Humphry Marshall - Revision history

M-westerby at 19:41, September 21, 2021

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L-Baradel at 20:28, December 18, 2019

2019-12-18T20:28:09Z

A-brey: inserted full name in category to fix alphabetical sorting in category list

2018-11-28T20:18:28Z

inserted full name in category to fix alphabetical sorting in category list

Bchristen at 21:25, October 4, 2018

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Bchristen at 18:08, October 2, 2018

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 '''Humphry Marshall''' (October 10, 1722&ndash;November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalogue of indigenous American trees and shrubs.
@@ Line 644: / Line 673: @@
 *<div id="ornamental"></div> Darlington, William, 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487&ndash;88, 490&ndash;91)<ref>Darlington 1849, 490-491 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
-  [[#ornamental_cite|back up to History]]
+  [[#ornamental_cite |back up to History]]
 :“In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine. . .
@@ Line 673: / Line 702: @@
 ==Other Resources==
 [http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

@@ Line 282: / Line 282: @@
-*[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, in Philadelphia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Marshall_Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785&ndash;1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, in Philadelphia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref>Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785&ndash;1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be. . . I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders.
@@ Line 296: / Line 296: @@
-*<div id="Vaughan_Arbustum"></div> [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, in Philadelphia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Marshall_Papers"> </ref>
+*<div id="Vaughan_Arbustum"></div> [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, in Philadelphia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref>Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785&ndash;1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication. . . .
+:“The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication. . .
 :“As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips.”  [[#Vaughan_Arbustum_cite|back up to History]]
-*<div id="Vaughan"></div> [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, in Philadelphia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Marshall_Papers"></ref>
+*<div id="Vaughan"></div> [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, in Philadelphia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref>Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785&ndash;1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished. . . .
@@ Line 310: / Line 310: @@
-*[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, in Philadephia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Marshall_Papers"></ref>
+*[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, in Philadephia, PA, letter to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref>Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785&ndash;1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 *Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, in London, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [[Philip Miller|[Philip] MILLER’S]] ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
+:“I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER’S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
 :“As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 *Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, in London, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
-:“Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get [[Philip Miller|MILLER’S]] ''Gardener’s Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
+:“Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER’S ''Gardener’s Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
 :“If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction.”
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 :“I . . . am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
-:“I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of [[Philip Miller|MILLER’s]] botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS’S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
+:“I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER’s botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS’S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
 :“I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.

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−	*Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, in West Bradford, letter to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543–44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>	+	*Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, in West Bradford, PA, letter to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543–44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>

	:“I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of LINNAEUS’S ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY. . . .		:“I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of LINNAEUS’S ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY. . . .

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 ==History==
 [[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'' (1785), title page.]]
-Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority on American botany. His parents were English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485&ndash;87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="ornamental_cite"></span> Thereafter, according to William Darlington, Marshall began “indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants” ([[#ornamental|view text]]).<ref>“The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science,” ''The Register of Pennsylvania'' 1 (1828): 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall’s study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard’s ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy’s ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th ed., 1743).<ref>Darlington 1849, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th ed. (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd ed. (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small [[botanic garden]] he developed on his father’s property. He was also “in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds” for his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Humphry Marshall to Benjamin Franklin November 27, 1771, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), 18:255&ndash;56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall’s garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, “Journal of James Kenny, 1761&ndash;1763 (con.),” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and “James Kenny’s ‘Journey to Ye Westward,’ 1758&ndash;1759,” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Millikan_cite"></span> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15&ndash;1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). <span id="greenhouse_cite"></span>He erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father’s estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).
+Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority on American botany. His parents were English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485&ndash;87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="ornamental_cite"></span> Thereafter, according to William Darlington, Marshall began “indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants” ([[#ornamental|view text]]).<ref>“The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science,” ''Register of Pennsylvania'' 1 (1828): 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall’s study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard’s ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy’s ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th ed., 1743).<ref>Darlington 1849, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th ed. (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd ed. (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small [[botanic garden]] he developed on his father’s property. He was also “in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds” for his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Humphry Marshall to Benjamin Franklin, November 27, 1771, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), 18:255&ndash;56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall’s garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, “Journal of James Kenny, 1761&ndash;1763 (con.),” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and “James Kenny’s ‘Journey to Ye Westward,’ 1758&ndash;1759,” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Millikan_cite"></span> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15&ndash;1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). <span id="greenhouse_cite"></span>He erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father’s estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).
 It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712&ndash;1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington 1849, 495, 497&ndash;99, 501, 513&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, “Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 2 (1965): 109&ndash;10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington 1849, 495, 497&ndash;98, 499&ndash;500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and “a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers” <span id="glass_cite"></span> ([[#glass|view text]]).<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973) 17:110, 150&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin 1974, 18:82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849, 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1772 Fothergill reported that, with Marshall’s assistance, he had assembled an exceptional collection of American plants, “some never seen in England before,” so that “It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists . . . that there is not a richer bit of ground in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care” <span id="Fothergill_1772_cite"></span> ([[#Fothergill_1772|view text]]).
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalogue. With an eye to overseas customers, he noted in his introduction: “The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy.” The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall’s “BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States” <span id="1785_cite"></span>([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including Benjamin Franklin <span id="Franklin_Arbustum_cite"></span>([[#Franklin_Arbustum|view text]]) and Sir Joseph Banks <span id="Banks_Arbustum_cite"></span> ([[#Banks_Arbustum|view text]]), and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774&ndash;1803) in Richmond, Dublin <ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B.”], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs (“flower roots”) from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds,” and fruit trees at his gardens “opposite the waterfall” in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders’s News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774&ndash;99. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly’s ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger 1929, 282; see also 274&ndash;75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
-Marshall’s contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized during his lifetime by honorary membership in the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785) and election to the American Philosophical Society (1786).<ref>Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, April 30, 1785, Darlington 1849, 555; see also 289, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1848 a public [[park]] located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor <span id="Marshall_Square_cite"></span> ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref> A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation’s largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, PA: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, “West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners,” ''West Chester Patch'' (September 8, 2011), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of “Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington” in the “beautful grove which his [Marshall’s] hands planted.” <ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, PA: F. S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and [[Arboretum]] of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, “The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.&mdash;Humphry Marshall’s,” ''The Garden Magazine'' 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>
+Marshall’s contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized during his lifetime by honorary membership in the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785) and election to the American Philosophical Society (1786).<ref>Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, April 30, 1785, Darlington 1849, 555; see also 289, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1848 a public [[park]] located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor <span id="Marshall_Square_cite"></span> ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref> A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation’s largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, PA: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, “West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners,” ''West Chester Patch'' (September 8, 2011), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of “Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington” in the “beautful grove which his [Marshall’s] hands planted.” <ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, PA: F. S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and [[Arboretum]] of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, “The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.&mdash;Humphry Marshall’s,” ''Garden Magazine'' 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''

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 ==History==
 [[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'' (1785), title page.]]
-Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority on American botany. His parents were English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485&ndash;87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="ornamental_cite"></span> Thereafter, according to William Darlington, Marshall began “indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants” ([[#ornamental|view text]]).<ref>“The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science,” ''The Register of Pennsylvania'' 1 (1828): 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall’s study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard’s ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy’s ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th ed., 1743).<ref>Darlington 1849, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th ed. (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd ed. (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small [[botanic garden]] he developed on his father’s property. He was also “in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds” for his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Humphry Marshall to Benjamin Franklin November 27, 1771, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18:255&ndash;56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall’s garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, “Journal of James Kenny, 1761&ndash;1763 (con.),” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and “James Kenny’s ‘Journey to Ye Westward,’ 1758&ndash;1759,” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Millikan_cite"></span> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15&ndash;1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). <span id="greenhouse_cite"></span>He erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father’s estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).
+Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority on American botany. His parents were English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485&ndash;87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="ornamental_cite"></span> Thereafter, according to William Darlington, Marshall began “indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants” ([[#ornamental|view text]]).<ref>“The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science,” ''The Register of Pennsylvania'' 1 (1828): 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall’s study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard’s ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy’s ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th ed., 1743).<ref>Darlington 1849, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th ed. (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd ed. (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small [[botanic garden]] he developed on his father’s property. He was also “in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds” for his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Humphry Marshall to Benjamin Franklin November 27, 1771, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), 18:255&ndash;56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall’s garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, “Journal of James Kenny, 1761&ndash;1763 (con.),” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and “James Kenny’s ‘Journey to Ye Westward,’ 1758&ndash;1759,” ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Millikan_cite"></span> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15&ndash;1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). <span id="greenhouse_cite"></span>He erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father’s estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).
-It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712&ndash;1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington 1849, 495, 497&ndash;99, 501, 513&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, “Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 2 (1965): 109&ndash;10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington 1849, 495, 497&ndash;98, 499&ndash;500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and “a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers” <span id="glass_cite"></span> ([[#glass|view text]]).<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17:110, 150&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin 1974, 18:82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849, 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1772 Fothergill reported that, with Marshall’s assistance, he had assembled an exceptional collection of American plants, “some never seen in England before,” so that “It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists . . . that there is not a richer bit of ground in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care” <span id="Fothergill_1772_cite"></span> ([[#Fothergill_1772|view text]]).
+It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712&ndash;1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington 1849, 495, 497&ndash;99, 501, 513&ndash;15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, “Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'' 2 (1965): 109&ndash;10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington 1849, 495, 497&ndash;98, 499&ndash;500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and “a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers” <span id="glass_cite"></span> ([[#glass|view text]]).<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973) 17:110, 150&ndash;52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin 1974, 18:82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849, 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1772 Fothergill reported that, with Marshall’s assistance, he had assembled an exceptional collection of American plants, “some never seen in England before,” so that “It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists . . . that there is not a richer bit of ground in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care” <span id="Fothergill_1772_cite"></span> ([[#Fothergill_1772|view text]]).
 Fothergill encouraged Marshall’s plan of exporting plants to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, “I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them” <span id="Fothergill_1768_cite"></span>([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). Benjamin Franklin was less optimistic, <span id="gentelman_cite"></span> however ([[#gentelman|view text]]), when Marshall wrote in November 1771 to ask that he “promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples” <span id="Franklin_cite"></span>([[#Franklin|view text]]). Thomas Parke, a Philadelphia Quaker pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: “I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success” <span id="Parke_cite"></span> ([[#Parke|view text]]).
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-*<div id="gentelman"></div>Franklin, Benjamin, February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20:71)<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#gentelman_cite|[back up to History]]]
+*<div id="gentelman"></div>Franklin, Benjamin, February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20:71)<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#gentelman_cite|[back up to History]]]
 :“I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them. . . .