Edging - Revision history

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@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable '''edgings''': basket '''edging''' and the earthenware [[border]], in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 296, figs. 219 and 220.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 163: / Line 162: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, “The Conservatory,” [[Montgomery_Place|Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.
 File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, “Design for a [[Geometric_style|Geometric]] [[Flower Garden]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 178: / Line 180: @@
 File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.
 File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, “Mrs. Camac’s Residence,” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between 58 and 59, fig. 13.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], August 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, NY (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 9 (September 1841): 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), August 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, NY (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 7, no. 9 (September 1841): 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The [[ﬂower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.”
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 6, no. 3 (March 1840): 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 6, no. 3 (March 1840): 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for ﬂowers. In front gardens  to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 :“1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of ﬂowers, are of different species.
 :“1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (ﬁg. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on [[lawn]]s, so that when the ﬂowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]].
-:“1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of ﬂorists’ ﬂowers. [Fig. 5]
+:“1502. ''The earthenware border''. . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of ﬂorists’ ﬂowers. [Fig. 5]
 :“1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . .
 :“6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarﬁsh Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 *[[Jane Loudon|Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (1845: 197)<ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate [[walk]]s from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .
+:“'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate [[walk]]s from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . .
 :“'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens,  though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . .
 :“Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”

@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable '''edgings''': basket '''edging''' and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 296, figs. 219 and 220.
+File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable '''edgings''': basket '''edging''' and the earthenware [[border]], in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 296, figs. 219 and 220.
 File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French [[parterre]] of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550.
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, “The Conservatory,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.
+File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, “The Conservatory,” [[Montgomery_Place|Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.
-File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, “Design for a Geometric [[Flower Garden]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67.
+File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, “Design for a [[Geometric_style|Geometric]] [[Flower Garden]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67.
 </gallery>

@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ===Citations===
-*[[Miller, Philip]], 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1754; repr., 1969: 459)<ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1754; repr., New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1754; repr., 1969: 459)<ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (1754; repr., New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box.

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 [[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, “The Conservatory,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]
-*[[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the ﬂower garden at [[Montgomery place|Montgomery Place]], country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, NY (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159)<ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place,” ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], October 1847, describing the ﬂower garden at [[Montgomery place|Montgomery Place]], country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, NY (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159)<ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place,” ''Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable ''edgings'': basket ''edging'' and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 296, figs. 219 and 220.
+File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable '''edgings''': basket '''edging''' and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 296, figs. 219 and 220.
 File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French [[parterre]] of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 797, fig. 550.

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 [[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, “The Conservatory,” Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]
-*[[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the ﬂower garden at [[Montgomery place|Montgomery Place]], country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, NY (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159)<ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place,” ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 2 (1847): 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the ﬂower garden at [[Montgomery place|Montgomery Place]], country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, NY (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159)<ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place,” ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
-*[[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443)<ref>[[A. J. Downing]], “Hints on Flower Gardens,” ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 1 (April 1847): 441–45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IRG26IQH/q/hints%20on%20flower%20gardens view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443)<ref>[[A. J. Downing]], “Hints on Flower Gardens,” ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'' 1, no. 10 (April 1847): 441–45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/IRG26IQH/q/hints%20on%20flower%20gardens view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”