Henry Pratt - Revision history

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 '''Henry Pratt''' (May 14, 1761&ndash;February 6, 1838) was a wealthy Philadelphia shipping merchant and land speculator. From 1799 until 1836, he was the proprietor of [[Lemon Hill]], a [[Schuylkill River]] estate known for its [[geometric style|geometric-style]] gardens, [[picturesque]] grounds, and extensive [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] complex, which was reported to be the largest in the United States.
@@ Line 106: / Line 131: @@
 File:2112.jpg|James Fuller Queen, ''[[Temple]] in Pratt’s garden on the Schuylkill'', recto, 1840.
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 [[Lemon Hill]] served primarily as a warm-weather retreat for Pratt’s family as well as a site for business and social entertaining.<ref>By the time Pratt purchased Lemon Hill, he was married to his third wife, Susannah Care (1776&ndash;1816), whom he had married in 1794. The couple would have four children together. Previously, he had married Frances Moore (c. 1757&ndash;1785) in 1778, with whom he had four children, and Elizabeth Dundas (1764&ndash;1793) in 1785, with whom he had six children. Of Pratt’s fourteen children, only seven survived to adulthood. For more information, see the Pratt family tree on the official Lemon Hill website: http://www.lemonhill.org/HistoryPF.html.</ref> Pratt, who was the eldest child of the Philadelphia portrait painter Matthew Pratt (1734&ndash;1805) and his wife Elizabeth (1739&ndash;1777), held prominent leadership roles within the city’s civic and business communities, reportedly serving as President of the city’s Select Council, President of the Delaware Fire Company, as a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and as a Vestryman at Christ Church, among other positions.<ref>Robbins 1987, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]. Pratt was elected to a three-year term as President of the city’s Select Council in October 1799. J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott, ''History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884'', 3 vols. (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co., 1884), 3:1708, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8RJIVE6G view on Zotero].</ref> After short stints at the beginning of his career trading in china and crockery and opening a grocery business, he became a successful shipping merchant.<ref>Scharf and Westcott 1884, 3:2212, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8RJIVE6G view on Zotero].</ref> From about 1797 until 1812, he partnered with Abraham Kintzing to form the firm Pratt & Kintzing, which owned a fleet of ships that carried goods such as tobacco, cotton, sugar, indigo, cornmeal, pork, hides, wheat, and clothing to and from ports across the eastern seaboard of the United States, the West Indies, Europe, and Asia.<ref>Robbins 1987, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]. For additional information on some of the ships that Pratt owned both before and during his partnership with Kintzing, including cargo and trade routes, see Greg H. Williams, ''The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793–1813: A History and Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2009), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6RJJMHBF view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:0043.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, John Archibald Woodside, ''Lemon Hill'', 1807.]]
+[[File:0043_2.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, John Archibald Woodside, ''Lemon Hill'', 1807.]]
 After purchasing [[Lemon Hill]] in 1799, Pratt made a number of significant changes to the property. According to his accounts, construction on a new Federal-style villa to replace [[Robert Morris|Morris's]] house likely began in April 1800, when he placed an order for lumber from a local merchant.<ref>Martha Halpern, “Henry Pratt’s Account for Lemon Hill,” ''Antiques & Fine Art Magazine'', http://www.antiquesandfineart.com/articles/article.cfm?request=198, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T5QDN3UB view on Zotero].</ref> His house, which is still extant, is especially notable for its distinctive stack of three oval rooms that protrudes from the south façade of the building, an uncommon architectural feature for the period [Fig. 2].<ref>Roger W. Moss, ''Historic Houses of Philadelphia: A Tour of the Region’s Museum Homes'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press for The Barra Foundation, 1998), 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8TVTVJ3 view on Zotero].</ref> However, he never lived at [[Lemon Hill]] and instead maintained his primary residence within the city of Philadelphia, in close proximity to his mercantile pursuits and the wharves on the Delaware River.<ref>In 1796 Pratt purchased the residence of Isaac Wharton at 112 North Front Street, which was located next to the home of his business partner, Abraham Kintzing. Harold Donaldson Eberlein and Horace Mather Lippincott, ''Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and its Neighborhood'' (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1912), 263&ndash;264, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H8PJNXCV view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:2125 detail.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 3, J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), The greenhouse and hothouses at Lemon Hill (1832).]]
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 File:2107.jpg|Artist/maker unknown, ''A [[View]] of [[Lemon Hill]] on the River Schuylkill, the [[Seat]] of Henry Pratt Esq. of Philadelphia'', early 19th century.
-Image:0043.jpg|John Archibald Woodside, ''[[Lemon Hill]]'', 1807.
+Image:0043_2.jpg|John Archibald Woodside, ''[[Lemon Hill]]'', 1807.
 File:2102.jpg|Pavel Petrovich Svinin, ''The Upper Bridge over the Schuylkill, Philadelphia&mdash;[[Lemon Hill]] in the Background'', c. 1811&ndash;13.

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 Image:1138.jpg|William Groombridge, ''[[View]] of [[Lemon Hill]]'', c. 1800.
-File:2107.jpg|Artist/maker unknown, ''A [[View]] of [[Lemon Hill]] on the River Schuylkill, the Seat of Henry Pratt Esq. of Philadelphia'', early 19th century.
+File:2107.jpg|Artist/maker unknown, ''A [[View]] of [[Lemon Hill]] on the River Schuylkill, the [[Seat]] of Henry Pratt Esq. of Philadelphia'', early 19th century.
 Image:0043.jpg|John Archibald Woodside, ''[[Lemon Hill]]'', 1807.

@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 File:2103.jpg|Firm of Joseph Stubbs, Tureen and cover with view of Lemon Hill, c. 1828.
-File:2125.jpg|J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), Title page, in D. & C. Landreth, ''Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' (1832).
+File:2125.jpg|J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), The greenhouse and hothouses at Lemon Hill, detail of the title page, in D. & C. Landreth, ''Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' (1832).
 File:2112.jpg|James Fuller Queen, ''[[Temple]] in Pratt’s garden on the Schuylkill'', recto, 1840.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 [[File:0043.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, John Archibald Woodside, ''Lemon Hill'', 1807.]]
 After purchasing [[Lemon Hill]] in 1799, Pratt made a number of significant changes to the property. According to his accounts, construction on a new Federal-style villa to replace [[Robert Morris|Morris's]] house likely began in April 1800, when he placed an order for lumber from a local merchant.<ref>Martha Halpern, “Henry Pratt’s Account for Lemon Hill,” ''Antiques & Fine Art Magazine'', http://www.antiquesandfineart.com/articles/article.cfm?request=198, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T5QDN3UB view on Zotero].</ref> His house, which is still extant, is especially notable for its distinctive stack of three oval rooms that protrudes from the south façade of the building, an uncommon architectural feature for the period [Fig. 2].<ref>Roger W. Moss, ''Historic Houses of Philadelphia: A Tour of the Region’s Museum Homes'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press for The Barra Foundation, 1998), 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8TVTVJ3 view on Zotero].</ref> However, he never lived at [[Lemon Hill]] and instead maintained his primary residence within the city of Philadelphia, in close proximity to his mercantile pursuits and the wharves on the Delaware River.<ref>In 1796 Pratt purchased the residence of Isaac Wharton at 112 North Front Street, which was located next to the home of his business partner, Abraham Kintzing. Harold Donaldson Eberlein and Horace Mather Lippincott, ''Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and its Neighborhood'' (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1912), 263&ndash;264, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H8PJNXCV view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:2125 detail.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 3, J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), Title page, in D. & C. Landreth, ''Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' (1832).]]
+[[File:2125 detail.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 3, J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), The greenhouse and hothouses at Lemon Hill (1832).]]
 In addition to constructing the new house, Pratt also greatly expanded [[Robert Morris|Morris's]] [[greenhouse]] complex. On August 25, 1799, shortly after purchasing [[Lemon Hill]], he paid [[Robert Morris|Morris]] $750 for his [[greenhouse]] plants, which formed the basis of his collection.<ref>Robbins 1987, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Wailes_cite"></span>His [[greenhouse]]s and [[hothouse]]s&mdash;said to be the largest of their kind in the United States&mdash;contained an enormous quantity and variety of plants ([[#Wailes|view text]]) [Fig. 3]. A June 1838 auction catalog of the contents of [[Lemon Hill|Lemon Hill's]] [[greenhouse]]s and [[hothouse]]s lists nearly three thousand individual plants for sale, including a variety of exotics.<ref>D. & C. A. Hill, ''Catalogue of Splendid and Rare Green House and Hot House Plants, to Be Sold by Auction at Lemon Hill, Formerly the Seat of the Late Henry Pratt, Deceased, on Tuesday, the 5th Day of June, 1838, and to Be Continued Daily until Completed, by D. & C. A. Hill, Auctioneers'' (Philadelphia, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/S2MZSHJ4 view on Zotero]. See also Robbins 1987, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> According to Owen Tasker Robbins, “Pratt had ample opportunity to collect exotic plant materials from around the world due to his shipping business.”<ref>Robbins 1987, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 File:2102.jpg|Pavel Petrovich Svinin, ''The Upper Bridge over the Schuylkill, Philadelphia&mdash;Lemon Hill in the Background'', c. 1811&ndash;13.
-File:2106.jpg|John G. Exilious, “A View of Lemon Hill the Seat of Henry Pratt Esq<sup>r</sup>.,” in Oliver Oldschool [Joseph Dennie], ed. ''The Port Folio'' (August 1813): opp. 166.
+File:2106.jpg|John G. Exilious, “A [[View]] of Lemon Hill the Seat of Henry Pratt Esq<sup>r</sup>.,” in Oliver Oldschool [Joseph Dennie], ed. ''The Port Folio'' (August 1813): opp. 166.
 Image:0300.jpg|Thomas Birch, ''Fairmount Water Works'', 1821.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 In addition to constructing the new house, Pratt also greatly expanded [[Robert Morris|Morris's]] [[greenhouse]] complex. On August 25, 1799, shortly after purchasing [[Lemon Hill]], he paid [[Robert Morris|Morris]] $750 for his [[greenhouse]] plants, which formed the basis of his collection.<ref>Robbins 1987, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Wailes_cite"></span>His [[greenhouse]]s and [[hothouse]]s&mdash;said to be the largest of their kind in the United States&mdash;contained an enormous quantity and variety of plants ([[#Wailes|view text]]) [Fig. 3]. A June 1838 auction catalog of the contents of [[Lemon Hill|Lemon Hill's]] [[greenhouse]]s and [[hothouse]]s lists nearly three thousand individual plants for sale, including a variety of exotics.<ref>D. & C. A. Hill, ''Catalogue of Splendid and Rare Green House and Hot House Plants, to Be Sold by Auction at Lemon Hill, Formerly the Seat of the Late Henry Pratt, Deceased, on Tuesday, the 5th Day of June, 1838, and to Be Continued Daily until Completed, by D. & C. A. Hill, Auctioneers'' (Philadelphia, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/S2MZSHJ4 view on Zotero]. See also Robbins 1987, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> According to Owen Tasker Robbins, “Pratt had ample opportunity to collect exotic plant materials from around the world due to his shipping business.”<ref>Robbins 1987, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref>
-<span id="PHS_cite"></span>Pratt’s lucrative business ventures enabled him to maintain [[Lemon Hill|Lemon Hill's]] grounds and to keep the “beautiful garden . . . in perfect order at great expense” ([[#PHS|view text]]). <span id="Bernhard_cite"></span>In order to water the extensive collection of plants, he installed a hydraulic water-delivery system&mdash;reportedly for the costly sum of $3,000&mdash;that pumped water up from the [[Schuylkill River]] to a series basins that supplied the [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse]]s ([[#Bernhard|view text]]).<ref>“Report of the Committee appointed by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society for Visiting the Nurseries and Gardens in the vicinity of Philadelphia&mdash;13th July, 1830, as it appeared in the ''Register of Pennsylvania'', edited by Samuel Hazard, Philadelphia, February 12, 1831,” in James Boyd, ''A History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1827–1927'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1929), 432, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Wailes_cite"></span>Pratt’s gardens were elaborately designed, featuring a circular [[grotto]] and numerous [[summerhouse]]s adorned with marble [[statue]]s, goldfish [[pond]]s, fountains, [[cascade]]s, and [[bower]]s ([[#Wailes|view text]]), <span id="Downing1849_cite"></span>as well as [[trellis]]es, springhouses, and [[temple]]s ([[#Downing1849|view text]]). He hired a large team to care for the gardens, and such well-known Philadelphia nurserymen and landscape gardeners as [[John McAran]], [[Robert Buist]] (1805&ndash;1880), and Peter Mackenzie (1809&ndash;1865) worked at [[Lemon Hill]] early in their careers.<ref>“Report of the Committee appointed by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society . . .” in Boyd 1929, 434, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero]; Boyd 1929, 385, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero]; Thomas J. Mickey, ''America’s Romance with the English Garden'' (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UEQKGRPV view on Zotero]; Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, ''From Seed to Flower: Philadelphia 1681&ndash;1876'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1976), 73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T79WT7WS view on Zotero]; “Death of Peter Mackenzie,” ''Magazine of Horticulture'' 34, no. 3 (March 1868): 94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EQBU2C77 view on Zotero]; “What Scots Have Done for Horticulture in America,” ''Gardeners’ Magazine'' 50 (January 12, 1907): 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QP6WPV8D view on Zotero].</ref>
+<span id="PHS_cite"></span>Pratt’s lucrative business ventures enabled him to maintain [[Lemon Hill|Lemon Hill's]] grounds and to keep the “beautiful garden . . . in perfect order at great expense” ([[#PHS|view text]]). <span id="Bernhard_cite"></span>In order to water the extensive collection of plants, he installed a hydraulic water-delivery system&mdash;reportedly for the costly sum of $3,000&mdash;that pumped water up from the [[Schuylkill River]] to a series basins that supplied the [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse]]s ([[#Bernhard|view text]]).<ref>“Report of the Committee appointed by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society for Visiting the Nurseries and Gardens in the vicinity of Philadelphia&mdash;13th July, 1830, as it appeared in the ''Register of Pennsylvania'', edited by Samuel Hazard, Philadelphia, February 12, 1831,” in James Boyd, ''A History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1827–1927'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1929), 432, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Wailes_cite"></span>Pratt’s gardens were elaborately designed, featuring a circular [[grotto]] and numerous [[summerhouse]]s adorned with marble [[statue]]s, goldfish [[pond]]s, fountains, [[cascade]]s, and [[bower]]s ([[#Wailes|view text]]), <span id="Downing1849_cite"></span>as well as [[trellis]]es, springhouses, and [[temple]]s ([[#Downing1849|view text]]). He hired a large team to care for the gardens, and such well-known Philadelphia nurserymen and landscape gardeners as John McAran, [[Robert Buist]] (1805&ndash;1880), and Peter Mackenzie (1809&ndash;1865) worked at [[Lemon Hill]] early in their careers.<ref>“Report of the Committee appointed by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society . . .” in Boyd 1929, 434, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero]; Boyd 1929, 385, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero]; Thomas J. Mickey, ''America’s Romance with the English Garden'' (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UEQKGRPV view on Zotero]; Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, ''From Seed to Flower: Philadelphia 1681&ndash;1876'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1976), 73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T79WT7WS view on Zotero]; “Death of Peter Mackenzie,” ''Magazine of Horticulture'' 34, no. 3 (March 1868): 94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EQBU2C77 view on Zotero]; “What Scots Have Done for Horticulture in America,” ''Gardeners’ Magazine'' 50 (January 12, 1907): 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QP6WPV8D view on Zotero].</ref>
 Commentators frequently remarked upon the proprietor’s generosity in opening the estate to the public. <span id="Aloe_cite"></span>In 1821 a writer for the ''Democratic Press'' desired “to pay homage of our consideration and thankfulness to Mr. Pratt, for the distinguished liberality with which his gardens, [[greenhouse|green houses]], &c. are, and long have been, thrown open to strangers and to citizens” ([[#Aloe|view text]]). <span id="Downing1837_cite"></span>[[A. J. Downing]] even credited his “praiseworthy spirit” with “contribut[ing] in a wonderful degree to improve the taste of the inhabitants [of Philadelphia], and to inspire them with a desire to possess the more beautiful and delicate productions of nature” ([[#Downing1837|view text]]). <span id="Aloe_cite">On at least one occasion, Pratt also sent rare plants from his [[greenhouse]], including a flowering aloe, offsite&mdash;in this instance as part of a philanthropic fundraising exhibition to benefit the Orphans’ Asylum on Cherry Street ([[#Aloe|view text]]).
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 *<div id="Aloe"></div>Anonymous, 1821, describing an exhibition of an aloe plant from [[Lemon Hill]], estate of Henry Pratt, Philadelphia, PA (''Plough Boy'': 30)<ref>“The Flowering Aloe,” ''Plough Boy, and Journal of the Board of Agriculture'' (June 23, 1821): 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RNZNFE7H view on Zotero]. A nearly identical article appears in “The Flowering Aloe, from the ''Philadelphia ‘Democratic Press,’”'' ''Niles’ Weekly Register'' (June 16, 1821): 255, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E63UISSF view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Aloe_cite|back up to History]]
-:[June 6] “It is believed that, but two of those plants have come to perfection in the United States. One was at [[Springettsbury|Springbury]], the seat of [[William Penn]], near Bush Hill. This plant flowered in 1777. From it the late Mr. [[William Hamilton]] got a sucker, which he was fortunate enough to rear, and it flowered at [[the Woodlands]], in the year 1804. When Henry Pratt, Esq. bought [[Lemon Hill]], from the late [[Robert Morris]], there was an Aloe in the [[greenhouse|Green House]]. This plant has been cherished and tended for 70 years, with great care, and is now RAPIDLY advancing to an exhibition of all the fragrance and beauty, of which it is susceptible. We will here, perhaps a little out of place, embrace the occasion, to pay homage of our consideration and thankfulness to Mr. Pratt, for the distinguished liberality with which his gardens, [[greenhouse|green houses]], &c. are, and long have been, thrown open to strangers and to citizens.
+:[June 6] “It is believed that, but two of those plants have come to perfection in the United States. One was at [[Springettsbury|Springbury]], the seat of William Penn, near Bush Hill. This plant flowered in 1777. From it the late Mr. [[William Hamilton]] got a sucker, which he was fortunate enough to rear, and it flowered at [[the Woodlands]], in the year 1804. When Henry Pratt, Esq. bought [[Lemon Hill]], from the late [[Robert Morris]], there was an Aloe in the [[greenhouse|Green House]]. This plant has been cherished and tended for 70 years, with great care, and is now RAPIDLY advancing to an exhibition of all the fragrance and beauty, of which it is susceptible. We will here, perhaps a little out of place, embrace the occasion, to pay homage of our consideration and thankfulness to Mr. Pratt, for the distinguished liberality with which his gardens, [[greenhouse|green houses]], &c. are, and long have been, thrown open to strangers and to citizens.
 :“Mr. Pratt, with a liberality and benevolence which entitle him to great praise, has bestowed his plant on the ''Orphan Asylum'', on Cherry-street, near Schuylkill Sixth-street: where it will be exhibited to the public for the benefit of that charitable institution. A building for the reception of the Aloe, being completed at the Asylum, the plant was yesterday moved thither from [[Lemon Hill]]. The greatest care was necessary and was taken in the removal. The Aloe was carried, the whole distance, on the shoulders of 24 men, and we have pleasure in saying that it did not sustain the slightest injury.
 :“On the 28th of May last, it was observed that this interesting plant had put forth and unerring evidence that it was about to flower. It put forth an upright shoot, like a strong asparagus. This stem, since that time, has grown 5 feet 8 inches; considerably more than the plant had grown in 60 years before. It will be in full flower about the middle of July next.