Bethesda Orphan House - Revision history

M-westerby at 03:11, August 10, 2021

2021-08-10T03:11:56Z

M-westerby at 03:07, August 10, 2021

2021-08-10T03:07:32Z

V-Federici: /* Other Resources */

2020-12-19T14:02:41Z

Other Resources

V-Federici at 14:05, August 3, 2020

2020-08-03T14:05:35Z

A-Whitlock at 16:07, January 13, 2020

2020-01-13T16:07:39Z

K-lee at 19:14, May 1, 2019

2019-05-01T19:14:37Z

Bchristen: Bibliographic clean up

2018-08-21T14:32:55Z

Bibliographic clean up

Bchristen: Fig. 1 caption copyedit

2018-08-21T14:30:05Z

Fig. 1 caption copyedit

Bchristen: caption draft, fig. 1

2018-08-21T14:28:29Z

caption draft, fig. 1

Bchristen: copyedits throughout

2018-08-21T14:26:00Z

copyedits throughout

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 |Coordinates=31.95889, -81.09692
 |Geolocation link=coordinates
 |Site owners={{Site owner
 |Name=George Whitefield

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-The '''Bethesda Orphan House''' was founded by the English evangelist George Whitefield (1714&ndash;1770) in a cleared pine forest ten miles from Savannah, Georgia. His ambitious campus included a “great house” with a [[piazza]], a well-stocked garden, and extensive fields initially worked by members of the orphanage and later by slaves.
+{{Place
+|Established Present=No
-==Overview==
+|Established Date=1740
-'''Site Dates:''' 1740&ndash;1741<br>
+|Established Circa=No
-'''Site Owner:''' George Whitefield (1714&ndash;1770); Selina, Lady Huntingdon (1707&ndash;1791); The State of Georgia<br>
+|Established Concurrence=Exact
-'''Associated People:''' James Habersham (d. 1775, headmaster)<br>
+|Established Questionable=No
-'''Location:''' Chatham County (near Savannah), GA<br>
+|Established HasEndDate=No
-'''Condition:''' altered<br/>
+|Established Present End=No
-[https://goo.gl/maps/E5TmEor9x4CrPWcz8 View on Google Maps]
+|Established Circa End=No
 <hr>

@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 [http://ghs.galileo.usg.edu/ghs/view?docId=ead/MS%201133-ead.xml;query=;brand=default Cheshunt Collection on Bethesda College, Georgia Historical Society]
-[http://georgiahistory.com/education-outreach/online-exhibits/online-exhibits/three-centuries-of-georgia-history/eighteenth-century/trustee-georgia/bethesda/ Samuel Fayrweather's account of Bethesda, 1748]
+[https://georgiahistory.com/education-outreach/online-exhibits/online-exhibits/three-centuries-of-georgia-history/eighteenth-century/trustee-georgia/#jp-carousel-35418 Samuel Fayrweather's account of Bethesda, 1748]
 <hr>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, August 3, 2020
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	*Whitefield, George, March 21, 1746, “Continuation of the Account and Progress, &c. of the Orphan-House” (1771: 3:466–668)<ref name="Whitefield_1771"></ref>		*Whitefield, George, March 21, 1746, “Continuation of the Account and Progress, &c. of the Orphan-House” (1771: 3:466–668)<ref name="Whitefield_1771"></ref>

−	:“I called it ''Bethesda'', because I hoped it would be a house of mercy to many souls. . . . I am surprized when I look back, and see, how for these six years last past, GOD has spread a table in the [[wilderness]] for so many persons. . . . We have lately begun to use the plow; and next year I hope to have many acres of good oats and barley. . . . Our garden, which is very beautiful, furnishes us with all sorts of greens, &c. . . . If the vines hit, we may expect two or three hogsheads of wine out of the vineyard. . . . The Orphan-House, like the burning bush, has flourished unconsumed.”	+	:“I called it ''Bethesda'', because I hoped it would be a house of mercy to many souls. . . I am surprized when I look back, and see, how for these six years last past, GOD has spread a table in the [[wilderness]] for so many persons. . . We have lately begun to use the plow; and next year I hope to have many acres of good oats and barley. . . Our garden, which is very beautiful, furnishes us with all sorts of greens, &c. . . . If the vines hit, we may expect two or three hogsheads of wine out of the vineyard. . . . The Orphan-House, like the burning bush, has flourished unconsumed.”

@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 Image:2004.jpg|Archibald Campbell, Map showing lands adjacent to the Bethesda Orphan House, 1780.
 </gallery>
 <hr>

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 Whitefield hoped to develop the Orphan House into a “place of literature and academical studies,” and at various times spoke of creating a seminary for training pastors and a college for White, Black, and Native American children.<ref>Kidd 2014, 209, 239&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Gamble 1902, 42&ndash;46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> Believing that a large labor force was required to produce crops and commodities in support of this expanded mission, Whitefield became a staunch advocate of legalizing slavery in Georgia. By 1749 five “negros” were reportedly clearing land for a [[plantation]], and in 1756 Johann Martin Boltzius (1703&ndash;1765), a German minister strongly opposed to slavery, observed thirty slaves working on Whitefield’s “Negro farm” a few miles from the orphanage.<ref>Kidd 2014, 199&ndash;200, 209, 215, 238&ndash;39; see also 262, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref> Over the course of the next decade, Whitefield acquired additional land and slaves to work it.<ref>Tara Leigh Babb, “‘Without A Few Negroes’: George Whitefield, James Habersham, and Bethesda Orphan House In the Story of Legalizing Slavery In Colonial Georgia” (master's thesis, University of South Carolina, 2013), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JEH77B2D view on Zotero].</ref> Following his death in 1770, responsibility for the orphanage passed to Whitefield’s patron and heir, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon (1707&ndash;1791), who continued the work of recruiting teachers and missionaries, as well as acquiring slaves.
-A fire caused by lightning destroyed Bethesda’s great house in 1773. Further damage resulted from pillaging and occupation by soldiers during the Revolution, followed by a hurricane and second fire in 1805.<ref>Gamble 1902, 71&ndash;89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> By then, the institution was functioning as a school for children of the poor, supervised by the State of Georgia. In 1854 the Union Society purchased the property and built a new orphan house, once more combining residential care for parentless children with the mission of Christian education.<ref>Cashin 2001, 163&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASJUW964 view on Zotero]; Charles Edgeworth Jones, ''Education in Georgia'', Contributions to American Educational History, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889), 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/38GQF5J5 view on Zotero].</ref> Today the 650-acre campus is home to the Bethesda Academy, a private boarding and day school for boys. The oldest child-care institution in the United States, the Bethesda Academy sustains Whitefield’s religious and educational mission, as well as his commitment to training children in land cultivation and stewardship, by offering work study programs at its organic farming facility and wildlife sanctuary and preserve.<ref>[http://www.bethesdaacademy.org/academics/work-study/ Information from Bethesda Academy website].</ref>
+A fire caused by lightning destroyed Bethesda’s great house in 1773. Further damage resulted from pillaging and occupation by soldiers during the Revolution, followed by a hurricane and second fire in 1805.<ref>Gamble 1902, 71&ndash;89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> By then, the institution was functioning as a school for children of the poor, supervised by the State of Georgia. In 1854 the Union Society purchased the property and built a new orphan house, once more combining residential care for parentless children with the mission of Christian education.<ref>Cashin 2001, 163&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASJUW964 view on Zotero]; Charles Edgeworth Jones, “Education in Georgia,” ''Contributions to American Educational History'' 5 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889), 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/38GQF5J5 view on Zotero].</ref> Today the 650-acre campus is home to the Bethesda Academy, a private boarding and day school for boys. The oldest child-care institution in the United States, the Bethesda Academy sustains Whitefield’s religious and educational mission, as well as his commitment to training children in land cultivation and stewardship, by offering work study programs at its organic farming facility and wildlife sanctuary and preserve.<ref>[http://www.bethesdaacademy.org/academics/work-study/ Information from Bethesda Academy website].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ==Texts==
 * Whitefield, George, January 20, 1740, journal entry describing preparations for Bethesda Orphan House (Henry 1957: 56)<ref>Henry 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8M3UPNFI view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:2001_detail.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Archibald Campbell, ''Sketch of the Northern Frontiers of Georgia'' [detail], 1780. At mid-center on his drawing, Campbell noted the orphan house, just below the stretch of pinewood forest.]]
+[[File:2001_detail.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Archibald Campbell, ''Sketch of the Northern Frontiers of Georgia'' [detail], 1780. At mid-center, Campbell noted the orphan house on a cleared area, just below the stretch of pinewood forest.]]
 The charismatic young preacher George Whitefield (1714&ndash;1770) journeyed from England to the recently founded colony of Georgia in 1738 with the expectation of advancing the evangelical movement in the New World&mdash;in part, through the creation of an orphanage, an idea that reportedly originated with Charles Wesley and James Oglethorpe.<ref>George Whitefield, “Continuation of the Account and Progress, &c. of the Orphan-House” (March 21, 1746) in ''The Works of the Reverend George Whitefield, M.A., . . . to Which Is Prefixed, an Account of His Life, Compiled from His Original Papers and Letters'', 6 vols. (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1771), 3:463, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4R3DI39I view on Zotero].</ref> Whitefield’s sermons stirred a fervent response during his brief stay in Savannah.<ref>Thomas S. Kidd, ''George Whitefield: America’s Spiritual Founding Father'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 45&ndash;50, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Stuart Clark Henry, ''George Whitefield: Wayfaring Witness'' (New York: Abingdon Press, 1957), 35&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8M3UPNFI view on Zotero].</ref> “The seed of the glorious gospel has taken root in the American ground,” he wrote to a friend in November 1738, “and, I hope, will grow up into a great tree.”<ref>George Whitefield to Mr. —, November 16, 1738, quoted in Kidd, 2014, 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref> On his return to England, Whitefield used his increasingly popular itinerant preaching as a vehicle for drumming up philanthropic support for the orphanage he envisioned in Savannah.<ref>Kidd 2014, 66, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref> By the time he returned to America in 1739, Whitefield was an international celebrity attracting enormous crowds. From Boston to Savannah, he delivered impassioned sermons that spawned thousands of converts. Deeply impressed, Benjamin Franklin (1706&ndash;1790) became a lifelong friend and advocate. In addition to publishing many of Whitefield’s sermons and letters, he tried, unsuccessfully, to convince Whitefield to build his orphan house in Philadelphia, rather than the barely tamed [[wilderness]] of Georgia, where labor and materials were scarce.<ref>Kidd 2014, 84&ndash;85,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Eric McCoy North, ''Early Methodist Philanthropy'' (New York: The Author, 1914), 161&ndash;62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X6DK3MWE view on Zotero].</ref>

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:2001_detail.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Archibald Campbell, ''Sketch of the Northern Frontiers of Georgia''[detail], 1780]]
+[[File:2001_detail.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Archibald Campbell, ''Sketch of the Northern Frontiers of Georgia'' [detail], 1780. The orphan house was located just below the stretch of pinewood forest, a mid-center of Campbell's drawing.]]
 The charismatic young preacher George Whitefield (1714&ndash;1770) journeyed from England to the recently founded colony of Georgia in 1738 with the expectation of advancing the evangelical movement in the New World&mdash;in part, through the creation of an orphanage, an idea that reportedly originated with Charles Wesley and James Oglethorpe.<ref>George Whitefield, “Continuation of the Account and Progress, &c. of the Orphan-House” (March 21, 1746) in ''The Works of the Reverend George Whitefield, M.A., . . . to Which Is Prefixed, an Account of His Life, Compiled from His Original Papers and Letters'', 6 vols. (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1771), 3:463, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4R3DI39I view on Zotero].</ref> Whitefield’s sermons stirred a fervent response during his brief stay in Savannah.<ref>Thomas S. Kidd, ''George Whitefield: America’s Spiritual Founding Father'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 45&ndash;50, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Stuart Clark Henry, ''George Whitefield: Wayfaring Witness'' (New York: Abingdon Press, 1957), 35&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8M3UPNFI view on Zotero].</ref> “The seed of the glorious gospel has taken root in the American ground,” he wrote to a friend in November 1738, “and, I hope, will grow up into a great tree.”<ref>George Whitefield to Mr. —, November 16, 1738, quoted in Kidd, 2014, 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref> On his return to England, Whitefield used his increasingly popular itinerant preaching as a vehicle for drumming up philanthropic support for the orphanage he envisioned in Savannah.<ref>Kidd 2014, 66, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref> By the time he returned to America in 1739, Whitefield was an international celebrity attracting enormous crowds. From Boston to Savannah, he delivered impassioned sermons that spawned thousands of converts. Deeply impressed, Benjamin Franklin (1706&ndash;1790) became a lifelong friend and advocate. In addition to publishing many of Whitefield’s sermons and letters, he tried, unsuccessfully, to convince Whitefield to build his orphan house in Philadelphia, rather than the barely tamed [[wilderness]] of Georgia, where labor and materials were scarce.<ref>Kidd 2014, 84&ndash;85,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Eric McCoy North, ''Early Methodist Philanthropy'' (New York: The Author, 1914), 161&ndash;62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X6DK3MWE view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 [[File:0681.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Anonymous, "The Plan and Elevation of the Present and Intended Buildings of the Georgia Orphan House Academy," in George Whitefield, ''A letter to His Excellency Governor Wright'', 1768.]]
-Whitefield may have brought seeds and plants with him from England, for visitors noted a great variety of exotic vegetation in the Orphan House garden. Following a visit in 1743, the English writer <span id="Kimber_cite"></span>Edward Kimber (1719&ndash;1769) asserted, “The Garden, which is a very extensive one, and well kept up, is one of the best I ever saw in ''America'', and you may discover in it Plants and Fruits of almost every Clime and Kind” ([[#Kimber|view text]]). Five years later <span id="Fayrweather_cite"></span>another English visitor described “a beautiful Garden and a fine [[Orchard]] containing allmost all Sorts of fruits, Trees, and Herbs which the country will afford,” as well as “[[Yard]]s about 120 feet long, planted with orange Trees”([[#Fayrweather|view text]]). In 1765 <span id="Bartram_cite"></span>[[William Bartram]] found a “garden handsomely laid out and planted with oranges, pomegranates, figs, peaches, and other fruit trees”([[#Bartram|view text]]). Maintenance of these plants was initially the responsibility of young girls at the Orphan House, whose “vacant Hours were employ’d in Garden and [[Plantation]]-Work.”<ref>Edward Kimber, ''Itinerant Observations in America'', ed. Kevin J. Hayes (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1998), 34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9GJAF44R view on Zotero].</ref> Among those tending the garden was the future [[Elizabeth Pitts Lamboll and Thomas Lamboll|Elizabeth Lamboll]], who went on to create the first [[botanic garden]] in Charleston. By 1757 “a special gardener” had been hired to oversee the Bethesda garden.<ref>George Fenwick Jones, “A Letter by Pastor Johann Martin Boltzius About Bethesda and Marital Irregularities in Savannah,” ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'', 84 (2000): 291, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M6FR9J4W view on Zotero].</ref>
+Whitefield may have brought seeds and plants with him from England, because visitors noted a great variety of exotic vegetation in the Orphan House garden. Following a visit in 1743, the English writer <span id="Kimber_cite"></span>Edward Kimber (1719&ndash;1769) asserted, “The Garden, which is a very extensive one, and well kept up, is one of the best I ever saw in ''America'', and you may discover in it Plants and Fruits of almost every Clime and Kind” ([[#Kimber|view text]]). Five years later <span id="Fayrweather_cite"></span>another English visitor described “a beautiful Garden and a fine [[Orchard]] containing allmost all Sorts of fruits, Trees, and Herbs which the country will afford,” as well as “[[Yard]]s about 120 feet long, planted with orange Trees”([[#Fayrweather|view text]]). In 1765 <span id="Bartram_cite"></span>[[William Bartram]] found a “garden handsomely laid out and planted with oranges, pomegranates, figs, peaches, and other fruit trees”([[#Bartram|view text]]). Maintenance of these plants was initially the responsibility of young girls at the Orphan House, whose “vacant Hours were employ’d in Garden and [[Plantation]]-Work.”<ref>Edward Kimber, ''Itinerant Observations in America'', ed. Kevin J. Hayes (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1998), 34, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9GJAF44R view on Zotero].</ref> Among those tending the garden was the future [[Elizabeth Pitts Lamboll and Thomas Lamboll|Elizabeth Lamboll]], who went on to create the first [[botanic garden]] in Charleston. By 1757 “a special gardener” had been hired to oversee the Bethesda garden.<ref>George Fenwick Jones, “A Letter by Pastor Johann Martin Boltzius About Bethesda and Marital Irregularities in Savannah,” ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'', 84 (2000): 291, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M6FR9J4W view on Zotero].</ref>
-Whitefield hoped to develop the Orphan House into a “place of literature and academical studies,” and at various times spoke of creating a seminary for training pastors and a college for White, Black, and Native American children.<ref>Kidd 2014, 209, 239&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Gamble 1902, 42&ndash;46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> Believing that a large labor force was required to produce crops and commodities in support of this expanded mission, Whitefield became a staunch advocate of legalizing slavery in Georgia. By 1749 five “negros” were reportedly clearing land for a [[plantation]], and in 1756 Johann Martin Boltzius (1703&ndash;1765), a German minister strongly opposed to slavery, observed thirty slaves working on Whitefield’s “Negro farm” a few miles from the orphanage.<ref>Kidd 2014, 199&ndash;200, 209, 215, 238&ndash;39; see also 262, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref>Over the next decade, Whitefield acquired additional land and slaves to work it.<ref>Tara Leigh Babb, “‘Without A Few Negroes’: George Whitefield, James Habersham, and Bethesda Orphan House In the Story of Legalizing Slavery In Colonial Georgia” (master’s thesis, University of South Carolina, 2013), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JEH77B2D view on Zotero].</ref> Following his death in 1770, responsibility for the orphanage passed to Whitefield’s patron and heir, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon (1707&ndash;1791), who continued the work of recruiting teachers and missionaries, as well as acquiring slaves.
+Whitefield hoped to develop the Orphan House into a “place of literature and academical studies,” and at various times spoke of creating a seminary for training pastors and a college for White, Black, and Native American children.<ref>Kidd 2014, 209, 239&ndash;41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero]; Gamble 1902, 42&ndash;46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> Believing that a large labor force was required to produce crops and commodities in support of this expanded mission, Whitefield became a staunch advocate of legalizing slavery in Georgia. By 1749 five “negros” were reportedly clearing land for a [[plantation]], and in 1756 Johann Martin Boltzius (1703&ndash;1765), a German minister strongly opposed to slavery, observed thirty slaves working on Whitefield’s “Negro farm” a few miles from the orphanage.<ref>Kidd 2014, 199&ndash;200, 209, 215, 238&ndash;39; see also 262, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BGQW367X view on Zotero].</ref> Over the course of the next decade, Whitefield acquired additional land and slaves to work it.<ref>Tara Leigh Babb, “‘Without A Few Negroes’: George Whitefield, James Habersham, and Bethesda Orphan House In the Story of Legalizing Slavery In Colonial Georgia” (master's thesis, University of South Carolina, 2013), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JEH77B2D view on Zotero].</ref> Following his death in 1770, responsibility for the orphanage passed to Whitefield’s patron and heir, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon (1707&ndash;1791), who continued the work of recruiting teachers and missionaries, as well as acquiring slaves.
-A fire caused by lightning destroyed Bethesda’s great house in 1773. Further damage resulted from pillaging and occupation by soldiers during the Revolution, followed by a hurricane and second fire in 1805.<ref>Gamble 1902, 71&ndash;89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> By then, the institution was functioning as a school for children of the poor, supervised by the State of Georgia. In 1854 the Union Society purchased the property and built a new orphan house, once more combining residential care for parentless children with the mission of Christian education.<ref>Cashin 2001, 163&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASJUW964 view on Zotero]; Charles Edgeworth Jones, ''Education in Georgia'', Contributions to American Educational History, 5 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889), 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/38GQF5J5 view on Zotero].</ref> Today the 650-acre campus is home to the Bethesda Academy, a private boarding and day school for boys. The oldest child-care institution in the United States, the Bethesda Academy sustains Whitefield’s religious and educational mission, as well as his commitment to training children in land cultivation and stewardship, by offering work study programs at its organic farming facility and wildlife sanctuary and preserve.<ref>[http://www.bethesdaacademy.org/academics/work-study/ Information from Bethesda Academy website].</ref>
+A fire caused by lightning destroyed Bethesda’s great house in 1773. Further damage resulted from pillaging and occupation by soldiers during the Revolution, followed by a hurricane and second fire in 1805.<ref>Gamble 1902, 71&ndash;89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QWG9QBW7 view on Zotero].</ref> By then, the institution was functioning as a school for children of the poor, supervised by the State of Georgia. In 1854 the Union Society purchased the property and built a new orphan house, once more combining residential care for parentless children with the mission of Christian education.<ref>Cashin 2001, 163&ndash;64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASJUW964 view on Zotero]; Charles Edgeworth Jones, ''Education in Georgia'', Contributions to American Educational History, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889), 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/38GQF5J5 view on Zotero].</ref> Today the 650-acre campus is home to the Bethesda Academy, a private boarding and day school for boys. The oldest child-care institution in the United States, the Bethesda Academy sustains Whitefield’s religious and educational mission, as well as his commitment to training children in land cultivation and stewardship, by offering work study programs at its organic farming facility and wildlife sanctuary and preserve.<ref>[http://www.bethesdaacademy.org/academics/work-study/ Information from Bethesda Academy website].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
-*<div id="Kimber"></div> Kimber, Edward, April 1744, describing Savannah and the Bethesda Orphan House (1998: 34)<ref>Edward Kimber, ''Itinerant Observations in America'', ed. Kevin J. Hayes (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1998), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9GJAF44R view on Zotero].</ref>[[#Kimber_cite|back up to History]]
+*<div id="Kimber"></div> Kimber, Edward, April 1744, describing Savannah and the Bethesda Orphan House (1998: 34)<ref>Edward Kimber, ''Itinerant Observations in America'', ed. Kevin J. Hayes (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1998), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9GJAF44R view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Kimber_cite|back up to History]]
 :<p>“We could not help observing, as we passed, several very pretty [[Plantation]]s. ''Wormsloe'' is one of the most agreeable Spots I ever saw. . . . From this House there is a [[Vista]] of near three Miles, cut thro’ the [[Woods]] to Mr. ''Whitefield’s'' Orphan House, which has a very fine Effect on the Sight.</p>
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
-*<div id="Fayrweather"></div>Fayrweather, Samuel, May 15, 1748, letter to Thomas Prince (Hawes 1961: 364)<ref>Samuel Fayrweather to Thomas Prince, May 25, 1748, quoted in Lilla Mills Hawes, “A Description of Whitefield’s Bethesda: Samuel Fayrweather to Thomas Prince and Thomas Foxcroft,” ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 45 (December 1961): 364, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X57X7QZ2 view on Zotero].</ref>[[#Fayrweather_cite|back up to History]]
+*<div id="Fayrweather"></div>Fayrweather, Samuel, May 15, 1748, letter to Thomas Prince (Hawes 1961: 364)<ref>Samuel Fayrweather to Thomas Prince, May 25, 1748, quoted in Lilla Mills Hawes, “A Description of Whitefield’s Bethesda: Samuel Fayrweather to Thomas Prince and Thomas Foxcroft,” ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 45 (December 1961): 364, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X57X7QZ2 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Fayrweather_cite|back up to History]]
 :<p>“The Orphan House . . . Stands on a Riseing Ground, having a Descent On all Sides,&mdash;On the North & South, are [[Yard]]s about 120 feet long, planted with orange Trees. On the East, is a Water Passage to Carry You, to any part of Georgia, Carolina &c. it lyes Open for Severall Miles, and is Accounted Twelve Miles from the Sea. On the West (which is the front of the House) are four Small Houses Standing a proper Distance from the Great House, & from Each others, Above These, There is a beautiful Garden and a fine [[Orchard]] containing almost all Sorts of fruits, Trees, & Herbs which the country will afford. . . . [F]arther West . . . is Cutt an [[avenue]] about 25 Rod Board, In Length half a mile&mdash;Att the Head of which, is a wide River fit to carry a large Vessel to Sea, here likewise it is open for many Miles. On the North Side of this [[avenue]], a Road begins to Savannah, which is Accounted Twelve Miles. There is from the Orphan House About forty Acres of Land Clear’d Twenty for the benefit of the air, the other Twenty for Planting . . . .</p>
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-*Boltzius, Johann Martin, January 27, 1757, letter from Ebenezer, GA, describing a visit to the Bethesda Orphan House (Jones, Summer 2000: 288&ndash;91)<ref>Jones, Summer 2000, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M6FR9J4W view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Boltzius, Johann Martin, January 27, 1757, letter from Ebenezer, GA, describing a visit to the Bethesda Orphan House (Jones and Summer 2000: 288&ndash;91)<ref>Jones and Summer 2000, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M6FR9J4W view on Zotero].</ref>
 :<p> “It lies twelve English miles distant from Savannah on a very bad and naturally infertile soil, where one finds neither good river nor well water. The ebb and flood tides almost reach the house . . . .</p>