Ashley Hall - Revision history

M-westerby at 22:13, July 21, 2021

2021-07-21T22:13:37Z

M-westerby at 22:11, July 21, 2021

2021-07-21T22:11:15Z

M-westerby at 22:08, July 21, 2021

2021-07-21T22:08:21Z

M-westerby at 22:06, July 21, 2021

2021-07-21T22:06:37Z

M-westerby at 22:03, July 21, 2021

2021-07-21T22:03:04Z

V-Federici at 18:23, February 8, 2021

2021-02-08T18:23:03Z

V-Federici at 14:44, February 3, 2020

2020-02-03T14:44:37Z

V-Federici at 14:42, February 3, 2020

2020-02-03T14:42:48Z

V-Federici at 14:40, February 3, 2020

2020-02-03T14:40:56Z

V-Federici at 14:37, February 3, 2020

2020-02-03T14:37:25Z

@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 |Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 |Owned Present End=No
-|Owned Date End=11894
+|Owned Date End=1894
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Concurrence End=Exact

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 |Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 |Owned Present End=No
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Concurrence End=Exact
@@ Line 50: / Line 49: @@
 |Name=William Bull II
 |Owned Present=No
 |Owned Circa=No
 |Owned Concurrence=Exact
 |Owned Questionable=No
-|Owned HasEndDate=No
+|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 |Owned Present End=No
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Questionable End=No
 }}{{Site owner
 |Name=William Stephen Bull
 |Owned Present=No
 |Owned Circa=No
 |Owned Concurrence=Exact
 |Owned Questionable=No
-|Owned HasEndDate=No
+|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 |Owned Present End=No
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Questionable End=No
 }}{{Site owner
 |Name=William Izard Bull
 |Owned Present=No
 |Owned Circa=No
 |Owned Concurrence=Exact
 |Owned Questionable=No
-|Owned HasEndDate=No
+|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 |Owned Present End=No
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Questionable End=No
 }}
@@ Line 102: / Line 110: @@
 }}
 '''[[Ashley Hall]]''', a [[plantation]] on the Ashley River near Charleston, was home to the politically prominent Bull family for two hundred years. Its landscape and gardens were developed by successive generations of the family.
 ==History==

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 |Owned Circa=No
 |Owned Concurrence=Exact
-|Owned Questionable=No
+|Owned Questionable=Yes
-|Owned HasEndDate=No
+|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
 |Owned Present End=No
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Questionable End=No
 }}{{Site owner

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 |Owned Circa End=No
 |Owned Questionable End=No
 }}
 }}
@@ Line 82: / Line 104: @@
 '''Site Dates:''' 1675—1865<br/>
 '''Site Owner:''' Stephen Bull (d. 1706); William Bull (1683—1755); [[William Bull II]] (1710—1791); William Stephen Bull (1784—1818); William Izard Bull (1813—1894)<br/>
 <hr>

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:03, July 21, 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{Place
		+	\|Established Present=No
		+	\|Established Date=1675
		+	\|Established Circa=No
		+	\|Established Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Established Questionable=No
		+	\|Established HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Established Present End=No
		+	\|Established Circa End=No
		+	\|Established Questionable End=No
		+	\|Through Present=No
		+	\|Through Date=1865
		+	\|Through Circa=No
		+	\|Through Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Through Questionable=No
		+	\|Through HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Through Present End=No
		+	\|Through Circa End=No
		+	\|Through Questionable End=No
		+	\|Location=West Ashley, South Carolina
		+	\|Coordinates=32.82003, -80.02825
		+	\|Geolocation link=coordinates
		+	\|Condition=Altered
		+	\|Site owners={{Site owner
		+	\|Name=Stephen Bull
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=William Bull
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Date=1683
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=Yes
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Date End=1755
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence End=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=William Bull II
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=William Stephen Bull
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}{{Site owner
		+	\|Name=William Izard Bull
		+	\|Owned Present=No
		+	\|Owned Circa=No
		+	\|Owned Concurrence=Exact
		+	\|Owned Questionable=No
		+	\|Owned HasEndDate=No
		+	\|Owned Present End=No
		+	\|Owned Circa End=No
		+	\|Owned Questionable End=No
		+	}}
		+	}}
	'''[[Ashley Hall]]''', a [[plantation]] on the Ashley River near Charleston, was home to the politically prominent Bull family for two hundred years. Its landscape and gardens were developed by successive generations of the family.		'''[[Ashley Hall]]''', a [[plantation]] on the Ashley River near Charleston, was home to the politically prominent Bull family for two hundred years. Its landscape and gardens were developed by successive generations of the family.

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 Image:2015.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” rear [[view]] and outbuildings, c. 1820.
-Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.
+Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, ''Ashley Hall'', river side with [[obelisk]] in [[yard]], c. 1820.
 Image:2093.jpg|Mark Catesby, “Ilex cassine L. dahoon,” in ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands'' (1754), vol. 1, pl. 31.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:0223.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.]]
 The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6—8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621—1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.<ref>Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.<ref>B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 71 (Summer 1987): 287–88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, SC: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, “Colonel William Bull—His Part in the Founding of Savannah,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population.<ref>Kinloch Bull Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy 1987, 286–96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 115–16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Gamble 1933, 112–13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref>
 Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.<ref>Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” ''South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'' 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, “Ashley Hall Plantation,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. S. Salley Jr., “The Bull Family of South Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'' 1 (January 1900): 76—77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina’s earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built c. 1675—one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina—was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, but still quite modest two-story brick house, built for his son, William (1683—1755) [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 61—62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> William Bull’s activities resembled those of his father in that the younger Bull served in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737—1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696—1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2: 120–22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Salley 1900, 77—78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 Image:0223.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.
-Image:0507.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Another View of the Same'' (Ashley Hall), 1803.
+Image:0507.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Another [[View]] of the Same'' (Ashley Hall), 1803.
-Image:2015.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” rear view and outbuildings, c. 1820.
+Image:2015.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” rear [[view]] and outbuildings, c. 1820.
 Image:2016.jpg|Henrietta Augusta Drayton, “Ashley Hall,” river side with obelisk in yard, c. 1820.

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==History==
-[[File:0223.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.]]
+[[File:0223.jpg|thumb|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.]]
 The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6—8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621—1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.<ref>Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.<ref>B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 71 (Summer 1987): 287–88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, SC: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, “Colonel William Bull—His Part in the Founding of Savannah,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population.<ref>Kinloch Bull Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy 1987, 286–96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 115–16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Gamble 1933, 112–13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:0507.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Charles Fraser, ''Another View of the Same'' (Ashley Hall), 1803.]]
 Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.<ref>Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” ''South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'' 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, “Ashley Hall Plantation,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. S. Salley Jr., “The Bull Family of South Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'' 1 (January 1900): 76—77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina’s earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built c. 1675—one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina—was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, but still quite modest two-story brick house, built for his son, William (1683—1755) [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 61—62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> William Bull’s activities resembled those of his father in that the younger Bull served in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737—1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696—1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2: 120–22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Salley 1900, 77—78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref>
-[[File:0552.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.]]
+[[File:2093.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Mark Catesby, “''Ilex cassine L. dahoon'',” in ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands'' (1754), vol. 1, pl. 31.]]
 In 1722 English naturalist Mark Catesby visited him at Ashley Hall, and, according to the Charleston artist [[Charles Fraser]], Catesby “planted by his hand” an [[avenue]] of live oaks leading from an [[orchard]] of pear trees to the house [Fig. 2].<ref>Charles Fraser, ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, SC: J. Russell, 1854), 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero]; Hartley 1984, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> In the first volume of his ''Natural History'', Catesby illustrated the evergreen dahoon holly (''illex Cassine L.''), which he described as “a very uncommon Plant in ''Carolina'', I having never seen it but at Col. ''Bull’s'' Plantation on ''Ashley'' River, where it grows in a Bog” [Fig. 3].<ref>Mark Laird, “From Callicarpa to Catalpa: The Impact of Mark Catesby’s Plant Introductions on English Gardens of the Eighteenth Century,” in ''Empire’s Vision: Mark Catesby’s New World Vision'', ed. Amy R. W. Meyers and Margaret Beck Pritchard (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VIMR65QV view on Zotero].</ref> Fifteen years later, the Anglican divine John Wesley noted other rarities at Ashley Hall. <span id="Wesley_cite"></span>Declaring the estate “the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America,” he observed that the [[orchard]] and garden abounded with “those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England,” but which American colonists rarely took the trouble to cultivate ([[#Wesley|view text]]).
 In 1742 William Bull transferred much of the Ashley Hall property (including the two houses) to his son, [[William Bull II]], who in 1770 laid out gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water’s edge.<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> A long, straight [[avenue]] bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted [[vista]] of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad [[lawn]]s were planted on either side of Catesby’s oak-lined [[avenue]]. A [[lake]] bounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open [[park]] and elk and [[deer park]]s. The property also featured a pool encircled by cypress trees and a [[statue]] of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian [[mound]].<ref>For a reconstruction of the garden, based on “considerable data and a few sketches,” see Loutrel Winslow Briggs, ''Charleston Gardens'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), 106–7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3NA59DZ view on Zotero]. See also Bull 1952, 62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref> Following [[William Bull II|Bull’s]] death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental [[obelisk]] in his memory on the grounds [Fig. 4].<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==Texts==
-* <div id="Wesley"></div>Wesley, John, April 15, 1737, journal entry (1909: 1:348)<ref> John Wesley, ''The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M., Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford,'' ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols. (New York/Chicago: Eaton & Mains/Jennings & Graham, 1909), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XGDQ7CPK view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Wesley_cite|back up to History]]
+* <div id="Wesley"></div>Wesley, John, April 15, 1737, journal entry (1909: 1:348)<ref> John Wesley, ''The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M., Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford,'' ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols. (New York/Chicago: Eaton & Mains/Jennings & Graham, 1909), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XGDQ7CPK view on Zotero].</ref>
-:“I walked over to Ashley Ferry, twelve miles from Charlestown, and thence, . . . to Colonel Bull’s [[seat]], two miles farther. This is the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America; the [[orchard]] and garden being full of most of those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England, but which the laziness of the Americans seldom suffers them to raise.”
+:“I walked over to Ashley Ferry, twelve miles from Charlestown, and thence, . . . to Colonel Bull’s [[seat]], two miles farther. This is the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America; the [[orchard]] and garden being full of most of those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England, but which the laziness of the Americans seldom suffers them to raise.”  [[#Wesley_cite|back up to History]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Overview==
-'''Site Dates:''' 1675&ndash;1865<br/>
+'''Site Dates:''' 1675—1865<br/>
-'''Site Owner:''' Stephen Bull (d. 1706); William Bull (1683&ndash;1755); [[William Bull II]] (1710&ndash;1791); William Stephen Bull (1784&ndash;1818); William Izard Bull (1813&ndash;1894)<br/>
+'''Site Owner:''' Stephen Bull (d. 1706); William Bull (1683—1755); [[William Bull II]] (1710—1791); William Stephen Bull (1784—1818); William Izard Bull (1813—1894)<br/>
-'''Associated People:'''  Mark Catesby (1683&ndash;1749, naturalist)<br/>
+'''Associated People:'''  Mark Catesby (1683—1749, naturalist)<br/>
 '''Location:''' West Ashley, South Carolina<br/>
 '''Condition:''' altered<br/>
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==History==
 [[File:0223.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Ashley Hall'', 1803.]]
-The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6&ndash;8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621&ndash;1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.<ref>Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.<ref>B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 71 (Summer 1987): 287–88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, SC: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, “Colonel William Bull&mdash;His Part in the Founding of Savannah,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population.<ref>Kinloch Bull Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy 1987, 286–96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 115–16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Gamble 1933, 112–13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref>
+The origins of Ashley Hall date from 1670, when Stephen Bull (d. 1706) arrived in Carolina with the intention of trading British millinery goods with Native Americans.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, GA: The Harrison Company, 1991), 6—8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> He also served as deputy to Lord Ashley (1621—1683), one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. Among the earliest English settlers in the colony, Bull assisted in selecting the site of Charles Town (later, Charleston), and helped found the first permanent European settlement there.<ref>Michael O. Hartley, ''The Ashley River: A Survey of Seventeenth Century Sites'', Research Manuscript Series, Book 184 (Columbia, SC: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1984), 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KD3GH3QU view on Zotero].</ref> Appointed surveyor of South Carolina in 1673, he laid out new fortification lines around Charleston in 1674 and was appointed surveyor general ten years later.<ref>B. H. Levy, “Savannah’s Bull Street: The Man Behind Its Name,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 71 (Summer 1987): 287–88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall Plantation'' (Columbia, SC: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1975), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero]; Thomas Gamble, “Colonel William Bull—His Part in the Founding of Savannah,” ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 17 (June 1933): 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref> Bull played a prominent role in many aspects of Carolina government and military affairs, establishing a precedent followed by subsequent generations of his family. He also paved the way for them in his enthusiastic pursuit of science, engineering, agriculture, exploration, and diplomatic relations with the Indian population.<ref>Kinloch Bull Jr., ''The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8BF8SNPN view on Zotero]; Levy 1987, 286–96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9AZ8XTT view on Zotero]; Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 115–16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Gamble 1933, 112–13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PNMDVGW view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:0507.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, Charles Fraser, ''Another View of the Same'' (Ashley Hall), 1803.]]
 [[File:2093.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Mark Catesby, “''Ilex cassine L. dahoon'',” in ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands'' (1754), vol. 1, pl. 31.]]
-Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.<ref>Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” ''South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'' 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, “Ashley Hall Plantation,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. S. Salley Jr., “The Bull Family of South Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'' 1 (January 1900): 76&ndash;77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina’s earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built c. 1675&mdash;one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina&mdash;was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, but still quite modest two-story brick house, built for his son, William (1683&ndash;1755) [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 61&ndash;62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> William Bull’s activities resembled those of his father in that the younger Bull served in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737&ndash;1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696&ndash;1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2: 120–22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Salley 1900, 77&ndash;78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref>
+Bull settled on land a few miles west of peninsular Charleston along a wide river, later named the Ashley. In 1676 he received a formal grant of 400 acres there, and an additional 100 acres of adjoining property in 1694.<ref>Bull’s son William would acquire an additional 500 acres in 1707, as well as properties in nearby Granville County, which yielded his principal source of income. See Henry A. M. Smith, “The Upper Ashley; and the Mutations of Families,” ''South Carolina Historical and Geneaological Magazine'' 20 (July 1919): 193, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIFTQ36J view on Zotero]; Henry DeSaussure Bull, “Ashley Hall Plantation,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 53 (April 1952): 61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. S. Salley Jr., “The Bull Family of South Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine'' 1 (January 1900): 76—77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref> Bull pioneered the cultivation of rice on his [[plantation]], and also conducted some of Carolina’s earliest agricultural experiments in growing tobacco, indigo, ginger, and potatoes.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> The small, one-story, tabby-walled house that he built c. 1675—one of the oldest extant buildings in South Carolina—was succeeded in 1704 by a larger, but still quite modest two-story brick house, built for his son, William (1683—1755) [Fig. 1].<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull 1952, 61—62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; ''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> William Bull’s activities resembled those of his father in that the younger Bull served in a number of important official capacities, including Lord Proprietor’s deputy (1719), Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1721), and lieutenant governor (1737—1755). A trained surveyor, he assisted General James Edward Oglethorpe (1696—1784) in settling Georgia and selecting the site of Savannah.<ref>Edgar and Bailey 1977, 2: 120–22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Salley 1900, 77—78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UMNXUMGU view on Zotero].</ref>
 [[File:0552.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lieutenant Governor Bull'' (Ashley Hall), c. 1800.]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 In 1742 William Bull transferred much of the Ashley Hall property (including the two houses) to his son, [[William Bull II]], who in 1770 laid out gardens interlaced with serpentine paths between the house and the water’s edge.<ref>Meroney 1991, 2 and 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> A long, straight [[avenue]] bisected the garden, affording an uninterrupted [[vista]] of the Ashley river and the city of Charleston beyond. It may have been at this time that broad [[lawn]]s were planted on either side of Catesby’s oak-lined [[avenue]]. A [[lake]] bounded by cypress trees lay to one side of the house, abutting an open [[park]] and elk and [[deer park]]s. The property also featured a pool encircled by cypress trees and a [[statue]] of Diana atop a prehistoric Indian [[mound]].<ref>For a reconstruction of the garden, based on “considerable data and a few sketches,” see Loutrel Winslow Briggs, ''Charleston Gardens'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1951), 106–7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3NA59DZ view on Zotero]. See also Bull 1952, 62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/keywords_in_early_american_landscape_design/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref> Following [[William Bull II|Bull’s]] death in 1791, his widow erected a monumental [[obelisk]] in his memory on the grounds [Fig. 4].<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>
-Ashley Hall’s strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the Revolutionary War. Errant British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” the property in June 1777. Five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742&ndash;1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, “William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777&ndash;1781,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 80 (April 1979): 91&ndash;104, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F3DT2VK8 view on Zotero]; Henry Lumpkin, ''From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F9H2RMSF view on Zotero]; C. Harrison Dwight, “Count Rumford: His Majesty’s Colonel in Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 57 (January 1956): 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BMZ8FVF7 view on Zotero].</ref>  The last member of the Bull family to own Ashley Hall, Col. William Izard Bull, added a [[piazza]] and circular red stone steps to the house in 1853.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> An English visitor reported spending “a delightful day” with Col. Bull at Ashley Hall in 1863, “roaming over cotton-fields and rice [[plantation]]s, [[woods]], and ‘[[park]]-like [[meadow]]s,’ studded with the most magnificent live oaks,” and sampling the indigenous Scuppernong grapes that grew in the garden.<ref>Fitzgerald Ross, “A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 1863&ndash;65,” ''Blackwood’s Magazine'' 97 (January 1865): 31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3JI6MXMR view on Zotero].</ref> Bull intentionally set the house on fire during the winter of 1865, destroying the building and all of its contents, rather than allow his ancestral home to be desecrated by approaching Union troops.<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>
+Ashley Hall’s strategic riverine location exposed it to abuse during the Revolutionary War. Errant British troops “plundered and greatly damaged” the property in June 1777. Five years later, the Continental Army general Nathaneal Greene (1742—1786) commandeered Ashley Hall as his headquarters.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, “William Bull’s First Exile from South Carolina, 1777—1781,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 80 (April 1979): 91—104, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F3DT2VK8 view on Zotero]; Henry Lumpkin, ''From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South'' (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F9H2RMSF view on Zotero]; C. Harrison Dwight, “Count Rumford: His Majesty’s Colonel in Carolina,” ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 57 (January 1956): 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BMZ8FVF7 view on Zotero].</ref>  The last member of the Bull family to own Ashley Hall, Col. William Izard Bull, added a [[piazza]] and circular red stone steps to the house in 1853.<ref>''Ashley Hall'' 1975, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QTGI37VX view on Zotero].</ref> An English visitor reported spending “a delightful day” with Col. Bull at Ashley Hall in 1863, “roaming over cotton-fields and rice [[plantation]]s, [[woods]], and ‘[[park]]-like [[meadow]]s,’ studded with the most magnificent live oaks,” and sampling the indigenous Scuppernong grapes that grew in the garden.<ref>Fitzgerald Ross, “A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 1863—65,” ''Blackwood’s Magazine'' 97 (January 1865): 31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3JI6MXMR view on Zotero].</ref> Bull intentionally set the house on fire during the winter of 1865, destroying the building and all of its contents, rather than allow his ancestral home to be desecrated by approaching Union troops.<ref>Bull 1952, 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero].</ref>
 —''Robyn Asleson''