Lake - Revision history

V-Federici: /* Attributed */

2021-03-16T13:56:39Z

Attributed

V-Federici: /* Images */

2020-10-22T12:29:34Z

Images

V-Federici at 16:21, September 8, 2020

2020-09-08T16:21:22Z

V-Federici at 13:22, July 16, 2020

2020-07-16T13:22:18Z

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-04-21T20:08:06Z

Inscribed

V-Federici at 10:06, April 13, 2020

2020-04-13T10:06:44Z

A-Whitlock at 14:47, January 29, 2020

2020-01-29T14:47:58Z

V-Federici at 18:04, January 9, 2020

2020-01-09T18:04:28Z

V-Federici at 18:00, January 9, 2020

2020-01-09T18:00:28Z

V-Federici at 17:58, January 9, 2020

2020-01-09T17:58:37Z

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 ===Attributed===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 File:0102.jpg|Joseph Jacques Ramée, Plan of the Campus Grounds, Union College, 1813.

@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 File:0716.jpg|Alvan Fisher, ''The Vale'', 1820–25.
 File:1052.jpg|Daniel Wadsworth, “Monte-Video,” in Benjamin Silliman, ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec'' (1824), frontispiece.
@@ Line 100: / Line 102: @@
 File:0849.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''[[View]] in Grounds at [[Blithewood]], [[Seat]] of Robt. Donaldson, Dutchess Co. Hud[son]. riv[er]. N.Y.'', 1840.
-Image:0357.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “[[Montgomery Place]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): pl. opp. 153.
+File:0357.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “[[Montgomery Place]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): pl. opp. 153.
 File: 0350.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “[[View]] in the Grounds at [[Blithewood]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), frontispiece.
@@ Line 111: / Line 113: @@
 File:0102.jpg|Joseph Jacques Ramée, Plan of the Campus Grounds, Union College, 1813.
 File:0524.jpg|Anonymous, Palladian Villa Style Building in Formal Landscape, c. 1840–50.

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 [[File:0098.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Miller & Co., Map of the residence & [[park]] grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847. A lake is indicated in the lower portion of this plan.]]
-Lakes in American garden settings were usually created by enlarging natural water features or by damming water courses. Existing lakes were incorporated into a landscape design by the addition of plantings, [[mound]]s, garden buildings, or [[bridge]]s, such as those depicted at Monte Video and [[Blithewood]] [Fig. 1]. Lakes could also be created by enclosing part of a river, as described by [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] in his plan for a “Mansion residence, laid out in a [[natural style]],” and seen in the plan for [[Point Breeze]] [Fig. 2]. Most of the American examples of lakes as garden elements date from the 19th century, and were found in the largest and most elaborate gardens of their time. As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] pointed out in 1849, this exclusivity was due to the abundance of natural waterways in America, which made artificial lakes superfluous in many settings. In addition, the cost of undertaking such massive earth-moving made them impractical for most American garden owners.
+Lakes in American garden settings were usually created by enlarging natural water features or by damming water courses. Existing lakes were incorporated into a landscape design by the addition of plantings, [[mound]]s, garden buildings, or [[bridge]]s, such as those depicted at Monte Video and [[Blithewood]] [Fig. 1].<ref>Fig. 1 is a preparatory sketch for “''The Lake at Montgomery Place''," [https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php/File:0359.jpg view image].</ref> Lakes could also be created by enclosing part of a river, as described by [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] in his plan for a “Mansion residence, laid out in a [[natural style]],” and seen in the plan for [[Point Breeze]] [Fig. 2]. Most of the American examples of lakes as garden elements date from the 19th century, and were found in the largest and most elaborate gardens of their time. As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] pointed out in 1849, this exclusivity was due to the abundance of natural waterways in America, which made artificial lakes superfluous in many settings. In addition, the cost of undertaking such massive earth-moving made them impractical for most American garden owners.
 [[File:0524.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, Palladian Villa Style Building in Formal Landscape, c. 1840–50.]]
 Bodies of standing water, whether called lakes, [[pond]]s, or pools, provided many of the same visual effects, and writers praised the associations of coolness and the animating quality that water brought to a garden.<ref>A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849), 348, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref> As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] noted, animation might come from the sparkle of the reflecting sun, the movement of wind on the water, or from the sound of a [[fountain]] or a stream feeding the [[pond]]. Water was prized, as Abercrombie (1817) observed, as a natural mirror reflecting the surrounding vegetation or, as at the carefully placed [[pond]] at [[Monticello]] and in a painting of an unknown site [Fig. 3], the house itself. Bodies of water not only sustained fish for sport and food, but, as Humphry Repton (1803) advised, they also attracted waterfowl and other animals and thus enhanced visual and aural interest of the garden. [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] (1847) praised the effect of contrasting water features, such as the rush of the waterfall at [[Blithewood]], on the Hudson, juxtaposed with the still waters of the lake, “so full of the spirit of repose.”

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 The term “lake” generally connoted a larger-scale feature than that of a pool or [[pond]], although, as noted above, the term “[[pond]]” was used interchangeably with that of “lake” in several descriptions. As indicated in the ''Horticultural Register'' (1836), the term “lake” signified a dignity that the smaller scale of a [[pond]] could not match. Lakes fulfilled a variety of functions in the garden, serving, for example, as a habitat for fish and water fowl, a source of ice and irrigation water, and, in garden design, a natural mirror and animating element. Their scale made them suitable for swimming and boating, as evidenced by the boating and bathing houses found along the shores of many.
-[[File:0098.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Miller & Co., Map of the residence & park grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847. A lake is indicated in the lower portion of this plan.]]
+[[File:0098.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Miller & Co., Map of the residence & [[park]] grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847. A lake is indicated in the lower portion of this plan.]]
 Lakes in American garden settings were usually created by enlarging natural water features or by damming water courses. Existing lakes were incorporated into a landscape design by the addition of plantings, [[mound]]s, garden buildings, or [[bridge]]s, such as those depicted at Monte Video and [[Blithewood]] [Fig. 1]. Lakes could also be created by enclosing part of a river, as described by [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] in his plan for a “Mansion residence, laid out in a [[natural style]],” and seen in the plan for [[Point Breeze]] [Fig. 2]. Most of the American examples of lakes as garden elements date from the 19th century, and were found in the largest and most elaborate gardens of their time. As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] pointed out in 1849, this exclusivity was due to the abundance of natural waterways in America, which made artificial lakes superfluous in many settings. In addition, the cost of undertaking such massive earth-moving made them impractical for most American garden owners.
 [[File:0524.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, Palladian Villa Style Building in Formal Landscape, c. 1840–50.]]
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
-[[File:0359.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Anonymous, “The Lake,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.]]
+[[File:0359.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, Anonymous, “The Lake,” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.]]
 *[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], October 1847, describing [[Montgomery place|Montgomery Place]], country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, NY (''Horticulturist'' 2: 157–59)<ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, “A Visit to Montgomery Place,” ''Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS/ view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“THE '''LAKE'''.
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1369.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], The imitation of a lake, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 1010, fig. 696.
+File:1369.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], The imitation of a '''lake''', in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 1010, fig. 696.
-File:0098.jpg|Miller & Co., Map of the residence & park grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847. A lake is indicated in the lower portion of this plan.
+File:0098.jpg|Miller & Co., Map of the residence & [[park]] grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847. A '''lake''' is indicated in the lower portion of this plan.
-File:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The Lake,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
+File:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The '''Lake''',” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
-File:0377.jpg|Anonymous, “Plan of a Mansion Residence, laid out in the natural style,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 115, fig. 25. A lake is indicated at “''f''.”
+File:0377.jpg|Anonymous, “Plan of a Mansion Residence, laid out in the [[Modern style/Natural style|natural style]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 115, fig. 25. A '''lake''' is indicated at “''f''.”
 </gallery>
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0851.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], Blithewood looking towards Montgomery Place, n.d. ''The Alexander Jackson Davis Sketchbook'', c. 1830–50.
+File:0851.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], [[Blithewood]] looking towards [[Montgomery Place]], n.d. ''The Alexander Jackson Davis Sketchbook'', c. 1830–50.
 File:0716.jpg|Alvan Fisher, ''The Vale'', 1820–25.
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 File:1051.jpg|Daniel Wadsworth, “Monte Video, Approach to the House,” in Benjamin Silliman, ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec, in the Autumn of 1819'' (1824), pl. opp. 16.
-File:0849.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''View in Grounds at Blithewood, Seat of Robt. Donaldson, Dutchess Co. Hud[son]. riv[er]. N.Y.'', 1840.
+File:0849.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''[[View]] in Grounds at [[Blithewood]], [[Seat]] of Robt. Donaldson, Dutchess Co. Hud[son]. riv[er]. N.Y.'', 1840.
-Image:0357.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “Montgomery Place,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): pl. opp. 153.
+Image:0357.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “[[Montgomery Place]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): pl. opp. 153.
-File: 0350.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “View in the Grounds at Blithewood,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), frontispiece.
+File: 0350.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “[[View]] in the Grounds at [[Blithewood]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), frontispiece.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0141.jpg|Thomas Coram, “The Grove, seat of G. A. Hall esq.,” c. 1800.
+File:0141.jpg|Thomas Coram, “The Grove, [[seat]] of G. A. Hall esq.,” c. 1800.
 File:0102.jpg|Joseph Jacques Ramée, Plan of the Campus Grounds, Union College, 1813.

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 ===Inscribed===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 File:1369.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], The imitation of a lake, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', 4th ed. (1826), 1010, fig. 696.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, April 13, 2020
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	File:1454.jpg\|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.		File:1454.jpg\|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.
−
−	~~File:1112.jpg\|B. King (lithograper), ''Riversdale, near Bladensburg'', 1827.~~

	File:0524.jpg\|Anonymous, Palladian Villa Style Building in Formal Landscape, c. 1840–50.		File:0524.jpg\|Anonymous, Palladian Villa Style Building in Formal Landscape, c. 1840–50.

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 ==History==
-The terms lake, [[pond]], and, to a lesser extent, pool, were used to describe still-water features in garden settings in American landscape writing. Distinctions between them were not consistently made in dictionaries, treatises, or usage examples, and several of these sources used them synonymously. [[William Bartram]], for instance, used the terms “lake” and “[[pond]]” interchangeably when describing Lake George, Georgia, in 1791. Nehemiah Cleaveland, in his 1847 guide to [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in Brooklyn, New York, was also undecided as to whether the bodies of water of “different size and shape” were either small lakes or [[pond]]s. [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] (1849) suggested that the terminology differed from British usage because of the abundance and scale of America’s natural waterways: “many a beautiful, limpid, natural expanse which in England would be thought a charming lake, is here simply a [[pond]].” The first American edition of the ''Encyclopaedia'' (1798) stated flatly that “A pool and a [[pond]] are the same.” [[Noah Webster]] (1828) was clear in his distinction between a [[pond]] and a lake, with the latter being larger, and between a [[pond]] and a pool, but even Webster noted that the term “pool” was “used by writers with more latitude.” He also defined pool as “a small collection of water in a hollow place, supplied by a spring, and discharging its surplus water by an outlet. It is smaller than a lake, and in New England is never confounded with [[pond]] or lake. It signifies with us, a spring with a small [[bason]] or reservoir on the surface of the earth.”<ref>Noah Webster, “Pool” entry, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (New York: S. Converse, 1828), n.p., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R6R883RR view on Zotero].</ref>
+The terms lake, [[pond]], and, to a lesser extent, pool, were used to describe still-water features in garden settings in American landscape writing. Distinctions between them were not consistently made in dictionaries, treatises, or usage examples, and several of these sources used them synonymously. [[William Bartram]], for instance, used the terms “lake” and “[[pond]]” interchangeably when describing Lake George, Georgia, in 1791. Nehemiah Cleaveland, in his 1847 guide to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, was also undecided as to whether the bodies of water of “different size and shape” were either small lakes or [[pond]]s. [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] (1849) suggested that the terminology differed from British usage because of the abundance and scale of America’s natural waterways: “many a beautiful, limpid, natural expanse which in England would be thought a charming lake, is here simply a [[pond]].” The first American edition of the ''Encyclopaedia'' (1798) stated flatly that “A pool and a [[pond]] are the same.” [[Noah Webster]] (1828) was clear in his distinction between a [[pond]] and a lake, with the latter being larger, and between a [[pond]] and a pool, but even Webster noted that the term “pool” was “used by writers with more latitude.” He also defined pool as “a small collection of water in a hollow place, supplied by a spring, and discharging its surplus water by an outlet. It is smaller than a lake, and in New England is never confounded with [[pond]] or lake. It signifies with us, a spring with a small [[bason]] or reservoir on the surface of the earth.”<ref>Noah Webster, “Pool” entry, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (New York: S. Converse, 1828), n.p., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R6R883RR view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:0851.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[Alexander Jackson Davis]], Blithewood looking towards Montgomery Place, n.d. ''The Alexander Jackson Davis Sketchbook'', c. 1830–50.]]
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 [[File:0098.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Miller & Co., Map of the residence & park grounds, near Bordentown, New Jersey: of the late Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, 1847. A lake is indicated in the lower portion of this plan.]]
-Lakes in American garden settings were usually created by enlarging natural water features or by damming water courses. Existing lakes were incorporated into a landscape design by the addition of plantings, [[mound]]s, garden buildings, or [[bridge]]s, such as those depicted at [[Monte Video]] and [[Blithewood]] [Fig. 1]. Lakes could also be created by enclosing part of a river, as described by [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] in his plan for a “Mansion residence, laid out in a [[natural style]],” and seen in the plan for [[Point Breeze]] [Fig. 2]. Most of the American examples of lakes as garden elements date from the 19th century, and were found in the largest and most elaborate gardens of their time. As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] pointed out in 1849, this exclusivity was due to the abundance of natural waterways in America, which made artificial lakes superfluous in many settings. In addition, the cost of undertaking such massive earth-moving made them impractical for most American garden owners.
+Lakes in American garden settings were usually created by enlarging natural water features or by damming water courses. Existing lakes were incorporated into a landscape design by the addition of plantings, [[mound]]s, garden buildings, or [[bridge]]s, such as those depicted at Monte Video and [[Blithewood]] [Fig. 1]. Lakes could also be created by enclosing part of a river, as described by [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]] in his plan for a “Mansion residence, laid out in a [[natural style]],” and seen in the plan for [[Point Breeze]] [Fig. 2]. Most of the American examples of lakes as garden elements date from the 19th century, and were found in the largest and most elaborate gardens of their time. As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] pointed out in 1849, this exclusivity was due to the abundance of natural waterways in America, which made artificial lakes superfluous in many settings. In addition, the cost of undertaking such massive earth-moving made them impractical for most American garden owners.
 [[File:0524.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, Palladian Villa Style Building in Formal Landscape, c. 1840–50.]]
-Bodies of standing water, whether called lakes, [[pond]]s, or pools, provided many of the same visual effects, and writers praised the associations of coolness and the animating quality that water brought to a garden.<ref>A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849), 348, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref> As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] noted, animation might come from the sparkle of the reflecting sun, the movement of wind on the water, or from the sound of a [[fountain]] or a stream feeding the [[pond]]. Water was prized, as [[John Abercrombie|Abercrombie]] (1817) observed, as a natural mirror reflecting the surrounding vegetation or, as at the carefully placed [[pond]] at [[Monticello]] and in a painting of an unknown site [Fig. 3], the house itself. Bodies of water not only sustained fish for sport and food, but, as [[Humphry Repton]] (1803) advised, they also attracted waterfowl and other animals and thus enhanced visual and aural interest of the garden. [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] (1847) praised the effect of contrasting water features, such as the rush of the waterfall at [[Blithewood]], on the Hudson, juxtaposed with the still waters of the lake, “so full of the spirit of repose.”
+Bodies of standing water, whether called lakes, [[pond]]s, or pools, provided many of the same visual effects, and writers praised the associations of coolness and the animating quality that water brought to a garden.<ref>A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849), 348, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref> As [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] noted, animation might come from the sparkle of the reflecting sun, the movement of wind on the water, or from the sound of a [[fountain]] or a stream feeding the [[pond]]. Water was prized, as Abercrombie (1817) observed, as a natural mirror reflecting the surrounding vegetation or, as at the carefully placed [[pond]] at [[Monticello]] and in a painting of an unknown site [Fig. 3], the house itself. Bodies of water not only sustained fish for sport and food, but, as Humphry Repton (1803) advised, they also attracted waterfowl and other animals and thus enhanced visual and aural interest of the garden. [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] (1847) praised the effect of contrasting water features, such as the rush of the waterfall at [[Blithewood]], on the Hudson, juxtaposed with the still waters of the lake, “so full of the spirit of repose.”
 —''Elizabeth Kryder-Reid''
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
-*[[Benjamin Silliman|Silliman, Benjamin]], 1819, describing [[Monte Video]], property of Daniel Wadsworth, Avon, CT (1824: 11–12, 26)<ref>Benjamin Silliman, ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec, in the Autumn of 1819'' (New Haven, CT: S. Converse, 1824), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/B5VWTWM5 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Silliman, Benjamin, 1819, describing Monte Video, property of Daniel Wadsworth, Avon, CT (1824: 11–12, 26)<ref>Benjamin Silliman, ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec, in the Autumn of 1819'' (New Haven, CT: S. Converse, 1824), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/B5VWTWM5 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The space or hollow caused by the absence of the ridge, or what may be very properly called the back bone of the mountain, is occupied by a deep '''lake''', of the purest water, nearly half a mile in length, and somewhat less than half that width. . . The ground is gently undulating, bounded on the west by the precipice which overlooks the Farmington valley, and inclining gently to the east, where it is terminated by the fine margin of trees, that skirt the lake. . .
 :“From this place [the summit] you have a [[view]] of the '''lake''', of the boat at anchor on its surface, gay with its streamers and snowy awning: of the white building at the north extremity of the water, and, (rising immediately above it,) of forest trees and bold rocks, intermingled with each other, and surmounted by the Tower. . .
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 [[File:0716.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, Alvan Fisher, ''The Vale'', 1820–25.]]
-*Bryant, William Cullen, August 25, 1821, in a letter to his wife, Frances F. Bryant, describing the [[Vale]], estate of Theodore Lyman, Waltham, MA (1975: 108)<ref>William Cullen Bryant, ''The Letters of William Cullen Bryant'', ed. William Cullen II Bryant and Thomas G. Voss (New York: Fordham University Press, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3X5XUJ6A view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Bryant, William Cullen, August 25, 1821, in a letter to his wife, Frances F. Bryant, describing the Vale, estate of Theodore Lyman, Waltham, MA (1975: 108)<ref>William Cullen Bryant, ''The Letters of William Cullen Bryant'', ed. William Cullen II Bryant and Thomas G. Voss (New York: Fordham University Press, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3X5XUJ6A view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“He took me to the [[seat]] of Mr. Lyman. . . It is a perfect paradise. . . In front of the house, to the south was an artificial piece of water winding about and widening into a '''lake''', with a little island of pines in it, an elegant [[bridge]] crossing it, and swans swimming on the surface.” [Fig. 4]
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
-*Cleaveland, Nehemiah, 1847, describing [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in Brooklyn, NY (1847: 14)<ref>Nehemiah Cleaveland, ''Green-Wood Illustrated'' (New York: R. Martin, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JXFI68UM view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Cleaveland, Nehemiah, 1847, describing Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, NY (1847: 14)<ref>Nehemiah Cleaveland, ''Green-Wood Illustrated'' (New York: R. Martin, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JXFI68UM view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Various small '''lakes''', or [[pond]]s of different size and shape, embellish the grounds; and some of these have been so cleansed, deepened, and banked, as to present a pleasant feature in this wide-spread extent of forest loveliness—this ground of hallowed purpose.”
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 File:0716.jpg|Alvan Fisher, ''The Vale'', 1820–25.
-File:1052.jpg|Daniel Wadsworth, “Monte-Video,” in [[Benjamin Silliman]], ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec'' (1824), frontispiece.
+File:1052.jpg|Daniel Wadsworth, “Monte-Video,” in Benjamin Silliman, ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec'' (1824), frontispiece.
-File:1051.jpg|Daniel Wadsworth, “Monte Video, Approach to the House,” in [[Benjamin Silliman]], ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec, in the Autumn of 1819'' (1824), pl. opp. 16.
+File:1051.jpg|Daniel Wadsworth, “Monte Video, Approach to the House,” in Benjamin Silliman, ''Remarks Made on a Short Tour between Hartford and Quebec, in the Autumn of 1819'' (1824), pl. opp. 16.
 File:0849.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''View in Grounds at Blithewood, Seat of Robt. Donaldson, Dutchess Co. Hud[son]. riv[er]. N.Y.'', 1840.

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 :“1. A large and extensive collection of water contained in a cavity or hollow of the earth. It differs from a ''[[pond]]'' in size, the latter being a collection of small extent; but sometimes a collection of water is called a [[pond]] or a '''lake''' indifferently.”
-[[File:0377.jpg|thumb| Fig. 6, Anonymous, “Plan of a Mansion Residence, laid out in the [[natural style]]” in [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 115, fig. 25. A lake is indicated at “f.”]]
+[[File:0377.jpg|thumb| Fig. 6, Anonymous, “Plan of a Mansion Residence, laid out in the [[natural style]]” in [[Andrew Jackson Downing|A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 115, fig. 25. A lake is indicated at “''f''.”]]
 *[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr., 1991: 116, 349, 351)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5/ view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“A fine natural stream or rivulet, which ran through the estate, has been formed into a handsome [[pond]], or small '''lake''', ''f'', which adds much to the interest of the grounds. . .” [Fig. 6]
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 File:0359.jpg|Anonymous, “The Lake,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 158, fig. 27.
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