Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall - Revision history

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@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 :“1827. ''In imitating a natural '''cascade''''' in garden-scenery, the horizontal line must here also be perfect, to prevent waste of water in dry seasons, and from this to the base of the lower [[slope]] the surface must be paved by irregular blocks, observing to group the prominent fragments, and not distribute them regularly over the surface. . .
 :“1828. ''The greatest danger in imitating'' '''cascades''' and '''waterfalls''', consisting in attempting too much, a very few blocks, disposed with a painter’s eye, will effect all that can be in good taste in most garden-scenes; and in forming or improving them in natural rivers, there will generally be found indications both as to situation and style, especially if the country be uneven, or stony, or rocky. . .
-:"7216. ''Water'' is a material of so captivating and interesting a description in the different characters in which it does not compose a feature. It forms a part of every garden in the [[Ancient style|ancient style]] in the various artificial characters which it there assumes of oblong oblong canals, ponds, basins, cascades, and [[jet|''jeux-d’eau'']] ''(fig. 694)'' ;"
+:"7216. ''Water'' is a material of so captivating and interesting a description in the different characters in which it does not compose a feature. It forms a part of every garden in the [[Ancient style|ancient style]] in the various artificial characters which it there assumes of oblong [[canal]]s, [[pond]]s, [[basin]]s, '''cascades''', and [[jet|''jeux-d’eau'']] ''(fig. 694)'' ;"
 [[File: 1370.jpg|thumbnail|right|Fig. 7, [[J. C. Loudon]], "A waterfall, or cascade," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1012, fig. 700.]]
 :“7225. ''A '''waterfall''', or '''cascade''''', is an obvious improvement where a running stream passes through a demesne . . .and is to be formed by first constructing a bank of masonry, presenting an inclined plane (''a'') to the currents, and rendering it impervious to water by puddling (1720.) or the use of proper cements, and next varying the ridge (''b'') and under side (''c''), with fragments of rock, so chosen and placed, as not to present a character foreign to what nature may be supposed to have produced there. The adjoining ground generally requires to be raised at such scenes, but may generally be harmonised by plantation. [Fig. 7]

@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 File: 1854.jpg|Cornelius Tiebout, “[[View]] of the Falls of [[Schuylkill_River|Schuylkill]], five miles from Philadelphia,” 1793.
-File: 1368.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], A garden in the [[ancient style]], in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1009, fig. 694.
+File: 1370.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], “A '''waterfall''', or '''cascade''',” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 1012, fig. 700.
 File: 0358.jpg|Anonymous, “[[Rustic_style|Rustic]] [[Seat]],” [[Montgomery Place]], in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 157, fig. 26.
-File: 0381.jpg|Anonymous, “The '''Cataract''' at [[Blithewood]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), opp. p. 364, fig. 41.
+File: 0381.jpg|Anonymous, “The '''Cataract''' at [[Blithewood]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), opp. 364, fig. 41.
 </gallery>
@@ Line 211: / Line 209: @@
 File: 0300.jpg|Thomas Birch, ''Fairmount Water Works'', 1821.
 File: 0541.jpg|John T. Bowen, ''A [[View]] of the Fairmount Water-Works with Schuylkill in the distance, taken from the [[Mount]]'', 1838.

@@ Line 145: / Line 145: @@
 *[[J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon|Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826: 358, 1012)<ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al., 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“1822. ''Of constructions for displaying water'', as an artificial decoration, the principal are '''cascades''', '''waterfalls''', [[jet]]s, and [[fountain]]s. . . .
+:“1822. ''Of constructions for displaying water'', as an artificial decoration, the principal are '''cascades''', '''waterfalls''', [[jet]]s, and [[fountain]]s. . .
 :“1826. ''The construction of the '''waterfall''', where avowedly artificial'', is nothing more than a strong-built wall across the stream, perfectly level at top, and with a strong, smooth, accurately fitted, and well jointed coping. . . Where a natural '''waterfall''' is to be imitated, the upright wall must be built of huge irregular blocks; the horizontal lamina of water broken in the same way by placing fragments of rocks grouped here and there so as to throw the whole into parts; and as nature is never methodical, to form it as if in part a '''cascade'''. . .
 :“1827. ''In imitating a natural '''cascade''''' in garden-scenery, the horizontal line must here also be perfect, to prevent waste of water in dry seasons, and from this to the base of the lower [[slope]] the surface must be paved by irregular blocks, observing to group the prominent fragments, and not distribute them regularly over the surface. . .
 :“1828. ''The greatest danger in imitating'' '''cascades''' and '''waterfalls''', consisting in attempting too much, a very few blocks, disposed with a painter’s eye, will effect all that can be in good taste in most garden-scenes; and in forming or improving them in natural rivers, there will generally be found indications both as to situation and style, especially if the country be uneven, or stony, or rocky. . .
-[[File: 1370.jpg|thumbnail|right|Fig. 7, [[J. C. Loudon]], "A waterfall, or cascade," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1012, fig. 700.]]
+:"7216. ''Water'' is a material of so captivating and interesting a description in the different characters in which it does not compose a feature. It forms a part of every garden in the [[Ancient style|ancient style]] in the various artificial characters which it there assumes of oblong oblong canals, ponds, basins, cascades, and [[jet|''jeux-d’eau'']] ''(fig. 694)'' ;"
 :“7225. ''A '''waterfall''', or '''cascade''''', is an obvious improvement where a running stream passes through a demesne . . .and is to be formed by first constructing a bank of masonry, presenting an inclined plane (''a'') to the currents, and rendering it impervious to water by puddling (1720.) or the use of proper cements, and next varying the ridge (''b'') and under side (''c''), with fragments of rock, so chosen and placed, as not to present a character foreign to what nature may be supposed to have produced there. The adjoining ground generally requires to be raised at such scenes, but may generally be harmonised by plantation. [Fig. 7]
 :“7226. ''Where running water is conducted in forms belonging to the [[geometric style]] of gardening'', '''waterfalls''' and '''cascades''' are constructed in the form of crescents, flights of steps, or wavy [[slope]]s.”

@@ Line 173: / Line 173: @@
 :“'''CASCADE''', or '''''Waterfall''''', is an important adjunct in landscape gardening, but agreeable only when properly associated with the scenery around; that association is a bold broken ground, and a dense plantation of trees; nothing is more misplaced or tasteless than a sheet of water falling into another uniform collection of water, in an open unwooded plain. Mr. Whateley justly observes, that ‘a rill cannot pretend to any sound beyond that of a little waterfall; the roar of a '''cascade''' belongs only to larger streams: but it may be introduced by a rivulet to a considerable degree, and attempts to do more have generally been unsuccessful; a vain ambition to imitate nature in her great extravagancies betrays the weakness of art. Though a noble river throwing itself headlong down a precipice be an object truly magnificent, it must however be confessed, that in a single sheet of water there is a formality which its vastness alone can cure, but the height, not the breadth is the wonder: when it falls no more than a few feet, the regularity prevails, and its extent only serves to expose the vanity of affecting the style of a '''cataract''' in an artificial '''cascade'''; it is less exceptionable if divided into several parts, for then each separate part may be wide enough for its depth; and in the whole, variety, not greatness, will be the predominant character. But a structure of rough, large, detached stones cannot easily be contrived of strength sufficient to support a great weight of water, it is sometimes from necessity almost smooth and uniform, and then it loses much of its effect: several little falls in succession are preferable to one greater '''cascade''', which in figure, or in motion, approaches to regularity.
 :“‘When greatness is thus reduced to number, and length becomes of more importance than breadth, a rivulet vies with a river, and it more frequently runs in a continued declivity, which is very favourable to such a succession of falls. Half the expense and labour which are sometime bestowed on a river to give it at the best, a forced precipitancy in any one spot only, would animate a rivulet through the whole of its course; and after all the most interesting circumstance in falling waters, is their animation: a great '''cascade''' fills us with surprise, but all surprise must cease; and the motion, the agitation, the rage, the froth, and the variety of the water are finally the objects which engage the attention; for these a rivulet is sufficient, and they may there be produced without that appearance of effort which raises a suspicion of art. To obviate such a suspicion, it may sometimes be expedient to begin the descent out of sight; for the beginning is the difficulty: if that be concealed, the subsequent falls seem but a consequence of the agitation which characterizes the water at its first appearance, and the imagination is, at the same time, let loose to give ideal extent to the '''cascades'''; when a stream issues from a [[wood]], such management will have a great effect, the bends of its course in an open exposure may afford frequent opportunities for it, and sometimes a low broad bridge may furnish the occasion, a little fall hid under the [[arch]] will create a disorder, in consequence of which, a greater '''cascade''' below will appear very natural. . .
 :“[[Fountain|FOUNTAINS]]. . .
 :“Drooping [[fountain]]s, or such as bubbling from their source trickle over the edge of rocks, shells, or [[vase]]s, combining the '''cascade''' with the [[fountain]], are capable of much greater beauty.”
 *[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr., 1991: 364)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 177: / Line 177: @@
-[[File:1863.jpg|Thumb|Fig. 8, Anonymous, Initial, ''Treatment of Water'', in A. J. Downing,  ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849): 347.]]
+[[File:1863.jpg|thumbnail|Fig. 8, Anonymous, Initial, ''Treatment of Water'', in A. J. Downing,  ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849): 347.]]
 *[[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr., 1991: 364)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 File: 0350.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “[[View]] in the Grounds at [[Blithewood]],” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), frontispiece.
 File: 0848.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], “Bank-Side [[Walk]],” [[Blithewood]], 1849.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, February 12, 2021
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		+	[[File:1863.jpg\|Thumb\|Fig. 8, Anonymous, Initial, ''Treatment of Water'', in A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849): 347.]]
	*[[Andrew Jackson Downing\|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr., 1991: 364)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>		*[[Andrew Jackson Downing\|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849; repr., 1991: 364)<ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 4th ed. (1849; repr., Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 File: 0300.jpg|Thomas Birch, ''Fairmount Water Works'', 1821.
-File: 0541.jpg|John T. Bowen, ''A [[View]] of the Fairmount Water-Works with [[Schuylkill_River|Schuylkill]] in the distance, taken from the [[Mount]]'', 1838.
+File: 0541.jpg|John T. Bowen, ''A [[View]] of the Fairmount Water-Works with Schuylkill in the distance, taken from the [[Mount]]'', 1838.
 File: 0849.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], ''[[View]] in Grounds at [[Blithewood]], [[Seat]] of Robt. Donaldson, Dutchess Co. Hud.[son] riv[er]. N.Y.'', 1840.

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:41, January 21, 2021
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	File: 0300.jpg\|Thomas Birch, ''Fairmount Water Works'', 1821.		File: 0300.jpg\|Thomas Birch, ''Fairmount Water Works'', 1821.
−
−	~~File: 0542.jpg\|Nicolino Calyo, ''The Philadelphia Water Works'', 1835–36.~~

	File: 0541.jpg\|John T. Bowen, ''A View of the Fairmount Water-Works with [[Schuylkill_River\|Schuylkill]] in the distance, taken from the [[Mount]]'', 1838.		File: 0541.jpg\|John T. Bowen, ''A View of the Fairmount Water-Works with [[Schuylkill_River\|Schuylkill]] in the distance, taken from the [[Mount]]'', 1838.