Bower - Revision history

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2021-03-29T13:35:21Z

Inscribed

V-Federici: /* Attributed */

2021-02-08T15:51:11Z

Attributed

V-Federici at 13:50, October 22, 2020

2020-10-22T13:50:26Z

V-Federici at 10:16, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T10:16:34Z

A-Whitlock at 14:22, March 2, 2020

2020-03-02T14:22:45Z

A-Whitlock at 14:20, March 2, 2020

2020-03-02T14:20:42Z

V-Federici: /* Inscribed */

2020-02-19T21:49:09Z

Inscribed

V-Federici at 21:48, February 19, 2020

2020-02-19T21:48:21Z

A-Whitlock at 16:10, January 24, 2020

2020-01-24T16:10:53Z

V-Federici at 16:14, December 18, 2019

2019-12-18T16:14:59Z

Show changes

@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 File: 1269.jpg|Solomon Drowne, Detailed plan of a [[botanic garden]] at Brown University, n.d.
-File: 0323.jpg|William Russell Birch, “[[View]] from the Elysian '''Bower''', Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 81, pl. 20.
+File: 0323.jpg|William Russell Birch, “[[View]] from the Elysian '''Bower''', Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), 81, pl. 20.
 File: 1270.jpg|Solomon Drowne, ''[[Botanic Garden]], 1818'', 1818. The "bower" inscription can be found between the "shrubbery" and "college inclosure" inscriptions, to the right.
-File: 1356.jpg|'''Bower''' formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 563.
+File: 1356.jpg|'''Bower''' formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), 809, fig. 563.
 File: 1783.jpg|William Bailey Lang, “[[Rustic_style|Rustic]] '''Bower''',” ''[[View]]s With Ground Plans, of the Highland Cottages at Roxbury'', 1845.
-File: 0367.jpg|Anonymous, “[[View]] in the Grounds of James Arnold, Esq.” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. opp. p. 57.
+File: 0367.jpg|Anonymous, “[[View]] in the Grounds of James Arnold, Esq.” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. opp. 57.
 File: 0579.jpg|Lewis Miller, “A narrow [[View/Vista|vista]] carpeted with rich green grass. . . on each side shrinks the '''bowery''' shade. . . ” [detail], in ''Orbis Pictus'', c. 1850.

@@ Line 236: / Line 236: @@
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
-File: 0005.jpg|Amy Cox, ''Box Grove'', c. 1800.
+File: 0005.jpg|Amy Cox, attr., ''Box [[Grove]]'', c. 1800.
 File: 0713.jpg|Jacob Marling, ''The May Queen (The Crowning of Flora)'', 1816.

@@ Line 240: / Line 240: @@
 File: 0713.jpg|Jacob Marling, ''The May Queen (The Crowning of Flora)'', 1816.
-File: 0489.jpg|John William Hill (artist), William James Bennett (engraver), ''New York, from Brooklyn Heights'', 1837.
+File: 0489.jpg|John William Hill (artist), William James Bennett (engraver), ''New York, from Brooklyn Heights'', 1837. Bower is seen in lower far right corner.
 File: 0891.jpg|Edwin Whitefield, Sketch of Joseph H. Jennings’ House, 1841–44.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 [[File:1270.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Solomon Drowne, ''[[Botanic Garden]], 1818'', 1818.]]
-In 18th- and 19th-century landscape-design vocabulary, the term bower was closely related to [[arbor]]. The two features held several common characteristics: the use of intertwined trees and other vegetation, the creation of shaded areas, and their siting at the end of [[walk]]s. Further refinement of this definition is complicated by the lack of explicit descriptive language in related accounts. William Faux’s 1819 description of Nathaniel Russell’s garden in Charleston, in which he simply notes bowers of flowering and fruit trees, or [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|C. M. Hovey’s]] brief reference, in 1840, to a shady bower at James Arnold’s estate in New Bedford, Massachusetts, each represents this problem. In addition, a bower had similar functions to an [[arbor]], such as serving as an outdoor living or dining space.
+In 18th- and 19th-century landscape-design vocabulary, the term bower was closely related to [[arbor]]. The two features held several common characteristics: the use of intertwined trees and other vegetation, the creation of shaded areas, and their siting at the end of [[walk]]s. Further refinement of this definition is complicated by the lack of explicit descriptive language in related accounts. William Faux’s 1819 description of Nathaniel Russell’s garden in Charleston, in which he simply notes bowers of flowering and fruit trees, or C. M. Hovey’s brief reference, in 1840, to a shady bower at James Arnold’s estate in New Bedford, Massachusetts, each represents this problem. In addition, a bower had similar functions to an [[arbor]], such as serving as an outdoor living or dining space.
 Nonetheless, some writers made distinctions between bowers and [[arbor]]s. [[Noah Webster]], for example, in 1828 specified that a bower had a centralized plan—round or [[square]]—whereas an [[arbor]] was long in plan and arched in cross-section. [[Manasseh Cutler|Manasseh Cutler's]] mention in 1787 of encircled bowers preceded this distinction. It should be noted, however, that this rule was not always followed. For example, [[A. J. Downing]] labeled many structures as [[arbor]]s that were either round or [[square]] in form, and Fortescue Cuming, in 1810, described a “long frame bowery.” James E. Teschemacher’s 1835 definition of an [[arbor]] as an “artificial bower” indicated that for him the distinction was to be made between the man-made [[arbor]] and the natural bower.
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
-*[[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason)]], September 1840, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” describing the residence of James Arnold, New Bedford, MA (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 364)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 6, no. 9 (September 1840): 361–66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QQC7WWZB view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Hovey, C. M. (Charles Mason), September 1840, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” describing the residence of James Arnold, New Bedford, MA (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 364)<ref>Charles Mason Hovey, “Notes on Gardens and Gardening, in New Bedford, Mass.,” ''Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'' 6, no. 9 (September 1840): 361–66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QQC7WWZB view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Continuing through the winding [[walk]]s, shady '''bowers''', and umbrageous retreats, through which rustic [[seat]]s were placed, we arrived at the shell [[grotto]].”

@@ Line 218: / Line 218: @@
 File: 0323.jpg|William Russell Birch, “[[View]] from the Elysian '''Bower''', Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 81, pl. 20.
-File: 1270.jpg|Solomon Drowne, ''[[Botanic Garden]], 1818'', 1818. The "bower" inscription underneath "shrubbery".
+File: 1270.jpg|Solomon Drowne, ''[[Botanic Garden]], 1818'', 1818. The "bower" inscription can be found between the "shrubbery" and "college inclosure" inscriptions, to the right.
 File: 1356.jpg|'''Bower''' formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 563.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 [[File:1057.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Hannah Cohoon, “A Bower of Mulberry Trees,” September 13, 1854.]]
-[[File:1270.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Solomon Drowne, ''Botanic Garden, 1818'', 1818.]]
+[[File:1270.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, Solomon Drowne, ''[[Botanic Garden]], 1818'', 1818.]]
 In 18th- and 19th-century landscape-design vocabulary, the term bower was closely related to [[arbor]]. The two features held several common characteristics: the use of intertwined trees and other vegetation, the creation of shaded areas, and their siting at the end of [[walk]]s. Further refinement of this definition is complicated by the lack of explicit descriptive language in related accounts. William Faux’s 1819 description of Nathaniel Russell’s garden in Charleston, in which he simply notes bowers of flowering and fruit trees, or [[C. M. (Charles Mason) Hovey|C. M. Hovey’s]] brief reference, in 1840, to a shady bower at James Arnold’s estate in New Bedford, Massachusetts, each represents this problem. In addition, a bower had similar functions to an [[arbor]], such as serving as an outdoor living or dining space.
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 In general, three different types of bowers can be identified. The first was composed of planted vegetation manipulated into a covered shelter, as described in 1755 by Samuel Johnson. An example of this type is a Shaker illustration of 1854 of a bower constructed of intertwined trees and used as a dining setting [Fig. 1].<ref>This image may allude to feast grounds built by Shaker communities at mid-century. For more about Shaker imagery, see Sally M. Promey, ''Spiritual Spectacles: Vision and Image in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Shakerism'' (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JMPTCMS8 view on Zotero].</ref> A bower described in the ''Virginia Argus'' (1799) as suitable “for the accommodation of company” may have been similar in form and size to this Shaker bower.
-[[File:0579.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Lewis Miller, “A narrow vista carpeted with rich green grass. . . on each side shrinks the bowery shade. . .” [detail], in ''Orbis Pictus'' (c. 1849), p. 100]]
+[[File:0579.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Lewis Miller, “A narrow [[View/Vista|vista]] carpeted with rich green grass. . . on each side shrinks the bowery shade. . .” [detail], in ''Orbis Pictus'' (c. 1849), p. 100]]
 The second type was a built structure over which vegetation was trained. William Byrd II’s 1728 description of a habitation of a “Marooner” is an early instance of a bower being defined as a constructed shelter. Teschemacher gives a detailed account (1835) of the construction of a 19th-century bower, one in which iron [[arch]]es were covered with climbing vines. In 1806, [[Bernard M’Mahon]] specified that bowers were “light ornamental buildings” suitable for terminating garden [[walk]]s [Fig. 2] or complementing open grassy areas in the garden. William Dickinson Martin, in 1809, referred to a “neatly built” bower and William Bailey Lang in 1845 noted a rustic bower that had a shingle roof, with a corner post of rough cedar, “to which that hardy-plant, the Virginia creeper, has been trained.” [[A. J. Downing]] also advised in 1848 that such bowers could be “easily and economically constructed,” an idea for rustic buildings that was shared by [[Bernard M’Mahon|M’Mahon]] (1806).
 An important difference, however, marks [[Bernard M'Mahon|M’Mahon’s]] and [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing’s]] references to constructed bowers.  [[Bernard M'Mahon|M’Mahon]] argued that such features were appropriate for “spacious pleasure grounds,” while Downing limited their use to more “humble and simple cottage grounds, the rural [[walk]]s of the [[ferme ornée]], and the modest garden of the suburban amateur.” [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing’s]] sentiments reflect the increasing attention paid to style and decorum by 19th-century treatise writers and suggest that bowers were associated with the [[rustic-style]] gardens that doubled as both aesthetic and utilitarian spaces. Such distinctions were not without precedent: In 1804 [[Thomas Jefferson]] commented that bowers were more suitable for a [[kitchen garden]] than for [[pleasure ground]]s.
-[[File: 0323.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, William Russell Birch, “View from the Elysian Bower, Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 81, pl. 20. ]]
+[[File: 0323.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, William Russell Birch, “[[View]] from the Elysian Bower, Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 81, pl. 20. ]]
 The third type of bower, a naturally occurring and seemingly unmanipulated collection of trees and [[shrub]]s creating a shady enclave or space, is well documented in both descriptions and images of American gardens. For example, Lewis Miller’s mid-19th century poem about “bowery shade” is illustrated with an image of two girls nestled underneath the curving branches of a small tree, which constitutes such a bower [Fig. 3]. The “Elysian Bower” at Springland, near Bristol, Pennsylvania, illustrated in an 1808 view, exemplifies the application of this term to a secluded gathering of shade trees [Fig. 4].
@@ Line 144: / Line 144: @@
-*[[M’Mahon, Bernard]], 1806, ''The American Gardener’s Calendar'' (1806: 64)<ref>Bernard M'Mahon, ''The American Gardener’s Calendar: Adapted to the Climates and Seasons of the United States. Containing a Complete Account of All the Work Necessary to Be Done . . . for Every Month of the Year . . .'' (Philadelphia: Printed by B. Graves for the author, 1806), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HU4JIS9C/ view on Zotero].</ref>
+*[[M’Mahon, Bernard]], 1806, ''The American Gardener’s Calendar'' (1806: 64)<ref>Bernard M'Mahon, ''The American Gardener’s Calendar: Adapted to the Climates and Seasons of the United States. Containing a Complete Account of All the Work Necessary to Be Done. . . for Every Month of the Year. . .'' (Philadelphia: Printed by B. Graves for the author, 1806), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HU4JIS9C/ view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“In some spacious [[pleasure-ground]]s various light ornamental buildings and erections are introduced, as ornaments to particular departments; such as [[temple]]s, '''bowers''', banquetting houses, [[alcove]]s, [[grotto]]s, rural [[seat]]s, cottages, [[fountain]]s, [[obelisk]]s, [[statue]]s, and other edifices; these and the like are usually erected in the different parts, in openings between the divisions of the ground, and contiguous to the terminations of grand [[walk]]s, &c.
@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 :“2. A bed-chamber; any room in a house except the hall. ''Spencer. Mason.''
 :“3. A country [[seat]]; a cottage. ''Shenston., B. Johnson.''
-:“4. A shady recess; a [[plantation]] for shade. ''W. Brown....''
+:“4. A shady recess; a [[plantation]] for shade. ''W. Brown. . .''
 :“'''BOW’ERY''', ''a''. Covering; shading as a '''bower'''; also, containing '''bowers'''. ''Thomson''.”
@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 File: 1269.jpg|Solomon Drowne, Detailed plan of a [[botanic garden]] at Brown University, n.d.
-File: 0323.jpg|William Russell Birch, “View from the Elysian Bower, Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 81, pl. 20.
+File: 0323.jpg|William Russell Birch, “[[View]] from the Elysian Bower, Springland, Pennsylvna the residence of Mr W. Birch,” 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 81, pl. 20.
 File: 1270.jpg|Solomon Drowne, ''[[Botanic Garden]], 1818'', 1818.
-File: 1356.jpg|Bower formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 563.
+File: 1356.jpg|'''Bower''' formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 563.
-File: 1783.jpg|William Bailey Lang, “Rustic Bower,” ''Views With Ground Plans, of the Highland Cottages at Roxbury'', 1845.
+File: 1783.jpg|William Bailey Lang, “[[Rustic_style|Rustic]] '''Bower''',” ''[[View]]s With Ground Plans, of the Highland Cottages at Roxbury'', 1845.
-File: 0367.jpg|Anonymous, “View in the Grounds of James Arnold, Esq.” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. opp. p. 57.
+File: 0367.jpg|Anonymous, “[[View]] in the Grounds of James Arnold, Esq.” in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. opp. p. 57.
-File: 0579.jpg|Lewis Miller, “A narrow vista carpeted with rich green grass. . . on each side shrinks the bowery shade. . . ” [detail], in ''Orbis Pictus'', c. 1850.
+File: 0579.jpg|Lewis Miller, “A narrow [[View/Vista|vista]] carpeted with rich green grass. . . on each side shrinks the '''bowery''' shade. . . ” [detail], in ''Orbis Pictus'', c. 1850.
-File: 1057.jpg|Hannah Cohoon, “A Bower of Mulberry Trees,” September 13, 1854.
+File: 1057.jpg|Hannah Cohoon, “A '''Bower''' of Mulberry Trees,” September 13, 1854.
 </gallery>