Point Breeze - Revision history

M-westerby at 14:16, August 26, 2021

2021-08-26T14:16:51Z

M-westerby at 14:11, August 26, 2021

2021-08-26T14:11:01Z

V-Federici: /* Images */

2020-10-15T12:30:01Z

Images

V-Federici: /* Images */

2020-08-04T13:57:15Z

Images

A-Whitlock at 14:12, January 6, 2020

2020-01-06T14:12:51Z

A-Whitlock at 14:22, January 2, 2020

2020-01-02T14:22:40Z

A-Whitlock at 18:23, December 31, 2019

2019-12-31T18:23:46Z

L-Baradel: /* Overview */

2019-12-30T19:09:39Z

Overview

L-Baradel: /* Texts */

2019-12-30T16:42:45Z

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L-Baradel: /* Texts */

2019-12-30T16:42:02Z

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@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 |Associated people={{Associated person
 |Name=Theodore Mauroy
 |From Present=No
 |From Circa=No
@@ Line 133: / Line 134: @@
 }}{{Associated person
 |Name=Michel Bouvier
 |From Present=No
 |From Circa=No

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, August 26, 2021
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		+	{{Place
		+	\|Alternate names=Bonaparte’s Park
		+	\|Established Present=No
		+	\|Established Date=1816
		+	\|Established Circa=No
		+	\|Established Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Established Questionable=No
		+	\|Established HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Established Present End=No
		+	\|Established Circa End=No
		+	\|Established Questionable End=No
		+	\|Through Present=Yes
		+	\|Through Circa=No
		+	\|Through Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Through Questionable=No
		+	\|Through HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Through Present End=No
		+	\|Through Circa End=No
		+	\|Through Questionable End=No
		+	\|Location=Burlington County, NJ
		+	\|Coordinates=40.1554, -74.71247
		+	\|Geolocation link=coordinates
		+	\|Condition=Altered
		+	\|Keywords=Alcove; Avenue; Aviary/Bird cage/Birdhouse; Belvedere/Prospect tower/Observatory; Bridge; Drive; Fountain; Lake; Lawn; Park; Parterre; Pavilion; Picturesque; Plantation; Pleasure ground/Pleasure garden; Prospect; Rustic style; Seat; Shrubbery; Statue; Terrace/Slope; View/Vista; Wood/Woods
		+	\|Site owners={{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Joseph Bonaparte
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1816
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1844
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Joseph Lucien Bonaparte
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1844
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1847
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Thomas Richards
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1847
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1850
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Henry Beckett
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1850
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1874
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Vincentian Fathers of Philadelphia
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1874
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1911
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Harris Hammond
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1911
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=Yes
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Divine Word Seminary
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1941
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=Yes
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	\|Associated people={{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Theodore Mauroy
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Associated person
		+	\|Name=Michel Bouvier
		+	\|From Present=No
		+	\|From Circa=No
		+	\|From Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|From Questionable=No
		+	\|From HasEndDate=No
		+	\|From Present End=No
		+	\|From Circa End=No
		+	\|From Questionable End=No
		+	\|End Present=No
		+	\|End Circa=No
		+	\|End Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|End Questionable=No
		+	\|End HasEndDate=No
		+	\|End Present End=No
		+	\|End Circa End=No
		+	\|End Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	}}
	'''Point Breeze''' on the Delaware River was the country estate of Joseph Bonaparte, older brother of Napoleon I, who resided in the United States between 1816 and 1839. Bonaparte regularly welcomed members of the public to enjoy the grounds and river [[View/Vista\|views]] at Point Breeze, and his landscape design provided an important early model of a [[picturesque]] [[park]] in the United States.		'''Point Breeze''' on the Delaware River was the country estate of Joseph Bonaparte, older brother of Napoleon I, who resided in the United States between 1816 and 1839. Bonaparte regularly welcomed members of the public to enjoy the grounds and river [[View/Vista\|views]] at Point Breeze, and his landscape design provided an important early model of a [[picturesque]] [[park]] in the United States.
−
−	~~==Overview==~~
−
−	~~'''Alternate Names:''' Bonaparte’s Park<br/>~~
−	~~'''Site Dates:''' 1816 to present<br/>~~
−	'''Site Owner(s):''' Joseph Bonaparte (1816–1844); Joseph Lucien Bonaparte (1844–1847); Thomas Richards (1847–1850); Henry Beckett (1850–1874); Vincentian Fathers of Philadelphia (1874–1911); Harris Hammond (1911–?); Divine Word Seminary (1941 to present)<br/>
−	~~'''Associated People:''' Theodore Mauroy (master mason); Michel Bouvier (cabinetmaker)<br/>~~
−	~~'''Location:''' Burlington County, NJ<br/>~~
−	~~'''Condition:''' extant; altered<br/>~~
−	~~[https://goo.gl/maps/kgBb64S6zZy7rn7GA View on Google maps]~~

	<hr>		<hr>

@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 Image:2221.jpg| Thomas Birch, ''[[View]] from the Hill near Bordentown'', 1818, Oil on Canvas, 37.5  x 48.5 in, Purchase 2004 Helen McMahon Brady Cutting Fund, Collection of the Newark Museum of Art  2004.12.
-Image:1021.jpg|Charles B. Lawrence, Point Breeze, c. 1820.
+Image:1021.jpg|Charles B. Lawrence, ''Point Breeze'', c. 1820.
 Image:2006.jpg|Joseph Drayton, ''[[View]] near Bordentown, from the Gardens of the Count de Survilliers'', c. 1820.

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 Image:0992.jpg|Charles B. Lawrence (attr.), ''Point Breeze, the Estate of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte at Bordentown, New Jersey'', 1817–20.
-Image:2221.jpg| Thomas Birch, ''View from the Hill near Bordentown'', 1818, Oil on Canvas, 37.5  x 48.5 in, Purchase 2004 Helen McMahon Brady Cutting Fund, Collection of the Newark Museum of Art  2004.12.
+Image:2221.jpg| Thomas Birch, ''[[View]] from the Hill near Bordentown'', 1818, Oil on Canvas, 37.5  x 48.5 in, Purchase 2004 Helen McMahon Brady Cutting Fund, Collection of the Newark Museum of Art  2004.12.
 Image:1021.jpg|Charles B. Lawrence, Point Breeze, c. 1820.
-Image:2006.jpg|Joseph Drayton, ''View near Bordentown, from the Gardens of the Count de Survilliers'', c. 1820.
+Image:2006.jpg|Joseph Drayton, ''[[View]] near Bordentown, from the Gardens of the Count de Survilliers'', c. 1820.
-Image:1018.jpg|Thomas Birch, Point Breeze, c. 1820, in Edward J. Nygren, ''Views and Visions: American Landscape before 1830'' (1986), p. 146, pl. 120.
+Image:1018.jpg|Thomas Birch, Point Breeze, c. 1820, in Edward J. Nygren, ''[[View]]s and Visions: American Landscape before 1830'' (1986), p. 146, pl. 120.
 Image:0665.jpg|Anonymous, Bonaparte's residence and the surrounding park, c. 1830.
@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 Image:2223.jpg|Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''Manor House of Joseph Bonaparte near Bordentown'', 1832, watercolor on paper, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of the Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.26.
-Image:2222.jpg|Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832, watercolor on paper, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of the Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.24.
+Image:2222.jpg|Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''[[View]] on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832, watercolor on paper, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of the Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.24.
-Image:2224.jpg|After Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein, engraver, ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1839, hand-colored aquatint, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.542.50.
+Image:2224.jpg|After Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), Carl Christian Vogel von Vogelstein, engraver, ''[[View]] on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1839, hand-colored aquatint, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.542.50.
-Image:0098.jpg|Miller & Co., Map of the residence & park grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847.
+Image:0098.jpg|Miller & Co., Map of the residence & [[park]] grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847.

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 <span id="Berkley_cite"></span>After a fire destroyed Bonaparte’s first mansion house on January 4, 1820, he reportedly considered buying [[The Woodlands]], [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton’s]] estate on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]], but decided instead to rebuild at Point Breeze. Bonaparte engaged French émigré Michel Bouvier, a skilled cabinetmaker, to supervise the building of the second manor house. It was constructed by expanding the existing stables ([[#Berkley|view text]]), which were located further back from the promontory than the first house had been. This new location, as seen in this 1823 sketched plan, provided better protection from high winds that had helped fan the flames and hasten the destruction of the first house.<span id="Trollope_cite"></span> Only a [[belvedere]], with winding interior stairs and various balconies, survived the fire and remained on the promontory [Fig. 3]. This and the [[terrace]] nearby offered extensive [[view]]s of the river ([[#Trollope|view text]]). Bonaparte’s private apartments on the second floor of the home included a balcony, from which he could take in panoramic views of the gardens and river landscape.<ref>Bonaparte was away from Point Breeze when the fire broke out, but, thanks to the efforts of the people of Bordentown, most of his collection was saved. Stroud 2005, 46–7, 62–66, 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:2222.jpg|right|thumb|Fig. 3, Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832.]]
+[[File:2222.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 3, Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832.]]
 In addition to the new mansion, Bonaparte built several other dwellings on the property. The largest of these was a three-story Lake House, erected near the new mansion probably in the spring of 1820. Bonaparte’s daughter Zénaïde (1801–1854) resided in the Lake House with her husband, the ornithologist Charles-Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857), after they emigrated in 1823.<ref>The Lake House was connected to the manor house by a forty-foot subterranean passage as well as a lattice-covered arcade. Stroud 2005, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bonaparte also constructed a smaller guest house, known as the Wash or [[Icehouse|Ice House]]; a two-story gardener’s house (still extant) with [[kitchen garden]]; and servants’ quarters. The gardener’s house as well as tenant farmhouses were situated on the eastern end of the property, along a main road leading away from the second mansion house. At the site of the original mansion, Bonaparte added the servants’ house and a classical domed-circular [[temple]]. Winding sandstone steps led down the steep bluffs from this part of the property to the wharves and docks on Crosswicks Creek below.<ref>Veit and Gall 2014, 306–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref> Bonaparte also constructed subterranean tunnels, modeled after one at his Mortefontaine estate, to connect buildings throughout the grounds. These tunnels facilitated the transportation of supplies and hid laborers as they traversed the property. One tunnel connecting the main manor house to the lake had three doors leading to different destinations in the vicinity: the wine cellar, the Lake House, and [[icehouse]]s that stored ice cut from the Delaware River in winter.<ref>Stroud 2005, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, 302, 310, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Joseph Bonaparte (1768–1844), the former king of Naples and Spain, known as Count de Survilliers, resided at his country estate, Point Breeze, for much of his time in the United States between 1815 and 1839.<ref>Bonaparte fled to the United States following the abdication and surrender to British forces of his younger brother Napoleon I after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.</ref> He first purchased seven tracts of land comprising approximately 395 acres near Bordentown, New Jersey. A 125-acre farm known as Point Breeze, at the junction of Crosswick Creek and the Delaware River, formed the core of the property. Soon after taking possession of the farm from Stephen Sayre (1736–1818) in July 1816, Bonaparte replaced Sayre’s existing Georgian home with a larger manor house situated on a sixty-foot promontory with spectacular [[View/Vista|views]] of the Delaware River.<ref>Although Bonaparte purchased Point Breeze from Sayre, historically the land had been owned by the Farnsworth and Douglas families. Richard Veit and Michael J. Gall, “‘He Will Be a Bourgeois American and Spend His Fortune in Making Gardens’: An Archaeological Examination of Joseph Bonaparte’s Point Breeze Estate,” in ''Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600–1850'', ed. Richard Veit and David Orr (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2014), 299, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero]. For the full ownership history of the property between 1681 and Bonaparte’s purchase of it in 1816, see United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places—Nomination Form, “Point Breeze,” February 1977, 6, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/C5KD7RI7 view on Zotero]. Bonaparte hired Theodore Mauroy, a master mason whom he had employed previously at his residence Mortefontaine in France, to design the new home, although Bonaparte largely oversaw the construction process himself. Stephen Girard, an entrepreneur, financier, and philanthropist, helped Bonaparte acquire high-quality building supplies, including Carolina pine and imported marble. Bonaparte moved into the house by August 1817. Patricia Tyson Stroud, ''The Man Who Had Been King: The American Exile of Napoleon’s Brother Joseph'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 23–24, 58, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref> Within four months he amassed an additional three hundred acres, and would continue to add to the estate over the next nineteen years until it reached approximately eighteen hundred acres.<ref>Bonaparte’s first land purchases had to be made through his agent, James Carret, because Bonaparte was not a United States citizen. However, the law changed in 1817, when New Jersey permitted non-naturalized foreigners from countries not at war with the United States to hold real estate. Stroud 2005, 23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero].</ref><span id="Bonaparte_cite"></span>
-[[File:2221.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 1, Thomas Birch, ''View from the Hill near Bordentown'', 1818, Oil on Canvas, 37.5  x 48.5 in, Purchase 2004 Helen McMahon Brady Cutting Fund, Collection of the Newark Museum of Art  2004.12.]]
+[[File:2221.jpg|left|thumb|Fig. 1, Thomas Birch, ''View from the Hill near Bordentown'', 1818.]]
 The proximity of Bordentown’s steamboat docks to Point Breeze made the estate readily accessible to visitors. According to Bonaparte, steamboats arrived four times daily ([[#Bonaparte|view text]]). <span id="Gordon_1834_cite"></span>In addition to frequently entertaining dignitaries, including many French exiles, at Point Breeze, Bonaparte welcomed members of the public on a weekly basis to view the [[picturesque]] [[park]] and gardens, and to see his collection of art (including a version of David’s ''Napoleon crossing the Alps''), decorative arts, and library, then the largest in the United States ([[#Gordon_1834|view text]]).<ref>Bonaparte’s collection of art and furnishings was very large; one 1818 memorandum lists nineteen cases of paintings, engravings, furniture, rugs, candelabra, sconces, mirrors, clocks, maps, table linens and kitchenware that Bonaparte shipped from Le Havre to Philadelphia. Stroud 2005, 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]. Paintings in the collection included, among others, a version of Jacques Louis David’s ''Bonaparte Crossing the Alps'' (1801) commissioned by Charles IV of Spain; Frans Snyders’s ''Two Lions and a Fawn''; Charles Joseph Natoire’s ''La Toilette de Psyche'' (1745; New Orleans Museum of Art); Noël Nicolas Coypel’s ''Rape of Europa'' (1726–1727; Philadelphia Museum of Art); and various portrait statues and paintings of the Bonaparte family by artists such as Lorenzo Bartolini (1777–1850), Antonio Canova (1757–1822), Raimondo Trentanove (1792–1832), and François Gérard. Bonaparte often loaned artworks to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts’s annual exhibitions, making his collection even more widely accessible to the public. Bonaparte’s library included approximately eight thousand volumes, compared to the 6,500 in the Library of Congress during this period. Patricia Tyson Stroud, “Point Breeze: Joseph Bonaparte’s American Retreat,” ''Magazine Antiques'' 162, no. 4 (October 2002): 133–34, 136, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RVZ47VFC view on Zotero].</ref><span id="Barber_Howe_cite"></span> Noted artists including Thomas Birch (1779–1851) and Karl Bodmer (1809–1893) created paintings that emphasize Point Breeze’s elevated position over the river and highlight the fruits of Bonaparte’s efforts to transform the landscape, as one nineteenth-century account described it, from “a wild and impoverished tract... into a place of beauty” ([[#Barber_Howe|view text]]) [Fig. 1].
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 <span id="Berkley_cite"></span>After a fire destroyed Bonaparte’s first mansion house on January 4, 1820, he reportedly considered buying [[The Woodlands]], [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton’s]] estate on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]], but decided instead to rebuild at Point Breeze. Bonaparte engaged French émigré Michel Bouvier, a skilled cabinetmaker, to supervise the building of the second manor house. It was constructed by expanding the existing stables ([[#Berkley|view text]]), which were located further back from the promontory than the first house had been. This new location, as seen in this 1823 sketched plan, provided better protection from high winds that had helped fan the flames and hasten the destruction of the first house.<span id="Trollope_cite"></span> Only a [[belvedere]], with winding interior stairs and various balconies, survived the fire and remained on the promontory [Fig. 3]. This and the [[terrace]] nearby offered extensive [[view]]s of the river ([[#Trollope|view text]]). Bonaparte’s private apartments on the second floor of the home included a balcony, from which he could take in panoramic views of the gardens and river landscape.<ref>Bonaparte was away from Point Breeze when the fire broke out, but, thanks to the efforts of the people of Bordentown, most of his collection was saved. Stroud 2005, 46–7, 62–66, 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:2222.jpg|right|thumb|Fig. 3, Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832, watercolor on paper, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of the Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.24.]]
+[[File:2222.jpg|right|thumb|Fig. 3, Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832.]]
 In addition to the new mansion, Bonaparte built several other dwellings on the property. The largest of these was a three-story Lake House, erected near the new mansion probably in the spring of 1820. Bonaparte’s daughter Zénaïde (1801–1854) resided in the Lake House with her husband, the ornithologist Charles-Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857), after they emigrated in 1823.<ref>The Lake House was connected to the manor house by a forty-foot subterranean passage as well as a lattice-covered arcade. Stroud 2005, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bonaparte also constructed a smaller guest house, known as the Wash or [[Icehouse|Ice House]]; a two-story gardener’s house (still extant) with [[kitchen garden]]; and servants’ quarters. The gardener’s house as well as tenant farmhouses were situated on the eastern end of the property, along a main road leading away from the second mansion house. At the site of the original mansion, Bonaparte added the servants’ house and a classical domed-circular [[temple]]. Winding sandstone steps led down the steep bluffs from this part of the property to the wharves and docks on Crosswicks Creek below.<ref>Veit and Gall 2014, 306–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref> Bonaparte also constructed subterranean tunnels, modeled after one at his Mortefontaine estate, to connect buildings throughout the grounds. These tunnels facilitated the transportation of supplies and hid laborers as they traversed the property. One tunnel connecting the main manor house to the lake had three doors leading to different destinations in the vicinity: the wine cellar, the Lake House, and [[icehouse]]s that stored ice cut from the Delaware River in winter.<ref>Stroud 2005, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, 302, 310, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 Bonaparte imported plants and trees from France including apricots and peaches, but he also relied on the services of Philadelphia collectors and nurserymen. In the spring of 1818, for example, Stephen Girard wrote to Bonaparte offering him raspberry bushes, hazelnut trees, and artichokes. In 1821, Bonaparte received from Landreth Nursery shipments of grapevines and assorted [[Shrubbery|shrubs]] and trees, including “20 White Lindens, 40 Athenia Poplars, 40 Lombardy Poplars, 20 Weeping Willows, [and] 10 Button-Flowering Locusts.” Bonaparte’s [[park]] included sassafras and tulip trees, beech, chestnut, ash white birch, sweet gum, dogwood, honey locust, pines, twenty-five species of oak, persimmon trees, and eight species of walnut. According to Bonaparte’s son-in-law, native wildflowers grew in the [[wood]]s and [[fountain]]s in the park were surrounded by [[Rustic style|rustic]] [[seat]]s and planted with stargrass, andromeda, and tulip trees. He also reported that Bonaparte had planted azalea, mock orange, viburnum, and rhododendron near the main house.<ref>Stroud 2005, 78–80; quote on 79, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero].</ref><span id="Frances_cite"></span> During a visit to Point Breeze in June 1819, the Englishwoman Frances Wright observed that the mansion house stood on a [[lawn]] encircled by “the choice [[Shrubbery|shrubs]] of the American forest, magnolias, kalmias, &c. planted tastefully under the higher trees” ([[#Frances|view text]]).
-<span id="Berkley_cite"></span>After a fire destroyed Bonaparte’s first mansion house on January 4, 1820, he reportedly considered buying [[The Woodlands]], [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton’s]] estate on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]], but decided instead to rebuild at Point Breeze. Bonaparte engaged French émigré Michel Bouvier, a skilled cabinetmaker, to supervise the building of the second manor house. It was constructed by expanding the existing stables ([[#Berkley|view text]]), which were located further back from the promontory than the first house had been. This new location, as seen in this 1823 sketched plan, provided better protection from high winds that had helped fan the flames and hasten the destruction of the first house [Fig. 3].<span id="Trollope_cite"></span> Only a [[belvedere]], with winding interior stairs and various balconies, survived the fire and remained on the promontory [Fig. 4]. This and the [[terrace]] nearby offered extensive [[view]]s of the river ([[#Trollope|view text]]). Bonaparte’s private apartments on the second floor of the home included a balcony, from which he could take in panoramic views of the gardens and river landscape.<ref>Bonaparte was away from Point Breeze when the fire broke out, but, thanks to the efforts of the people of Bordentown, most of his collection was saved. Stroud 2005, 46–7, 62–66, 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>
+<span id="Berkley_cite"></span>After a fire destroyed Bonaparte’s first mansion house on January 4, 1820, he reportedly considered buying [[The Woodlands]], [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton’s]] estate on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]], but decided instead to rebuild at Point Breeze. Bonaparte engaged French émigré Michel Bouvier, a skilled cabinetmaker, to supervise the building of the second manor house. It was constructed by expanding the existing stables ([[#Berkley|view text]]), which were located further back from the promontory than the first house had been. This new location, as seen in this 1823 sketched plan, provided better protection from high winds that had helped fan the flames and hasten the destruction of the first house.<span id="Trollope_cite"></span> Only a [[belvedere]], with winding interior stairs and various balconies, survived the fire and remained on the promontory [Fig. 3]. This and the [[terrace]] nearby offered extensive [[view]]s of the river ([[#Trollope|view text]]). Bonaparte’s private apartments on the second floor of the home included a balcony, from which he could take in panoramic views of the gardens and river landscape.<ref>Bonaparte was away from Point Breeze when the fire broke out, but, thanks to the efforts of the people of Bordentown, most of his collection was saved. Stroud 2005, 46–7, 62–66, 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:2222.jpg|right|thumb|Fig. 4, Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832, watercolor on paper, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of the Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.24.]]
+[[File:2222.jpg|right|thumb|Fig. 3, Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809-1893), ''View on the Delaware near Bordentown'', 1832, watercolor on paper, Photograph © Bruce M. White, 2019, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, Gift of the Enron Art Foundation, 1986.49.24.]]
 In addition to the new mansion, Bonaparte built several other dwellings on the property. The largest of these was a three-story Lake House, erected near the new mansion probably in the spring of 1820. Bonaparte’s daughter Zénaïde (1801–1854) resided in the Lake House with her husband, the ornithologist Charles-Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857), after they emigrated in 1823.<ref>The Lake House was connected to the manor house by a forty-foot subterranean passage as well as a lattice-covered arcade. Stroud 2005, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero].</ref> Bonaparte also constructed a smaller guest house, known as the Wash or [[Icehouse|Ice House]]; a two-story gardener’s house (still extant) with [[kitchen garden]]; and servants’ quarters. The gardener’s house as well as tenant farmhouses were situated on the eastern end of the property, along a main road leading away from the second mansion house. At the site of the original mansion, Bonaparte added the servants’ house and a classical domed-circular [[temple]]. Winding sandstone steps led down the steep bluffs from this part of the property to the wharves and docks on Crosswicks Creek below.<ref>Veit and Gall 2014, 306–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref> Bonaparte also constructed subterranean tunnels, modeled after one at his Mortefontaine estate, to connect buildings throughout the grounds. These tunnels facilitated the transportation of supplies and hid laborers as they traversed the property. One tunnel connecting the main manor house to the lake had three doors leading to different destinations in the vicinity: the wine cellar, the Lake House, and [[icehouse]]s that stored ice cut from the Delaware River in winter.<ref>Stroud 2005, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/WGXVV8FQ view on Zotero]; and Veit and Gall 2014, 300, 302, 310, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/G2AZCPQ2 view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 :“We came within sight of his country-[[seat]] at eleven o’clock in the morning. I presume you have heard that his former residence had been burnt to the ground; his stables, which were about a quarter of a mile distant, remained uninjured. Their architectural construction was very beautiful and their situation remarkably [[picturesque]]. These he had converted into a mansion, hardly inferior in elegance to his former dwelling. The house was long and low, built of stone, and thickly embowered with fine old trees. The expansive folding doors of the front entrance, in spite of their finely-carved workmanship, reminded you that they had once been thrown back to admit horses and carriages instead of the guests which alighted from them. . . The doors at the further end of the hall were open, and displayed several marble [[fountain]]s flinging their glittering spray over the willows–''weeping willows'' I might say–that gracefully bent around them. We could steal but a hasty glance at the emblematical [[statue]]s which graced the centre of every [[fountain]]. . .
-[[File:0992.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Charles B. Lawrence (attr.), ''Point Breeze, the Estate of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte at Bordentown, New Jersey'', 1817–20.]]
+[[File:0992.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, Charles B. Lawrence (attr.), ''Point Breeze, the Estate of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte at Bordentown, New Jersey'', 1817–20.]]
 :“About half an hour after the ''dejeuner'', a couple of the count’s carriages drove to the door, and he invited us to take a [[drive]] around his grounds. . . I cannot even attempt to give you any idea of the romantic beauty of the grounds, or even of the tasteful manner in which they were laid out. Your imaginations will do them greater justice than any description, and yet will hardly overstep the bounds of reality. If I remember correctly, they are twelve miles round. We visited the site of his former chateau, but every trace of the conflagration had been carefully removed. The only portion of the building left is the [[Belvedere|observatory]], which is surrounded by a stone enclosure and looked like a miniature ruin left purposely in this dilapidated state to add to the [[Picturesque|picturesqueness]] of the scene. A narrow stream winds itself gracefully through one part of the grounds, over which several [[Rustic style|rustic]] [[bridge]]s are erected. Equally [[Rustic style|rustic]] [[seat]]s are scattered beneath the shade of the tall trees on its banks, and upon its clear surface a flock of snow-white swans were floating about, diving for fish, or flapping their wings as they bathed their fleecy plumage in the clear stream. A few years ago, a railroad was cut through the count’s property, dividing off one of the pleasantest portions of his grounds. At this he was exceedingly incensed, and could only content himself by building a tunnel ''beneath'' the railroad, so that his carriage could drive through without traversing the offensive steam-car path.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Alternate Names:''' Bonaparte’s Park<br/>
-'''Site Dates:''' 1816–present<br/>
+'''Site Dates:''' 1816 to present<br/>
-'''Site Owner(s):''' Joseph Bonaparte (1816–1844); Joseph Lucien Bonaparte (1844–1847); Thomas Richards (1847–1850); Henry Beckett (1850–1874); Vincentian Fathers of Philadelphia (1874–1911); Harris Hammond (1911–?); Divine Word Seminary (1941–present)<br/>
+'''Site Owner(s):''' Joseph Bonaparte (1816–1844); Joseph Lucien Bonaparte (1844–1847); Thomas Richards (1847–1850); Henry Beckett (1850–1874); Vincentian Fathers of Philadelphia (1874–1911); Harris Hammond (1911–?); Divine Word Seminary (1941 to present)<br/>
 '''Associated People:''' Theodore Mauroy (master mason); Michel Bouvier (cabinetmaker)<br/>
 '''Location:''' Burlington County, NJ<br/>

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:42, December 30, 2019
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	:“The country is very flat, but a [[terrace]] of two sides has been raised, commanding a fine reach of the Delaware River; at the point where this [[terrace]] forms a right angle, a lofty chapel has been erected, which looks very much like an observatory.” [[#Trollope_cite\|back up to History]]		:“The country is very flat, but a [[terrace]] of two sides has been raised, commanding a fine reach of the Delaware River; at the point where this [[terrace]] forms a right angle, a lofty chapel has been erected, which looks very much like an observatory.” [[#Trollope_cite\|back up to History]]
		+

	*Wied, Prince Maximilian, July 19, 1832, describing Point Breeze (2008: 1:73–75)<ref>Maximilian of Wied, ''The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied, Volume 1, May 1832–April 1833'', edited by Stephen S. Witte and Marsha V. Gallagher (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/8EM56HZP view on Zotero].</ref>		*Wied, Prince Maximilian, July 19, 1832, describing Point Breeze (2008: 1:73–75)<ref>Maximilian of Wied, ''The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied, Volume 1, May 1832–April 1833'', edited by Stephen S. Witte and Marsha V. Gallagher (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/8EM56HZP view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 :“I am writing from a room which is the most appealing in the house and perhaps all of the left bank of the Delaware. It has seven windows of which five are on the river. Four times a day the steamboats stop below the windows—I hope that someday I will have the pleasure to be here with you. Today I am all alone.” [[#Bonaparte_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Frances"></div>Wright, Frances, June 1819, in a letter describing Point Breeze (Wright 1821: 99–103)<ref>Frances Wright, ''Views of Society and Manners in America; in a Series of Letters from that Country to a Friend in England, During the Years 1818, 1819, and 1820'' (New York: E. Bliss and E. White, 1821), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FGFR7QUU view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 :“Until the entrance of the count, who was superintending the additions yet making to the house, we employed ourselves in considering the paintings and Canovas, of which last we found a small but interesting collection. It consists chiefly of busts of the different members of the Buonaparte family. The similar and classic outline prevailing in all is striking, and has truly something ''imperial'' in it. . . Turning to look at David’s portrait of Napoleon crossing the Alps, I was greatly disappointed with the expression of the young soldier; the horse has far more spirit than the rider, who sits carelessly on his steed, a handsome beardless boy, pointing his legions up the beetling crags as though they were some easy steps into a drawing room. Such, at least, was my impression. Count Survillier (he wears this title, perhaps, to save the awkwardness of ''Mr. Bonaparte'') soon came to us from his workmen, in an old coat, from which he had barely shaken off the mortar, and, –a sign of the true gentleman, –made no apologies. . . He walked us round his improvements in-doors and out. When I observed upon the amusement he seemed to find in beautifying his little villa, he replied, that he was happier in it than he had ever found himself in more bustling scenes. He gathered a wild flower, and, in presenting it to me, carelessly drew a comparison between its minute beauties and the pleasures of private life; contrasting those of ambition and power with the more gaudy flowers of the [[parterre]], which look better at a distance than upon a nearer approach. He said this so naturally, with a manner so simple, and accent so mild, that it was impossible to see in it attempt at display of any kind. . .” [[#Frances_cite|back up to History]]
 *Douglas, David, August 27, 1823, in a journal entry describing Point Breeze (1914: 9)<ref>David Douglas, ''Journal Kept by David Douglas During His Travels in North America 1823–1827 Together with a Particular Description of Thirty-Three Species of American Oaks and Eighteen Species of Pinus, with Appendices Containing a List of the Plants Introduced by Douglas and an Account of His Death in 1834'' (London: W. Wesley & Son, for the Royal Historical Society, 1914), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/GVY4XWI3 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“We set off by steamboat at 11 o’clock from Philadelphia to Bordentown. Here stands the house of Joseph Bonaparte, a most splendid mansion, fields well cultivated, [[pleasure ground]] laid out in the English style; there are many fine [[view]]s.”
 *<div id="Haines"></div>Haines, Reuben, July 3, 1825, in a letter to Ann Haines, describing Point Breeze (quoted in Stroud 2002: 137)<ref>Stroud 2002, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/RVZ47VFC view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Drawn by two ''Elegant Horses'' along the ever varying roads of the [[park]] amidst splendid Rhododendrons on the margin of the artificial [[lake]] on whose smooth surface gently glided the majestic European swans. Stopping to visit the [[Aviary]] enlivened by the most beautiful English Pheasants, passing by [[alcove]]s ornamented with [[statue]]s and busts of Parian marble, our course enlivened by the footsteps of the tame deer and the flight of the Woodcock, and when alighting stopping to admire the graceful form of two splendid Etruscan vases of Porphyry 3 ft. high & 2 in diameter presented by the Queen of Sweden.” [[#Haines_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Watson_1826"></div>Watson, John Fanning, 1826, describing Point Breeze (quoted in Stroud 2005: 81)<ref name="Stroud_2005"></ref>
 :“Nothing can be more romantic than the whole Scenery–the Shades, where so required, are so very deep & impressive—In the midst of the premises is a beautiful [[Lake]], surrounded by high Banks covered with innumerable [[Shrubbery|Shrubs]] & Trees–In the middle an Island (artificial) beautifully covered with weeping Willows—Swans & Exotic Geese, sported upon the bosom of the [[Lake]]. . . The novelty of such costliness & elegance was like enchantment to my feelings & when I had traversed the various sections of the [[wood]]s & [[lawn]]s, through all their charming & meandering [[avenue]]s & mazes, I could not forbear to think it was the best terrestrial paradise I ever enjoyed.” [[#Watson_1826_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Trollope"></div>Trollope, Frances Milton, 1830, describing Point Breeze (1832: 2:153)<ref>Frances Milton Trollope, ''Domestic Manners of the Americans'', 3rd ed., 2 vols. (London: Wittaker, Treacher, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/T5RXDF7G view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 76: / Line 81: @@
 :“An elevated spot on the steep creek bank, mentioned earlier, is interesting. Here in the dark forest, a [[bridge]] with a railing has been constructed out over the edge, and beside a stout old hemlock fir (''Pinus canadensis''), from which I took branches with young fruit, there is a roomy, rectangular platform with benches and railings from which one has an extensive [[view]] of the Delaware and its green surroundings, as well as the creek emptying into it at the right and left. Along its banks this rapid brook has extensive strips of an aquatic plant with a shieldlike leaf. And the wooded [[slope]] below the [[park]] was adorned with the white-reddish flower clusters of the tall rhododendron. Farther away there were rugged pathways in this forest; everywhere the wild grape sent out vines and the rhododendron bloomed. In this [[park]] there are also several large fields on which grain had evidently been harvested; other grain was still standing.”
 *<div id="Gordon_1834"></div>Gordon, Thomas F., 1834, describing Point Breeze (1834: 106–7)<ref>Thomas F. Gordon, ''A Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey'' (Trenton, NJ: Daniel Fenton, 1834), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/62RCWJ2Q view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“From the brow of the hill, there is a delightful [[view]] of the majestic Delaware, pursuing for miles its tranquil course through the rich country which it laves. . . The attractions of the scene determined Joseph Buonaparte, Count de Surveilliers, in his choice of a residence in this country; and this distinguished exile, who has filled two thrones, and has pretensions based on popular suffrage to a third, has dwelt here many years in philosophic retirement. He has in the vicinity of about 1500 acres of land, part of which possessed natural beauty, which his taste and wealth have been employed to embellish. At the expense of some hundred thousand dollars, he has converted a wild and impoverished tract, into a [[park]] of surpassing beauty, blending the charms of woodland and [[plantation]] scenery, with a delightful water [[prospect]]. The present buildings, plain but commodious, are on the site of the offices of his original and more splendid mansion, which was destroyed by fire, together with some rare pictures from the pencils of the first masters, whose merit made them invaluable. With characteristic liberality, the County has opened his grounds to the public, we regret to perceive, that he has been ungratefully repaid, by the defacement of his ornamental structures and mutilation of his [[statue]]s.” [[#Gordon_1834_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Barber_Howe"></div>Barber, John Warner, and Henry Howe, 1844, describing Point Breeze (1844: 102–3)<ref>John Warner Barber and Henry Howe, ''Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey; Containing a General Collection of the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, &c. Relating to History and Antiquities, with Geographical Descriptions of Every Township in the State'' (Newark, NJ: Benjamin Olds, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/KBBHZ5NT view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The [[park]] and grounds of the Count comprise about fourteen hundred acres, which, from a wild and impoverished tract, he has converted into a place of beauty, blending the charms of [[Wood|woodland]] and [[plantation]] scenery with a delightful water-[[prospect]]. . . While here, his time was occupied in planning and executing improvements upon his grounds. He did not mingle in society; but was frequently seen walking through his [[park]], attending to his workmen, or, with hatchet in hand, lopping branches from the trees.” [[#Barber_Howe_cite|back up to History]]
 *<div id="Berkley"></div>Berkley, Helen [Anna Cora Ogden Mowatt Ritchie], 1845, describing Point Breeze (1845: 184–86)<ref>Helen Berkley, “A Sketch of Joseph Buonaparte,” ''Godey’s Lady’s Book'' 30 (April 1845): 184–87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/JSH3AAAF view on Zotero].</ref>