Deer park - Revision history

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-04-12T13:13:01Z

Inscribed

V-Federici at 11:33, February 11, 2021

2021-02-11T11:33:46Z

V-Federici: /* Attributed */

2020-11-12T09:46:41Z

Attributed

V-Federici at 10:25, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T10:25:59Z

A-Whitlock at 13:20, July 16, 2020

2020-07-16T13:20:25Z

A-Whitlock at 13:19, July 16, 2020

2020-07-16T13:19:52Z

V-Federici: /* Images */

2020-05-05T15:31:40Z

Images

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2020-05-05T15:27:21Z

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A-Whitlock at 21:28, January 24, 2020

2020-01-24T21:28:14Z

V-Federici at 21:55, December 30, 2019

2019-12-30T21:55:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, April 12, 2021
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	File:1097.jpg\|Thomas S. Sinclair, “Plan of the [[Pleasure_ground/Pleasure_garden\|Pleasure Grounds]] and Farm of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]] at Philadelphia,” in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''American Journal of Insanity'' 4, no. 4 (April 1848): plate opp. 280.		File:1097.jpg\|Thomas S. Sinclair, “Plan of the [[Pleasure_ground/Pleasure_garden\|Pleasure Grounds]] and Farm of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]] at Philadelphia,” in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''American Journal of Insanity'' 4, no. 4 (April 1848): plate opp. 280.
		+
		+	File:2297.jpg\|Matthew Vassar, ''Plan of Springside'', 1851. "'''Deer-Park''' (3)."

	</gallery>		</gallery>

@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 File:0463.jpg|Anonymous, Overmantel painting from Morattico Hall, 1715.
-File:2260.jpg|Painting of a Landscape with a Stag Hunt, Unknown maker, Massachusetts, United States, 1800-1850, Oil on panel (white pine), 1964.2101, Bequest of Henry Francis du Pont, Courtesy of Winterthur Museum.
+File:2260.jpg|Painting of a Landscape with a Stag Hunt, Unknown maker, Massachusetts, United States, 1800-1850.
 File:0124.jpg|Jane Shearer, Brick House with [[Terrace/Slope|Terraces]], 1806, in Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries: The Landmark Collection of Betty Ring'' (January 2012): 80.<ref>Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries'' (January 2012), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/I9SQRZDH view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 File:2260.jpg|Painting of a Landscape with a Stag Hunt, Unknown maker, Massachusetts, United States, 1800-1850, Oil on panel (white pine), 1964.2101, Bequest of Henry Francis du Pont, Courtesy of Winterthur Museum.
-File:0124.jpg|Jane Shearer, Brick House with [[Terrace/Slope|Terraces]], 1806, in Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries: The Landmark Collection of Betty Ring'' (January 2012): 80.
+File:0124.jpg|Jane Shearer, Brick House with [[Terrace/Slope|Terraces]], 1806, in Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries: The Landmark Collection of Betty Ring'' (January 2012): 80.<ref>Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries'' (January 2012), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/I9SQRZDH view on Zotero].</ref>
 File:1804.jpg|Sophie Madeleine du Pont, “Starecatus’s gallant exploit--(ie) putting Azor [sic] to fight with no other weapon but the broomstick--,” November 17, 1824.

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
-*Morse, Jedidiah, 1789, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, VA (1789: 381)<ref>Jedidiah Morse, ''The American Geography; Or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America'' (Elizabeth Town, NJ: Shepard Kollock, 1789), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/93EGD8Q5 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Morse, Jedidiah, 1789, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of George Washington, Fairfax County, VA (1789: 381)<ref>Jedidiah Morse, ''The American Geography; Or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America'' (Elizabeth Town, NJ: Shepard Kollock, 1789), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/93EGD8Q5 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“A small '''park''' on the margin of the river, where the English fallow-'''deer''', and the American wild-'''deer''' are seen through the [[thicket]]s, alternately with the vessels as they are sailing along, add a romantic and [[picturesque]] appearance to the whole scenery.” [See Fig. 4]
-*Weld, Isaac, 1799, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, VA (1799: 53)<ref>Isaac Weld, ''Travels through the States of North America and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797'' (London: John Stockdale, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4HPKRDA7 view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Weld, Isaac, 1799, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of George Washington, Fairfax County, VA (1799: 53)<ref>Isaac Weld, ''Travels through the States of North America and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797'' (London: John Stockdale, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4HPKRDA7 view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The ground in the rear of the house is also laid out in a [[lawn]], and the declivity of the Mount, towards the water, in a '''deer park'''.”
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], September 1850, “Notes on Gardens and Nurseries,” describing Bellmont Place, residence of John Perkins Cushing, Watertown, MA (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 16: 412)<ref>C. M. Hovey, “Notes on Gardens and Nurserues,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 16, no. 9 (September 1850): 406–17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/XHZHRHEU view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), September 1850, “Notes on Gardens and Nurseries,” describing Bellmont Place, residence of John Perkins Cushing, Watertown, MA (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 16: 412)<ref>C. M. Hovey, “Notes on Gardens and Nurserues,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 16, no. 9 (September 1850): 406–17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/XHZHRHEU view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“The new and elegant mansion, so long vacant, is now occupied by the proprietor, and an air of liveliness, which they did not before possess, is now communicated to the '''park''', the [[pleasure-ground]] and the garden. . . The vast expanse of '''park''', which adds so much to the character of the old English residence, would possess only half the attraction it now does, but for the herds of '''deer''' which traverse its bounds, giving life and animation to the scene.”

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Despite the proliferation of British deﬁnitions of deer park, American authors such as [[Noah Webster]] (1828) typically discussed it as a subcategory of the term “[[park]].” The American context yields only a few examples, which are mostly located in the mid-Atlantic region; thus the feature was relatively rare in America, despite the prevalence of white-tailed deer throughout the East Coast during the colonial and federal periods. Notably, however, deer cannot be truly domesticated and can be kept only in a semi-domesticated state from which humans can cull the species.<ref>Juliet Clutton-Brock, ''Domesticated Animals from Early Times'' (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 182–83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PUWC3TB2 view on Zotero].</ref> There were several reasons that the deer park was a feature that generally belonged to private landowners and not the public community. The lack of demarcated hunting areas in the colonial and federal periods in addition to the costs of devoting land to deer instead of more productive animals, such as cattle, prohibited their development. Nevertheless, the few deer parks identiﬁed indicate that the feature had both symbolic and practical value.
-[[File:2260.jpg|thumb|450 px|Fig. 2, Unknown,Painting of a Landscape with a Stag Hunt, Unknown maker, 1800–50.]]
+[[File:2260.jpg|thumb|450 px|Fig. 2, Unknown Maker, Painting of a Landscape with a Stag Hunt, 1800–50.]]
 An early representation of a deer park is the overmantle painting from Morattico Hall in Virginia [Fig. 1]. To the left, sharply demarcated from the urbanized mansion houses surrounding the harbor, is a panoramic landscape with deer and elegantly dressed hunters. This luxurious (and highly ﬁctionalized) setting suggests that the keeping of deer in parks for pleasure hunting was one of many signiﬁers of wealth and status in the colonial period. Many painted landscape views featured deer in a park-like setting [Fig. 2].

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 ===Inscribed===
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0592.jpg|George Kendall, “View of Whitewater,” Ohio [detail], 1835.
+File:0592.jpg|George Kendall, “[[View]] of Whitewater,” Ohio [detail], 1835.
-File:1097.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair, “Plan of the Pleasure Grounds and Farm of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane at Philadelphia,” in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''American Journal of Insanity'' 4, no. 4 (April 1848): plate opp. 280.
+File:1097.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair, “Plan of the [[Pleasure_ground/Pleasure_garden|Pleasure Grounds]] and Farm of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]] at Philadelphia,” in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''American Journal of Insanity'' 4, no. 4 (April 1848): plate opp. 280.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0069.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Plan of Mount Vernon, 1787.
+File:0069.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.
-File:0342.jpg|Edward Savage, ''The East Front of Mount Vernon'', c. 1787–92.
+File:0342.jpg|Edward Savage, ''The East Front of [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1787–92.
 File:0031.jpg|Andrew Ellicott, ''Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia'', 1795.
-File:0331.jpg|George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a Ha-Ha Wall at Mount Vernon, October 1798'', 1798.
+File:0331.jpg|George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a [[Ha-Ha]] [[Wall]] at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.
-File:0550.jpg|Victor de Grailly, ''The Tomb at Mount Vernon'', c. 1840—50.
+File:0550.jpg|Victor de Grailly, ''The Tomb at [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1840—50.
-File:1103.jpg|W. Mason, “Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane,” c. 1841, in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: for the Year 1841'' (1841), frontispiece.
+File:1103.jpg|W. Mason, “[[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]],” c. 1841, in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Reports of the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]]: for the Year 1841'' (1841), frontispiece.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 File:0418.jpg|Anonymous, ''Landscape with a Stag Hunt'', 1800–50.
-File:0124.jpg|Jane Shearer, Brick House with Terraces, 1806, in Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries: The Landmark Collection of Betty Ring'' (January 2012): 80.
+File:0124.jpg|Jane Shearer, Brick House with [[Terrace/Slope|Terraces]], 1806, in Sotheby’s New York, ''Important American Schoolgirl Embroideries: The Landmark Collection of Betty Ring'' (January 2012): 80.
 File:1804.jpg|Sophie Madeleine du Pont, “Starecatus’s gallant exploit--(ie) putting Azor [sic] to fight with no other weapon but the broomstick--,” November 17, 1824.
-File:1805.jpg|Sophie Madeleine du Pont, Deer house at Eleutherian Mills, c. 1824.
+File:1805.jpg|Sophie Madeleine du Pont, '''Deer''' house at Eleutherian Mills, c. 1824.
 File:1112.jpg|[[Anthony St. John Baker]] (artist), B. King (lithographer), ''Riversdale, near Bladensburg'', 1827.
-File:1017.jpg|Thomas Worthington Whittredge, ''View of Cincinnati'', c. 1840–45. Worcester Art Museum, MA.
+File:1017.jpg|Thomas Worthington Whittredge, ''[[View]] of Cincinnati'', c. 1840–45. Worcester Art Museum, MA.
 </gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, May 5, 2020
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−	[[File:1103.jpg\|thumb\|Fig. 6, W. Mason, ~~“Pennsylvania~~ Hospital for the Insane,” c. 1841, in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: for the Year 1841'' (1841), frontispiece.]]	+	[[File:1103.jpg\|thumb\|Fig. 6, W. Mason, “[[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]],” c. 1841, in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: for the Year 1841'' (1841), frontispiece.]]
	*Kirkbride, Thomas S., 1841, describing the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]], Philadelphia (1841: 18)<ref>Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Report of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: for the Year 1841'' (Philadelphia: Board of Managers, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FMH8M3TV view on Zotero].</ref>		*Kirkbride, Thomas S., 1841, describing the [[Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane]], Philadelphia (1841: 18)<ref>Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Report of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: for the Year 1841'' (Philadelphia: Board of Managers, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FMH8M3TV view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Several descriptions and images of the deer park at [[Mount Vernon]] emphasize the value George Washington placed on the animals. Although Washington used the phrase “deer paddock” to refer to this area between the house and the river, other writers, such as Jedidiah Morse and Isaac Weld, called it the deer park. Letters between Washington and George Fairfax indicate that Washington received deer from several friends, suggesting that the practice of exchanging deer reinforced social relationships.<ref>Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., ''The Diaries of George Washington'', vol. 4 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976–79), 184, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref> In addition, the deer park offered a ready supply of food, as well as prominent evidence of the landowner’s ability to devote acreage to nonagricultural products. In the case of Eleutherian Mills, in Wilmington, Del., the deer park was located next to a [[piazza]], and the family’s pet deer provided a source of entertainment, as noted by Sophie Madeleine du Pont (1826) [Fig. 3].
-[[File:0342.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 4, [[Edward Savage]], ''The East Front of [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1787–92.]]
+[[File:0342.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 4, Edward Savage, ''The East Front of [[Mount Vernon]]'', c. 1787–92.]]
 [[File:0331.jpg|thumb|Fig. 5, George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a [[Ha-Ha]] Wall at [[Mount Vernon]], October 1798'', 1798.]]
 The destruction caused by deer at Mount Vernon illustrated the need for enclosure in deer parks. This also was noted by Webster in his definition of park. Washington, for example, bounded his deer park with a [[fence]], depicted in a painting from 1792 [Fig. 4]. He also used a sinuous brick deer [[wall]] or [[ha-ha]], which he drew in plan and described in a letter of 1798 (see [[Ha-Ha]]) [Fig. 5]. Similarly, an early nineteenth-century view of the Shaker community of Whitewater, Ohio, delineated an enclosed deer park as one of the various productive components of the town. Without such an enclosure, either at Whitewater or at [[Mount Vernon]], a deer park would have been incompatible with agricultural production.
@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 File:0069.jpg|Samuel Vaughan, Plan of Mount Vernon, 1787.
-File:0342.jpg|[[Edward Savage]], ''The East Front of Mount Vernon'', c. 1787–92.
+File:0342.jpg|Edward Savage, ''The East Front of Mount Vernon'', c. 1787–92.
 File:0031.jpg|Andrew Ellicott, ''Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia'', 1795.
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 File:0331.jpg|George Washington, ''Drawing and Notes for a Ha-Ha Wall at Mount Vernon, October 1798'', 1798.
-File:0550.jpg|[[Victor de Grailly]], ''The Tomb at Mount Vernon'', c. 1840—50.
+File:0550.jpg|Victor de Grailly, ''The Tomb at Mount Vernon'', c. 1840—50.
 File:1103.jpg|W. Mason, “Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane,” c. 1841, in Thomas S. Kirkbride, ''Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: for the Year 1841'' (1841), frontispiece.

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, December 30, 2019
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−	*[[Peale, Charles Willson]], 1829, describing [[Wye House]], estate of Col. Edward Lloyd, Talbot County, MD (Miller et al., eds., 2000: 5:147)<ref>Lillian B. Miller et al., eds., ''The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: Charles Willson Peale'', vol. 5, ''The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale"" (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IZAKPCBG view on Zotero].</ref>	+	*[[Peale, Charles Willson]], 1829, describing [[Wye House]], estate of Col. Edward Lloyd, Talbot County, MD (Miller et al., eds., 2000: 5:147)<ref>Lillian B. Miller et al., eds., ''The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: Charles Willson Peale'', vol. 5, ''The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale'' (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IZAKPCBG view on Zotero].</ref>

	:“The Coll. is possessed of immence property, he had 400 Ars. of land in a '''park''' to keep '''Deer''', round which was a fence of 20 rails high, Maise were planted within for sustenance of his '''deer'''.”		:“The Coll. is possessed of immence property, he had 400 Ars. of land in a '''park''' to keep '''Deer''', round which was a fence of 20 rails high, Maise were planted within for sustenance of his '''deer'''.”