Ha-Ha/Sunk fence - Revision history

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2021-02-25T18:17:14Z

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2021-02-09T17:56:06Z

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V-Federici at 11:49, January 28, 2021

2021-01-28T11:49:50Z

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2020-10-27T17:30:49Z

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V-Federici at 11:21, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T11:21:11Z

V-Federici at 15:00, July 15, 2020

2020-07-15T15:00:06Z

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2020-07-15T14:56:09Z

A-Whitlock at 13:58, January 28, 2020

2020-01-28T13:58:44Z

V-Federici at 14:55, January 7, 2020

2020-01-07T14:55:05Z

V-Federici at 14:54, January 7, 2020

2020-01-07T14:54:16Z

@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 Image:0078.jpg|Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century. “''''''Ha Ha'''''' wall here” at the top of the drawing.
-Image:0412.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Military academy. Principal story, floor plan, 1800. “''''''Haha''''''” is indicated at the top linking the wings with the central building.
+Image:0412.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], "Principal Story of a Military School," 1800. “''''''Haha''''''” is indicated at the top linking the wings with the central building.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 ===Associated===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
-Image:0069.jpg|[[Samuel Vaughan]], Plan of the buildings and grounds of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.
+Image:0069.jpg|[[Samuel Vaughan]], Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.
 Image:0342.jpg|Edward Savage, ''The East Front of [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1787–92.
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 Image:0331.jpg|George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a '''Ha-Ha''' Wall at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.
 </gallery>
 ===Attributed===

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 The ha-ha seems to have been used at the edge of [[lawn]]s and gardens to separate the spaces immediately surrounding the dwelling from pasture land and grazing animals. [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon’s]] ha-ha, which George Washington referred to as both a “ha haw” and a deer [[wall]], separated the west [[lawn]] from the [[deer park]] below, leaving a clear view from the house to the Potomac River and distant Maryland shore. At [[Monticello]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] took advantage of the mountain’s high topographic relief by building his ha-ha into the hillside along the southern side of his newly leveled [[lawn]] using a retaining [[wall]] of stone. This ha-ha (elsewhere called a [[terrace]] [[wall]]), allowed [[view]]s of the panorama beyond and screened much of the working area along Mulberry Row when viewed from the house and [[lawn]]. John Nancarrow’s plan of John Penn’s estate, now the site of the Philadelphia Zoo, also indicates placement of a ha-ha at the edge of the [[pleasure ground]], in this case just along the southern [[border]] of his property [Fig. 5].
-[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.]]
+[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, John Nancarrow, "Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," c. 1785.]]
 A visitor to [[Monticello]] in 1823, who lacked the vocabulary to describe what he saw, wrote, “As we approached the house we rode along a [[fence]] which was the only one of the kind I ever saw. Instead of being upright, it lay upon the ground across a ditch, the banks of the ditch raised the rails a foot or two above the ground on each side of the ditch so that no kind of grazing animals could easily cross it, because their feet would slip between the rails. It had just the appearance of a common post and rail straight [[fence]], blown down across a ditch.”<ref>Silvio A. Bedini, ''Thomas Jefferson: Statesman of Science'' (New York: Macmillan, 1990), 410, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AMB3SINJ view on Zotero].</ref> Several explanations may be posited for the limited appearance of the ha-ha in America as compared with its more prevalent use in Britain. One explanation may be that large-scale landscape gardens and [[park]]s associated with ha-has were less common in America (see [[English style]]). A ha-ha not only required the space to create the feature and a garden of proportions to match, but also involved an expenditure of labor and materials. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson’s]] notes from 1804 express his concern with cost savings as he planned to reuse stone from other parts of the [[plantation]] to construct the masonry section of his ha-ha.<ref>William Kelso, ''Kingsmill Plantations, 1619–1800: Archaeology of Country Life in Colonial Virginia'' (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984), 167, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/V76DJUTM view on Zotero].</ref> Perhaps the aesthetic of the uninterrupted [[view]] was not sufficiently compelling among the majority of landowners to warrant the expense and effort of the ha-ha.
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 Image:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX. “At R, there is a '''''Ha, Ha'''''.”
-Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', 1790. The “'''Ah-ha'''” at “''h''” is designated by the linear feature located at the lower edge of the plan above the word “Land.”
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, "Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia," 1790. The “'''Ah-ha'''” at “''h''” is designated by the linear feature located at the lower edge of the plan above the word “Land.”
 Image:0078.jpg|Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century. “''''''Ha Ha'''''' wall here” at the top of the drawing.

@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 ===Inscribed===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
-Image:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX. “At R, there is a ''Ha, Ha''.”
+Image:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX. “At R, there is a '''''Ha, Ha'''''.”
-Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', 1790. The “Ah-ha” at “h” is designated by the linear feature located at the lower edge of the plan above the word “Land.”
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', 1790. The “'''Ah-ha'''” at “''h''” is designated by the linear feature located at the lower edge of the plan above the word “Land.”
-Image:0078.jpg|Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century. “'''Ha Ha''' wall here” at the top of the drawing.
+Image:0078.jpg|Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century. “''''''Ha Ha'''''' wall here” at the top of the drawing.
-Image:0412.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Military academy. Principal story, floor plan, 1800. “'''Haha'''” is indicated at the top linking the wings with the central building.
+Image:0412.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Military academy. Principal story, floor plan, 1800. “''''''Haha''''''” is indicated at the top linking the wings with the central building.
 </gallery>
 ===Associated===

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:1015.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, George Flower, ''Park House, Albion, Edwards County, Illinois—Home of George Flower'', c. 1820. The ha-ha is located along the front of the lawn.]]
-The ha-ha seems to have been used at the edge of [[lawn]]s and gardens to separate the spaces immediately surrounding the dwelling from pasture land and grazing animals. [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon’s]] ha-ha, which [[George Washington]] referred to as both a “ha haw” and a deer [[wall]], separated the west [[lawn]] from the [[deer park]] below, leaving a clear view from the house to the Potomac River and distant Maryland shore. At [[Monticello]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] took advantage of the mountain’s high topographic relief by building his ha-ha into the hillside along the southern side of his newly leveled [[lawn]] using a retaining [[wall]] of stone. This ha-ha (elsewhere called a [[terrace]] [[wall]]), allowed [[view]]s of the panorama beyond and screened much of the working area along Mulberry Row when viewed from the house and [[lawn]]. John Nancarrow’s plan of John Penn’s estate, now the site of the Philadelphia Zoo, also indicates placement of a ha-ha at the edge of the [[pleasure ground]], in this case just along the southern [[border]] of his property [Fig. 5].
+The ha-ha seems to have been used at the edge of [[lawn]]s and gardens to separate the spaces immediately surrounding the dwelling from pasture land and grazing animals. [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon’s]] ha-ha, which George Washington referred to as both a “ha haw” and a deer [[wall]], separated the west [[lawn]] from the [[deer park]] below, leaving a clear view from the house to the Potomac River and distant Maryland shore. At [[Monticello]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] took advantage of the mountain’s high topographic relief by building his ha-ha into the hillside along the southern side of his newly leveled [[lawn]] using a retaining [[wall]] of stone. This ha-ha (elsewhere called a [[terrace]] [[wall]]), allowed [[view]]s of the panorama beyond and screened much of the working area along Mulberry Row when viewed from the house and [[lawn]]. John Nancarrow’s plan of John Penn’s estate, now the site of the Philadelphia Zoo, also indicates placement of a ha-ha at the edge of the [[pleasure ground]], in this case just along the southern [[border]] of his property [Fig. 5].
 [[File:0048.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the [[Seat]] of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 ==Texts==
 ===Usage===
-[[File:0331.jpg|thumb|Fig. 6, [[George Washington]], ''Drawing and Notes for a '''Ha-Ha''' Wall at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.]]
+[[File:0331.jpg|thumb|Fig. 6, George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a '''Ha-Ha''' Wall at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.]]
-*[[George Washington|Washington, George]], 1785, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, VA (Jackson and Twohig, eds., 1978: 4:86; Johnson 1953: 100)<ref name="Jackson-Twohig_1978">Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., ''The Diaries of George Washington'', 6 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1978), vol. 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref><ref>Gerald W. Johnson, ''Mount Vernon: The Story of a Shrine'' (New York: Random House, 1953), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F2JS5DHZ view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Washington, George, 1785, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of George Washington, Fairfax County, VA (Jackson and Twohig, eds., 1978: 4:86; Johnson 1953: 100)<ref name="Jackson-Twohig_1978">Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., ''The Diaries of George Washington'', 6 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1978), vol. 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref><ref>Gerald W. Johnson, ''Mount Vernon: The Story of a Shrine'' (New York: Random House, 1953), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F2JS5DHZ view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“[February 8] Finding that I should be very late in preparing my [[Walk]]s & [[shrubbery|Shrubberies]] if I waited till the ground should be uncovered by the dissolution of the Snow—I had it removed Where necessary & began to Wheel dirt into the '''Ha! Haws''' &ca.—tho' it was it exceeding miry & bad working. . . [Fig. 6]
 :“[March 11] Planted. . . 13 Yellow Willow trees alternately along the Post and Rail [[fence]] from the Kitchen to the South '''ha-haw''' and from the Servants’ Hall to the Smith’s Shop.”
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 Image:0342.jpg|Edward Savage, ''The East Front of [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1787–92.
-Image:0331.jpg|[[George Washington]], ''Drawing and Notes for a '''Ha-Ha''' Wall at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.
+Image:0331.jpg|George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a '''Ha-Ha''' Wall at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.
 </gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, July 15, 2020
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−	*<div id="Downing"></div>[[Andrew Jackson Downing\|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849: 346),<ref name="Downing_1849">A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America. . .'', 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5M4S2D64 view on Zotero].</ref>	+	*<div id="Downing"></div>[[Andrew Jackson Downing\|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849: 346),<ref name="Downing_1849">A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America. . . '', 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5M4S2D64 view on Zotero].</ref>
	:“The '''sunken [[fence]]''', fosse, or '''''ha-ha''''', is an English invention, used in separating that portion of the [[lawn]] near the house, from the part grazed by deer or cattle, and is only a ditch sufficiently wide and deep to render communication difficult on opposite sides. When the ground slopes from the house, such a '''sunk [[fence]]''' is invisible to a person near the latter, and answers the purpose of a barrier without being in the least obtrusive.” [[#Downing_cite\|back up to History]]		:“The '''sunken [[fence]]''', fosse, or '''''ha-ha''''', is an English invention, used in separating that portion of the [[lawn]] near the house, from the part grazed by deer or cattle, and is only a ditch sufficiently wide and deep to render communication difficult on opposite sides. When the ground slopes from the house, such a '''sunk [[fence]]''' is invisible to a person near the latter, and answers the purpose of a barrier without being in the least obtrusive.” [[#Downing_cite\|back up to History]]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 [[File:0078.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century.]]
 [[File:0412.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Military academy. Principal story, floor plan, 1800.]]
-Despite the broad date range of treatise recommendations, usage records suggest that in American practice most of these features were constructed in the late 18th century and that they were exceptional, although notable. The feature seems to have been limited to the estates of the landed elite and larger institutions. Ha-has at John Penn’s estate in Philadelphia; [[Rosewell]] in Virginia [Fig. 2]; [[Mount Vernon]]; [[Monticello]]; [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Benjamin Henry Latrobe’s]] plan for a military school [Fig. 3]; and [[The Woodlands]], near Philadelphia, were all constructed in the last quarter of the 18th century. [[Monticello|Monticello’s]] landscape improvements extended into the first decade of the 19th, and an image of [[Park House]] in Albion, Illinois, shows a ha-ha dating to around 1820 [Fig. 4]. These sites were among the most elaborate in America in their landscaping programs. [[George Flower|George Flower’s]] ha-ha at [[Park House]], which permitted a [[view]] of reclining cattle and grazing sheep, conformed to the notion that [[George Flower|Flower’s]] “success allowed him to live a life approximating that of an English country gentleman.”<ref>Judith A. Barter and Lynn E. Springer, ''Currents of Expansion: Painting in the Midwest, 1820–1940'' (St. Louis, MO: St. Louis Art Museum, 1977), 40, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQU4AT7R view on Zotero].</ref>
+Despite the broad date range of treatise recommendations, usage records suggest that in American practice most of these features were constructed in the late 18th century and that they were exceptional, although notable. The feature seems to have been limited to the estates of the landed elite and larger institutions. Ha-has at John Penn’s estate in Philadelphia; Rosewell in Virginia [Fig. 2]; [[Mount Vernon]]; [[Monticello]]; [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Benjamin Henry Latrobe’s]] plan for a military school [Fig. 3]; and [[The Woodlands]], near Philadelphia, were all constructed in the last quarter of the 18th century. [[Monticello|Monticello’s]] landscape improvements extended into the first decade of the 19th, and an image of Park House in Albion, Illinois, shows a ha-ha dating to around 1820 [Fig. 4]. These sites were among the most elaborate in America in their landscaping programs. George Flower’s ha-ha at Park House, which permitted a [[view]] of reclining cattle and grazing sheep, conformed to the notion that Flower’s “success allowed him to live a life approximating that of an English country gentleman.”<ref>Judith A. Barter and Lynn E. Springer, ''Currents of Expansion: Painting in the Midwest, 1820–1940'' (St. Louis, MO: St. Louis Art Museum, 1977), 40, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQU4AT7R view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:1015.jpg|thumb|Fig. 4, George Flower, ''Park House, Albion, Edwards County, Illinois—Home of George Flower'', c. 1820. The ha-ha is located along the front of the lawn.]]
-The ha-ha seems to have been used at the edge of [[lawn]]s and gardens to separate the spaces immediately surrounding the dwelling from pasture land and grazing animals. [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon’s]] ha-ha, which [[George Washington]] referred to as both a “ha haw” and a deer [[wall]], separated the west [[lawn]] from the [[deer park]] below, leaving a clear view from the house to the Potomac River and distant Maryland shore. At [[Monticello]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] took advantage of the mountain’s high topographic relief by building his ha-ha into the hillside along the southern side of his newly leveled [[lawn]] using a retaining [[wall]] of stone. This ha-ha (elsewhere called a [[terrace]] [[wall]]), allowed [[view]]s of the panorama beyond and screened much of the working area along Mulberry Row when viewed from the house and [[lawn]]. [[John Nancarrow|John Nancarrow’s]] plan of John Penn’s estate, now the site of the Philadelphia Zoo, also indicates placement of a ha-ha at the edge of the [[pleasure ground]], in this case just along the southern [[border]] of his property [Fig. 5].
+The ha-ha seems to have been used at the edge of [[lawn]]s and gardens to separate the spaces immediately surrounding the dwelling from pasture land and grazing animals. [[Mount Vernon|Mount Vernon’s]] ha-ha, which [[George Washington]] referred to as both a “ha haw” and a deer [[wall]], separated the west [[lawn]] from the [[deer park]] below, leaving a clear view from the house to the Potomac River and distant Maryland shore. At [[Monticello]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] took advantage of the mountain’s high topographic relief by building his ha-ha into the hillside along the southern side of his newly leveled [[lawn]] using a retaining [[wall]] of stone. This ha-ha (elsewhere called a [[terrace]] [[wall]]), allowed [[view]]s of the panorama beyond and screened much of the working area along Mulberry Row when viewed from the house and [[lawn]]. John Nancarrow’s plan of John Penn’s estate, now the site of the Philadelphia Zoo, also indicates placement of a ha-ha at the edge of the [[pleasure ground]], in this case just along the southern [[border]] of his property [Fig. 5].
-[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, [[John Nancarrow]], ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.]]
+[[File:0048.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785.]]
 A visitor to [[Monticello]] in 1823, who lacked the vocabulary to describe what he saw, wrote, “As we approached the house we rode along a [[fence]] which was the only one of the kind I ever saw. Instead of being upright, it lay upon the ground across a ditch, the banks of the ditch raised the rails a foot or two above the ground on each side of the ditch so that no kind of grazing animals could easily cross it, because their feet would slip between the rails. It had just the appearance of a common post and rail straight [[fence]], blown down across a ditch.”<ref>Silvio A. Bedini, ''Thomas Jefferson: Statesman of Science'' (New York: Macmillan, 1990), 410, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AMB3SINJ view on Zotero].</ref> Several explanations may be posited for the limited appearance of the ha-ha in America as compared with its more prevalent use in Britain. One explanation may be that large-scale landscape gardens and [[park]]s associated with ha-has were less common in America (see [[English style]]). A ha-ha not only required the space to create the feature and a garden of proportions to match, but also involved an expenditure of labor and materials. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson’s]] notes from 1804 express his concern with cost savings as he planned to reuse stone from other parts of the [[plantation]] to construct the masonry section of his ha-ha.<ref>William Kelso, ''Kingsmill Plantations, 1619–1800: Archaeology of Country Life in Colonial Virginia'' (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984), 167, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/V76DJUTM view on Zotero].</ref> Perhaps the aesthetic of the uninterrupted [[view]] was not sufficiently compelling among the majority of landowners to warrant the expense and effort of the ha-ha.
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
-*[[Thomas S. Kirkbride|Kirkbride, Thomas S.]], April 1848, describing the [[pleasure ground]]s and farm of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]], Philadelphia (''American Journal of Insanity'' 4: 349)<ref>Thomas S. Kirkbride, “Description of the Pleasure Grounds and Farm of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, with Remarks,” ''American Journal of Insanity'' 4, no. 4 (April 1848): 347–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9RWM2FH8 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Kirkbride, Thomas S., April 1848, describing the [[pleasure ground]]s and farm of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]], Philadelphia (''American Journal of Insanity'' 4: 349)<ref>Thomas S. Kirkbride, “Description of the Pleasure Grounds and Farm of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, with Remarks,” ''American Journal of Insanity'' 4, no. 4 (April 1848): 347–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9RWM2FH8 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Between the north lodge and the [[deer park|deer-park]], separated from the latter by a '''sunk''' palisade '''fence''', is a neat [[flower garden]].”
 ===Citations===
-*[[Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville|Dezallier d’Argenville, Antoine-Joseph]], 1712, ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening'' (1712: 77)<ref name="Argenville_1712">A.-J. (Antoine Joseph) Dézallier d’Argenville, ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening; Wherein Is Fully Handled All That Relates to Fine Gardens, . . . Containing Divers Plans, and General Dispositions of Gardens'', trans. John James (London: Geo. James, 1712), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RNT8ZVZ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Dezallier d’Argenville, Antoine-Joseph, 1712, ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening'' (1712: 77)<ref name="Argenville_1712">A.-J. (Antoine Joseph) Dézallier d’Argenville, ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening; Wherein Is Fully Handled All That Relates to Fine Gardens, . . . Containing Divers Plans, and General Dispositions of Gardens'', trans. John James (London: Geo. James, 1712), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RNT8ZVZ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“At present we frequently make Thorough-[[View]]s, call’d '''''Ah, Ah''''', which are Openings in the [[Wall]]s, without Grills, to the very Level of the [[Walk]]s, with a large and deep Ditch at the Foot of them, lined on both Sides to sustain the Earth, and prevent the getting over, which surprises the Eye upon coming near it, and makes one cry, '''''Ah! Ah!''''' from whence it take its Name.”
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
-*[[Humphry Repton|Repton, Humphry]], 1803, ''Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1803: 13, 81)<ref name="Repton_1803">Humphry Repton, ''Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (London: Printed by T. Bensley for J. Taylor, 1803), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VVQPC3BI view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Repton, Humphry, 1803, ''Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1803: 13, 81)<ref name="Repton_1803">Humphry Repton, ''Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (London: Printed by T. Bensley for J. Taylor, 1803), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VVQPC3BI view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“There is no error more prevalent in modern gardening, or more frequently carried to excess, than taking away [[hedge]]s to unite many small fields into one extensive and naked [[lawn]], before [[plantation]]s are made to give it the appearance of a [[park]]; and where ground is subdivided by '''sunk [[fence]]s''', imaginary freedom is dearly purchased at the expence of actual confinement. . .
 :“3. A third method [of concealing a boundary [[fence]]] is, sinking the [[fence]] below the surface of the ground, by which means the [[view]] is not impeded, and the continuity of [[lawn]] is well preserved. . . We must therefore so dispose a fosse, or '''ha! ha!''' that we may look across it and not along it. For this reason a '''sunk [[fence]]''' must be straight and not curving, and it should be short, else the ''imaginary'' freedom is dearly bought by the ''actual'' confinement, since nothing is so difficult to pass as a deep '''sunk [[fence]]'''.”
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
-*[[George William Johnson|Johnson, George William]], 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (1847: 279)<ref name="GWJohnson_1847">George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (1847: 279)<ref name="GWJohnson_1847">George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''HA-HA''', is a '''sunk [[fence]]''', being placed at the bottom of a deep and spreading ditch, either to avoid any interruption to an expanse of surface, or to let in a desired [[prospect]]. As all deceptions are unsatisfactory to good taste, and as when viewed lengthwise these [[fence]]s are formal and displeasing, they ought never to be adopted except in extreme cases.”
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 ===Inscribed===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
-Image:1382.jpg|[[Batty Langley]], “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX. “At R, there is a ''Ha, Ha''.”
+Image:1382.jpg|Batty Langley, “An Improvement of a beautiful Garden at Twickenham,” in ''New Principles of Gardening'' (1728), pl. IX. “At R, there is a ''Ha, Ha''.”
-Image:0048.jpg|[[John Nancarrow]], ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', 1790. The “Ah-ha” at “h” is designated by the linear feature located at the lower edge of the plan above the word “Land.”
+Image:0048.jpg|John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', 1790. The “Ah-ha” at “h” is designated by the linear feature located at the lower edge of the plan above the word “Land.”
 Image:0078.jpg|Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century. “Ha Ha wall here” at the top of the drawing.

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 ==History==
-[[File:1112.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[Anthony St. John Baker]] (artist), B. King (lithographer), ''Riversdale, near Bladensburg'', 1827.]]
+[[File:1112.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, [[Anthony St. John Baker]] (artist), B. King (lithographer), ''Riversdale, near Bladensburg'', 1827.]]
 From the early 18th century to the mid-19th century, treatises praised the ha-ha as a useful design solution for the construction of barriers without interrupting [[view]]s.<ref>As Steven A. Mansbach relates in his brief survey of the history of the ha-ha in England, the term entered English garden literature with John James’s 1712 translation of Dézallier d’Argenville’s ''La théorie et la practique du jardinage'' (1709). Charles Bridgeman, Lord Cobham’s head gardener at Stowe, employed the ha-ha in the extensive enlargement of the gardens in the 1720s. See Steven A. Mansbach, “An Earthwork of Surprise: The 18th-Century Ha-Ha,” ''Art Journal'' 42, no. 3 (Fall 1982): 217–21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GNKEF6F2 view on Zotero].</ref> Several writers recall the origin of the name as the expression of surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to one’s [[walk]]. A ha-ha, also known as a sunk [[fence]], blind [[fence]], ditch and [[fence]], deer wall, or foss, was formed by a ditch (sometimes with a [[fence]] at its lowest point), a steep bank, or a [[wall]] built into the side of a hill. Whatever the method of construction, the ha-ha created a barrier that was not visible from one side or, if a ditch, all directions. [[Anthony St. John Baker|Anthony St. John Baker’s]] 1827 sketch of [[Riversdale]], in Maryland, illustrates a ha-ha [[wall]] built into the ground that created a barrier while permitting unobstructed [[view]]s from the house [Fig. 1].<ref>Like similar barriers at Mount Vernon and Monticello, the Riversdale wall was ineffective at deterring deer, and Rosalie Calvert Stier complained that deer were eating tulips under her windows. She, unfortunately, failed to mention the wall so we do not know whether she referred to it as a ha-ha (Margaret Law Calcott, personal communication).</ref> The deer depicted in the foreground underscore the function of the feature: to keep a pasture or a [[park]] separate from the [[lawn]] and garden near a house (see [[Deer park]]).
-[[File:0078.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century.]]
+[[File:0078.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, Anonymous, Plan for a garden, mid-18th century.]]
-[[File:0412.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Military academy. Principal story, floor plan, 1800.]]
+[[File:0412.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Military academy. Principal story, floor plan, 1800.]]
 Despite the broad date range of treatise recommendations, usage records suggest that in American practice most of these features were constructed in the late 18th century and that they were exceptional, although notable. The feature seems to have been limited to the estates of the landed elite and larger institutions. Ha-has at John Penn’s estate in Philadelphia; [[Rosewell]] in Virginia [Fig. 2]; [[Mount Vernon]]; [[Monticello]]; [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Benjamin Henry Latrobe’s]] plan for a military school [Fig. 3]; and [[The Woodlands]], near Philadelphia, were all constructed in the last quarter of the 18th century. [[Monticello|Monticello’s]] landscape improvements extended into the first decade of the 19th, and an image of [[Park House]] in Albion, Illinois, shows a ha-ha dating to around 1820 [Fig. 4]. These sites were among the most elaborate in America in their landscaping programs. [[George Flower|George Flower’s]] ha-ha at [[Park House]], which permitted a [[view]] of reclining cattle and grazing sheep, conformed to the notion that [[George Flower|Flower’s]] “success allowed him to live a life approximating that of an English country gentleman.”<ref>Judith A. Barter and Lynn E. Springer, ''Currents of Expansion: Painting in the Midwest, 1820–1940'' (St. Louis, MO: St. Louis Art Museum, 1977), 40, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQU4AT7R view on Zotero].</ref>