James Gibbs - Revision history

M-westerby at 17:37, September 13, 2021

2021-09-13T17:37:33Z

V-Federici: /* Images */

2021-03-29T21:19:01Z

Images

A-Whitlock at 14:56, March 26, 2021

2021-03-26T14:56:26Z

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-17T10:25:53Z

Other Resources

V-Federici at 15:57, August 5, 2020

2020-08-05T15:57:59Z

Bchristen at 16:08, October 2, 2018

2018-10-02T16:08:36Z

Bchristen: sentence-style title for A Book of Arch (consistent with captions and other long titles)

2018-10-02T16:07:48Z

sentence-style title for A Book of Arch (consistent with captions and other long titles)

Bchristen at 15:36, October 2, 2018

2018-10-02T15:36:00Z

Bchristen at 15:34, October 2, 2018

2018-10-02T15:34:05Z

Bchristen at 15:31, October 2, 2018

2018-10-02T15:31:51Z

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 '''James Gibbs''' (December 23, 1682&ndash;August 5, 1754) was a Scottish architect who trained in Rome and practiced mainly in England, developing a highly individual synthesis of the Italian Baroque and English Palladian styles. He is generally regarded as one of the most influential architects in 18th-century England, but his ''Book of Architecture'' (1728) was an influential source of designs for buildings and garden architecture in America as well.
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 ==Other Resources==
 [http://www.stmartin-in-the-fields.org/about/history/ St. Martin-in-the-Fields website]

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 ==Images==
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 Image:1715.jpg|James Gibbs, “The Plan, Upright and Section of a Building of the Dorick Order in the form of a [[Temple]],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 67.
@@ Line 69: / Line 67: @@
 Image:1728.jpg|James Gibbs, Nine of “Fifty four Draughts of [[Vase]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 139.
 </gallery>

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 ==Images==
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 Image:1715.jpg|James Gibbs, “The Plan, Upright and Section of a Building of the Dorick Order in the form of a [[Temple]],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 67.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, December 17, 2020
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	[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10604?docPos=3 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]		[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10604?docPos=3 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]
−
−	~~[http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html Palladio and Architectural Pattern Books in America]~~
−
−	~~[http://gibbs-architecture.wikispaces.com/ Wiki on Gibbs’s ''Book of Architecture'']~~

	[http://www.stmartin-in-the-fields.org/about/history/ St. Martin-in-the-Fields website]		[http://www.stmartin-in-the-fields.org/about/history/ St. Martin-in-the-Fields website]

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 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1715.jpg|James Gibbs, “The Plan, Upright and Section of a Building of the Dorick Order in the form of a Temple,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 67.
+Image:1715.jpg|James Gibbs, “The Plan, Upright and Section of a Building of the Dorick Order in the form of a [[Temple]],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 67.
-Image:1716.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two other Pavilions propos’d for the same place [Bowling-Green at Down Hall in Essex],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 69.
+Image:1716.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two other [[Pavilion]]s propos’d for the same place [Bowling-Green at Down Hall in Essex],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 69.
-Image:1717.jpg|James Gibbs, “A Pavilion design’d for Sir John Curzon for his seat near Derby,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 70.
+Image:1717.jpg|James Gibbs, “A [[Pavilion]] design’d for Sir John Curzon for his [[seat]] near Derby,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 70.
-Image:1718.jpg|James Gibbs, “A Circular Building in the Form of a Temple,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 72.
+Image:1718.jpg|James Gibbs, “A Circular Building in the Form of a [[Temple]],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 72.
-Image:1992.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two Uprights of another Pavillion built at Hackwood,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 73.
+Image:1992.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two Uprights of another [[Pavilion|Pavillion]] [''sic''] built at Hackwood,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 73.
-Image:1719.jpg|James Gibbs, “The Plan, Upright and Section of a Pavillion [''sic''] for the Right Honorable the Lord Viscount Cobham in his Garden at Stowe in Buckinghamshire,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 75.
+Image:1719.jpg|James Gibbs, “The Plan, Upright and Section of a [[Pavilion|Pavillion]] [''sic''] for the Right Honorable the Lord Viscount Cobham in his Garden at Stowe in Buckinghamshire,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 75.
-Image:1720.jpg|James Gibbs, “Another Design for two Pavillions at Stowe,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 76.
+Image:1720.jpg|James Gibbs, “Another Design for two [[Pavilion|Pavillion]] [''sic''] at Stowe,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 76.
-Image:1721.jpg|James Gibbs, Four of “Eight Square Pavillions for my Lord Cobham and others,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 77.
+Image:1721.jpg|James Gibbs, Four of “Eight [[Square]] [[Pavilion|Pavillion]] [''sic''] for my Lord Cobham and others,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 77.
-Image:1744.jpg|James Gibbs, “Four Summer-houses in form of Temples,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 79.
+Image:1744.jpg|James Gibbs, “Four [[Summerhouse|Summer-houses]] in form of [[Temple]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 79.
-Image:1722.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two Seats for the ends of Walks,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 82.
+Image:1722.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two [[Seat]]s for the ends of [[Walk]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 82.
-Image:1723.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two other Seats for the same purpose [for the ends of walks],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 83.
+Image:1723.jpg|James Gibbs, “Two other [[Seat]]s for the same purpose [for the ends of [[walk]]s],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 83.
-Image:1724.jpg|James Gibbs, “Three Draughts of Obelisques,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 86.
+Image:1724.jpg|James Gibbs, “Three Draughts of [[Obelisk|Obelisques]],” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 86.
-Image:1725.jpg|James Gibbs, “Three Designs for Columns,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 87.
+Image:1725.jpg|James Gibbs, “Three Designs for [[Column]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 87.
-Image:1726.jpg|James Gibbs, “Six Draughts of Peers for Gates,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 88.
+Image:1726.jpg|James Gibbs, “Six Draughts of Peers for [[Gate]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 88.
-Image:1727.jpg|James Gibbs, “Three Designs for Vases,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 138.
+Image:1727.jpg|James Gibbs, “Three Designs for [[Vase]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 138.
-Image:1728.jpg|James Gibbs, Nine of “Fifty four Draughts of Vases,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 139.
+Image:1728.jpg|James Gibbs, Nine of “Fifty four Draughts of [[Vase]]s,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 139.
 </gallery>

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 [[File:1718.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, James Gibbs, “A Circular Building in the Form of a Temple,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 72.]]
-The exhaustive knowledge of architecture that Gibbs had acquired in Rome was unusual and highly valued among architects of his generation. He extended his influence by publishing ''A Book of Architecture, containing designs of buildings and ornaments'' (1728), profusely illustrated with 150 engraved plates containing 380 of his drawings, perspectives, and blueprints for unexecuted as well as completed work. In the introduction, Gibbs wrote:
+The exhaustive knowledge of architecture that Gibbs had acquired in Rome was unusual and highly valued among architects of his generation. He extended his influence by publishing ''A Book of Architecture, Containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments'' (1728), profusely illustrated with 150 engraved plates containing 380 of his drawings, perspectives, and blueprints for unexecuted as well as completed work. In the introduction, Gibbs wrote:
 <blockquote>Such a work as this would be of use to such Gentlemen as might be concerned in Building, especially in remote parts of the country, where little or no assistance for Designs can be procured. Such may be here furnished with Draughts of useful and convenient Buildings and proper Ornaments; which may be executed by any Workman who understands Lines, either as here Design’d, or with some Alteration, which may be easily done by a person of Judgment.<ref>James Gibbs, ''A Book of Architecture, Containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments'', 2nd ed. (London: W. Innys and R. Manby, 1739), i, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z8U3MQ7H view on Zotero].</ref></blockquote>

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 ==History==
 [[File:1992.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Fig. 1, James Gibbs, “Two Uprights of another Pavillion built at Hackwood,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 73.]]
-While still in his teens, Gibbs embarked on a tour of continental Europe, where he devoted several years to the study of architecture. He later wrote that he was “highly pleased with the fine Buildings, pictures, and [[Statue]]s he saw in the great towns” of Italy, but that Rome “surpassed all the rest in Magnificence and grandeur.”<ref>Terry Friedman, ''James Gibbs'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero].</ref> In 1705 Gibbs became a pupil of the important Roman Baroque architect Carlo Fontana (1638&ndash;1714), thus becoming the first British architect to receive professional training abroad. From Fontana, Gibbs absorbed a high regard for classicism and the antique, as well as a life-long interest in contemporary Roman architecture. After returning to Britain in 1708, Gibbs worked on a number of churches, chapels, and country houses before receiving the highly prestigious appointment in 1720 to rebuild the parish church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London. He consequently became, in the words of Horace Walpole, “the architect most in vogue” and his work inspired countless imitators.<ref>Friedman 1984, 4, 6, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero].</ref> Also in 1720 Gibbs submitted his first drawings for the Radcliffe Library at Oxford (1739&ndash;49), the building that would become the crowning achievement of his later career and the subject of a large folio volume of his designs, ''Bibliotheca Radcliviana'' (1747). In 1726 Gibbs succeeded Sir John Vanbrugh (c. 1664&ndash;1726) as Viscount Cobham’s architect at the magnificent gardens at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Collaborating with the landscape architects Charles Bridgeman (1690&ndash;1738) and Lancelot “Capability” Brown (1716&ndash;1783), Gibbs designed and erected ornamental [[pavilion]]s and [[temple]]s in an eclectic array of styles&mdash;neoclassical, Gothic, and [[rustic style|rustic]]&mdash;during the periods 1726&ndash;28 and 1739&ndash;49.<ref>Michael Gibbon, “Stowe, Buckinghamshire: The House and Garden Buildings and Their Designers,” ''Architectural History'' 20 (1977): 35, 41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQ2ET6M6 view on Zotero].</ref> Gibbs went on to work for several other aristocratic patrons for whom he designed country estates as well as a great variety of garden features, often modeled on classical precedents. For example, at Hackwood, the [[seat]] of the Duke of Bolton, he erected a [[rustic style|rustic]] [[pavilion]] [Fig. 1] as a complement to an ornamental [[pond]], and a round [[temple]] with a cupola and Doric peristyle [Fig. 2] as the crowning element of a semicircular rise of [[lawn]] bounded by elm trees to simulate the shape of an amphitheater.<ref>William White, ''History, Gazetteer and Directory of the County of Hampshire'', 2nd ed. (Sheffield: William White, 1878), 127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9VKK5F7E view on Zotero].</ref> Keeping pace with the growing taste for Palladian style, Gibbs carved out a role for himself as an innovator in the design of English classical villas.<ref>Friedman 1984, 103&ndash;200, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero].</ref>
+While still in his teens, Gibbs embarked on a tour of continental Europe, where he devoted several years to the study of architecture. He later wrote that he was “highly pleased with the fine Buildings, pictures, and [[Statue]]s he saw in the great towns” of Italy, but that Rome “surpassed all the rest in Magnificence and grandeur.”<ref>Terry Friedman, ''James Gibbs'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero].</ref> In 1705 Gibbs became a pupil of the important Roman Baroque architect Carlo Fontana (1638&ndash;1714), thus becoming the first British architect to receive professional training abroad. From Fontana, Gibbs absorbed a high regard for classicism and the antique, as well as a life-long interest in contemporary Roman architecture. After returning to Britain in 1708, Gibbs worked on a number of churches, chapels, and country houses before receiving the highly prestigious appointment in 1720 to rebuild the parish church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London. He consequently became, in the words of Horace Walpole, “the architect most in vogue” and his work inspired countless imitators.<ref>Friedman 1984, 4, 6, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero].</ref> Also in 1720 Gibbs submitted his first drawings for the Radcliffe Library at Oxford (1739&ndash;49), the building that would become the crowning achievement of his later career and the subject of a large folio volume of his designs, ''Bibliotheca Radcliviana'' (1747).
 [[File:1718.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, James Gibbs, “A Circular Building in the Form of a Temple,” in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 72.]]

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 <blockquote>Such a work as this would be of use to such Gentlemen as might be concerned in Building, especially in remote parts of the country, where little or no assistance for Designs can be procured. Such may be here furnished with Draughts of useful and convenient Buildings and proper Ornaments; which may be executed by any Workman who understands Lines, either as here Design’d, or with some Alteration, which may be easily done by a person of Judgment.<ref>James Gibbs, ''A Book of Architecture, Containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments'', 2nd ed. (London: W. Innys and R. Manby, 1739), i, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z8U3MQ7H view on Zotero].</ref></blockquote>
-Indeed ''The Book of Architecture'' was among the most widely used architectural books of the 18th century and, together with Gibbs’s subsequent ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'' (1732), served as a pattern book for architects, students, scholars, and builders, not only in Great Britain but as far afield as the United States and the West Indies. Both books were listed in the sale catalogues of American booksellers as early as 1760.<ref>James Gibbs, ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'',  3rd ed. (London: W. Innys and J. Richardson, J. and P. Knapton, R. Manby, and H.S. Cox, 1753), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/444CR3IZ view on Zotero]; Friedman 1984, 257, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]; Janice G. Schimmelman, ''Architectural Books in Early America: Architectural Treatises and Building Handbooks Available in American Libraries and Bookstores'' (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll, 1999), 31&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JNESNDH9 view on Zotero]; Helen Park, ''A List of Architectural Books Available in America Before the Revolution'' (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, 1973), 54&ndash;55, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TCRBFMTW view on Zotero].</ref> In an advertisement published in the ''Maryland Gazette'' in 1751, the Virginia-born architect John Ariss (1725&ndash;1799) boasted of his ability to undertake buildings “of the Modern order of Gibbs’ Architect.”<ref>James D. Kornwolf and Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf, ''Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America'', 3 vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 3:1557, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6DRUS9ED view on Zotero].</ref>  Both ''The Book of Architecture'' and ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'' inspired [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] early ideas for [[Monticello]] and were among the volumes from his personal collection that he sold to the United States government following the burning of the first Library of Congress in 1814.<ref>Gene Waddell, “The First Monticello,” ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'', 46 (1987): 9&ndash;14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9EMJR9N view on Zotero]; Fiske Kimbell, ''Thomas Jefferson, Architect'' (New York: Da Capo, 1968), 22, 25&ndash;26, 122&ndash;23, 127, 129, 134, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HT89Q5TG view on Zotero].</ref>
+Indeed ''A Book of Architecture'' was among the most widely used architectural books of the 18th century and, together with Gibbs’s subsequent ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'' (1732), served as a pattern book for architects, students, scholars, and builders, not only in Great Britain but as far afield as the United States and the West Indies. Both books were listed in the sale catalogues of American booksellers as early as 1760.<ref>James Gibbs, ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'',  3rd ed. (London: W. Innys and J. Richardson, J. and P. Knapton, R. Manby, and H.S. Cox, 1753), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/444CR3IZ view on Zotero]; Friedman 1984, 257, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]; Janice G. Schimmelman, ''Architectural Books in Early America: Architectural Treatises and Building Handbooks Available in American Libraries and Bookstores'' (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll, 1999), 31&ndash;33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JNESNDH9 view on Zotero]; Helen Park, ''A List of Architectural Books Available in America Before the Revolution'' (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, 1973), 54&ndash;55, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TCRBFMTW view on Zotero].</ref> In an advertisement published in the ''Maryland Gazette'' in 1751, the Virginia-born architect John Ariss (1725&ndash;1799) boasted of his ability to undertake buildings “of the Modern order of Gibbs’ Architect.”<ref>James D. Kornwolf and Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf, ''Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America'', 3 vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 3:1557, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6DRUS9ED view on Zotero].</ref>  Both ''A Book of Architecture'' and ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'' inspired [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] early ideas for [[Monticello]] and were among the volumes from his personal collection that he sold to the United States government following the burning of the first Library of Congress in 1814.<ref>Gene Waddell, “The First Monticello,” ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'', 46 (1987): 9&ndash;14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9EMJR9N view on Zotero]; Fiske Kimbell, ''Thomas Jefferson, Architect'' (New York: Da Capo, 1968), 22, 25&ndash;26, 122&ndash;23, 127, 129, 134, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HT89Q5TG view on Zotero].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''