French style - Revision history

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@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 File:1349.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of a [[flower garden]] in the old '''French style''', in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 794, fig. 545.
-File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French [[parterre]] of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550.
+File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French [[parterre]] of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550. "'''French''' [[parterre]] which they call parterre of embroidery."
 File:1796.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre]]s,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, February 17, 2021
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	[[Category: Keywords]]		[[Category: Keywords]]
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@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 File:1796.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre]]s,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 127: / Line 124: @@
 File:0063.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], “Plan of the public [[Square]] in the city of New Orleans, as proposed to be improved. . .” [detail], March 20, 1819.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 *[[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)]], 1826, ''An Enyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826: 375, 795)<ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“1924. ''Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre|parterres]]'' are most correctly transferred to ground, as they are copied on paper, by covering the figure to be copied with [[square|squares]] (''fig. 363. a'') formed by temporary lines intersecting each other at equal distances and right angles, and by tracing on the ground similar [[square|squares]], but much larger, according to the scale (''fig. 363. b''). Sometimes the figure is drawn on paper in black, and the [[square|squares]] in red, while the [[square|squares]] on the ground are formed as sawyers mark the intended path of the saw before sawing up a log of timber; that is, by stretching cords rubbed with chalk, which, by being struck on the ground (previously made perfectly smooth), leave white lines. With the plan in one hand and a pointed rod in the other, the design is thus readily traced accross these indications. The '''French''' and Italians lay out their most curious [[parterre|parterres]]. . . in this way. [Fig. 7]
-[[File:1349.jpg|thumb|Fig. 8, [[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of a flower garden in the old French style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 794, fig. 545. ]]
+[[File:1349.jpg|thumb|Fig. 8, [[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of a flower garden in the old French style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 794, fig. 545. ]]
 :“6097. ''The materials which form the surface of [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]. . .'' are gravel (''a''), turf (''b''), and dug [[border|borders]], (''c''), patches (''d''), or compartments (''e''), and water (''f''); but a variety of other objects and materials may be introduced as receptacles for plants, or on the surfaces of [[walk|walks]]; as grotesque roots, rocks, flints, spar, shells, scoriae in conglomerated lumps, sand and gravel of different colors; besides works of art introduced as decorations, or tonsile performances, when the old '''French style'''. . . is imitated.” [Fig. 8]
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 File: 2160.jpg|John Diamond, ''[[Plot/Plat|Plat]] of a Tract of Land Called French [[Botanic Garden]]s Containing 120 Acres Located in Goose Creek Parish'', September 1816.
-File:1333.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “The Italian [[Arbor]]” and “The French [[Arbor]],” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, figs. 332 and 333.
+File:1333.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “The Italian [[Arbor]]” and “The French [[Arbor]],” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 356, figs. 332 and 333.
-File:1349.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of a [[flower garden]] in the old '''French style''', in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 794, fig. 545.
+File:1349.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of a [[flower garden]] in the old '''French style''', in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 794, fig. 545.
-File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French [[parterre]] of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550.
+File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French [[parterre]] of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550.
-File:1796.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre]]s,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
+File:1796.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre]]s,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
 File:1212.jpg|Joseph Pilié, “Plan d’un lot de terre,” March 12, 1832.
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 File:0712.jpg|Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte, ''Battle of New Orleans'', 1815.
-File:1852.jpg|Anonymous, ''A French Garden'', in Charles McIntosh ''The [[Flower Garden]]'', p. 13.
+File:1852.jpg|Anonymous, ''A French Garden'', in Charles McIntosh ''The [[Flower Garden]]'', 13.
 File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, “Design for a [[Geometric style|Geometric]] [[Flower Garden]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67.
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1765.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “[[View]] of the French [[parterre]],” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 583, fig. 235.
+File:1765.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “[[View]] of the French [[parterre]],” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 583, fig. 235.
 File:0060.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], “Taste. Anno 1620,” in “An Essay on Landscape,” vol. 2 (1798-99).

@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 File:0060.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], “Taste. Anno 1620,” in “An Essay on Landscape,” vol. 2 (1798-99).
-File:0063.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], “Plan of the public Square in the city of New Orleans, as proposed to be improved . . .” [detail], March 20, 1819.
+File:0063.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], “Plan of the public [[Square]] in the city of New Orleans, as proposed to be improved . . .” [detail], March 20, 1819.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550.
-File:1796.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “Intricate and fanciful figures of '''parterres''',” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
+File:1796.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “Intricate and fanciful figures of parterres,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.
 File:1212.jpg|Joseph Pilié, “Plan d’un lot de terre,” March 12, 1832.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:1765.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], “View of the French parterre,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), 583, fig. 235.]]
 [[File:1351.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, [[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550.]]
-French style was used primarily after the turn of the 19th century to describe gardens laid out in a geometrically regular style. It was used synonymously with the terms formal, [[Geometric_style|geometric]], and [[ancient style]]. In landscape design discourse, the word “French” refers to the style of the gardens by André Le Nôtre, the 17th-century designer of Versailles and Vaux le Vicomte, the great royal gardens of France. In America, it was a style derivative of Le Nôtre’s work and was characterized by straight paths and symmetrical [[parterre]] [[bed|beds]], ornamented by clipped [[shrub|shrubs]], [[Statue|statuary]], and garden buildings.<ref>Topiary, which is the word used now to describe clipped shrubs shaped into artificial figures, does not often appear in the treatise literature or in common usage in America during the colonial and early national periods. One exception is [[Jane Loudon]], ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), 394, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref> At least three treatises brought to the American colonies exemplified the principles of this style. The first treatise, Charles Estienne and Jean Liébault’s ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564), was published in English in 1600 by Richard Surflet as the ''Maison rustique, or The countrie farme'' and brought to New England by the first settlers. [[Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville|Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville's]] ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening'' (1712), which codified the practice of the Le Nôtrean school, was translated into English by John James in 1712, and was also available in the colonies. The third treatise was ''The Compleat Gard’ner, or Directions for Cultivating and Right Ordering of Fruit-Gardens and Kitchen Gardens'' (1693), John Evelyn’s translation of a French work by Jean de La Quintinie, “Chief Director of all the Gardens of the French King Louis XIV.”<ref>Barbara Wells Sarudy, ''Gardens and Gardening in the Chesapeake, 1700–1805'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 92–102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VT3XJN83 view on Zotero].</ref>
+French style was used primarily after the turn of the 19th century to describe gardens laid out in a geometrically regular style. It was used synonymously with the terms formal, [[Geometric_style|geometric]], and [[ancient style]]. In landscape design discourse, the word “French” refers to the style of the gardens by André Le Nôtre, the 17th-century designer of Versailles and Vaux le Vicomte, the great royal gardens of France. In America, it was a style derivative of Le Nôtre’s work and was characterized by straight paths and symmetrical [[parterre]] [[bed|beds]], ornamented by clipped [[shrub|shrubs]], [[Statue|statuary]], and garden buildings.<ref>Topiary, which is the word used now to describe clipped shrubs shaped into artificial figures, does not often appear in the treatise literature or in common usage in America during the colonial and early national periods. One exception is [[Jane Loudon]], ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), 394, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref> At least three treatises brought to the American colonies exemplified the principles of this style. The first treatise, Charles Estienne and Jean Liébault’s ''L’Agriculture et maison rustique'' (1564), was published in English in 1600 by Richard Surflet as the ''Maison rustique, or The countrie farme'' and brought to New England by the first settlers. Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville's ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening'' (1712), which codified the practice of the Le Nôtrean school, was translated into English by John James in 1712, and was also available in the colonies. The third treatise was ''The Compleat Gard’ner, or Directions for Cultivating and Right Ordering of Fruit-Gardens and Kitchen Gardens'' (1693), John Evelyn’s translation of a French work by Jean de La Quintinie, “Chief Director of all the Gardens of the French King Louis XIV.”<ref>Barbara Wells Sarudy, ''Gardens and Gardening in the Chesapeake, 1700–1805'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 92–102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VT3XJN83 view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:1212.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Joseph Pilié, “Plan d’un lot de terre,” March 12, 1832.]]