Bowling green - Revision history

A-Whitlock at 16:19, January 25, 2021

2021-01-25T16:19:23Z

A-Whitlock at 16:17, January 25, 2021

2021-01-25T16:17:56Z

V-Federici at 10:17, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T10:17:58Z

M-Westerby: /* Attributed */

2020-07-02T13:40:42Z

Attributed

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-06-18T13:03:24Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-06-18T13:01:36Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-06-18T13:00:21Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-06-03T10:20:53Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-06-03T10:20:09Z

Inscribed

A-Whitlock at 18:52, May 26, 2020

2020-05-26T18:52:41Z

@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 File:0497.jpg|Anonymous, “'''Bowling Green''' [[Fountain]],” in E. Porter Belden, ''New-York, Past, Present, and Future'' (1850), opp. p. 30.
-File:2283.jpg|Anonymous (artist), Nathaniel Currier (lithographer), ''[[View]] of the Great Conflagration at New York July 19th 1845'', 1845.
+File:2283.jpg|Anonymous (artist), Nathaniel Currier (lithographer), ''[[View]] of the Great Conflagration at New York July 19th 1845'', 1845. Note the reference in the title "View of the Great Conflagration at New York July 19th 1845. From the '''Bowling Green'''."
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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, January 25, 2021
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	File:0497.jpg\|Anonymous, “'''Bowling Green''' [[Fountain]],” in E. Porter Belden, ''New-York, Past, Present, and Future'' (1850), opp. p. 30.		File:0497.jpg\|Anonymous, “'''Bowling Green''' [[Fountain]],” in E. Porter Belden, ''New-York, Past, Present, and Future'' (1850), opp. p. 30.
		+
		+	File:2283.jpg\|Anonymous (artist), Nathaniel Currier (lithographer), ''[[View]] of the Great Conflagration at New York July 19th 1845'', 1845.

	</gallery>		</gallery>

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 [[File:0048.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 6, John Nancarrow, “Plan of the Seat of John Penn jun’r: Esqr: in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia,” c. 1785. Note the reference, “d. The Bowling Green.”]]
 [[File:0338.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 7, Anonymous, ''A View of Mount Vernon'', c. 1790.]]
-In private settings, as well, the bowling green combined ornament and recreation. The paucity of 17th- and early 18th-century examples of bowling greens on private estates suggests that only those colonists who had substantial resources, such as William Byrd II and William Middleton, devoted the labor and space necessary to construct the turfed greens. It has been argued that genteel sports—such as lawn bowling, fencing, and riding—in developing their particular rules, modes of performance, and conventions, helped to define the colonial social structure.<ref>Nancy L. Struna, “The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite: The Chesapeake Gentry, 1650–1720s,” ''Journal of Sport History'' 13 (Winter 1986): 212–34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CXCN3G2T view on Zotero].</ref> In the second half of the 18th century, the practice of constructing bowling greens on estates of the economic and political elite grew as more gentry had the luxury of expending their efforts on ornamental and recreational landscape features. Examples include [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] Poplar Forest in Bedford County, Virginia, Charles and Margaret Tilghman Carroll’s [[plantation]], Mount Clare, in Baltimore, and [[George Washington|George Washington's]] [[Mount Vernon]]. The praise garnered by these landscape features suggests that bowling greens carried with them connotations of leisure and sophistication and that they were visible markers of their owners’ status.
+In private settings, as well, the bowling green combined ornament and recreation. The paucity of 17th- and early 18th-century examples of bowling greens on private estates suggests that only those colonists who had substantial resources, such as William Byrd II and William Middleton, devoted the labor and space necessary to construct the turfed greens. It has been argued that genteel sports—such as lawn bowling, fencing, and riding—in developing their particular rules, modes of performance, and conventions, helped to define the colonial social structure.<ref>Nancy L. Struna, “The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite: The Chesapeake Gentry, 1650–1720s,” ''Journal of Sport History'' 13 (Winter 1986): 212–34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CXCN3G2T view on Zotero].</ref> In the second half of the 18th century, the practice of constructing bowling greens on estates of the economic and political elite grew as more gentry had the luxury of expending their efforts on ornamental and recreational landscape features. Examples include [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] Poplar Forest in Bedford County, Virginia, Charles and Margaret Tilghman Carroll’s [[plantation]], Mount Clare, in Baltimore, and George Washington's [[Mount Vernon]]. The praise garnered by these landscape features suggests that bowling greens carried with them connotations of leisure and sophistication and that they were visible markers of their owners’ status.
 According to visual and textual evidence, bowling greens varied in their physical form and placement within the garden. One example of a bowling green depicted as a recessed area can be found in Charles Varlé’s design for the town of Bath, in which he included a bowling green within a [[parterre]] at “H” [Fig. 4]. [[Eliza Lucas Pinckney]] in 1743 also described the bowling green as sunk below the level of the rest of the garden. Private bowling greens could be circular, as at [[Mount Vernon]] [Fig. 5], or rectangular, as at the estate of John Penn in Philadelphia [Fig. 6], and they were generally near the house. Their flat, green swath of turf made an attractive foreground for a house and was related to the feature of [[lawn]]s. In addition, the bowling green [Fig. 7] provided an excellent viewing platform from which to gaze over a [[prospect]]. In fact, by the second half of the 18th century, the term had entered the language of landscape description at a metaphorical level, when P. Campbell in 1793 referred to an area that was “flat as a bowling green.”
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 [[File:0069.jpg|thumb|Fig. 8, Samuel Vaughan, Plan of [[Mount Vernon]], 1787.]]
-*[[George Washington|Washington, George]], 1785, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, VA (Jackson and Twohig, eds., 1978: 4:199, 215)<ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington'', ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, 6 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1978), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Washington, George, 1785, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of George Washington, Fairfax County, VA (Jackson and Twohig, eds., 1978: 4:199, 215)<ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington'', ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, 6 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1978), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9ZIIR3FT view on Zotero].</ref>
 :[September 30] “Began again to Smooth the Face of the [[Lawn]], or '''Bolling Green''' on the West front of my House—what I had done before the Rains, proving abortive. . .
@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
-*Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn, June 1798, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, VA (quoted in Martin 1991: 140)<ref name="Martin"></ref>
+*Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn, June 1798, describing [[Mount Vernon]], [[plantation]] of George Washington, Fairfax County, VA (quoted in Martin 1991: 140)<ref name="Martin"></ref>
 :“Two '''bowling greens''', a circular one near the house, the other very large and irregular, form the courtyard in front of the house. All kinds of trees, bushes, flowering plants, ornament the two sides of the court. . . The path which runs all around the '''bowling green''' is planted with a thousands kind[s] of trees, plants and bushes; crowning them are two immense Spanish chestnuts that Gl. Wash planted himself.”
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 File:2253.jpg|Benjamin Taylor, John Roberts (engraver), “A New & Accurate Plan of the City of New York in the State of New York in North America,” 1797. From The New York Public Library Digital Collections.
-File:0329.jpg|Anonymous (artist), A. Kollner (lithographer), “North West [[View]] of the Mansion of [[George Washington]] [[Mount Vernon]],” in Franklin Knight, ed., ''Letters on Agriculture from His Excellency George Washington'' (1847), opp. p. 124.
+File:0329.jpg|Anonymous (artist), A. Kollner (lithographer), “North West [[View]] of the Mansion of George Washington [[Mount Vernon]],” in Franklin Knight, ed., ''Letters on Agriculture from His Excellency George Washington'' (1847), opp. p. 124.
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@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File:0286.jpg|Franz Xaver Habermann, “La destruction de la statue royale à Nouvelle Yorck,” 1776.
+File:0286.jpg|Franz Xaver Habermann, “La destruction de la [[statue]] royale à Nouvelle Yorck,” 1776.
 File:0505.jpg|Anonymous (artist), Benjamin Tanner (engraver), ''University of Virginia'', 1826.

@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 File:1426.jpg|Michael van der Gucht, “The Parterre C drawn & Squar’d over upon Paper,” “The same Parterre C Squared out & traced upon ye Ground,” and “The Grove V & ye '''Bowling-green''' X design’d upon paper,” in A.-J. Dézallier d’Argenville, ''The Theory and Practice of Gardening'' (1712), p. 130.
-File:0481.jpg|William Burgis, ''Plan of Boston in New England'', 1728. The bowling green at Mill [[Pond]] was centrally located for social gatherings and recreation.
+File:0481.jpg|William Burgis, ''Plan of Boston in New England'', 1728. The '''bowling green''' at Mill [[Pond]] was centrally located for social gatherings and recreation.
 File:1036.jpg|Thomas Johnston (engraver), William Bradford (publisher), “A Plan of the City of New York from an Actual Survey Made by James Lyne,” 1731.

@@ Line 219: / Line 219: @@
 File:0343.jpg|George Isham Parkyns, ''[[Mount Vernon]]'', 1795.
-File:0488.jpg|Benjamin Taylor, John Roberts (engraver), “A New & Accurate Plan of the City of New York in the State of New York in North America,” 1797.
+File:2253.jpg|Benjamin Taylor, John Roberts (engraver), “A New & Accurate Plan of the City of New York in the State of New York in North America,” 1797. From The New York Public Library Digital Collections.
 File:0329.jpg|Anonymous (artist), A. Kollner (lithographer), “North West [[View]] of the Mansion of [[George Washington]] [[Mount Vernon]],” in Franklin Knight, ed., ''Letters on Agriculture from His Excellency George Washington'' (1847), opp. p. 124.