National Mall - Revision history

M-westerby at 18:12, August 25, 2021

2021-08-25T18:12:50Z

V-Federici at 15:42, August 3, 2020

2020-08-03T15:42:34Z

V-Federici: /* Images */

2020-07-07T15:05:55Z

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M-Westerby: /* Images */

2020-05-06T14:03:23Z

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V-Federici at 20:15, February 25, 2020

2020-02-25T20:15:41Z

V-Federici at 19:15, February 25, 2020

2020-02-25T19:15:26Z

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A-Whitlock at 20:28, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T20:28:51Z

L-Baradel: /* Overview */

2019-12-30T18:34:30Z

Overview

L-Baradel: /* History */

2019-12-18T20:14:59Z

History

L-Baradel: /* History */

2019-12-18T20:13:39Z

History

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 The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, DC, that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, DC)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The United States Capitol building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.
 <hr>
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 ==Other Resources==
 [http://tclf.org/landscapes/national-mall?destination=search-results The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

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 ==History==
 [[File:0071.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Thomas Jefferson, Plan for the City of Washington, March 1791.]]
-The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the Capitol building and the President’s House as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by "public [[walk]]s" [Fig. 1].<ref>Richard W. Stephenson, ''“A Plan Whol[l]y New”: Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1993), 17&ndash;19, see also 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, DC 1791&ndash;1852,” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson's]] ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. <span id="LEnfant_Grand_cite"></span>Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant’s]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]] ([[#LEnfant_Grand|view text]]). The [[view]] from that point back to the Capitol would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. <span id="LEnfant_resort_cite"></span>[[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle” ([[#LEnfant_resort|view text]]).<ref>Michael J. Lewis, “The Idea of the American Mall,” in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39&ndash;40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley 1989, 26&ndash;48, 95&ndash;97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, DC: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151&ndash;53, 157&ndash;59, 163&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero].</ref> [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant]] would later remark that he “changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic''] garden.”<ref>O’Malley 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref>
+The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the Capitol building and the President’s House as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by "public [[walk]]s" [Fig. 1].<ref>Richard W. Stephenson, ''“A Plan Whol[l]y New”: Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1993), 17&ndash;19, see also 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, DC 1791&ndash;1852,” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson's]] ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. <span id="LEnfant_Grand_cite"></span>Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant’s]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of George Washington ([[#LEnfant_Grand|view text]]). The [[view]] from that point back to the Capitol would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. <span id="LEnfant_resort_cite"></span>[[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle” ([[#LEnfant_resort|view text]]).<ref>Michael J. Lewis, “The Idea of the American Mall,” in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39&ndash;40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley 1989, 26&ndash;48, 95&ndash;97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, DC: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151&ndash;53, 157&ndash;59, 163&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero].</ref> [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant]] would later remark that he “changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic''] garden.”<ref>O’Malley 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:0414.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, ''Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall, as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university'', 1816.]]
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 <div id="Fig_3"></div>[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Robert Mills, ''Plan of the Mall'', Washington, DC, 1841. [[#Fig_3_cite|Back to texts]]]]
-In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the Smithsonian Institution, [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, DC)|Washington Monument]] to the Capitol. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, DC)|Washington Monument]] and [[botanic garden]]s would be contrasted with more formal, [[Geometric style|geometric]] plantings near the Capitol [Fig. 3]. [[Robert Mills|Mills’s]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J. C. Loudon]].<ref>O’Malley 1989, 150&ndash;51, 158&ndash;61, 169&ndash;72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> At the same time, [[Robert Mills|Mills’s]] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital&mdash;an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>O’Malley 1996, 213&ndash;26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; Scott 1991, 48&ndash;49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley 1989, 98&ndash;105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills’s]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the Smithsonian Institution Building Committee “urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure.”<ref>Quoted in O’Malley 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2,000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed.<ref>O’Malley 1989, 180&ndash;82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.
+In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the Smithsonian Institution, [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, DC)|Washington Monument]] to the Capitol. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, DC)|Washington Monument]] and [[botanic garden]]s would be contrasted with more formal, [[Geometric style|geometric]] plantings near the Capitol [Fig. 3]. [[Robert Mills|Mills’s]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J. C. Loudon]].<ref>O’Malley 1989, 150&ndash;51, 158&ndash;61, 169&ndash;72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> At the same time, [[Robert Mills|Mills’s]] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital&mdash;an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including George Washington and [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>O’Malley 1996, 213&ndash;26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; Scott 1991, 48&ndash;49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley 1989, 98&ndash;105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills’s]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the Smithsonian Institution Building Committee “urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure.”<ref>Quoted in O’Malley 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2,000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed.<ref>O’Malley 1989, 180&ndash;82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.
 [[File:1967.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, [[A. J. Downing]], ''Plan showing proposed method of laying out the public grounds at Washington'', 1851.]]
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==Texts==
 [[File:2095.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, ''Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States'', 1791.]]
-*<div id="LEnfant_resort"></div>[[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles]], June 22, 1791, describing in a report to [[George Washington]] his plans for Washington, DC (quoted in Caemmerer 1950: 151&ndash;53)<ref>Caemmerer 1950, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT/ view on Zotero].</ref>
+*<div id="LEnfant_resort"></div>[[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles]], June 22, 1791, describing in a report to George Washington his plans for Washington, DC (quoted in Caemmerer 1950: 151&ndash;53)<ref>Caemmerer 1950, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT/ view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“I placed the three grand Departments of State contigous to the principle Palace and on the way leading to the Congressional House the gardens of the one together with the [[park]] and other improvement on the dependency are connected with the publique [[walk]] and [[avenue]] to the Congress house in a manner as most [must] form a whole as grand as it will be agreeable and convenient to the whole city which form [from] the distribution of the local [locale] will have an early access to this place of general resort and all along side of which may be placed play houses, room of assembly, accademies and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the learned and afford diversion to the idle.” [Fig. 5] [[#LEnfant_resort_cite|back up to History]]
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 :“I. President’s [[park]] and the
-:“K. well-improved field. . . .” [Fig. 6] [[#LEnfant_Grand_cite|back up to History]]
+:“K. well-improved field. . . .” [Fig. 6]

@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 Image:0071.jpg|Thomas Jefferson, Plan for the City of Washington, March 1791.
-Image:2095.jpg|Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, ''Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t[he] United States'', 1791.
+Image:2095.jpg|Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, ''Plan of the city intended for the permanent [[seat]] of the government of t[he] United States'', 1791.
-Image:1134.jpg|Facsimile reproduction of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s ''Plan of the City intended for the Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States'', made in 1887.
+Image:1134.jpg|Facsimile reproduction of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant’s ''Plan of the City intended for the Permanent [[Seat]] of the Government of the United States'', made in 1887.
 Image:0414.jpg|Benjamin Henry Latrobe, ''Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall, as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university'', 1816.
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 Image:0033.jpg|Robert Mills, ''Plan of the Mall'', Washington, DC, 1841.
-Image:1835.jpg|Robert Mills, ''Sketch of the Washington Nat’l. Monumt.'', 1845.
+Image:1835.jpg|Robert Mills, ''Sketch of the [[Washington_Monument_(Washington,_DC)|Washington Nat’l. Monumt.]]'', 1845.
 Image:0110.jpg|Joseph Goldsborough Bruff (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), ''Elements of National Thrift and Empire'', c. 1847.
@@ Line 173: / Line 173: @@
 Image:0025.jpg|Robert P. Smith, ''[[View]] of Washington'', c. 1850.
-Image:0111.jpg|Seth Eastman, ''Washington’s Monument, Under Construction'', November 16, 1851.
+Image:0111.jpg|Seth Eastman, ''[[Washington_Monument_(Washington,_DC)|Washington’s Monument]], Under Construction'', November 16, 1851.
-Image:1967.jpg|A. J. Downing, ''Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington'', 1851.
+Image:1967.jpg|A. J. Downing, ''Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the [[Public_garden/Public_ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington'', 1851.
-Image:0023.jpg|A. J. Downing, ''Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington'', 1851. Manuscript copy by Nathaniel Michler, 1867.
+Image:0023.jpg|A. J. Downing, ''Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the [[Public_garden/Public_ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington'', 1851. Manuscript copy by Nathaniel Michler, 1867.
 Image:0042.jpg|Benjamin Franklin Smith Jr., ''Washington, DC with projected improvements'', c. 1852.

@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 Image:0110.jpg|Joseph Goldsborough Bruff (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), ''Elements of National Thrift and Empire'', c. 1847.
-Image:0428.jpg|Edward Weber, ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.
+Image:0428.jpg|Edward Weber, ''[[View]] of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.
-Image:0025.jpg|Robert P. Smith, ''View of Washington'', c. 1850.
+Image:0025.jpg|Robert P. Smith, ''[[View]] of Washington'', c. 1850.
 Image:0111.jpg|Seth Eastman, ''Washington’s Monument, Under Construction'', November 16, 1851.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:15, February 25, 2020
Line 52:		Line 52:
	:“I. President’s [[park]] and the		:“I. President’s [[park]] and the

−	:“K. well-improved field. . . .” [Fig. 6]	+	:“K. well-improved field. . . .” [Fig. 6] [[#LEnfant_Grand_cite\|back up to History]]
−	[[#LEnfant_Grand_cite\|back up to History]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Overview==
 '''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds<br/>
-'''Site Dates:''' 1791&ndash;present<br/>
+'''Site Dates:''' 1791 to present<br/>
 '''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service<br/>
 '''Associated People:''' [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] (1754&ndash;1825, urban designer); [[Robert Mills]] (1781&ndash;1855, architect); [[Andrew Jackson Downing]] (1815&ndash;1852, landscape designer)<br/>

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, ''Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall, as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university'', 1816.]]
+[[File:0071.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Thomas Jefferson, Plan for the City of Washington, March 1791.]]
-[[File:0071.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Thomas Jefferson, Plan for the City of Washington, March 1791.]]
+The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the Capitol building and the President’s House as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by "public [[walk]]s" [Fig. 1].<ref>Richard W. Stephenson, ''“A Plan Whol[l]y New”: Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1993), 17&ndash;19, see also 38&ndash;43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, DC 1791&ndash;1852,” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15&ndash;21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson's]] ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. <span id="LEnfant_Grand_cite"></span>Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant’s]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]] ([[#LEnfant_Grand|view text]]). The [[view]] from that point back to the Capitol would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. <span id="LEnfant_resort_cite"></span>[[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle” ([[#LEnfant_resort|view text]]).<ref>Michael J. Lewis, “The Idea of the American Mall,” in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791&ndash;1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39&ndash;40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley 1989, 26&ndash;48, 95&ndash;97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, DC: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151&ndash;53, 157&ndash;59, 163&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero].</ref> [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant|L’Enfant]] would later remark that he “changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic''] garden.”<ref>O’Malley 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref>
-Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the United States Capitol, proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the Capitol and running the full length of the Mall to a [[cascade]] and lagoon at the opposite end [Fig. 1]. Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects Charles Bulfinch (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831).<ref>Scott 1991, 46&ndash;50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero].</ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walk]]s, and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs.<ref>Scott 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, “‘Your Garden Must Be a Museum to You’: Early American Botanic Gardens,” ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 59 (1996): 218&ndash;20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1989, 122&ndash;36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref>
+[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, ''Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall, as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university'', 1816.]]
 <div id="Fig_3"></div>[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Robert Mills, ''Plan of the Mall'', Washington, DC, 1841. [[#Fig_3_cite|Back to texts]]]]