Benjamin Vaughan - Revision history

M-westerby at 21:27, October 5, 2021

2021-10-05T21:27:22Z

V-Federici at 11:54, February 12, 2021

2021-02-12T11:54:18Z

V-Federici at 11:53, February 12, 2021

2021-02-12T11:53:39Z

V-Federici: /* History */

2021-02-12T11:51:43Z

History

V-Federici at 09:30, August 6, 2020

2020-08-06T09:30:49Z

L-Baradel: /* Texts */

2019-12-18T20:42:36Z

Texts

L-Baradel at 20:41, December 18, 2019

2019-12-18T20:41:59Z

Bchristen at 20:20, October 8, 2018

2018-10-08T20:20:54Z

Bchristen at 20:07, October 8, 2018

2018-10-08T20:07:51Z

Bchristen at 20:05, October 8, 2018

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 '''Benjamin Vaughan''' (April 19, 1751&ndash;December 8, 1835) was an agriculturalist, physician, politician, and merchant. He is chiefly known for fostering diplomatic relations and cooperation in matters of science between Britain and America, and for creating a noteworthy landscape at his estate in the town of [[Hallowell, Maine]].
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 ==Other Resources==
 [http://historichallowell.mainememory.net/page/1541/display.html Historic Hallowell website]

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 <hr>
-===Images===
+==Images==
 <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
 File:2289.jpg|Dr. Benjamin Vaughan, Hallowell, ca. 1800.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, February 12, 2021
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	<hr>		<hr>
		+
		+	===Images===
		+	<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
		+	File:2289.jpg\|Dr. Benjamin Vaughan, Hallowell, ca. 1800.
		+	</gallery>

	==Other Resources==		==Other Resources==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:51, February 12, 2021
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	==History==		==History==
		+	[[File:2289.jpg\|thumb\|Fig. 1, Dr. Benjamin Vaughan, Hallowell, ca. 1800.]]
	Born in Jamaica where his father, the British merchant and planter [[Samuel Vaughan]] owned two large [[plantation]]s, Benjamin Vaughan was educated in Britain and pursued degrees in law and medicine at Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He gravitated toward a group of radical thinkers (among them Sir Joseph Banks, Joseph Priestly, and Jeremy Bentham) who shared his unorthodox views on religion, politics, and science.<ref>Andrew J. Hamilton, “Atlantic Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Benjamin Vaughan and the Limits of Free Trade in the Eighteenth Century” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004), 91–127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R68AI8KM view on Zotero]; Craig Compton Murray, “Benjamin Vaughan (1751–1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1989), 209, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan was sympathetic to the cause of American independence and sought out prominent Americans in London, including [[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and William Bingham. At the outset of the Revolutionary War, he began editing Franklin’s writings (published in 1779 as ''Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces''), and he was instrumental in convincing Franklin to publish an autobiography.<ref>Peter Stallybrass, “Benjamin Franklin: Printed Corrections and Erasable Writing,” ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 150 (December 2006): 563–65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RD8VSH95 view on Zotero]; Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. Barbara B. Oberg, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 31:210–18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7JVNSB2H view on Zotero]; Ellen Cohn, “Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Vaughan, and Political, Miscellaneous and Philosophical Pieces,” in ''Benjamin Franklin, An American Genius'', ed. Gianfranca Balestra and Luigi Sampietro (Rome: Bulzoni, 1993), 149–61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6KCWUSQN view on Zotero]; see also Benjamin Vaughan to Benjamin Franklin, January 31, 1783, Paris, “The Electric Ben Franklin,” [http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page35.html website].</ref> As private agent to the Earl of Shelburne (then British Prime Minister), Vaughan facilitated peace negotiations between Britain and America in 1782. He thereafter served as an important conduit for the flow of scientific information and materials between the two countries, sending books and scientific equipment to Ezra Stiles (then president of Yale University) and the American Philosophical Society (which elected him a member in 1786), and carrying out a lengthy correspondence focused on medical and scientific news with Benjamin Rush.<ref>Murray 1989, 206, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>		Born in Jamaica where his father, the British merchant and planter [[Samuel Vaughan]] owned two large [[plantation]]s, Benjamin Vaughan was educated in Britain and pursued degrees in law and medicine at Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He gravitated toward a group of radical thinkers (among them Sir Joseph Banks, Joseph Priestly, and Jeremy Bentham) who shared his unorthodox views on religion, politics, and science.<ref>Andrew J. Hamilton, “Atlantic Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Benjamin Vaughan and the Limits of Free Trade in the Eighteenth Century” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004), 91–127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R68AI8KM view on Zotero]; Craig Compton Murray, “Benjamin Vaughan (1751–1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1989), 209, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan was sympathetic to the cause of American independence and sought out prominent Americans in London, including [[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and William Bingham. At the outset of the Revolutionary War, he began editing Franklin’s writings (published in 1779 as ''Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces''), and he was instrumental in convincing Franklin to publish an autobiography.<ref>Peter Stallybrass, “Benjamin Franklin: Printed Corrections and Erasable Writing,” ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 150 (December 2006): 563–65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RD8VSH95 view on Zotero]; Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. Barbara B. Oberg, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 31:210–18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7JVNSB2H view on Zotero]; Ellen Cohn, “Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Vaughan, and Political, Miscellaneous and Philosophical Pieces,” in ''Benjamin Franklin, An American Genius'', ed. Gianfranca Balestra and Luigi Sampietro (Rome: Bulzoni, 1993), 149–61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6KCWUSQN view on Zotero]; see also Benjamin Vaughan to Benjamin Franklin, January 31, 1783, Paris, “The Electric Ben Franklin,” [http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page35.html website].</ref> As private agent to the Earl of Shelburne (then British Prime Minister), Vaughan facilitated peace negotiations between Britain and America in 1782. He thereafter served as an important conduit for the flow of scientific information and materials between the two countries, sending books and scientific equipment to Ezra Stiles (then president of Yale University) and the American Philosophical Society (which elected him a member in 1786), and carrying out a lengthy correspondence focused on medical and scientific news with Benjamin Rush.<ref>Murray 1989, 206, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>

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 Born in Jamaica where his father, the British merchant and planter [[Samuel Vaughan]] owned two large [[plantation]]s, Benjamin Vaughan was educated in Britain and pursued degrees in law and medicine at Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He gravitated toward a group of radical thinkers (among them Sir Joseph Banks, Joseph Priestly, and Jeremy Bentham) who shared his unorthodox views on religion, politics, and science.<ref>Andrew J. Hamilton, “Atlantic Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Benjamin Vaughan and the Limits of Free Trade in the Eighteenth Century” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004), 91&ndash;127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R68AI8KM view on Zotero]; Craig Compton Murray, “Benjamin Vaughan (1751&ndash;1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1989), 209, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan was sympathetic to the cause of American independence and sought out prominent Americans in London, including [[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and William Bingham. At the outset of the Revolutionary War, he began editing Franklin’s writings (published in 1779 as ''Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces''), and he was instrumental in convincing Franklin to publish an autobiography.<ref>Peter Stallybrass, “Benjamin Franklin: Printed Corrections and Erasable Writing,” ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 150 (December 2006): 563&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RD8VSH95 view on Zotero]; Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. Barbara B. Oberg, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 31:210&ndash;18,  [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7JVNSB2H view on Zotero]; Ellen Cohn, “Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Vaughan, and Political, Miscellaneous and Philosophical Pieces,” in ''Benjamin Franklin, An American Genius'', ed. Gianfranca Balestra and Luigi Sampietro (Rome: Bulzoni, 1993), 149&ndash;61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6KCWUSQN view on Zotero]; see also Benjamin Vaughan to Benjamin Franklin, January 31, 1783, Paris, “The Electric Ben Franklin,” [http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page35.html website].</ref> As private agent to the Earl of Shelburne (then British Prime Minister), Vaughan facilitated peace negotiations between Britain and America in 1782. He thereafter served as an important conduit for the flow of scientific information and materials between the two countries, sending books and scientific equipment to Ezra Stiles (then president of Yale University) and the American Philosophical Society (which elected him a member in 1786), and carrying out a lengthy correspondence focused on medical and scientific news with Benjamin Rush.<ref>Murray 1989, 206, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
-Vaughan had presumably been introduced to the subjects of botany and agricultural improvement by the naturalist John Reinhold Forster, who had been one of his teachers at the Warrington Academy in England. He conferred frequently on these topics with Sir Joseph Banks and with naturalists in the British West Indies.<ref>Murray 1989, 210, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> He was actively engaged in the exchange of seeds between America, the West Indies, Britain, and France. During the 1780s and early 1790s, in addition to disseminating among his friends in England specimens from [[John Bartram|John Bartram's]] “list of American plants fit for this country,” he arranged for West Indian rice seeds to be sent to a number of his correspondents in Virginia—including [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[George Washington]]—and South Carolina, including Henry Laurens and Charles C. Pinckney.<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', ed. Julian P. Boyd,  41+ vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961) 16: 274&ndash;76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IQJ7XFNF view on Zotero]; Charlotte M. Porter, “Philadelphia Story: Florida Gives William Bartram a Second Chance,” ''Florida Historical Quarterly'' 71 (January 1993): 319&ndash;20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RC4D4TQA view on Zotero]; Murray 1989, 206&ndash;8, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
+Vaughan had presumably been introduced to the subjects of botany and agricultural improvement by the naturalist John Reinhold Forster, who had been one of his teachers at the Warrington Academy in England. He conferred frequently on these topics with Sir Joseph Banks and with naturalists in the British West Indies.<ref>Murray 1989, 210, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> He was actively engaged in the exchange of seeds between America, the West Indies, Britain, and France. During the 1780s and early 1790s, in addition to disseminating among his friends in England specimens from [[John Bartram|John Bartram's]] “list of American plants fit for this country,” he arranged for West Indian rice seeds to be sent to a number of his correspondents in Virginia—including [[Thomas Jefferson]] and George Washington—and South Carolina, including Henry Laurens and Charles C. Pinckney.<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', ed. Julian P. Boyd,  41+ vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961) 16: 274&ndash;76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IQJ7XFNF view on Zotero]; Charlotte M. Porter, “Philadelphia Story: Florida Gives William Bartram a Second Chance,” ''Florida Historical Quarterly'' 71 (January 1993): 319&ndash;20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RC4D4TQA view on Zotero]; Murray 1989, 206&ndash;8, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
 Vaughan’s support of republicanism and his sympathy for the French Revolution placed him at odds with the British government. In 1794 he fled to France, taking refuge at the country estate of [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] brother-in-law, the American counsel-general, Henry Skipwith of Hors du Monde, Virginia.<ref>Robert Hallowell Gardiner, “Memoir of Benjamin Vaughan, M.D. and LL.D.,” ''Collections of the Maine Historical Society'' 6 (1859): 89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GMN44Z4M view on Zotero].</ref> Three years later, Vaughan immigrated to America with the intention of leading the exemplary life of “a peasant” in rural [[Hallowell, Maine]]. In addition to laying out extensive gardens, he developed a large portion of the property as a model farm, building [[greenhouse]]s and planting [[orchard]]s in order to experiment with the cultivation of a wide range of plant specimens: apple, pear, and stone-fruit scions imported from England; fig and grape cuttings that his brother John sent from France; potatoes imported from continental Europe; Swedish turnips; and Siberian wheat.<ref>Murray 1989, 384&ndash;85, 511, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> He established a successful commercial [[nursery]] and employed an English mechanic to set up New England’s largest cider mill and press. Dr. Vaughan sought to overcome local resistance to his family’s practice of “book farming” by conducting information sessions at his farm and by generously sharing plant and seed specimens.<ref>Henry D. Kingsbury and Simeon L. Deyo, eds., ''Illustrated History of Kennebec County, Maine; 1625&ndash;1799&ndash;1892'', 2 vols. (New York: H. W. Blake & Company, 1892), 1:191, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SQ3CWD4P view on Zotero]; Samuel L. Boardman, “Appendix to Report on Kennebec County,” in ''Twelfth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture'' (Augusta, ME: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State, 1867), 220 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6R33CCIB view on Zotero].</ref>
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 *Gardiner, Robert Hallowell, 1859, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s agricultural interests (1859: 6:90&ndash;91)<ref>Robert Hallowell Gardiner, “Memoir of Benjamin Vaughan, M.D. and L.L.D.,” ''Collections of the Maine Historical Society'', [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GMN44Z4M view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“Here [at [[Hallowell, Maine]]] he occupied himself in study in an extensive correspondence with distinguished persons on both sides the Atlantic and in promoting the welfare of the place and of the people among whom he had fixed his residence. . . . The agriculture of the country was indebted to Dr Vaughan for the introduction of new varieties of seed and plants and for the importation of improved breeds of animals. His fortune was considerably diminished by the large sums expended upon his farm and [[nursery]]. . . .”
+:“Here [at [[Hallowell, Maine]]] he occupied himself in study in an extensive correspondence with distinguished persons on both sides the Atlantic and in promoting the welfare of the place and of the people among whom he had fixed his residence. . . The agriculture of the country was indebted to Dr Vaughan for the introduction of new varieties of seed and plants and for the importation of improved breeds of animals. His fortune was considerably diminished by the large sums expended upon his farm and [[nursery]]. . .”

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:42, December 18, 2019
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−	*Bradford, Alden, 1842, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s estate in Hallowell, Maine\|Hallowell, ME]] (1842: 409)<ref>Alden Bradford, ''Biographical Notices of Distinguished Men in New England,'' (Boston: S.G. Simkins, 1842), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TB98J7HD view on Zotero].</ref>	+	*Bradford, Alden, 1842, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s estate in [[Hallowell, Maine\|Hallowell, ME]] (1842: 409)<ref>Alden Bradford, ''Biographical Notices of Distinguished Men in New England,'' (Boston: S.G. Simkins, 1842), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TB98J7HD view on Zotero].</ref>

	:“Mr. Vaughan intended his residence here from the first to be permanent; and at once cultivated his grounds, and attended to the duties of a citizen, but without engaging in party disputes, as many do when they arrive in the United States. He wisely kept aloof from all political parties. He encouraged a taste for agriculture, and prepared a large [[nursery]] of fruit trees, which he distributed gratis in different parts of that new country, where they were much wanted. For twenty years past, the fruit in and near [[Hallowell, Maine\|Hallowell]], and in the neighboring towns, has been abundant — owing in a great measure to the generous efforts of Mr. Vaughan. He and his family distributed a great number of books for children in that part of the country; and urged the forming of schools in all the new [[plantation]]s. The benefits have been extensive, and hardly can be duly appreciated.”		:“Mr. Vaughan intended his residence here from the first to be permanent; and at once cultivated his grounds, and attended to the duties of a citizen, but without engaging in party disputes, as many do when they arrive in the United States. He wisely kept aloof from all political parties. He encouraged a taste for agriculture, and prepared a large [[nursery]] of fruit trees, which he distributed gratis in different parts of that new country, where they were much wanted. For twenty years past, the fruit in and near [[Hallowell, Maine\|Hallowell]], and in the neighboring towns, has been abundant — owing in a great measure to the generous efforts of Mr. Vaughan. He and his family distributed a great number of books for children in that part of the country; and urged the forming of schools in all the new [[plantation]]s. The benefits have been extensive, and hardly can be duly appreciated.”

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 ==Texts==
-*[[Timothy Dwight|Dwight, Timothy]], 1807, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s estate in Hallowell, ME (1821: 2:218&ndash;19)<ref>Timothy Dwight, ''Travels; in New-England and New-York'', 4 vols. (New Haven: Timothy Dwight, 1821&ndash;22) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W4USVF49 view on Zotero.]</ref>
+*[[Timothy Dwight|Dwight, Timothy]], 1807, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s estate in [[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell, ME]] (1821: 2:218&ndash;19)<ref>Timothy Dwight, ''Travels; in New-England and New-York'', 4 vols. (New Haven: Timothy Dwight, 1821&ndash;22) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W4USVF49 view on Zotero.]</ref>
 :“A more romantic spot is not often found, than that on which stands the house of Mr. [Benjamin] V[aughan]. a descendant of Mr. Hallowell, from whom this town took its name; inheriting from him, it is said, a large landed estate in this country. He is a native of England; and has been heretofore a member of the British Parliament. His house stands on one of the elevated levels, mentioned above, where the hill, bends from its general Southern direction toward the West, and, forming an obtuse, circular point, furnishes a beautiful Southern, as well as Northern and Eastern, [[prospect]]. . . .
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
-*Bradford, Alden, 1842, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s estate in Hallowell, ME (1842: 409)<ref>Alden Bradford, ''Biographical Notices of Distinguished Men in New England,'' (Boston: S.G. Simkins, 1842), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TB98J7HD view on Zotero].</ref>
+*Bradford, Alden, 1842, describing Benjamin Vaughan’s estate in Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell, ME]] (1842: 409)<ref>Alden Bradford, ''Biographical Notices of Distinguished Men in New England,'' (Boston: S.G. Simkins, 1842), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TB98J7HD view on Zotero].</ref>
 :“Mr. Vaughan intended his residence here from the first to be permanent; and at once cultivated his grounds, and attended to the duties of a citizen, but without engaging in party disputes, as many do when they arrive in the United States. He wisely kept aloof from all political parties. He encouraged a taste for agriculture, and prepared a large [[nursery]] of fruit trees, which he distributed gratis in different parts of that new country, where they were much wanted. For twenty years past, the fruit in and near [[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell]], and in the neighboring towns, has been abundant &mdash; owing in a great measure to the generous efforts of Mr. Vaughan. He and his family distributed a great number of books for children in that part of the country; and urged the forming of schools in all the new [[plantation]]s. The benefits have been extensive, and hardly can be duly appreciated.”

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==History==
-Born in Jamaica where his father, the British merchant and planter [[Samuel Vaughan]] owned two large [[plantation]]s, Benjamin Vaughan was educated in Britain and pursued degrees in law and medicine at Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He gravitated toward a group of radical thinkers (among them Sir Joseph Banks, Joseph Priestly, and Jeremy Bentham) who shared his unorthodox views on religion, politics, and science.<ref>Andrew J. Hamilton, “Atlantic Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Benjamin Vaughan and the Limits of Free Trade in the Eighteenth Century” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004), 91&ndash;127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R68AI8KM view on Zotero]; Craig Compton Murray, “Benjamin Vaughan (1751&ndash;1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1989), 209, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan was sympathetic to the cause of American independence and sought out prominent Americans in London, including [[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and William Bingham. At the outset of the Revolutionary War, he began editing Franklin’s writings (published in 1779 as ''Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces''), and he was instrumental in convincing Franklin to publish an autobiography.<ref>Peter Stallybrass, “Benjamin Franklin: Printed Corrections and Erasable Writing,” ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 150 (December 2006): 563&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RD8VSH95 view on Zotero]; Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. Barbara B. Oberg, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 31:210&ndash;18,  [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7JVNSB2H view on Zotero]; Ellen Cohn, “Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Vaughan, and Political, Miscellaneous and Philosophical Pieces,” in ''Benjamin Franklin, An American Genius'', ed. Gianfranca Balestra and Luigi Sampietro (Rome: Bulzoni, 1993), 149&ndash;61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6KCWUSQN view on Zotero]; see also Benjamin Vaughan to Benjamin Franklin, January 31, 1783, Paris, “The Electric Ben Franklin,” [http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page35.html website].</ref> As private agent to the Earl of Shelburne (then British Prime Minister), Vaughan facilitated peace negotiations between Britain and America in 1782. He thereafter served as an important conduit for the flow of scientific information and materials between the two countries, sending books and scientific equipment to Ezra Stiles (then president of Yale University) and the American Philosophical Society (which elected him a member in 1786), and carrying out a lengthy correspondence focused on medical and scientific news with Benjamin Rush.<ref>Murray 1989, 206, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan had presumably been introduced to the subjects of botany and agricultural improvement by the naturalist John Reinhold Forster, who had been one of his teachers at the Warrington Academy in England. He conferred frequently on these topics with Sir Joseph Banks and with naturalists in the British West Indies.<ref>Murray 1989, 210, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> He was actively engaged in the exchange of seeds between America, the West Indies, Britain, and France. During the 1780s and early 1790s, in addition to disseminating among his friends in England specimens from [[John Bartram]]’s “list of American plants fit for this country,” he arranged for West Indian rice seeds to be sent to a number of his correspondents in Virginia (including [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[George Washington]]) and South Carolina (including Henry Laurens and Charles C. Pinckney).<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', ed. Julian P. Boyd,  41+ vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961) 16: 274&ndash;76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IQJ7XFNF view on Zotero]; Charlotte M. Porter, “Philadelphia Story: Florida Gives William Bartram a Second Chance,” ''Florida Historical Quarterly'' 71 (January 1993): 319&ndash;20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RC4D4TQA view on Zotero]; Murray 1989, 206&ndash;8, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
+Born in Jamaica where his father, the British merchant and planter [[Samuel Vaughan]] owned two large [[plantation]]s, Benjamin Vaughan was educated in Britain and pursued degrees in law and medicine at Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He gravitated toward a group of radical thinkers (among them Sir Joseph Banks, Joseph Priestly, and Jeremy Bentham) who shared his unorthodox views on religion, politics, and science.<ref>Andrew J. Hamilton, “Atlantic Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Benjamin Vaughan and the Limits of Free Trade in the Eighteenth Century” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004), 91&ndash;127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R68AI8KM view on Zotero]; Craig Compton Murray, “Benjamin Vaughan (1751&ndash;1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1989), 209, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Vaughan was sympathetic to the cause of American independence and sought out prominent Americans in London, including [[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and William Bingham. At the outset of the Revolutionary War, he began editing Franklin’s writings (published in 1779 as ''Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces''), and he was instrumental in convincing Franklin to publish an autobiography.<ref>Peter Stallybrass, “Benjamin Franklin: Printed Corrections and Erasable Writing,” ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'' 150 (December 2006): 563&ndash;65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RD8VSH95 view on Zotero]; Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. Barbara B. Oberg, 47 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 31:210&ndash;18,  [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7JVNSB2H view on Zotero]; Ellen Cohn, “Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Vaughan, and Political, Miscellaneous and Philosophical Pieces,” in ''Benjamin Franklin, An American Genius'', ed. Gianfranca Balestra and Luigi Sampietro (Rome: Bulzoni, 1993), 149&ndash;61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6KCWUSQN view on Zotero]; see also Benjamin Vaughan to Benjamin Franklin, January 31, 1783, Paris, “The Electric Ben Franklin,” [http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page35.html website].</ref> As private agent to the Earl of Shelburne (then British Prime Minister), Vaughan facilitated peace negotiations between Britain and America in 1782. He thereafter served as an important conduit for the flow of scientific information and materials between the two countries, sending books and scientific equipment to Ezra Stiles (then president of Yale University) and the American Philosophical Society (which elected him a member in 1786), and carrying out a lengthy correspondence focused on medical and scientific news with Benjamin Rush.<ref>Murray 1989, 206, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
-Vaughan’s support of republicanism and his sympathy for the French Revolution placed him at odds with the British government. In 1794 he fled to France, taking refuge at the country estate of [[Thomas Jefferson]]’s brother-in-law, the American counsel-general, Henry Skipwith of Hors du Monde, Virginia.<ref>Robert Hallowell Gardiner, “Memoir of Benjamin Vaughan, M.D. and LL.D.,” ''Collections of the Maine Historical Society'' 6 (1859): 89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GMN44Z4M view on Zotero].</ref> Three years later, Vaughan immigrated to America with the intention of leading the exemplary life of “a peasant” in rural [[Hallowell, Maine]]. In addition to laying out extensive gardens, he developed a large portion of the property as a model farm, building [[greenhouse]]s and planting [[orchard]]s in order to experiment with the cultivation of a wide range of plant specimens: apple, pear, and stone-fruit scions imported from England; fig and grape cuttings that his brother John sent from France; potatoes imported from continental Europe; Swedish turnips; and Siberian wheat.<ref>Murray 1989, 384&ndash;85, 511, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> He established a successful commercial [[nursery]] and employed an English mechanic to set up New England’s largest cider mill and press. Dr. Vaughan sought to overcome local resistance to his family’s practice of “book farming” by conducting information sessions at his farm and by generously sharing plant and seed specimens.<ref>Henry D. Kingsbury and Simeon L. Deyo, eds., ''Illustrated History of Kennebec County, Maine; 1625&ndash;1799&ndash;1892'', 2 vols. (New York: H. W. Blake & Company, 1892), 1:191, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SQ3CWD4P view on Zotero]; Samuel L. Boardman, “Appendix to Report on Kennebec County,” in ''Twelfth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture'' (Augusta, ME: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State, 1867), 220 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6R33CCIB view on Zotero].</ref>
+Vaughan had presumably been introduced to the subjects of botany and agricultural improvement by the naturalist John Reinhold Forster, who had been one of his teachers at the Warrington Academy in England. He conferred frequently on these topics with Sir Joseph Banks and with naturalists in the British West Indies.<ref>Murray 1989, 210, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> He was actively engaged in the exchange of seeds between America, the West Indies, Britain, and France. During the 1780s and early 1790s, in addition to disseminating among his friends in England specimens from [[John Bartram|John Bartram's]] “list of American plants fit for this country,” he arranged for West Indian rice seeds to be sent to a number of his correspondents in Virginia—including [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[George Washington]]—and South Carolina, including Henry Laurens and Charles C. Pinckney.<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', ed. Julian P. Boyd,  41+ vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961) 16: 274&ndash;76, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IQJ7XFNF view on Zotero]; Charlotte M. Porter, “Philadelphia Story: Florida Gives William Bartram a Second Chance,” ''Florida Historical Quarterly'' 71 (January 1993): 319&ndash;20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RC4D4TQA view on Zotero]; Murray 1989, 206&ndash;8, 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref>
 As a conduit for the exchange of scientific information, Vaughan was as active in his remote Maine outpost as he had been in London, publishing articles on his agricultural experiences and penning letters to correspondents as far flung as [[David Hosack]] in New York, Benjamin Rush in Philadelphia, and David Ramsay in South Carolina.<ref> Murray 1989, 385, 519, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Kingsbury and Deyo, 1892, 1:191, 220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SQ3CWD4P view on Zotero].</ref> In 1800 he published an “augmented” version of ''The Rural Socrates, or, An Account of a Celebrated Philosophical Farmer Lately Living in Switzerland and Known by the Name of Kliyogg'', which concerned a Swiss peasant who transformed a failing farm into a productive enterprise through attention to proper methods.<ref>Murray 1989, 386, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Over the course of his long friendship with Bowdoin College professor Parker Cleaveland (cousin of Nehemiah Cleaveland), Vaughan contributed scientific apparatus and collections to help promote study of the natural sciences at Bowdoin.<ref>John C. Green and John G. Burke, “The Science of Minerals in the Age of Jefferson,” ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 68 (1978): 78&ndash;79, 83, 89, 102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/38A667QD view on Zotero].</ref> In 1805 he began campaigning to raise money for the establishment of a natural history professorship and experimental [[botanic garden]] at Harvard. By the time of his death, Vaughan had assembled one of the largest private libraries in New England, estimated at between 10,000 and 12,000 volumes, primarily imported from England and France.<ref>Murray 1989, 500, 503, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero].</ref> According to the [[Hallowell, Maine|Hallowell]] journalist Samuel Lane Boardman (1836&ndash;1914), Vaughan’s library contained “many rare and valuable English works on agriculture and rural economy not often met with in public libraries of this country.”<ref>Samuel L. Boardman, “A General View of the Agriculture and Industry of the County of Kennebec, with Notes upon Its History and Natural History,” in ''Tenth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture'' (Augusta, ME: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State, 1865), 10: 137&ndash;38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TV2AZBT3 view on Zotero].</ref> A number of these volumes, heavily marked with his annotations, formed part of the large donations Vaughan made to New England institutions, including Harvard University and Bowdoin College.<ref> Murray 1989, 502&ndash;3, 508&ndash;9, 527, 535, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Green and Burke 1978, 78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/38A667QD view on Zotero]; Emma Huntington Nason, ''Old Hallowell on the Kennebec'' (Augusta, ME: Press of Burleigh & Flynt, 1909), 86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; John H. Sheppard, ''Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family, and More Particularly of Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D.'' (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1865), 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero].</ref>