Orangery - Revision history

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@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 File:1770.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], '''Orangery''' at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 813, fig. 570.
 File:1779.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], '''Orangery''' at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 174, fig. 130.
@@ Line 117: / Line 115: @@
 ===Associated===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 File:1900.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “General [[View]] of the [[Hothouse|Hot-houses]], as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.

@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1770.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 813, fig. 570.
+File:1770.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], '''Orangery''' at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 813, fig. 570.
 File:1773.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Section and plan for a building to house orange trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 974, fig. 785a and b.
-File:1779.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 174, fig. 130.
+File:1779.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], '''Orangery''' at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 174, fig. 130.
 File:1898.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 642, fig. 159." 3, The '''orangery'''".
-File:1844.jpg|George William Johnson, “Orangery,” ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening,'' ed. David Landreth, (1847), 404, fig. 104.
+File:1844.jpg|George William Johnson, “'''Orangery''',” ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening,'' ed. David Landreth, (1847), 404, fig. 104.
-File:1645.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Orangery at Clifton Mansion, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), fig. 14.
+File:1645.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, '''Orangery''' at Clifton Mansion, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), fig. 14.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1900.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “General View of the [[Hothouse|Hot-houses]], as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.
+File:1900.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “General [[View]] of the [[Hothouse|Hot-houses]], as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0180.jpg|Anonymous, Fairhill, ''The Seat of Isaac Norris Esq.'', 18th century.
+File:0180.jpg|Anonymous, Fairhill, ''The [[Seat]] of Isaac Norris Esq.'', 18th century.
 File:0340.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 26, policy no. 2049, Insurance policy drawings for [[Mount Vernon]], March 13, 1803.
-File:1833.jpg|Lewis Reeves Gibbes, ''Sketch of c.1747 Drayton Hall Conservatory (Garden House)'' in the ''Lewis Reeves Gibbes Sketchbook'', part of the Drayton Papers Collection, c. 1845.
+File:1833.jpg|Lewis Reeves Gibbes, ''Sketch of c.1747 Drayton Hall [[Conservatory]] (Garden House)'' in the ''Lewis Reeves Gibbes Sketchbook'', part of the Drayton Papers Collection, c. 1845.
 File:0629.jpg|E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''[[Wye_House|Wye House]] Orangery'', c. 1933.

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:0180.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, Anonymous, Fairhill, ''The Seat of Isaac Norris Esq.'', 18th century. The orangery is located to the left and rear of the main house.]]
 [[File:1770.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, [[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 813, fig. 570.]]
-Although several imported treatises contain the term “orangery,” it is conspicuously absent in major American publications by [[Bernard M’Mahon]], [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|C. M. Hovey]], and [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]]—except when describing 18th-century [[greenhouse]]s. For example, in 1837 [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey]] used orangery to describe [[William Bartram|Bartram's]] by-then venerable century-old greenhouse in Philadelphia. In his “Historical Sketches,” [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] described the 18th-century [[greenhouse]]s at [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton's]] seat, [[The Woodlands]], as orangeries. These colonial [[greenhouse]]s were called orangeries in the 19th century because they represented an older building type that was characterized by unglazed roofs. This earlier type of plant-keeping structure, built of stone or brick with large windows and a solid, unglazed roof was found at [[Wye House]] [Fig. 2]; Fairhill [Fig. 3]; and Lt. Gov. James Hamilton’s estate, Bush Hill, near Philadelphia. This type had an architectural style consistent with the main house, with a regular entablature and cornice and large windows that were often roundheaded, separated by [[column]]s or piers. At the time they were built, they were most probably [[greenhouse]]s, [[hothouse]]s, or [[conservatories]], although it is clear that they were used for keeping citrus trees (see [[Greenhouse]] and [[Hothouse]] for a discussion of heating systems).
+Although several imported treatises contain the term “orangery,” it is conspicuously absent in major American publications by [[Bernard M’Mahon]], C. M. Hovey, and [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]]—except when describing 18th-century [[greenhouse]]s. For example, in 1837 Hovey used orangery to describe [[William Bartram|Bartram's]] by-then venerable century-old greenhouse in Philadelphia. In his “Historical Sketches,” [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] described the 18th-century [[greenhouse]]s at [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton's]] seat, [[The Woodlands]], as orangeries. These colonial [[greenhouse]]s were called orangeries in the 19th century because they represented an older building type that was characterized by unglazed roofs. This earlier type of plant-keeping structure, built of stone or brick with large windows and a solid, unglazed roof was found at [[Wye House]] [Fig. 2]; Fairhill [Fig. 3]; and Lt. Gov. James Hamilton’s estate, Bush Hill, near Philadelphia. This type had an architectural style consistent with the main house, with a regular entablature and cornice and large windows that were often roundheaded, separated by [[column]]s or piers. At the time they were built, they were most probably [[greenhouse]]s, [[hothouse]]s, or [[conservatories]], although it is clear that they were used for keeping citrus trees (see [[Greenhouse]] and [[Hothouse]] for a discussion of heating systems).
 [[File:1779.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 5, [[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 174, fig. 130.]]
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], March 1837, describing [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery]], vicinity of Philadelphia (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 3: 210)<ref>C. M. Hovey,  “Notes on Nurseries and Private Gardens, visited in the early part of March,” ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 3, no. 6 (June 1837): 201–13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/Z3AJ3MAG view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), March 1837, describing [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery]], vicinity of Philadelphia (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 3: 210)<ref>C. M. Hovey,  “Notes on Nurseries and Private Gardens, visited in the early part of March,” ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 3, no. 6 (June 1837): 201–13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/Z3AJ3MAG view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“In the '''orangery''' attached to the large [[greenhouse]] are a great number of very old orange and lemon trees.”

@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 File:1779.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 174, fig. 130.
-File:1898.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 642, fig. 159.
+File:1898.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage, in ''Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 642, fig. 159." 3, The '''orangery'''".
 File:1844.jpg|George William Johnson, “Orangery,” ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening,'' ed. David Landreth, (1847), 404, fig. 104.

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
-*Bradley, Richard, 1720, ''New Improvements of Planting and Gardening'' (1720: 2.3: 113, 115–16)<ref>Richard Bradley, ''New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, Both Philosophical and Practical . . .'', 3rd ed., 2 vols. (London: W. Mears, 1719), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U8DEKNZ4 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Bradley, Richard, 1720, ''New Improvements of Planting and Gardening'' (1720: 2.3: 113, 115–16)<ref>Richard Bradley, ''New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, Both Philosophical and Practical . . . '', 3rd ed., 2 vols. (London: W. Mears, 1719), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U8DEKNZ4 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“when I consider how much the Beauty and Advantage of the '''''Orangery''''' is owing to the good Condition of the ''Conservatory'', I am the less surprized to meet every Day with valuable Collections of Trees half poison’d with Charcoal, or pinch’d to Death with the Frosts. . .
 :“[referring to Plate II] D D are the Benches for the most hardy [[Green-House]] Plants, such as ''Orange'', ''Limons'', ''Myrtles'', &c. they are so disposed, as to admit of [[Walk]]s about them, for convenience of Watering. . .
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
-*[[Chambers, Ephraim]], 1743, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1743: 2:n.p.)<ref>Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . .'' , 5th ed., 2 vols. (London: D. Midwinter et al., 1741–43), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PTXK378N view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Chambers, Ephraim]], 1743, ''Cyclopaedia'' (1743: 2:n.p.)<ref>Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. . . '' , 5th ed., 2 vols. (London: D. Midwinter et al., 1741–43), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PTXK378N view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''ORANGERY''', a gallery in a garden, or [[parterre]], exposed to the south, but well closed with a glass window, to preserve oranges in, during the winter season. The '''''orangery''''' of Versailles is the most magnificent that ever was built: It has wings, and is decorated with a Tuscan order.
 :“'''ORANGERY''' is also used for the [[parterre]], where the oranges are exposed in kindly weather.”
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 :“6161. ''The [[hot-house]]s of floriculture'' are the frame, glasscase, [[green-house]], '''orangery''', [[conservatory]], dry-stove, the bark or moist stove, in the [[flower-garden]], or [[pleasure-ground]]; and the pit and hot-[[bed]] in the reserve-garden. In the construction of all of these the great object is, or ought to be, the admission of light and the power of applying artificial heat with the least labor and expense. . .
 [[File:1770.jpg|thumb|Fig. 9, [[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 813, fig. 570.]]
 :“6171. ''The '''orangery''''' is the [[green-house]] of the last century, the object of which was to preserve large plants of exotic evergreens during winter, such as the orange tribe, myrtles, sweet bays, pomegranates, and a few others. . . The '''orangery''' was generally placed near to or adjoining the house, and its elevation corresponded in architectural design with that of the mansion. From this last circumstance has arisen a prejudice highly unfavorable to the culture of ornamental exotics, namely, that every plant-habitation attached to a mansion should be an architectural object, and consist of windows between stone piers or [[column]]s, with a regular cornice and entablature. By this mode of design, these buildings are rendered so gloomy as never to present a vigorous vegetation, and vivid glowing colors within; and as they are thus unfit for the purpose for which they are intended, it does not appear to us, as we have already observed at length (1590.), that they can possibly be in good taste. Perhaps the only way of reconciling the adoption of such apartments with good sense, is to consider them as lounges or [[promenade]] scenes for recreation in unfavorable weather, or for use during fêtes, in either of which cases they may be decorated with a few scattered tubs of orange-trees, camellias, or other evergreen coriaceous-leaved plants from a proper [[greenhouse]], and which will not be much injured by a temporary residence in such places, which, as Nicol has observed, ‘often look more like tombs or places of worship, than compartments for the reception of plants; and, we may add that the more modern sort look like a combination of shop-fronts, of which that at Claremont is a notable example.’ Sometimes structures of this sort are erected to conceal some local deformity, of which, as an instance, we may refer to that. . . erected by Todd, for J. Elliot, Esq., at Pimlico. ‘This building was constructed for the purpose of preventing the [[prospect]] of some offices from the dwelling-house. The architectural ornaments, and the roof, not being of glass, are points in the construction not generally to be recommended; but, as it was built for the purpose above mentioned, the objections were overruled. There are three circular stages to this house, which are made to take out at pleasure. The ceiling forms part of a circle, and the floor is paved with Yorkshire stone. It is fifty feet long, and thirteen feet six inches wide, and heated by one fire, the flue from which makes the circuit of the house under the floor.’ (''Plans of Green-Houses'', &c. p. 10)” [Fig. 9]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:1833.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Lewis Reeves Gibbes, ''Sketch of c.1747 Drayton Hall Conservatory (Garden House)'' in the ''Lewis Reeves Gibbes Sketchbook'', part of the Drayton Papers Collection, c. 1845.]]
+[[File:1833.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Lewis Reeves Gibbes, ''Sketch of c.1747 Drayton Hall Conservatory (Garden House)'' in the ''Lewis Reeves Gibbes Sketchbook'', part of the Drayton Papers Collection, c. 1845.]]
 The term orangery described both a [[grove]] of orange trees and a structure in which citrus trees were cultivated. [[William Bartram]] used the term in 1791 to describe a [[grove]] of native trees left standing within a cleared ground and incorporated into a designed [[plantation]], and, therefore, a natural feature in the landscape. Samuel Johnson (1755) and [[Noah Webster]] (1848) defined an orangery as an area where orange trees were planted, or as [[Ephraim Chambers]] (1741–43) wrote, “used for the [[parterre]].” John Evelyn, in his 1693 translation of Jean de La Quintinie, used the term to refer to any place stocked with orange trees, whether indoors or out. The most common usage, however, refers to the architecture of plant-keeping houses, often synonymous with [[greenhouse]], [[hothouse]], or [[conservatory]]. In this sense, the orangery could be a separate building, or a structure that was either part of or attached to a [[greenhouse]] in which citrus and other exotic fruits and flowers were kept [Fig. 1].
-[[File:0629.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''Wye House Orangery'', c. 1933.]]
+[[File:0629.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''[[Wye_House|Wye House]] Orangery'', c. 1933.]]
 The term “orangery” originated in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries when citrus fruit was highly valued. The orangery was a showcase for the nobility with the best-known examples found at Versailles, St. Petersburg, and Vienna. In 18th-century America, however, the term seems to have been used rarely outside garden treatises. Perhaps its aristocratic associations made Americans reluctant to use it. The more generic terms “[[greenhouse]]” and “[[conservatory]]” replaced it, as did specific names used to describe its precise contents, such as “pinery” (for pineapples), “peachery,” and “grapery” or “vinery.”
-[[File:0180.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, Fairhill, ''The Seat of Isaac Norris Esq.'', 18th century. The orangery is located to the left and rear of the main house.]]
+[[File:0180.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, Anonymous, Fairhill, ''The Seat of Isaac Norris Esq.'', 18th century. The orangery is located to the left and rear of the main house.]]
 [[File:1770.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, [[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 813, fig. 570.]]
 Although several imported treatises contain the term “orangery,” it is conspicuously absent in major American publications by [[Bernard M’Mahon]], [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|C. M. Hovey]], and [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]]—except when describing 18th-century [[greenhouse]]s. For example, in 1837 [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey]] used orangery to describe [[William Bartram|Bartram's]] by-then venerable century-old greenhouse in Philadelphia. In his “Historical Sketches,” [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] described the 18th-century [[greenhouse]]s at [[William Hamilton|William Hamilton's]] seat, [[The Woodlands]], as orangeries. These colonial [[greenhouse]]s were called orangeries in the 19th century because they represented an older building type that was characterized by unglazed roofs. This earlier type of plant-keeping structure, built of stone or brick with large windows and a solid, unglazed roof was found at [[Wye House]] [Fig. 2]; Fairhill [Fig. 3]; and Lt. Gov. James Hamilton’s estate, Bush Hill, near Philadelphia. This type had an architectural style consistent with the main house, with a regular entablature and cornice and large windows that were often roundheaded, separated by [[column]]s or piers. At the time they were built, they were most probably [[greenhouse]]s, [[hothouse]]s, or [[conservatories]], although it is clear that they were used for keeping citrus trees (see [[Greenhouse]] and [[Hothouse]] for a discussion of heating systems).
 [[File:1779.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 5, [[J. C. Loudon]], Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'', new ed. (1834), 174, fig. 130.]]
-[[File:1645.jpg|thumb|Fig. 6, Robert B. Leuchars, Orangery at Clifton Mansion, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), fig. 14.]]
+[[File:1645.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 6, Robert B. Leuchars, Orangery at Clifton Mansion, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), fig. 14.]]
 This type of [[greenhouse]] construction fell out of fashion once gardeners began to realize the benefits of increased light and perpendicular light for growing plants. As a greater proportion of glazing became technically possible with cast-iron construction, the design of plant houses shifted from the shingle-roofed brick or stone orangery to the glasshouse [Fig. 4]. With these changes in structure and material, [[J. C. Loudon]], writing in the early 19th century, concluded that the orangery was the [[greenhouse]] of the previous century [Fig. 5]. Thus, 19th-century authors writing about historical [[greenhouse]]s distinguished them from the cast-iron and glass structures by calling them orangeries. 20th-century garden historians and archaeologists have continued this practice. The orangery, however, did not completely disappear as an option in new construction. [[Jane Loudon]] provided a late reference in 1845 when she wrote that the orangery was a house with an opaque roof intended only for orange trees. She asserted the suitability of non-[[greenhouse]] construction to that use. Further evidence of the orangery’s continued use is in Robert B. Leuchars’s 1850 ''Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'', in which he described John Hopkins’s very large structure at Clifton Mansion [Fig. 6].
 Scholars have pointed out that in the early colonial period, several [[greenhouse]]s for citrus cultivation were built by wealthy families who had access to international trade networks. It took skill and money to build a good [[greenhouse]] for citrus because glass was expensive, servants were required to maintain it, and skilled gardeners needed to cultivate the fruit.<ref> Anne Yentsch, “The Calvert Orangery in Annapolis, Maryland: A Horticultural Symbol of Power and Prestige in an Early Eighteenth Century Community,” in ''Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology'', ed. William M. Kelso and Rachel Most (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/J4R38J9C view on Zotero].</ref> Therefore, they were associated with the privileged and cultured elite [Fig. 7]. Archaeologist Carmen Weber has argued that this association was so well established in the colonial period that in a portrait of Margaret Tilghman Carroll by [[Charles Willson Peale]] the simple inclusion of orange leaves was sufficient to symbolize and convey her control of property and considerable wealth.<ref>Carmen A. Weber, “The Greenhouse Effect: Gender-Related Traditions in Eighteenth-Century Gardening,” in ''Landscape Archaeology: Reading and Interpreting the American Historical Landscape'', ed. Rebecca Yamin and Karen Bescherer Metheny (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996), 49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/92DA3QAZ/ view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 *[[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (1845: 302–3)<ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''ORANGERY'''.—A house intended only for Orange trees may be opaque at the back, and even the roof, with lights only in front, provided the plants be set out during summer. In fact, so that the plants are preserved from the frost, they will do with scarcely any light during winter; and in many parts of the Continent, they are kept in a cellar.”
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 File:1844.jpg|George William Johnson, “Orangery,” ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening,'' ed. David Landreth, (1847), 404, fig. 104.
-File:1645.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Orangery at Clifton Mansion, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Hothouses'' (1850), fig. 14.
+File:1645.jpg|Robert B. Leuchars, Orangery at Clifton Mansion, in ''A Practical Treatise on the Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of [[Hothouse]]s'' (1850), fig. 14.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1900.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.
+File:1900.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “General View of the [[Hothouse|Hot-houses]], as seen across the American Garden,” Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener’s Magazine, and Register of Rural & Domestic Improvement'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): 646, fig. 161.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 File:0180.jpg|Anonymous, Fairhill, ''The Seat of Isaac Norris Esq.'', 18th century.
-File:0340.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 26, policy no. 2049, Insurance policy drawings for Mount Vernon, March 13, 1803.
+File:0340.jpg|Mutual Assurance Society, Richmond, Declaration for Assurance Book, vol. 26, policy no. 2049, Insurance policy drawings for [[Mount Vernon]], March 13, 1803.
 File:1833.jpg|Lewis Reeves Gibbes, ''Sketch of c.1747 Drayton Hall Conservatory (Garden House)'' in the ''Lewis Reeves Gibbes Sketchbook'', part of the Drayton Papers Collection, c. 1845.
-File:0629.jpg|E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''Wye House Orangery'', c. 1933.
+File:0629.jpg|E. H. Pickering and Jack E. Boucher, ''[[Wye_House|Wye House]] Orangery'', c. 1933.
 </gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:43, June 12, 2019
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−	*Turnbull, Martha, January 4, 1849, diary entry describing tasks completed on Rosedown Plantation, Lousiana (~~Turnbull~~: 65–66)<ref>Martha Barrow Turnbull, ''The Garden Diary of Martha Turnbull, Mistress of Rosedown Plantation'', ed. Suzanne Turner (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V/q/turnbull view on Zotero].</ref>	+	*Turnbull, Martha, January 4, 1849, diary entry describing tasks completed on [[Rosedown Plantation]], Lousiana (Turner, ed., 2012: 65–66)<ref>Martha Barrow Turnbull, ''The Garden Diary of Martha Turnbull, Mistress of Rosedown Plantation'', ed. Suzanne Turner (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V/q/turnbull view on Zotero].</ref>
	:“Jany. 1849 4 we have spaded all the Garden today—the first time. Sewed Peas, Irish Potatoes. Set out the '''Orangery''' today.”		:“Jany. 1849 4 we have spaded all the Garden today—the first time. Sewed Peas, Irish Potatoes. Set out the '''Orangery''' today.”

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, June 12, 2019
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−	*Turnbull, Martha, January 4, 1849, describing ~~the construction of moss house~~ (Turnbull: 65–66)<ref>Martha Barrow Turnbull, ''The Garden Diary of Martha Turnbull, Mistress of Rosedown Plantation'', ed. Suzanne Turner (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V/q/turnbull view on Zotero].</ref>	+	*Turnbull, Martha, January 4, 1849, diary entry describing tasks completed on Rosedown Plantation, Lousiana (Turnbull: 65–66)<ref>Martha Barrow Turnbull, ''The Garden Diary of Martha Turnbull, Mistress of Rosedown Plantation'', ed. Suzanne Turner (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2012), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/FQ4JFX7V/q/turnbull view on Zotero].</ref>
	:“Jany. 1849 4 we have spaded all the Garden today—the first time. Sewed Peas, Irish Potatoes. Set out the '''Orangery''' today.”		:“Jany. 1849 4 we have spaded all the Garden today—the first time. Sewed Peas, Irish Potatoes. Set out the '''Orangery''' today.”