the house, and surrounded by a balustrade. This balcony forms a continuation of the [[porch]] on the one side, and runs out upon the ground-level on the other. From this balcony are seen the garden, the [[lake]]s, the [[hot-house]], and the ornamental grounds. The chief purpose of this balcony, however, is to maintain the ground-level of the floor, and to make the [[conservatory]] in harmony with the mansion, without destroying its adaptability as a first-rate plant-house, of that class intended for growing large specimens, planted out in the ground.
+:''F'', Steps, leading from the balcony into the [[pleasure-ground]]s.
-''F'', Steps, leading from the balcony into the [[pleasure-grounds]].
+:''G'', Door opening from the drawing-room.
-''G'', Door opening from the drawing-room.
+:''H'', '''Rock-work''' for alpine plants, surrounding the aquarium and [[jet]].

@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 [[File:1660.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.]]
-*Robert B. Leuchars, describing a ground plan of conservatory, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850: 95) <ref>Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AFVF753S view on Zotero].
+*Robert B. Leuchars, describing a ground plan of conservatory, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850: 95) <ref>Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AFVF753S view on Zotero].</ref>
 :REFERENCE TO FIG. 32
 :''A, A, A, A, A, A'', [[Bed]]s in which the plants are set out and arranged according to their methods of growth, habits, height, &c.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:47, February 18, 2021
Line 117:		Line 117:
	[[File:1154.jpg\|thumb\|Fig. 4, Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), 462, fig. 90.]]		[[File:1154.jpg\|thumb\|Fig. 4, Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), 462, fig. 90.]]
	:“We will begin by collecting from some rocky hill or valley in the neighborhood of the estate, a sufficient quantity of rugged rocks, in size from a few pounds to half a ton or more, if necessary, preferring always such as are already coated with mosses and lichens. These we will assemble around the base of a large rock, in an irregular somewhat pyramidal group, bedding them sometimes partially, sometimes almost entirely in soil heaped in irregular piles around the rock. The rocks must be arranged in a natural manner, avoiding all regularity and appearance of formal art, but placing them sometimes in groups of half a dozen together, overhanging each other, and sometimes half bedded in the soil, and a little distance apart. There are no ''rules'' to be given for such operations, but the study of natural groups, of a character similar to that which we wish to produce.” [Fig. 4]		:“We will begin by collecting from some rocky hill or valley in the neighborhood of the estate, a sufficient quantity of rugged rocks, in size from a few pounds to half a ton or more, if necessary, preferring always such as are already coated with mosses and lichens. These we will assemble around the base of a large rock, in an irregular somewhat pyramidal group, bedding them sometimes partially, sometimes almost entirely in soil heaped in irregular piles around the rock. The rocks must be arranged in a natural manner, avoiding all regularity and appearance of formal art, but placing them sometimes in groups of half a dozen together, overhanging each other, and sometimes half bedded in the soil, and a little distance apart. There are no ''rules'' to be given for such operations, but the study of natural groups, of a character similar to that which we wish to produce.” [Fig. 4]
		+
		+
		+	[[File:1660.jpg\|thumb\|Fig. 5, Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.]]
		+	*Robert B. Leuchars, describing a ground plan of conservatory, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850: 95) <ref>Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman's country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/AFVF753S view on Zotero].
		+	:REFERENCE TO FIG. 32
		+	:''A, A, A, A, A, A'', [[Bed]]s in which the plants are set out and arranged according to their methods of growth, habits, height, &c.
		+	''B'', Water Tank, with [[jet]] in the centre. This tank is surrounded by '''rock-work''' and characteristic plants.
		+	''C, C'', [[Seat]]s on each side of the [[jet]], commanding, also, [[view]]s of the surrounding grounds.
		+	''D, D, D, D'', Conduit for the hot-water pipes, for warming the structure. This open conduit passes along the wall the whole length and breadth of the house, and is covered with grating, which serves as a path for watering, and conducting
		+	the necessary operations connected with the culture of the plants.
		+	''E, E, E'', an open Balcony, passing all round the house, and surrounded by a balustrade. This balcony forms a continuation of the [[porch]] on the one side, and runs out upon the ground-level on the other. From this balcony are seen the garden, the [[lake]]s, the [[hot-house]], and the ornamental grounds. The chief purpose of this balcony, however, is to maintain the ground-level of the floor, and to make the [[conservatory]] in harmony with the mansion, without destroying its adaptability as a first-rate plant-house, of that class intended for growing large specimens, planted out in the ground.
		+	''F'', Steps, leading from the balcony into the [[pleasure-grounds]].
		+	''G'', Door opening from the drawing-room.
		+	''H'', '''Rock-work''' for alpine plants, surrounding the aquarium and [[jet]].

@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 File:1823.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], [[View]] of the '''rockwork''', in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 584, fig. 237.
-File:1154.jpg|Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.
+File:1154.jpg|Anonymous, “'''Rockwork''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.
 File:1660.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country [[seat]], in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.

@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 :“'''''Rockwork''''' is another kind of decoration sometimes introduced in particular portions of the scenery of a residence. . . When well executed, that is, so as to have a natural and harmonious expression, the effect is highly pleasing. We have seen, however, in places where a high keeping and good taste otherwise prevailed, such a barbarous mélange, or confused pile of stones mingled with soil, and planted over with dwarfish plants dignified with the name of '''rockwork''', that we have been led to believe that it is much better to attempt nothing of the kind, unless there is a suitable place for its display, and at the same time, the person attempting it is sufficiently an artist, imbued with the spirit of nature in her various compositions and combinations, to be able to produce something higher than a caricature of her works.
 :“The object of '''''rockwork''''' is to produce in scenery or portions of a scene, naturally in a great measure destitute of groups of rocks and their accompanying drapery of plants and foliage, something of the [[picturesque]] effect which such natural assemblages confer. To succeed in this, it is evident that we must not heap up little hillocks of mould and smooth stones, in the midst of an open lawn, or the centre of a [[flower-garden]]. But if we can make choice of a situation where a rocky bank or knoll already partially exists, or would be in keeping with the form of the ground and the character of the scene, then we may introduce such accompaniments with the best possible hope of success. . .
-[[File:1154.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 462, fig. 90.]]
+[[File:1154.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), 462, fig. 90.]]
 :“We will begin by collecting from some rocky hill or valley in the neighborhood of the estate, a sufficient quantity of rugged rocks, in size from a few pounds to half a ton or more, if necessary, preferring always such as are already coated with mosses and lichens. These we will assemble around the base of a large rock, in an irregular somewhat pyramidal group, bedding them sometimes partially, sometimes almost entirely in soil heaped in irregular piles around the rock. The rocks must be arranged in a natural manner, avoiding all regularity and appearance of formal art, but placing them sometimes in groups of half a dozen together, overhanging each other, and sometimes half bedded in the soil, and a little distance apart. There are no ''rules'' to be given for such operations, but the study of natural groups, of a character similar to that which we wish to produce.” [Fig. 4]

@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 File:1154.jpg|Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.
-File:1660.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country [[seat]], in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.
+File:1660.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country [[seat]], in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 [[File:1757.jpg|thumb|450 px|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], “View of the [[Rustic_style|rustic]] [[arch]],” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 586, fig. 240.]]
-The primary stimulus for the development of rockwork was the interest in and availability of specialized plants and shrubs that required special soil and climatic conditions. The shallow soil typical of the feature and the radiant heat of sun-warmed rocks permitted the growth of vegetation that often would not flourish in other areas of the garden. James E. Teschemacher, for example, recommended imported Alpine plants for rockworks; James Arnold planted his rockwork with verbena and petunias; and Sayers suggested rhododendrons and kalmias, shrubs that were prized by plant collectors.<ref>The plant list provided by George William Johnson in 1847 in his definition of rockwork is a helpful guide to the range of plant material associated with rockworks. Because he was writing primarily for a British audience, however, this list must be treated with caution when considering the American context.</ref> A description by [[C. M. Hovey]] in 1846 of W. H. Corcoran’s rockwork suggests how the feature might have been watered through an elaborate irrigation system.
+The primary stimulus for the development of rockwork was the interest in and availability of specialized plants and shrubs that required special soil and climatic conditions. The shallow soil typical of the feature and the radiant heat of sun-warmed rocks permitted the growth of vegetation that often would not flourish in other areas of the garden. James E. Teschemacher, for example, recommended imported Alpine plants for rockworks; James Arnold planted his rockwork with verbena and petunias; and Sayers suggested rhododendrons and kalmias, shrubs that were prized by plant collectors.<ref>The plant list provided by George William Johnson in 1847 in his definition of rockwork is a helpful guide to the range of plant material associated with rockworks. Because he was writing primarily for a British audience, however, this list must be treated with caution when considering the American context.</ref> A description by C. M. Hovey in 1846 of W. H. Corcoran’s rockwork suggests how the feature might have been watered through an elaborate irrigation system.
 Treatise writers provided homeowners with considerable advice regarding the construction of rockworks. Most writers recommended employing natural rock, although it is clear from Johnson’s discussion that cement was used liberally in addition to other durable materials, such as bricks. Johnson even suggested using soil and rubbish to construct the core of the mound, which was then covered with rocks. As to the type of rock, British author [[J. C. Loudon]] and American author [[A. J. Downing]] advised using rocks from local geological formations. [[Jane Loudon]] (1845) argued that relying on “one kind of stone has always a better effect,” while American writer [[Robert Buist]] (1841) recommended the “greatest possible variety of character, size, and form.” Nonetheless, he insisted that rocks of the same kind and color should be placed near each other. In this vein, most treatise writers recommended constructing the rockwork so that the feature would appear natural. Apparently, this result was not easily achieved, as suggested by [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing’s]] comment in 1851 that rockworks were “dangerous features.” If the rockwork appeared artificial, he explained, it would be “offensive to good sense and good taste.”
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], September 1840, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” describing the residence of James Arnold, New Bedford, MA (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 363)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 6, no. 9 (September 1840): 361–66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QQC7WWZB view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), September 1840, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” describing the residence of James Arnold, New Bedford, MA (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 363)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 6, no. 9 (September 1840): 361–66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QQC7WWZB view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“A '''rock-work''', in a small way, but erected mostly with pure specimens of quartz, ''&c''., and covered with verbenas and petunias, is an interesting feature of this garden.”
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], October 1845, “Notes of a Visit to several Gardens in the Vicinity of Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York,” describing the garden of W. H. Corcoran, Washington, DC (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 12: 245)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes of a Visit to Several Gardens in the Vicinity of Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, in October, 1845,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 12, no. 7 (July 1846): 241–48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/S9UVTJM3 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), October 1845, “Notes of a Visit to several Gardens in the Vicinity of Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York,” describing the garden of W. H. Corcoran, Washington, DC (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 12: 245)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes of a Visit to Several Gardens in the Vicinity of Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, in October, 1845,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 12, no. 7 (July 1846): 241–48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/S9UVTJM3 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“At one end of the garden, is a very neatly constructed '''rock work''', with a [[basin]] in the centre, supplied with water from a cistern placed at some distance, but which is only a few feet higher than the water. Small tubes project through the '''rock work''', and by turning a cock, the water is thrown up in several small [[jet]]s and falls into the [[basin]]. Such fountains are constructed at very little expense, and in small gardens they afford much gratification.”
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1309.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Elevation of the rock-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 884, fig. 619.
+File:1309.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Elevation of the '''rock'''-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 884, fig. 619.
-File:1823.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], View of the rockwork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 584, fig. 237.
+File:1823.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], [[View]] of the '''rockwork''', in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 584, fig. 237.
 File:1154.jpg|Anonymous, “Rockwork,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 462, fig. 90.
-File:1660.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country seat, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.
+File:1660.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Ground plan of conservatory designed for gentleman’s country [[seat]], in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), 95, fig. 32.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1757.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “View of the [[Rustic_style|rustic]] [[arch]],” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 586, fig. 240.
+File:1757.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “[[View]] of the [[Rustic_style|rustic]] [[arch]],” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 586, fig. 240.
 </gallery>