Meadow - Revision history

A-whitlock at 18:49, August 12, 2021

2021-08-12T18:49:08Z

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-04-12T13:39:21Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-04-12T13:14:50Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Images */

2021-03-04T09:46:39Z

Images

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-03-03T17:01:57Z

Inscribed

V-Federici at 19:05, February 3, 2021

2021-02-03T19:05:41Z

V-Federici: /* Images */

2020-11-12T15:25:17Z

Images

V-Federici at 11:28, September 24, 2020

2020-09-24T11:28:47Z

A-Whitlock at 16:02, September 17, 2020

2020-09-17T16:02:43Z

A-Whitlock at 15:58, September 17, 2020

2020-09-17T15:58:17Z

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
-[[File:0116.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, [[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]], 1810.]]
+[[File:0116.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, [[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]] [detail], 1810.]]
 *[[Charles Willson Peale|Peale, Charles Willson]], 1810, describing [[Belfield]], estate of [[Charles Willson Peale]], Germantown, PA (quoted in Miller and Ward 1991: fig. 87)<ref>Lillian B. Miller et al., eds., ''The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family'', vol. 3, ''The Belfield Farm Years, 1810–1820'' (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IZAKPCBG view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“In this [[view]] imagine that you see a beautiful '''Meadow''' on the right. . . The [[Common]] water course is on the edge of the '''Meadow''' on the right and the doted [''sic''] line is a ditch to which I have a flood-[[gate]] to let water on the '''Meadow''' at Pleasure.” [Fig. 4]
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 File:0601.jpg|Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. “'''Meadow'''” is noted in the center between the [[woods]] and cornfield.
-File:0116.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]], 1810.
+Image:0116.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]] [detail], 1810.
 File:0676.jpg|Anonymous, Garden Plan of "Newington" in Allegheny County, Pa, 1823, in Alice B. Lockwood, ''Gardens of Colony and State'' (1931), vol. 1, 380.

@@ Line 183: / Line 183: @@
 File:1111.jpg|Henry Clay Blinn, ''Plan of Canterbury'', 1848. '''Meadow''' is inscribed between the word "PAST" "URE" on the right hand corner.
-File:2297.jpg|Matthew Vassar, ''Plan of Springside'', 1851. "This open girt of '''meadow''' (7)."
+File:2297.jpg|Matthew Vassar, ''Plan of Springside'', 1851. "This open girt of '''meadow''' (7)"; "'''Meadow''' Girt (35)."
 </gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, April 12, 2021
Line 182:		Line 182:

	File:1111.jpg\|Henry Clay Blinn, ''Plan of Canterbury'', 1848. '''Meadow''' is inscribed between the word "PAST" "URE" on the right hand corner.		File:1111.jpg\|Henry Clay Blinn, ''Plan of Canterbury'', 1848. '''Meadow''' is inscribed between the word "PAST" "URE" on the right hand corner.
		+
		+	File:2297.jpg\|Matthew Vassar, ''Plan of Springside'', 1851. "This open girt of '''meadow''' (7)."
	</gallery>		</gallery>

@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 File:0560.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Ground [[plot]] of [[Belfield]], 1810.
-File:0607.jpg|W. Weingartner, Map of Harmony, PA, 1833
+File:0607.jpg|W. Weingartner, Map of Harmony, Pa., 1833
 File:1001.jpg|Anonymous, “[[Mount]] Fordham—the Country [[Seat]] of Lewis G. Morris, Esq.,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 6, no. 8 (August 1851): pl. opp. 345.
@@ Line 209: / Line 209: @@
 File:0152.jpg|George Hayward after J. Anderson, ''[[View]] of The [[Belvedere]] Club House, 1794'', 1828.
-File:0608.jpg|W. Weingartner, Map of Harmony, IN, 1832.
+File:0608.jpg|W. Weingartner, Map of Harmony, In., 1832.
 File:0133.jpg|Rufus Porter, Landscape mural from Howe House, 1838.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, March 3, 2021
Line 170:		Line 170:

	File:0116.jpg\|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]], 1810.		File:0116.jpg\|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]], 1810.
		+
		+	File:0676.jpg\|Anonymous, Garden Plan of "Newington" in Allegheny County, Pa, 1823, in Alice B. Lockwood, ''Gardens of Colony and State'' (1931), vol. 1, 380.

	File:0572.jpg\|Georges-Henri-Victor Collot, ''Plan of Fort Niagara'', in ''Voyage dans l'Amérique Septentrionale'' (1826).		File:0572.jpg\|Georges-Henri-Victor Collot, ''Plan of Fort Niagara'', in ''Voyage dans l'Amérique Septentrionale'' (1826).

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 According to lexicographer [[Noah Webster]] (1828), meadow referred “to the low ground on the banks of rivers. . . whether grassland, pasture, tillage, or [[wood]] land,” or low-lying lands that were particularly “appropriated to the culture of grass.” Both definitions of the term “meadow” were used in the American context.
-[[File:0676.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Anonymous, Garden Plan of “Newington” in Allegheny County, PA, 1823, in Alice B. Lockwood, ''Gardens of Colony and State'' (1931), vol. 1, p. 380.]]
+[[File:0676.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Anonymous, Garden Plan of “Newington” in Allegheny County, PA, 1823, in Alice B. Lockwood, ''Gardens of Colony and State'' (1931), vol. 1, 380.]]
 Maps of 18th-century New York and Boston show “salt meadows” along rivers. Like [[kitchen garden]]s or [[orchard]]s, meadows played a key role in early American husbandry, and descriptive accounts of productive farms and estates often mention meadows, particularly when they gave the landscape a rich or well-cultivated appearance. Meadows ranged in size from the 12-acre meadow noted in a 1747 newspaper advertisement to the estimated 50 acres of meadow attached to an estate in Pennsylvania. In an 1807 plan of South Union, Ohio, a meadow was located in close proximity to the residences and between areas designated as [[wood]]s and a cornfield [Fig. 1]. Since meadows were largely covered with grass, they could provide sustenance for cattle. Indeed, [[A. J. Downing]], in describing the benefits of [[park]]s, frequently instructed homeowners to regard them as meadows where their cattle could graze. The cultivation of grass rendered “meadow” synonymous with “pasture,” which Webster defined as grounds covered with grass appropriated for the food of cattle, and hence these terms frequently were used interchangeably.

@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 File:0799.jpg|Bernard Ratzer, ''PLAN of the CITY of NEW YORK'', c. 1767. "Sall '''Meadows'''" is at right hand side of map.
- TFile:2255.jpg|[[Pierre Pharoux]], “General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben’s Mannor”, c. 1793. The “60 acres of Meadow” is indicated at “j” in the four [[square]]s below the hemicycle.
+File:2255.jpg|[[Pierre Pharoux]], “General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben’s Mannor”, c. 1793. The “60 acres of '''Meadow'''” is indicated at “j” in the four [[square]]s below the hemicycle.
-File:0601.jpg|Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. “Meadow” is noted in the center between the [[woods]] and cornfield.
+File:0601.jpg|Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. “'''Meadow'''” is noted in the center between the [[woods]] and cornfield.
 File:0116.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Sketches of [[Belfield]], 1810.
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 File:0591.jpg|George Kendall, after Isaac Newton Youngs, ''Sketches of the Various Situations at Union Village'', in ''Sketches of the various Societies of Believers in the states of Ohio & Kentucky'', July 1835.
-File:0823.jpg|Joshua Barney, ''Map of Hampton'', 1843. Courtesy: Hampton National Historic Site, National Park Service.
+File:0823.jpg|Joshua Barney, ''Map of Hampton'', 1843. Courtesy: Hampton National Historic Site, National [[Park]] Service.
-File:0363.jpg|Anonymous, “[[View]] in the '''Meadow''' Park at Geneseo,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 3, no. 4 (October 1848): pl. opp. 153.
+File:0363.jpg|Anonymous, “[[View]] in the '''Meadow''' [[Park]] at Geneseo,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 3, no. 4 (October 1848): pl. opp. 153.
 File:1111.jpg|Henry Clay Blinn, ''Plan of Canterbury'', 1848. '''Meadow''' is inscribed between the word "PAST" "URE" on the right hand corner.
@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0560.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Ground plot of [[Belfield]], 1810.
+File:0560.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], Ground [[plot]] of [[Belfield]], 1810.
 File:0608.jpg|W. Weingartner, Map of Harmony, IN, 1832.
@@ Line 191: / Line 191: @@
 File:0607.jpg|W. Weingartner, Map of Harmony, PA, 1833
-File:1001.jpg|Anonymous, “Mount Fordham—the Country Seat of Lewis G. Morris, Esq.,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 6, no. 8 (August 1851): pl. opp. 345.
+File:1001.jpg|Anonymous, “[[Mount]] Fordham—the Country [[Seat]] of Lewis G. Morris, Esq.,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 6, no. 8 (August 1851): pl. opp. 345.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 199: / Line 199: @@
 File:0201.jpg|Anonymous, ''Perry Hall, Home of Harry Dorsey Gough'', n.d.
-File:0285.jpg|Nicholas Garrison, ''A View of Bethlehem, one of the Brethren’s Principal Settlements, in Pennsylvania, North America'', 1757.
+File:0285.jpg|Nicholas Garrison, ''A [[View]] of Bethlehem, one of the Brethren’s Principal Settlements, in Pennsylvania, North America'', 1757.
-File:0991.jpg|Samuel Hill, “View of the Seat of the Hon. Moses Gill Esq. at Princeton, in the County of Worcester, Massa<sup>ts</sup>,” in ''Massachusetts Magazine'' 4, no. 11 (November 1792): pl. 18, opp. 648.
+File:0991.jpg|Samuel Hill, “[[View]] of the [[Seat]] of the Hon. Moses Gill Esq. at Princeton, in the County of Worcester, Massa<sup>ts</sup>,” in ''Massachusetts Magazine'' 4, no. 11 (November 1792): pl. 18, opp. 648.
 File:0263.jpg|John Brewster, ''Mother with Son (Lucy Knapp Mygatt and George Mygatt)'', 1799
-File:0202.jpg|Francis Guy, ''Perry Hall, Slave Quarters with Field Hands at Work'', c. 1805.
+File:0202.jpg|Francis Guy, ''Perry Hall, Slave [[Quarter]]s with Field Hands at Work'', c. 1805.
-File:0152.jpg|George Hayward after J. Anderson, ''View of The Belvedere Club House, 1794'', 1828.
+File:0152.jpg|George Hayward after J. Anderson, ''[[View]] of The [[Belvedere]] Club House, 1794'', 1828.
 File:0133.jpg|Rufus Porter, Landscape mural from Howe House, 1838.
@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 File:0435.jpg|Edward Hicks, ''The Cornell Farm'', 1848.
-File:0361.jpg|Anonymous, “Beaverwyck, the Seat of Wm. P. Van Rensselaer, Esq.,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of [[Landscape Gardening]]'', 4th ed. (1849), pl. opp. 51, fig. 7.
+File:0361.jpg|Anonymous, “Beaverwyck, the [[Seat]] of Wm. P. Van Rensselaer, Esq.,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of [[Landscape Gardening]]'', 4th ed. (1849), pl. opp. 51, fig. 7.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Although meadows were primarily associated with agricultural production, they were often part of a consciously designed landscape, as at “Newington,” Pennsylvania [Fig. 2]. They were also included in plans for [[plantation]]s and ornamental farms (see [[Ferme ornée]]). 18th-century British gardening treatises, for example, endorsed the incorporation of agricultural features into ornamental contexts: Batty Langley (1728) recommended “Little [[Walk]]s by purling streams in Meadows” as “delightful Entertainments.”
-[[File:0972.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, [[Pierre Pharoux]], “General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben’s Mannor” [detail], c. 1793. The designation of  “60 acres of Meadow” is noted at “j,” in the four [[square]]s below the hemicycle.]]
+[[File:2255.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, [[Pierre Pharoux]], “General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben’s Mannor”, c. 1793. The designation of  “60 acres of Meadow” is noted at “j,” in the four [[square]]s below the hemicycle.]]
 In many instances, meadows accomplished the same aesthetic results as [[lawn]]s, including framing desired objects or [[view]]s. At the 18th-century estate of Westover on the James River in Virginia, for example, meadows watered by [[canal]]s lined the road leading to the mansion and signaled one’s arrival to the “improved grounds” surrounding the house. According to François-Alexandre-Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld Liancourt (1799), Dr. Baron of Charleston, South Carolina, wanted to buy an area of flat land between his garden and the river to convert it to a meadow that could frame views of the distant [[prospect]]. [[Pierre Pharoux]], in his plan for Baron von Steuben’s estate in Mohawk Valley, New York, likewise used meadows carved out of [[wood]]s to ensure visual access to the [[prospect]] [Fig. 3].
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 File:0799.jpg|Bernard Ratzer, ''PLAN of the CITY of NEW YORK'', c. 1767. "Sall '''Meadows'''" is at right hand side of map.
-File:0972.jpg|[[Pierre Pharoux]], “General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben’s Mannor” [detail], c. 1793. The “60 acres of Meadow” is indicated at “j” in the four [[square]]s below the hemicycle.
+File:2255.jpg|[[Pierre Pharoux]], “General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben’s Mannor”, c. 1793. The “60 acres of Meadow” is indicated at “j” in the four [[square]]s below the hemicycle.
 File:0601.jpg|Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. “Meadow” is noted in the center between the [[woods]] and cornfield.