Jet - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:19, April 12, 2021
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	File:1597.jpg\|Anonymous, “Natural '''Jet''' d’eau,” ''Horticulturist'' 5, no. 5 (November 1850): 208, fig. 55.		File:1597.jpg\|Anonymous, “Natural '''Jet''' d’eau,” ''Horticulturist'' 5, no. 5 (November 1850): 208, fig. 55.
		+
		+	File:2297.jpg\|Matthew Vassar, ''Plan of Springside'', 1851. "'''Jet''' Vale Path (13)."
	</gallery>		</gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, March 29, 2021
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	File:0044.jpg\|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', 1816.		File:0044.jpg\|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', 1816.
		+
		+	File:0044_detail3.jpg\|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', [detail] 1816.

	File:1368.jpg\|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the [[ancient style]], in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694.		File:1368.jpg\|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the [[ancient style]], in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694.

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 File:0044.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', 1816.
-File:1368.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694.
+File:1368.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the [[ancient style]], in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694.
 File:0537.jpg|Tucker Factory, Pair of [[vase]]s with [[view]]s of the Fairmount Waterworks, c. 1830.

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 :“1830. ''The first requisite for '''jets''' or projected spouts, or threads of water'', by atmospheric pressure, is a sufficiently elevated source or reservoir of supply. This being obtained, pipes are to be conducted from it to the situations for the '''jets'''. . .
 :“1831. ''Adjutages'' are of various sorts. Some are contrived so as to throw up the water in the form of sheaves, fans, showers, to support balls, &c.; others to throw it out horizontally, or in curved lines, according to the taste of the designer; but the most usual form is a simple opening to throw the spout or '''jet''' upright. The grandest '''jet''' of any is a perpendicular [[column]] issuing from a rocky base, on which the water falling, produces a double effect both of sound and visual display. A '''jet''' rising from a naked tube in the middle of a [[basin]] or [[canal]], and the waters falling on its smooth surface, is unnatural, without being artificially grand.”
-:"7216. ''Water'' is a material of so captivating and interesting a description in the different characters in which it does not compose a feature. It forms a part of every garden in the [[Ancient style|ancient style]] in the various artificial characters which it there assumes of oblong oblong canals, ponds, basins, cascades, and '''''jeux-d’eau'''''  ''(fig. 694)'' ;"
+:"7216. ''Water'' is a material of so captivating and interesting a description in the different characters in which it does not compose a feature. It forms a part of every garden in the [[Ancient style|ancient style]] in the various artificial characters which it there assumes of oblong [[canal]]s, [[pond]]s, [[basin]]s, [[cascade]]s, and '''''jeux-d’eau'''''  ''(fig. 694)'' ;"
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 File:0460.jpg|Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the [[Square]] and the Town of Bath'', 1809. “C. Jet d’eau.”
 File:0402.jpg|Anonymous, "A simple '''jet'''. . . the simplest and most pleasing of [[fountain]]s” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 92. “A simple '''jet'''. . . issuing from a circular [[basin]] of water. . .”
@@ Line 130: / Line 128: @@
 File:0044.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', 1816.
 File:0537.jpg|Tucker Factory, Pair of [[vase]]s with [[view]]s of the Fairmount Waterworks, c. 1830.

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
-*[[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826: 358–59)<ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826: 358–59, 1009)<ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“1822. ''Of constructions for displaying water'', as an artificial decoration, the principal are [[cascade]]s, [[waterfall]]s, '''jets''', and [[fountain]]s. . .
 :“1829. '''''Jets''' and other hydraulic devices'', though now in less repute than formerly, are not to be rejected in confined artificial scenes, and form an essential decoration where the [[ancient style]] of landscape is introduced in any degree of perfection.
 :“1830. ''The first requisite for '''jets''' or projected spouts, or threads of water'', by atmospheric pressure, is a sufficiently elevated source or reservoir of supply. This being obtained, pipes are to be conducted from it to the situations for the '''jets'''. . .
 :“1831. ''Adjutages'' are of various sorts. Some are contrived so as to throw up the water in the form of sheaves, fans, showers, to support balls, &c.; others to throw it out horizontally, or in curved lines, according to the taste of the designer; but the most usual form is a simple opening to throw the spout or '''jet''' upright. The grandest '''jet''' of any is a perpendicular [[column]] issuing from a rocky base, on which the water falling, produces a double effect both of sound and visual display. A '''jet''' rising from a naked tube in the middle of a [[basin]] or [[canal]], and the waters falling on its smooth surface, is unnatural, without being artificially grand.”

@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 File:0403.jpg|Anonymous, “Tazza Fountain,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 93.
-File:1597.jpg|Anonymous, “Natural Jet d’eau,” ''Horticulturist'' 5, no. 5 (November 1850): 208, fig. 55.
+File:1597.jpg|Anonymous, “Natural '''Jet''' d’eau,” ''Horticulturist'' 5, no. 5 (November 1850): 208, fig. 55.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 File:1368.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694. “[Water] forms a part of every garden in the ancient style, in the various artificial characters which it there assumes. . . [[basin]]s. . .”
-File:0402.jpg|Anonymous, “A simple '''jet''',” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 92. “A simple jet. . . issuing from a circular [[basin]] of water. . .”
+File:0402.jpg|Anonymous, "A simple '''jet'''. . . the simplest and most pleasing of [[fountain]]s” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 92. “A simple '''jet'''. . . issuing from a circular [[basin]] of water. . .”
 File:0403.jpg|Anonymous, “Tazza Fountain,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 93.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:0044.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[Charles Willson Peale]], ''View of the garden at Belfield'', 1816.]]
+[[File:0044.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', 1816.]]
 The term jet (used both in its French form ''jet d’eau'' and its English translation “jet of water”) was used to describe a [[fountain]] consisting of a single continuous stream of water that was discharged into the air. The scale of jets ranged from modest, like the 10-foot example at [[Belfield]] [Fig. 1], to the spectacular, such as the jet of 30 or 40 feet that would water surrounding gardens proposed for the [[Columbian Institute]] in Washington, DC.
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0460.jpg|Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath'', 1809. “C. Jet d’eau.”
+File:0460.jpg|Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the [[Square]] and the Town of Bath'', 1809. “C. Jet d’eau.”
-File:1368.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694. “[Water] forms forms a part of every garden in the ancient style, in the various artificial characters which it there assumes. . . basins. . .”
+File:1368.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' 4th ed. (1826), 1009, fig. 694. “[Water] forms a part of every garden in the ancient style, in the various artificial characters which it there assumes. . . [[basin]]s. . .”
-File:0402.jpg|Anonymous, “A simple jet,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 92. “A simple jet. . . issuing from a circular basin of water. . .”
+File:0402.jpg|Anonymous, “A simple jet,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 92. “A simple jet. . . issuing from a circular [[basin]] of water. . .”
 File:0403.jpg|Anonymous, “Tazza Fountain,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', 4th ed. (1849), 471, fig. 93.
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0551.jpg|John Lewis Krimmel, ''Fourth of July in Centre Square'', 1812.
+File:0551.jpg|John Lewis Krimmel, ''Fourth of July in Centre [[Square]]'', 1812.
-File:0044.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''View of the garden at Belfield'', 1816.
+File:0044.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''[[View]] of the garden at [[Belfield]]'', 1816.
-File:0537.jpg|Tucker Factory, Pair of vases with views of the Fairmount Waterworks, c. 1830.
+File:0537.jpg|Tucker Factory, Pair of [[vase]]s with [[view]]s of the Fairmount Waterworks, c. 1830.
 File:0536.jpg|George Lehman, ''Fairmount Waterworks. From the Forebay'', 1833.

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 [[File:0538.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, W. H. Bartlett (artist), J. Giles (engraver), ''Fairmount Gardens, with the Schuylkill Bridge'', 1839.]]
 [[File:0460.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, Charles Varlé, ''Project for the Improvement of the Square and the Town of Bath'', 1809. “C. Jet d’eau.”]]
-The height of the jet was a function of the [[fountain|fountain's]] aperture and available water pressure. Before the advent of city pressurized water systems, these specifications or dimensions were generally determined by the diameter of the pipe and by the elevation of the reservoir, cistern, spring, or other water source. Peale’s design for [[Belfield]] added a gilded ball supported by the jet, which reduced its height by half (see [[Fountain]]). The advantage of a single jet was that it was relatively simple to construct, it conserved water, and it could issue a higher spout than a [[fountain]] with multiple streams, such as a “tazza” (or weeping) [[fountain]]. The scale of the jet made this type of [[fountain]] particularly appropriate for large-scale gardens, such as [[Capitol Square]] in Richmond, Virginia, or [[Fairmount Park and Waterworks|Fairmount Waterworks]] in Philadelphia [Fig. 2], where the visibility of a tall jet from a distance created a dramatic effect. The effect of a single jet was also admired in the middle of a still-water basin or pool, as at [[Belfield]] or in Charles Varlé’s design for the town of Bath (Berkeley Springs), Virginia (later West Virginia), where he planned a ''jet d’eau'' in the center of a rectangular “[[bason]]” [Fig. 3]. In these examples the aesthetic appeal of the jet stemmed from the contrast of the vertical spout with the horizontal plane of the pool and the play of the spray on the surface of the water. The simplicity was, as [[Andrew_Jackson_Downing|Downing]] noted, also suited to sylvan scenes where other more elaborate [[fountain]]s would be considered too artificial. Even though concepts of garden hydraulic technology were widely published by the early 18th century,<ref>Stephen Switzer, ''An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and Hydraulicks, Philosophical and Practical'' (London: Printed for T. Astley, S. Austen, and L. Gilliver, 1729; repr., New York: Garland, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXBZ2FU view on Zotero]. Our research has not found any evidence that this work was prevalent in the colonies. More widely available treatises, which are cited in the term record (such as Miller and Chambers), discuss the role of fountains in garden design, but they do not include the detailed technical information that is found in Switzer.</ref> the making of jets of water and other [[fountain]]s was expensive and not common in American gardens until the early 19th century.
+The height of the jet was a function of the [[fountain|fountain's]] aperture and available water pressure. Before the advent of city pressurized water systems, these specifications or dimensions were generally determined by the diameter of the pipe and by the elevation of the reservoir, cistern, spring, or other water source. Peale’s design for [[Belfield]] added a gilded ball supported by the jet, which reduced its height by half (see [[Fountain]]). The advantage of a single jet was that it was relatively simple to construct, it conserved water, and it could issue a higher spout than a [[fountain]] with multiple streams, such as a “tazza” (or weeping) [[fountain]]. The scale of the jet made this type of [[fountain]] particularly appropriate for large-scale gardens, such as Capitol Square in Richmond, Virginia, or Fairmount Waterworks in Philadelphia [Fig. 2], where the visibility of a tall jet from a distance created a dramatic effect. The effect of a single jet was also admired in the middle of a still-water basin or pool, as at [[Belfield]] or in Charles Varlé’s design for the town of Bath (Berkeley Springs), Virginia (later West Virginia), where he planned a ''jet d’eau'' in the center of a rectangular “[[bason]]” [Fig. 3]. In these examples the aesthetic appeal of the jet stemmed from the contrast of the vertical spout with the horizontal plane of the pool and the play of the spray on the surface of the water. The simplicity was, as [[Andrew_Jackson_Downing|Downing]] noted, also suited to sylvan scenes where other more elaborate [[fountain]]s would be considered too artificial. Even though concepts of garden hydraulic technology were widely published by the early 18th century,<ref>Stephen Switzer, ''An Introduction to a General System of Hydrostaticks and Hydraulicks, Philosophical and Practical'' (London: Printed for T. Astley, S. Austen, and L. Gilliver, 1729; repr., New York: Garland, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXBZ2FU view on Zotero]. Our research has not found any evidence that this work was prevalent in the colonies. More widely available treatises, which are cited in the term record (such as Miller and Chambers), discuss the role of fountains in garden design, but they do not include the detailed technical information that is found in Switzer.</ref> the making of jets of water and other [[fountain]]s was expensive and not common in American gardens until the early 19th century.
 —''Elizabeth Kryder-Reid''
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 [[File:0536.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, George Lehman, ''Fairmount Waterworks. From the Forebay'', 1833.]]
-*[[Francis Milton Trollope|Trollope, Frances Milton]], 1830, describing [[Fairmount Park and Waterworks|Fairmount Waterworks]], Philadelphia, PA (1832: 2:42, 44)<ref>Frances Milton Trollope, ''Domestic Manners of the Americans'', 2 vols. (London: Wittaker, Treacher & Co., 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MBMCV4N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Trollope, Frances Milton, 1830, describing Fairmount Waterworks, Philadelphia, PA (1832: 2:42, 44)<ref>Frances Milton Trollope, ''Domestic Manners of the Americans'', 2 vols. (London: Wittaker, Treacher & Co., 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MBMCV4N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The water-works of Philadelphia have not yet perhaps as wide extended fame as those of Marley, but they are not less deserving it. . .
 :“At another point, a portion of the water in its upward way to the reservoir, is permitted to spring forth in a perpetual '''''jet d’eau''''', that returns in a silver shower upon the head of a marble naïad of snowy whiteness.” [Fig. 4]
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
-*Committee on the [[Capitol Square]], Richmond City Council, July 26, 1851, describing [[John Notman]]’s plans for the [[Capitol Square]], Richmond, VA (quoted in Greiff 1979: 162)<ref>Constance Greiff, ''John Notman, Architect, 1810–1865'' (Philadelphia: Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SXT2RI6Z view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Committee on the Capitol Square, Richmond City Council, July 26, 1851, describing John Notman’s plans for the Capitol Square, Richmond, VA (quoted in Greiff 1979: 162)<ref>Constance Greiff, ''John Notman, Architect, 1810–1865'' (Philadelphia: Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SXT2RI6Z view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“. . . [[walk]]s will be made in every direction and as some compensation for filling up the beautiful vale south of the Monument a capacious [[fountain]] will be placed in the centre of the [[walk]] leading into Bank street, from which [[fountain]] a '''jet d’eau''' will rise, fully thirty feet in height. The eastern portion of the [[square]] will likewise undergo considerable change—the rugged features will be materially softened down, a [[fountain]] and '''jet d’eau''' to correspond with those on the western side will be placed in the valley near the state courthouse.”
-*Watson, John, 1857, describing [[Fairmount Park and Waterworks|Fairmount Waterworks]], Philadelphia, PA (1857: 1:489)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time. . .'' 2 vols. (Philadelphia: E. Thomas, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5PTKBUW2 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Watson, John, 1857, describing Fairmount Waterworks, Philadelphia, PA (1857: 1:489)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time. . .'' 2 vols. (Philadelphia: E. Thomas, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5PTKBUW2 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“There we see the graceful, glittering river winding amongst its wooded banks, the artificial [[cascade]] at your feet, the lovely '''jet d’eaux''' all around, the green [[plat]]s and gravelled [[walk]]s through which you have walked, the [[picturesque]] [[view]]s wherever you cast your eyes, these go to make up the picture which is spread out in rich luxuriance before you.”
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
-*[[Samuel Johnson|Johnson, Samuel]], 1755, ''A Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755: 1:n.p.)<ref>Samuel Johnson, ''A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from the Originals and Illustrated in the Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers'', 2 vols. (London: W. Strahan for J. and P. Knapton, 1755), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GE2JPJR3 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Johnson, Samuel, 1755, ''A Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755: 1:n.p.)<ref>Samuel Johnson, ''A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from the Originals and Illustrated in the Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers'', 2 vols. (London: W. Strahan for J. and P. Knapton, 1755), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GE2JPJR3 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''JET'''. ''n.s''. [. . . Saxon; ''get'', Dutch; ''gagates'', Latin.]
 :“2. ['''''Jet''''', French.] A spout or shoot of water.”
-*[[Philip Miller|Miller, Philip]], 1759, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1759; repr., 1969: n.p.)<ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1759; repr., New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Miller, Philip, 1759, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1759; repr., 1969: n.p.)<ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1759; repr., New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''Jet d’eau''' is a French word, which signifies a [[fountain]] that casts up water to any consideration Height in the Air. These spouts of Water are some of the greatest Beauties of the Italian Gardens, and are certainly better adapted for Gardens in their warm countries, than they are for our climate, because in the great Heat of summer, the sight of these water spouts is cooling and refreshing to the Imagination, and they certainly add a real coolness to the Air, but in cold countries they cool the Air too much, therefore should not be erected; or if they are, they should be placed at such Distances from the Habitation, as that the Damp may no ways affect it. . . Where '''jets''' are contrived, if there is not a constant supply for a large column of water, they should by no means be made.”
-*[[Charles Marshall|Marshall, Charles]], 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1799: 1:126)<ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'', 1st American ed., 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1799: 1:126)<ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'', 1st American ed., 2 vols. (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Every ''spring'' of water should be made the most of, and though ''[[fountain]]s '''jets d’eau''''': ''&c''. are out of fashion, something of this kind is agreeable enough.”
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
-*[[James E. Teschemacher|Teschemacher, James E.]], August 1, 1835, “Extracts from Foreign Publications” (''Horticultural Register'' 1: 308–9)<ref>James E. Teschemacher, “Extracts from Foreign Publications,” ''Horticultural Register, and Gardener’s Magazine'' 1 (August 1, 1835): 304–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CNPGMS5X/ view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Teschemacher, James E., August 1, 1835, “Extracts from Foreign Publications” (''Horticultural Register'' 1: 308–9)<ref>James E. Teschemacher, “Extracts from Foreign Publications,” ''Horticultural Register, and Gardener’s Magazine'' 1 (August 1, 1835): 304–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CNPGMS5X/ view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“From an article ''On the various form and character of [[Arbour]]s as objects of use or ornament either in gardens or wild scenery'' [from ''Paxton’s Horticultural Register''], we extract the following passages. . .
 :“‘The interior is an [[arbor]] of great magnitude, not so closely covered as everywhere absolutely to exclude the sun, but yet so as to render is always shady and agreeable. In the centre a cooling [[fountain]], where a group of nymphs support the pole, sends forth four '''jets d’eau''', which drop with delicious murmurs into a marble [[basin]].’”
-*[[Louisa C. (Louisa Caroline) Tuthill|Tuthill, Louisa C. (Louisa Caroline)]], 1848, ''History of Architecture'' (1848: 396)<ref>Louisa C. Tuthill, ''History of Architecture, from the Earliest Times; Its Present Condition in Europe and the United States. . . '', (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1848), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4ACTS7DK view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Tuthill, Louisa C. (Louisa Caroline), 1848, ''History of Architecture'' (1848: 396)<ref>Louisa C. Tuthill, ''History of Architecture, from the Earliest Times; Its Present Condition in Europe and the United States. . . '', (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1848), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4ACTS7DK view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''''Jet d’eau'''''. Water thrown into the air from a pipe or tube, and falling into a [[basin]] below.”