David Hosack - Revision history

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 '''David Hosack''' (August 31, 1769—December 22, 1835) was a physician, botanist, educator, and cultural leader who developed the [[Elgin Botanic Garden]] in New York City, as well as an extensive private garden at his country house, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)]].
@@ Line 209: / Line 238: @@
 Image:2039.jpg|Unknown, “River [Lake?] Scene with Gazebo [David Hosack Estate?],” n.d.
 </gallery>
 <hr>

@@ Line 183: / Line 183: @@
 Image:2027.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''Residence of Dr. David Hosack, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York'', c. 1830.
-Image:2030.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Bridge over Crumelbow Creek, David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.
+Image:2030.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[Bridge]] over Crumelbow Creek, David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.
 Image:2032.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[Greenhouse]], David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.

@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1136.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Dr. Hosack’s [[Greenhouse|Green houses]]'', Elgin Botanic Garden, June 1806.
+Image:1136.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Dr. Hosack’s [[Greenhouse|Green houses]]'', [[Elgin Botanic Garden]], June 1806.
 Image:2040.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippewa'', 1808.
@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 Image:2043.jpg|Thomas Cole, ''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'', 1828.
-Image:2027.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''Residence of Dr. David Hosack, Hyde Park, New York'', c. 1830.
+Image:2027.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''Residence of Dr. David Hosack, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York'', c. 1830.
-Image:2030.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Bridge over Crumelbow Creek, David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York,” c. 1832.
+Image:2030.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Bridge over Crumelbow Creek, David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.
 Image:2032.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[Greenhouse]], David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.
-Image:2034.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, with a Sundial,” c. 1832.
+Image:2034.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, with a [[Sundial]],” c. 1832.
 Image:2035.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of the David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, from the South,” c. 1832.

@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-Image:1136.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Dr. Hosack’s Green houses'', Elgin Botanic Garden, June 1806.
+Image:1136.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Dr. Hosack’s [[Greenhouse|Green houses]]'', Elgin Botanic Garden, June 1806.
 Image:2040.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippewa'', 1808.
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 Image:2041.jpg|John Trumbull, ''Niagara Falls, from Under Table Rock'', 1808.
-Image:1986.jpg|Anonymous, ''Elgin Botanic Garden'', c. 1810.
+Image:1986.jpg|Anonymous, ''[[Elgin Botanic Garden]]'', c. 1810.
-Image:2051.jpg|William Satchwell Leney after Louis Simond, ''View of the botanic garden at Elgin in the vicinity of the City of New York'', c. 1810.
+Image:2051.jpg|William Satchwell Leney after Louis Simond, ''[[View]] of the [[Elgin Botanic Garden|botanic garden at Elgin]] in the vicinity of the City of New York'', c. 1810.
-Image:0049.jpg|William Satchwell Leney after Hugh Reinagle, “View of the Botanic Garden of the State of New York,” in David Hosack, ''Hortus Elginensis'' (1811), frontispiece.
+Image:0049.jpg|William Satchwell Leney after Hugh Reinagle, “[[View]] of the [[Botanic Garden]] of the State of New York,” in David Hosack, ''Hortus Elginensis'' (1811), frontispiece.
-Image:0050.jpg|Hugh Reinagle, ''Elgin Garden on Fifth Avenue'', c. 1812.
+Image:0050.jpg|Hugh Reinagle, ''[[Elgin Botanic Garden|Elgin Garden]] on Fifth Avenue'', c. 1812.
 Image:2052.jpg|Charles Heath after Thomas Sully and John Trumbull, ''David Hosack, M.D., F.R.S.'', c. 1816.
@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 Image:2030.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Bridge over Crumelbow Creek, David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York,” c. 1832.
-Image:2032.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Greenhouse, David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York,” c. 1832.
+Image:2032.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[Greenhouse]], David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.
-Image:2034.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “View of David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, with a Sundial,” c. 1832.
+Image:2034.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, with a Sundial,” c. 1832.
-Image:2035.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “View of the David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, from the South,” c. 1832.
+Image:2035.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of the David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, from the South,” c. 1832.
-Image:2036.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “View of David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, from the East,” c. 1832.
+Image:2036.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, from the East,” c. 1832.
-Image:2033.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “View of the David Hosack Estate at Hyde Park, New York, from Western Bank of the Hudson River,” c. 1832.
+Image:2033.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[View]] of the David Hosack Estate at [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York, from Western Bank of the Hudson River,” c. 1832.
-Image:2037.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Grove of Poplars with a Memorial Bust, David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York,” c. 1832.
+Image:2037.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “[[Grove]] of Poplars with a Memorial Bust, David Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York,” c. 1832.
-Image:2042.jpg|Asher Brown Durand, ''The Chestnut Oak on the Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York'', 1838.
+Image:2042.jpg|Asher Brown Durand, ''The Chestnut Oak on the Hosack Estate, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], New York'', 1838.
-Image:1926.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Euterpe Knoll Hyde Park N. York,” September 11, 1839.
+Image:1926.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Euterpe Knoll [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]] N. York,” September 11, 1839.
-Image:2038.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Crystal Cove, Hyde Park. New York,” September 11, 1839.
+Image:2038.jpg|Thomas Kelah Wharton, “Crystal Cove, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]]. New York,” September 11, 1839.
 Image:2026.jpg|William Wade, Residence of “Late Dr. Hossack Now Mr. Langdon,” detail from ''Panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Waterford'' (1847).
-Image:0396.jpg|Anonymous, "A circular pavilion," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 456, fig. 81.
+Image:0396.jpg|Anonymous, "A circular [[pavilion]]," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 456, fig. 81.
 Image:2039.jpg|Unknown, “River [Lake?] Scene with Gazebo [David Hosack Estate?],” n.d.

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 :“4th. To these should be added, for the purpose of diffusing a taste for the productions of nature, and of exciting the attention of our youth of both sexes to botanical inquiries, and of contributing to the beauty and elegance of the establishment, a collection of the most rare and ornamental plants that can be procured, both indigenous and exotic. While therefore we shall thus have it in our power to bring into one view, for the information of the stranger or for the purposes of exchange with foreign correspondents of the Institution, the native productions of our varied climate and country, we should also be provided with suitable conservatories for those plants which may be introduced from abroad. And I may add, that the buildings thus erected should be constructed agreeably to the most correct principles of architecture; for every such edifice, in a place of great public resort, will necessarily have its influence in forming and directing the general taste of the country.
 :“5th. The whole of this Institution should be surrounded with a belt of forest trees and shrubs, foreign and domestic.
-:“6th. Connected also with these means of instruction, a building should be set apart, appropriated as a Lecturing Room, and supplied with a Library, where access may be had to every work of importance, in any of the branches appertaining to the subjects of botany, horticulture, vegetable physiology, the philosophy of vegetation, or the principles of agriculture; and in forming such library, you will not omit to place upon its shelves the Memoirs and Transactions of the London and Edinburgh Horticultural Societies, as well as those of France and other establishments of the like nature on the continent of Europe; the transactions of the agricultural institutions of this country&mdash;of the states of Pennsylvania, New-York, Massachusetts; and the writings of [John Stuart] Skinner, Southwick, [James] Thacher, [William] Coxe, Dean [[Samuel Deane|[''sic''; Samuel Deane]]], [John] Taylor, [Stephen] Elliott, Nicholson, and others, should be included in such collection.
+:“6th. Connected also with these means of instruction, a building should be set apart, appropriated as a Lecturing Room, and supplied with a Library, where access may be had to every work of importance, in any of the branches appertaining to the subjects of botany, horticulture, vegetable physiology, the philosophy of vegetation, or the principles of agriculture; and in forming such library, you will not omit to place upon its shelves the Memoirs and Transactions of the London and Edinburgh Horticultural Societies, as well as those of France and other establishments of the like nature on the continent of Europe; the transactions of the agricultural institutions of this country&mdash;of the states of Pennsylvania, New-York, Massachusetts; and the writings of [John Stuart] Skinner, Southwick, [James] Thacher, [William] Coxe, Dean[''sic''; Samuel Deane], [John] Taylor, [Stephen] Elliott, Nicholson, and others, should be included in such collection.
 :“7th. Attached to this library, should be a cabinet set apart for an Hortus Siccus, or Herbarium, and containing our most valuable plants, preserved, arranged, and designated, in the manner that has been adopted by professor Desfontaines, at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.* The remark I have heard made by that distinguished practical botanist, the late Sir Joseph Banks, that even an imperfect dried specimen is preferable to the best painting, is a striking evidence of the importance of such collection. Nevertheless, the productions of the pencil, in delineating the most rare and valuable plants of the garden, should be also carefully collected, as preparatory to the publications which may hereafter issue from this establishment. . . .
 :“8th. Another advantage which such an establishment should possess, is that of exemplifying the principles of Ornamental Planting, or [[Landscape Gardening]]. The ground should be selected of such form and variety as will admit of such decoration. And in the cultivation of the various plants of the collection, their distribution may ever be rendered subservient to this great object, and thereby become the means of spreading extensively among our citizens a taste for one of the highest recreations that the human heart can receive, and one which will go far in the improvement of the moral principle, and in diverting the mind from pursuits of a less worthy nature; for the mind that is not actively engaged in virtuous pursuits will most probably be occupied with those of a contrary character.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:52, January 17, 2020
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−	* ~~[[Harriet Martineau\|~~Martineau, Harriet]], 1838, recounting her visit to [[Hyde Park]] (1838: 1:74–77)<ref>Martineau 1838, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KEG83GHS view on Zotero].</ref>	+	* Martineau, Harriet, 1838, recounting her visit to [[Hyde Park]] (1838: 1:74–77)<ref>Martineau 1838, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KEG83GHS view on Zotero].</ref>

	:“The aspect of [[Hyde Park]] from the river had disappointed me, after all I had heard of it. It looks little more than a white house upon a ridge. I was therefore doubly delighted when I found what this ridge really was. It is a natural [[terrace]], over-hanging one of the sweetest reaches of the river; and, though broad and straight at the top, not square and formal, like an artificial embankment, but undulating, sloping, and sweeping, between the ridge and the river, and dropped with trees; the whole carpeted with turf, tempting grown people, who happen to have the spirits of children, to run up and down the slopes, and play hide-and-seek in the hollows. Whatever we might be talking of as we paced the [[terrace]], I felt a perpetual inclination to start off for play. Yet, when the ladies and our selves actually did something like it, threading the little [[thicket]]s, and rounding every promontory, even to the farthest, (which they call Cape Horn) I felt that the possession of such a place ought to make a man devout, if any of the gifts of Providence can do so. To hold in one’s hand that which melts all strangers' hearts is to be a steward in a very serious sense of the term. Most liberally did Dr. Hosack dispense the means of enjoyment he possessed. Hospitality is inseparably connected with his name in the minds of all who ever heard it: and it was hospitality of the heartiest and most gladsome kind.		:“The aspect of [[Hyde Park]] from the river had disappointed me, after all I had heard of it. It looks little more than a white house upon a ridge. I was therefore doubly delighted when I found what this ridge really was. It is a natural [[terrace]], over-hanging one of the sweetest reaches of the river; and, though broad and straight at the top, not square and formal, like an artificial embankment, but undulating, sloping, and sweeping, between the ridge and the river, and dropped with trees; the whole carpeted with turf, tempting grown people, who happen to have the spirits of children, to run up and down the slopes, and play hide-and-seek in the hollows. Whatever we might be talking of as we paced the [[terrace]], I felt a perpetual inclination to start off for play. Yet, when the ladies and our selves actually did something like it, threading the little [[thicket]]s, and rounding every promontory, even to the farthest, (which they call Cape Horn) I felt that the possession of such a place ought to make a man devout, if any of the gifts of Providence can do so. To hold in one’s hand that which melts all strangers' hearts is to be a steward in a very serious sense of the term. Most liberally did Dr. Hosack dispense the means of enjoyment he possessed. Hospitality is inseparably connected with his name in the minds of all who ever heard it: and it was hospitality of the heartiest and most gladsome kind.

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 ==History==
 [[File:2052.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Charles Heath after Thomas Sully and John Trumbull, ''David Hosack, M.D., F.R.S.'', c. 1816.]]
-The son of a successful New York City merchant who had immigrated to America from Scotland, David Hosack was one of the best educated native-born Americans of his generation [Fig. 1]. While pursuing a classical education as an undergraduate at Columbia and [[Princeton College/University|Princeton]], he studied medicine privately, attending lectures by [[Samuel Bard]] and other local physicians. In 1790 he entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, boarding in the home of one of his professors, Benjamin Rush, and forming a close friendship with Caspar Wistar. He received a medical degree in 1791.<ref>Alexander Eddy Hosack, “A Memoir of the Late David Hosack,” in ''Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century'', ed. Samuel David Gross (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1861), 290&ndash;93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; David Hosack, ''Tribute to the Memory of the Late Caspar Wistar, M.D.'' (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1818), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X3JIPI7M view on Zotero]; Christine Chapman Robbins, ''David Hosack: Citizen of New York'' (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1964), 7&ndash;8, 18&ndash;22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero]. For Hosack’s University of Pennsylvania lecture tickets, stating the name of the issuing faculty members (Benjamin Rush, William Shippen, and James Hutchinson) and the names and dates of the courses taken (Theory and Practice of Medicine; Anatomy, Surgery and Midwifery; Chemistry and Materia Medica, all 1790), see Archives General Collection, of the University of Pennsylvania, 1740&ndash;1820, UPA 3, Matriculation and Lecture Ticket Collection, [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upa/upa3/smallgroups/tickets1.html University of Pennsylvania Archives].</ref> Convinced that success as a doctor required the patina of sophistication conferred by overseas study, Hosack journeyed to Edinburgh in 1792 and spent nine months attending medical classes at the university.<ref>Hosack 1861, 293&ndash;94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1793 Hosack journeyed north to Elgin, his father’s birthplace, where he spent time with some of his relatives, as well as the Duke and Duchess of Gordon, who were in the process of carrying out landscape improvements in the manner of Lancelot “Capability” Brown at nearby Gordon Castle.<ref>Dingwall 2012, unpag. (section 3.9); Hosack 1861, 296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; Robbins 1964, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Hosack_cite"></span>
+The son of a successful New York City merchant who had immigrated to America from Scotland, David Hosack was one of the best educated native-born Americans of his generation [Fig. 1]. While pursuing a classical education as an undergraduate at Columbia and Princeton, he studied medicine privately, attending lectures by [[Samuel Bard]] and other local physicians. In 1790 he entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, boarding in the home of one of his professors, Benjamin Rush, and forming a close friendship with Caspar Wistar. He received a medical degree in 1791.<ref>Alexander Eddy Hosack, “A Memoir of the Late David Hosack,” in ''Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century'', ed. Samuel David Gross (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1861), 290&ndash;93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; David Hosack, ''Tribute to the Memory of the Late Caspar Wistar, M.D.'' (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1818), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X3JIPI7M view on Zotero]; Christine Chapman Robbins, ''David Hosack: Citizen of New York'' (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1964), 7&ndash;8, 18&ndash;22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero]. For Hosack’s University of Pennsylvania lecture tickets, stating the name of the issuing faculty members (Benjamin Rush, William Shippen, and James Hutchinson) and the names and dates of the courses taken (Theory and Practice of Medicine; Anatomy, Surgery and Midwifery; Chemistry and Materia Medica, all 1790), see Archives General Collection, of the University of Pennsylvania, 1740&ndash;1820, UPA 3, Matriculation and Lecture Ticket Collection, [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upa/upa3/smallgroups/tickets1.html University of Pennsylvania Archives].</ref> Convinced that success as a doctor required the patina of sophistication conferred by overseas study, Hosack journeyed to Edinburgh in 1792 and spent nine months attending medical classes at the university.<ref>Hosack 1861, 293&ndash;94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1793 Hosack journeyed north to Elgin, his father’s birthplace, where he spent time with some of his relatives, as well as the Duke and Duchess of Gordon, who were in the process of carrying out landscape improvements in the manner of Lancelot “Capability” Brown at nearby Gordon Castle.<ref>Dingwall 2012, unpag. (section 3.9); Hosack 1861, 296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; Robbins 1964, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Hosack_cite"></span>
 Embarrassed by his ignorance of the plants he encountered in the garden of one of his professors, Hosack resolved to improve his knowledge of botany ([[#Hosack|view text]]).<ref>Robbins 1964, 24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> In London, where he continued his medical studies after leaving Scotland, he immersed himself in English flora and learned the Linnaean system of botanic classification under the tutelage of William Curtis (1746&ndash;1799), an apothecary who conducted lessons in the field and at his [[botanic garden]] at Brompton.<ref>Hosack 1861, 297&ndash;98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref> Hosack was elected a Fellow of the Linnaean Society and began a lifelong association with the society’s president, James Edward Smith.<ref>Robinson, 1964, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Hosack_1797_cite"></span>When he returned to America in 1794, he brought with him a cabinet of minerals he had begun assembling in Edinburgh, as well as colored engravings of plants and duplicate specimens from the herbarium of Carl Linnaeus, a gift from James Edward Smith ([[#Hosack_1797|view text]]).<ref>Hosack 1861, 323, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; Robbins 1960, 293, 299&ndash;307, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 :“In as far therefore as horticulture is not only subservient to utility, but, like the art of painting, addresses itself to the taste and to the imagination, it has very properly been enumerated among the liberal or the fine arts; and accordingly ranks among the most delightful and important of human pursuits. By Cicero it is with great propriety enumerated among the most pleasing occupations of the mind, peculiarly so in advanced life; at the same time that it is beneficial to health, by the agreeable exercise it affords to the body and the mental faculties. . . .
-:“Referring to Xenophon, to Justin, to Virgil, to Pausanias, to Pliny, and to the writers of later days, [Horace] Walpole [''History of Modern Gardening, subjoined to his fourth volume of the Art of Painting''], Sir William Temple, Wheatly [''sic''; Thomas Whately, ''Observations on Modern Gardening'', and to Dr. [William] Falconer’s Historical View of the Gardens of Antiquity, I pass on to remark, that very little has been effected in the science of gardening, until the last fifty years. Within that period, a number of individuals, distinguished for their taste and education, have given their attention to the study of this interesting subject, and especially in France and in Great Britain, have produced important changes in every department of horticulture, including that branch of it more especially, denominated [[landscape gardening]]. In this list, the names of [[Philip Miller|[Phillip] Miller]], [[Humphry Marshall|[Humphry] Marshall]], [[John Abercrombie|[John] Abercrombie]], [Robert] Brown, Nicol, [[Humphry Repton|[Humphry] Repton]], [Richard Payne] Knight, and [[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|[John Claudius] Loudon]] [''Encyclopaedia of Gardening''] as well as others, whose taste and opportunities led them to the cultivation of this art, hold a distinguished place.
+:“Referring to Xenophon, to Justin, to Virgil, to Pausanias, to Pliny, and to the writers of later days, [Horace] Walpole [''History of Modern Gardening, subjoined to his fourth volume of the Art of Painting''], Sir William Temple, Wheatly [''sic''; Thomas Whately, ''Observations on Modern Gardening'', and to Dr. [William] Falconer’s Historical View of the Gardens of Antiquity, I pass on to remark, that very little has been effected in the science of gardening, until the last fifty years. Within that period, a number of individuals, distinguished for their taste and education, have given their attention to the study of this interesting subject, and especially in France and in Great Britain, have produced important changes in every department of horticulture, including that branch of it more especially, denominated [[landscape gardening]]. In this list, the names of [Phillip] Miller, [Humphry] Marshall,[John] Abercrombie, [Robert] Brown, Nicol, [Humphry] Repton, [Richard Payne] Knight, and [[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|[John Claudius] Loudon]] [''Encyclopaedia of Gardening''] as well as others, whose taste and opportunities led them to the cultivation of this art, hold a distinguished place.
 :“But passing over the long and justly celebrated national establishment of France, which, under the auspices of [Pierre-François Guyot] Desfontaines, [Antoine Laurent de] Jussieu, and [André] Thouin, embraces every thing directly and remotely connected with this department of knowledge, it is to be observed that it was not until 1804 that the first association of this nature was formed in Great Britain . . . the Horticultural Society of London . . . and in 1809 . . . the Caledonian Horticultural Society was formed. . . .

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 [[File:2040.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, John Trumbull, ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippewa'', 1808.]]
 [[File:2043.jpg|thumb||Fig. 4, Thomas Cole, ''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'', 1828.]]
-Hosack entered into a professional partnership with his mentor [[Samuel Bard]] around 1795, assuming sole responsibility for the practice upon [[Samuel Bard|Bard’s]] retirement in 1799. Having tended victims of yellow fever in 1795 and 1798, Hosack promoted new procedures for preventing and treating contagious diseases, including visionary city planning measures, such as eliminating narrow streets and alleys and lining [[walk]]s and [[cemetery|cemeteries]] with specific types of trees to provide shade, purify the air, and beautify the city <span id="Hosack_1820_cite"></span>([[#Hosack_1820|view text]]). Hosack also took a great interest in New York’s cultural life.
+Hosack entered into a professional partnership with his mentor [[Samuel Bard]] around 1795, assuming sole responsibility for the practice upon [[Samuel Bard|Bard’s]] retirement in 1799. Having tended victims of yellow fever in 1795 and 1798, Hosack promoted new procedures for preventing and treating contagious diseases, including visionary city planning measures, such as eliminating narrow streets and alleys and lining [[walk]]s and [[cemetery|cemeteries]] with specific types of trees to provide shade, purify the air, and beautify the city <span id="Hosack_1820_cite"></span>([[#Hosack_1820|view text]]). Hosack also took a great interest in New York’s cultural life. His home functioned as a salon where American writers and artists mingled with physicians and scientists. Hosack’s extensive art collection was similarly eclectic, mixing contemporary American landscape painting, such as John Trumbull’s ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippawa'' [Fig. 3], with Italian Old Masters. Among the artists patronized by Hosack was the young English painter Thomas Cole (1801&ndash;1848), who immigrated to America in 1818 and became one of the founders of the Hudson River School of landscape painters. In November 1826 Hosack sent Cole a printed invitation requesting his company “Sunday evenings, during the winter.”<ref>Robbins 1964, 168, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> Three years later, Hosack purchased Cole’s Biblical landscape painting, ''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'' [Fig. 4].
 That same year, Hosack made a far more extravagant purchase, acquiring the principal section of [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]], the Hudson River estate of his deceased partner [[Samuel Bard]]. Hosack thereafter retired to his new country [[seat]], devoting the rest of his life to carrying out an ambitious plan for landscaping the grounds. The estate became well known for its dramatic views of the Hudson River, and for the elaborate network of gardens, [[walk]]s, and [[drive]]s that Hosack laid out there. Attracted by the international fame of [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]] as one of America’s finest estates, and by Hosack’s reputation for generous hospitality, tourists invariably stopped off while touring the Hudson River valley. [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, NY)|Hyde Park]] became a favorite subject of travel accounts and works of art, which provide far more detailed information about the design of the grounds than is generally the case for early 19th-century gardens.