https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Chelsea-Cole&feedformat=atomHistory of Early American Landscape Design - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T12:20:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.2https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sunnyside&diff=25869Sunnyside2017-02-07T21:47:25Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>Sunnyside was the residence of the American writer Washington Irving from 1835 until his death in 1859. The stone house was formerly known as Van Tassel cottage, and was located on the Hudson River below Tarrytown. He made improvements and modifications to the architecture of the house as well as the surrounding landscaping and garden design. According to the National Register of Historic Places, Irving “delighted in augmenting the picturesqueness of his house by creating several wandering paths which led the visitor through secluded groves and broad vistas of the Hudson River scenery…perhaps influenced by [his] neighbor, Andrew Jackson Downing, who mentioned Sunnyside in his 1841 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape gardening in America.” In addition to these sylvan walks, Irving grew apples in his own orchard and cultivated flower and kitchen gardens laid out in geometric patterns which contrasted with the picturesque plan of the rest of the grounds. <br />
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==Overview==<br />
'''Alternate Names:''' Greenburgh, The Roost, Wolfert's Rest, Wolfert's Roost, Van Tassel Cottage<br/><br />
'''Site Dates:''' The original Van Tassel cottage dates from the mid-to-late 1600's; Irving purchased the estate in 1835<br/><br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Washington Irving]] (1783&ndash;1859)<br/><br />
'''Associated People:''' [[George Harvey]] (ca. 1800&ndash;1878; architect)<br/><br />
'''Location:'''Tarrytown, New York<br/><br />
[http://goo.gl/maps/HrclJ View on Google Maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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==Texts==<br />
* Irving, Ebenezer, June 1, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Harold Dean Cater, ‘Washington Irving and Sunnyside’, ''New York History'' 38, no. 2 (April 1957), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are to get possession of it in a day or two and shall then determine what improvements to make. We shall clear away all the old outhouses, [[fence]]s and rubbish and have a clear green [[lawn]]."<br />
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* Irving, Ebenezer, June 30, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Cater 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"But your uncle and all are more pleased than ever with the place. He purposes enlarging the house, preserving its present old Dutch style, and making it an inviting and comfortable nook for the family. It can, at a small expense, be made a charming little place. The road down from the turnpike to the house winds beautifully along the little brook, and is capable of being made really beautiful."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 24, 1835, in a letter to his brother Peter Irving (''Letters'' II: 839&ndash;840)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume II, 1823-1838'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The workmen are busy upon my cottage, which I think will be a snug little Dutch nookery when finished. It will be of stone, so as to be cool in summer and warm in winter. The expense will be moderate, as I have it built in the simplest manner, depending upon its quaintness rather than its costliness."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, April 28, 1836, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' II: 869)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish the Cottage was ready, and then there would be no difficulty, but it will be some time in June before it is habitable&mdash;if then. We have good workmen and they are getting on well&mdash;but there is always a world of finishing that one never calculates on<br />
:"I have been busy out of doors from morning until night ever since I have been up here Setting out trees &c &c" <br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 18, 1838, in a letter to his nephew Pierre M. Irving (''Letters'' II: 928)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are all cosily quartered at the Roost, and very comfortable. The season is coming out in all its beauty, and we are in the midst of birds and blossoms and flowers. I look forward with pleasure to the prospect of seeing you and Helen at the cottage in the course of the summer, and showing you what a capital florist and horticulturalist and agriculturalist I am becoming. I beat all the gentleman farmers in my neighborhood, for I can manage to raise my vegetables and fruits at very little more than twice the market price."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 24, 1838, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart (''Letters'' II: 939)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The girls live very much in the open air. The retired situation of the cottage, with its secluded [[walk]]s, quiet glens and sheltering [[grove]]s, enable them to rove about without fear of restraint. They have lately been busily employed in nutting; my place abounds with fine chestnut, black-walnut and butter nut trees; and this year they are completely laden with fruit."<br />
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* Lossing, Benson J., 1839, describing Sunnyside (1839: 135)<ref>Benson J. Lossing, "Residence of Washington Irving," ''The Family Magazine'' 4 (1839), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3TS4N8BE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grounds about it have been cleared, the thick [[copse]] that concealed the 'Taappan Zee' from view has been levelled, and Mr. Irving has rendered it one of the most delightful summer residences in the country."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November, 25, 1840, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart, about their niece Sarah Paris (''Letters'' III: 61)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume III, 1839-1845'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Ever since my return to the United States Sarah has been peculiarly my companion; taking the strongest and most affectionate interest in all my concerns, and delighting me by her frank, natural, intelligent, and social qualities. She is especially identified with the cottage and all its concerns, having been in all my councils, when building and furnishing it, and having been the life of the establishment ever since I set it up. How I shall do without her I cannot imagine, or how I shall reconcile myself to her entire absence from a place where every path, tree shrub and flower, is more or less connected with her idea."<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1841, describing Sunnyside (1841: 334&ndash;336)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 1st edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PGUEKHNG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"There is scarcely a building or place more replete with interest in America, than the cottage of Washington Irving, near Tarrytown. The 'legend of sleepy Hollow,' so delightfully told in the Sketch-Book, has made every one acquainted with this neighbourhood, and especially with the site of the present building, there celebrated as the "Van Tassel House," one of the most secluded and delightful nooks on the banks of the Hudson. With characteristic taste, Mr. Irving has chosen this spot, the haunt of his early days, since rendered classic ground by his elegant pen, and made it his permanent residence. The house of 'Baltus Van Tassel,' has been altered and rebuilt in a quaint style, partaking somewhat of the English cottage mode, but retaining strongly marked symptoms of its Dutch origin. The quaint old weathercocks and finials, the crow-stepped gables, and the hall paved with Dutch tiles, are among the ancient and venerable ornaments of the houses of the original settlers of Manhattan, now almost extinct among us. There is also a quiet-keeping in the cottage and the grounds around it, that assists in making up the charm of the whole: the gently swelling [[slope]] reaching down to the water's edge, bordered by prettily wooded ravines through which a brook meanders pleasantly; and threaded by foot-paths ingeniously contrived so as sometimes to afford secluded [[walk]]s, and at others to allow fine [[vista]]s of the broad expanse of river scenery." <br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 13, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 112)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I never have seen it look more beautiful&mdash;and I think the little domains about the cottage have been more beautiful than ever&mdash;The trees and shrubs and clambering vines that have been transplanted within the last year or two, have now taken good root and begin to grow luxuriantly. If vegetation goes on at this rate we shall before long be buried among roses and honeysuckles and ivy and sweet briar. All the [[grove]]s too about the place are magnificent this year. Most of the forest trees you know, are young, and scare any past their prime; so that every year the [[grove]]s grow more dense and stately. The new [[walk]]s are very popular especially that to the fallen Chest-nut tree, which is one of the most shady cool and delightful resorts of a warm sunny day that you can imagine. I was never more conscious of the sweetness of the country than this season.<br />
:"I have nearly completed my bulwark along the foot of the bank. It will not merely be protection against the encroachments of the river, but also a great improvement to the place&mdash;I shall have the [[slope]] bank finished off and in some places sloped down to the [[wall]], with footpaths leading down to it, and [[seat]]s under the trees. The shore of the river is cleared of all the rocks and stones that encumbered it and the whole aspect of the place along the river is changed."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 18, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 133)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The sweet briars which you and David planted, and which you inquire about, are flourishing finely&mdash;You need not fear that they will not be taken fear of. We value too highly every thing that reminds us of you. All our clambering vines have been very luxuriant this season, and are gradually clothing the cottage with verdure. Some of the trumpet creeper too begins to flower; and by another year we shall have the east [[wall]] quite gorgeous."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 17, 1842, in a letter to his brother Ebenezer Irving (''Letters'' III: 183&ndash;184)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I now abandon the care of the place entirely to you. You will find, in my little library, books about gardening, farming, poultry, &c., by which to direct yourself. The management of the place will give you healthful and cheerful occupation, and will be as much occupation as you want. . . . Try if you cannot beat me at farming and gardening. I shall be able to bestow a little more money on the place now, to put it in good heart and good order." <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1844, describing Sunnyside (1844: 38, 380)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IGJXRU9V view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"At Tarrytown, is the cottage residence of Washington Irvings, which is, in location and accessories, almost the beau ideal of a cottage-ornée. The charming manner in which the wild foot-paths, in the neighborhood of this cottage, are conducted among the [[picturesque]] dells and banks, is precisely what one would look for here. . . .<br />
:"The cottage itself is now charmingly covered with ivy and climbing roses, and embosomed in [[thicket]]s of [[shrubbery]]."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 5, 1846, in a letter to Flora Foster Dawson (''Letters'' IV: 13&ndash;14)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume IV, 1846-1859'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"As to myself on my return to America I built me a pretty little cottage on the banks of the Hudson in a beautiful country, and not far from my old haunts of Sleepy Hollow. Here I passed several years most happily; my cottage well stocked with nieces and enlivened by visits from friends and connexions, having generally what is called in Scotland is called a house full, that is to say a little more than it will hold. This state of things was too happy to last. I was unexpectedly called from it by being appointed Minister to Madrid. It was a hard struggle for me to part from my cottage and my nieces but I put all under charge of my brother and promised to return at the end of three years. I have overstaid my time. Nearly four years have elapsed; I understand my cottage is nearly buried among the trees I set out, and over run with roses and honeysuckle and ivy from Melrose Abbey, and my nieces implore me to come back and save them from being buried alive in foliage."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 19, 1846, in a letter to Madame Albuquerque (''Letters'' IV: 101)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have found my little nest almost buried among trees and over run with clambering vines. My first move has been cut down and clear away so as to make openings for [[prospects]] and a free circulation of air, my next to commence building an addition, so that I have my hands full of occupation."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November 8, 1846, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 105)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In fact I have so completely slipped back into my old rural habits and occupations, that I can scarcely realize, as I go dawdling about trimming and planting and transplanting trees and inspecting the poultry yard, that so short a time has elapsed since I was playing the Courtier and treading the saloons of Royal palaces."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 27, 1847, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 144)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"My own place has never been so beautiful as at present. I have made more openings by pruning and cutting down trees, so that from the [[piazza]] I have several charming views of the Tappan Zee&mdash;and the hills beyond; all set as it were in verdant frames, and I am never tired of sitting there in my old Voltaire chair, of a long summer morning, with a book in my hand, sometimes reading, sometimes musing on the landscape, and sometimes dozing and mixing all up in a pleasant dream."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 9, 1847, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' IV: 150)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have, however, just finished my last job, making a new ice [[pond]] in a colder and deeper place in the glen just opposite our entrance [[gate]]: and now I would not undertake another job, even so much as to build a wren coop; for the slightest job seems to swell into a toilsome and expensive operation"<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 18, 1847, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 151)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The fact is on my return home my whole thoughts and exertions were suddenly turned into a new channel which has almost ever since engrossed them. I found my place very much out of order, my house in need of additions and repairs and the whole establishment in want of completion. I set to work immediately, and kept on at all times and seasons, in defiance of heat and cold, wind and weather and as I was pretty much my own architect; project and landscape gardener, and had but rough hands to work under me, I have been kept busy out of doors from morning until night and from months end to months end until within a week or two past, when I brought my labors to a close, or rather relinquished them, finding I had spent all <my> the money in my pocket and fagged myself into an irritation of the system which has rendered me almost as lame as I used to be in Madrid."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, December 18, 1850, in a letter to Henry Lee, Jr. (''Letters'' IV: 237)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"A rural retreat when it is a mans own, and of his own formation produces a new set of pleasures and interests and ambitions, and every tree he plants awakens a new hope and attaches him to the spot which he has improved. I speak from experience having never been happier than in my present little country nest, where the house is of my own building, the trees of my own planting the garden of my own cultivating and where my continual blunders give me continual occupation in rectifying them."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 20, 1851, in a letter to Moses H. Grinnell (''Letters'' IV: 255)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Sunnyside is possessed by seven devils and I have to be continually on the watch to keep all from going to ruin. First, we have a legion of Women Kind, cleaning and scouring the house from top to bottom; so that we are all reduced to eat and drink and have our being in my little library. In the midst of this our water is cut off. An Irishman from your establishment undertook to shut up my spring as he had yours, within brick [[wall]]s; the spring shewed proper spirit and broke bounds and all the water pipes ran dry in consequence. In the dearth of painters I have employed a couple of country carpenters to paint my roofs and it requires all my vigilance to keep them from painting them like Josephs coat of divers colors. Your little man Westerfield is to plaster my chimneys tomorrow and your plumbers and bell hangers to attack the vitals of the house. I have a new coachman to be inducted into all the mysteries of the stable and coach house, so all that part of the establishment is in <a> what is called a halla baloo. In a word I never knew of such a tempest in a teapot as is just now going on in little Sunnyside[.] I trust, therefore, you will excuse me for staying at home to sink or swim with the concern."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 15, 1852, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 317)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish you could see little Sunnyside this season, I think it more beautiful than ever. The trees and shrubs and clambering vines are uncommonly luxuriant. We never had so many singing birds about the place and the humming birds are about the windows continually after the flowers of the honey suckles and trumpet creepers which overhang them."<br />
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* Tuckerman, Henry T., 1853, describing Sunnyside (1853: 50&ndash;52)<ref> Henry T. Tuckerman, "Washington Irving," in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches, by Various Writers'' (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9BXIQ54 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is approached by a sequestered road, which enhances the effect of its natural beauty. A more tranquil and protected abode, nestled in the lap of nature, never captivated a poet's eye. Rising from the bank of the river, which a strip of woodland alone intercepts, it unites every rural charm to the most complete seclusion. From this interesting domain is visible the broad surface of the Tappan Zee; the grounds [[slope]] to the water's edge, and are bordered by wooded ravines; a clear brook ripples near, and several neat paths lead to shadowy [[walk]]s or fine points of river scenery. The house itself is a graceful combination of the English cottage and the Dutch farm-house. The crow-stepped gables, the tiles in the hall, and the weathercocks, partake of the latter character; while the white [[wall]]s gleaming through the trees, the smooth and verdant turf, and the mantling vines of ivy and clambering roses, suggest the former. Indeed, in this delightful homestead are tokens of all that is most characteristic of its owner. The simplicity and rustic grace of the abode indicate an unperverted taste,&mdash;its secluded position a love of retirement; the cottage ornaments remind us of his unrivalled pictures of English country-life; the weathercock that used to veer about on the Stadt-house of Amsterdam is a symbol of the fatherland; while the one that adorned the grand dwellings in Albany before the revolution, is a significant memorial of the old Dutch colonists; and they are thus both associated with the fragrant memory of that famous and unique historian Diedrich Knickerbocker. The quaint and beautiful are thus blended, and the effect of the whole is singularly harmonious. From the quietude of this retreat are obtainable the most extensive [[prospect]]s; and while its sheltered position breathes the very air of domestic repose, the scenery it commands is eloquent of broad and generous sympathies. . . . <br />
:"And here, in the midst of a landscape his pen has made attractive in both hemispheres and of friends whose love surpasses the highest meed of fame, he lives in daily view of scenes thrice endeared&mdash;by taste, association, and habit;&madsh;the old locust that blossoms on the green bank in spring, the brook that sparkles along the grass, the peaked turret and vine-covered [[wall]] of that modest yet traditional dwelling, the favorite valley watered by the romantic Pocantoro, and, above all, the glorious river of his heart."<br />
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* Anonymous, April 1855, describing Sunnyside (''New York Quarterly'' 1855: 66, 75, 77)<ref>Anonymous, "Washington Irving; His Home and His Works,"''New York Quarterly'' 4, no. 1 (April 1855), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/47NVJ48H view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In a sequestered rural retreat, some twenty-five miles from the din of city life, half-hid among thick foliage through which gleams the silvery expanse of the Hudson, stands a grotesque-looking, antique edifice&mdash;half-Dutch, half-Elizabethan in style, and so snugly nestled amid shrubbery and evergreen, as to elude the ken of the casual passer-by. It is an enchanting little nook, charmingly diversified with upland, [[lawn]], and dell, and so rife with [[picturesque]] beauty as completely to fascinate the eye and hold it spell-bound to the spot. This emparadised retreat, with its leafy recesses and antique structure, is the home of the great American essayist and historian&mdash;Washington Irving. There is an air of singular quaintness and rural elegance about the scene&mdash;every thing that refined taste could devise, and diligent culture effect, is here indicated. . . .<br />
:"We perambulated the beautiful grounds of Sunny-Side, which extend over some six or eight acres, a second time, and as we luxuriated over every fresh variety of ornate landscape, Mr. Irving pointed out some of his favorite [[walk]]s, and indicated to us some of his fine trees, in which he evidently takes pride and pleasure. From a rising knoll on the banks of the river, we caught a glimpse of the roof and turrets of the house, the rest of the edifice being embosomed in foliage; the scene was singularly effective and beautiful. As an evidence of the social and amiable character of Mr. Irving, it may be mentioned that no 'boundary line' is marked by [[hedge]] or by [[fence]], diving his from his neighbors' grounds&mdash;an instance somewhat remarkable, since such distinctions are rarely disregarded. The [[kitchen garden]] is a perfect model for neatness and taste, and its lavish provision showed that utility as well as ornament entered into the calculations of his gardener. The only thing that seemed wanting was water, there being but a small rivulet here and there. . . .<br />
:"The radiant summer sunset was now streaming its liquid gold through the windows, tempting us out upon the lawn again, to feast our gaze with the splendors of the scene. A new phase of beauty was now given to these delectable grounds, the leaves and flowers were luminous with the golden rays of the declining sun, and the quiet waters of the Hudson served as a broad mirror reflecting the brilliant and blending tints of the bending skies, rendering the scene one of exquisite loveliness. . . . The dark shadows of the [[clump]]s of forest-trees afforded a rich contrast to the gorgeous hues with which the other portions of the landscape were decked."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 27, 1853, in a letter to Mary E. Kennedy (''Letters'' IV: 406)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' IV, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grass is growing up to my very door,&mdash;the roses and honeysuckles are clamberinga bout my windows, the acacias and liburnums are in full flower, singing birds have built in the ivy against the wall and I have concerts at daybreak almost equal to the serenades you used to have at Washington."<br />
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* Richards, T. Addison, December 1856, describing Sunnyside (1856: 7&ndash;11)<ref>[T. Addison Richards], "Sunnyside: The Home of Washington Irving," ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' 14, no. 79 (December 1856), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKKJSCVJ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is a sweet scene of rural simplicity and comfort which is disclosed to us by either approach; as the open sunlit [[lawn]], so affectionately embraced by its protecting trees and [[shrubbery]], which, though permitting little peeps here and there from within, deny all vagrant observation from without. One can scarcely believe himself as thickly surrounded as he really is here by crowding cottage and castle, so entire is the repose and seclusion of the spot. Year ago, when Mr. Irving first took up his abode at Sunnyside, he was all alone by himself, yet now every inch of the adjacent country is gardened, and [[lawn|lawned]], and villaed, to the extreme of modern taste and wealth; yet all so charmingly under the rose, that you always stumble upon the evidences unexpectedly, as you dreamingly pursue the [[thicket]]-covered and brook-voiced [[wood]]-paths. It is like the discovering of birds'-nests amidst forest leaves. Seen from the opposite shore of the river, the whole hillside is glittering with sun-tipped roof and tower, but like the Seven Cities of the Enchanted Island, it all vanishes as you approach.<br />
:"The cottage, with its crow-stepped gables and weathercocks, overrun with honey-suckle and eglantine, with the rose-vine and the clinging ivy, is a wonderfully unique little edifice, totally unlike any thing else in our land, but always calling up our remembrances or our fancies of merrie rural England, with a hint here and there at its old Dutch leaven; in the quaint weathercocks, for instance, one of which actually veered, in good old days gone by, over the great Vander Heyden Palace in Albany, and another on the top of the Stadt House of New Amsterdam. A lady would be apt to call the Sunnyside cottage 'the dearest, cosiest, cunningest, snuggest little nest in the world.' Mr. Irving describes it as 'a little old-fashioned stone mansion, all made up of gable-ends, and as full of angles and corners as an old cocked hat.' 'It is said, in fact,' he continues, 'to have been modeled after the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial was modeled after gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence.' . . . .<br />
:"Before the intrusion of the railroad, which has profaned so much of the river shore, the quiet beach, with its little cove, into which a rural lane debouched, was one of the sweetest features of Sunnyside. This part of the domain is beautifies by a sparkling spring, draped, like all the region round, as we shall see by-and-by, in the fairy web of romantic fable. . . .<br />
:"The acres of Sunnyside, all told, are not many; and yet so varied is their surface, so richly wooded and flowered, and so full of elfish winding paths and grassy lanes, exploring hillsides and chasing merry brooks, that their numbers seem to be countless; a pleasant deception greatly aided by that agreeable community of feeling between Mr. Irving and his neighbors, which has so banished all dividing [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, that while you think you are roaming over the grounds of one, you suddenly bring up among the flower-[[bed]]s of another. . . .<br />
:"The woodland of Sunnyside is very happily varied, offering every variety of sylvan growth, beech, birch, willow, oak, locust, maple, elm, linden, pine, hemlock, and cedar; while on the [[lawn]]s are evergreen and flowering shrubs; and, trailing over the vagrant [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, honey-suckle, rose, trumpet-flowers, and ivy. The latter plant, which is very abundant, is of the famous stock of Melrose Abbey. The garden, which in keeping with its surroundings, is watched by a favorite retainer, for whom Mr. Irving has built a snug cottage, fronting the [[lawn]] in the face of his own mansion. This little edifice is especially interesting, from its having been designed by Mr. Irving himself; his only venture, he once told us, as an architect. . . .<br />
:"Separated from the [[lawn]] around the cottage by the belt of trees in which stands the gardener's dwelling, is another open area occupied by a pretty [[lake|lakelet]] 'expansion' of the brook&mdash;an echo of the great bay beyond. The painter gives unity, and harmony, and force to his picture by distributing throughout the work its leading sentiment or story and its prevailing color; so, in the artistic composition of Sunnyside, its chief feature, the great 'Mediterranean' of the river, as Mr. Irving calls the Tappan Bay, with its fleet of white sails thick as the passing clouds, is repeated by the little 'Mediterranean' of the brooklet and its fleet of snowy ducks. . . .<br />
:"The air of graceful simplicity and cozy comfort which so strongly marks the exterior of the Sunnyside cottage, is felt quite as vividly within doors. It is cut up into just such odd, snug little apartments and boudoirs as the rambling, low-walled, peak-roofed, and gable-ended outside promises. The state entrance is by the [[porch]] at the south end; the household exit is from the drawing-room, across the [[piazza]], to the [[lawn]] on the east or river front. It is on this side of the cottage that the family chat or read the news of the great world, away, on summer days and nights. On the north side of the drawing-room there is a delightful little recess, forming a boudoir some six or eight feet square, the whole front of which is occupied by a window looking across the [[lawn]], and through the up-river [[vista]] chronicled in our portfolio. It is, in summer, neatly matted and furnished with little stands of books, and flowers, and statuettes, and the low-toned walls are hung with drawings and sketches by Leslie, Stuart Newton, and others&mdash;mementoes of Mr. Irving's sojournings and friendships in England&mdash;with some of Darley's admirable etchings from Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. It is a little nook which you would set down at once as under special female guardianship. . . .<br />
:"The graceful simplicity which marks the appointments of this Lilliputian sanctum is seen through all the furniture and adornments of the mansion. The spirit throughout is that of refinement without affectation, elegance without display, comfort without waste."<br />
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* Willis, N. P., August 1857, describing Sunnyside (quoted in ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 1857: 530)<ref>Quoted in "Washington Irving at Sunnyside. From N. P. Willis' Letter in the 'Home Journal,'" ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 3, no. 34 (August 22, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NIX4U6IK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"With the horticulture and arboriculture of 'Wolfert's-dell,' Mr. Grinnell has been singularly successful; and, as we were to make the rounds of the [[shrubbery|shrubberies]] and the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] before the sun should be fairly vertical, we were now admonished that it was time&mdash;Mr. Irving at once taking his straw hat to accompany us. A remark upon the beauty of the verdure near his door, drew from him a most poetical outburst as to the happy superiorty of our climate . . . .<br />
:"While we were still in the immediate grounds of Sunnyside, I observed two remarkable triplets of the tulip tree&mdash;superb growths of three equal shafts, tall and of arrowy straightness, from each root&mdash;and in these fine specimens of the cleanest-leaved and healthiest-looking of trees, he said he took great pleasure. A squirrel ran up one of them as we approached, and, upon this race of depredators, he had been obliged to make war this summer. They were a little bit more destructive than their beauty was an excuse for. With another class of destructives, however, he did not know so well how to contend, the visitors who drive into his grounds and tie their horses to the trees.<br />
:"The well-shaded ravine which has Sunnyside sitting on one of its knees&mdash;(once called 'Wolfert's Roost,' and long used by that famous Dutchman as the covert-way between the river and his haunts)&mdash;is conveniently and gracefully intersected with paths; but I remarked to Mr. Irving that they were somewhat of the outline character of ours at Idlewild. Yes, he said; on ''his'' side of the dell, they were merely dug out and walked hard; but as they communicated with those of his rich neighbor, he was very often lucky enough to get credit of the smooth gravel-[[walk]]s, too! And he presently gave another of his crayonesque touches to his neighbor, assuring us, very solemnly, while were were wondering at the growth to which the transplanted trees had attained in so short a time, that 'it was done by Mr. Grinnell's going round at night, himself, with a lantern and water-pot, to see that the trees did not oversleep themselves:'&mdash;a fact, (seen through Irving spectacles,) as Mr. G., engrossed all day with his business in the city and only at home at night, sometimes takes a look at his gardener's work, by the aid of a lantern.<br />
:"At the door of the [[hothouse|hot-house]], Mr. Irving said it was warm enough for him outside. He preferred to stand under a tree and wait for us&mdash;particularly as he had seen the grapes before and hoped to see some of them again. Astonished as my own wilderness-trained eyes were, of course, with the wonderful fecundity of those glass-covered vines, I was more interested in the visit to Mr. Grinnell's sumptuous stables. . . .<br />
:"As we strolled slowly through the grounds, we came to two dwarf [[statue]]s&mdash;grotesque representations of 'The Spendthrift' and 'The Miser'&mdash;and Mr. Irving gave us a comic history of their amusing a party of friends by playing at 'tableaux,' the other day&mdash;stopping in their walk, and dressing these figures up with the shawls and bonnets of the ladies. Our walk was varied with incidental questions of [[landscape gardening]], as we came to points which commanded the river-views more or less effectively; and Mr. Irving made one remark which, I thought, embodied the whole science of wood-thinning, in ornamental grounds&mdash;that 'a tree is only to be cut down when the picture it hides is worth more than the tree.'"<br />
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==Images==<br />
<span id="roundabout_img"></span><br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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Image:1933.jpg|George Harvey, ''The Old Cottage Taken Previous to Improvement'', c. 1835.<br />
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File:2133.jpg|Benson John Lossing, ''Residence of Washington Irving, Esq.'', in ''The Family Magazine or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge'' 6 (1839), p. 135.<br />
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File:2132.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'', 1846.<br />
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File:2132_detail.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'' [detail], 1846.<br />
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Image:1880.jpg|A. J. Downing, "Residence of Washington Irving, Esq. near Tarrytown, NY", in ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 409, fig. 59.<br />
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Image:1807.jpg|George Inness, ''Sunnyside'', c. 1850–60.<br />
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File:2130.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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File:2131.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, Sunny-Side'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 50. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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==Other Resources==<br />
[http://www.hudsonvalley.org/historic-sites/washington-irvings-sunnyside Historic Hudson Valley]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category: Sites]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2133.jpg&diff=25868File:2133.jpg2017-02-07T21:46:42Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div><br><br />
Benson John Lossing, ''Residence of Washington Irving, Esq.'', in ''The Family Magazine or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge'' 6 (1839), p. 135.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2133.jpg&diff=25867File:2133.jpg2017-02-07T21:46:21Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div></div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sunnyside&diff=25866Sunnyside2017-02-07T21:17:56Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>Sunnyside was the residence of the American writer Washington Irving from 1835 until his death in 1859. The stone house was formerly known as Van Tassel cottage, and was located on the Hudson River below Tarrytown. He made improvements and modifications to the architecture of the house as well as the surrounding landscaping and garden design. According to the National Register of Historic Places, Irving “delighted in augmenting the picturesqueness of his house by creating several wandering paths which led the visitor through secluded groves and broad vistas of the Hudson River scenery…perhaps influenced by [his] neighbor, Andrew Jackson Downing, who mentioned Sunnyside in his 1841 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape gardening in America.” In addition to these sylvan walks, Irving grew apples in his own orchard and cultivated flower and kitchen gardens laid out in geometric patterns which contrasted with the picturesque plan of the rest of the grounds. <br />
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==Overview==<br />
'''Alternate Names:''' Greenburgh, The Roost, Wolfert's Rest, Wolfert's Roost, Van Tassel Cottage<br/><br />
'''Site Dates:''' The original Van Tassel cottage dates from the mid-to-late 1600's; Irving purchased the estate in 1835<br/><br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Washington Irving]] (1783&ndash;1859)<br/><br />
'''Associated People:''' [[George Harvey]] (ca. 1800&ndash;1878; architect)<br/><br />
'''Location:'''Tarrytown, New York<br/><br />
[http://goo.gl/maps/HrclJ View on Google Maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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==Texts==<br />
* Irving, Ebenezer, June 1, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Harold Dean Cater, ‘Washington Irving and Sunnyside’, ''New York History'' 38, no. 2 (April 1957), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are to get possession of it in a day or two and shall then determine what improvements to make. We shall clear away all the old outhouses, [[fence]]s and rubbish and have a clear green [[lawn]]."<br />
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* Irving, Ebenezer, June 30, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Cater 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"But your uncle and all are more pleased than ever with the place. He purposes enlarging the house, preserving its present old Dutch style, and making it an inviting and comfortable nook for the family. It can, at a small expense, be made a charming little place. The road down from the turnpike to the house winds beautifully along the little brook, and is capable of being made really beautiful."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 24, 1835, in a letter to his brother Peter Irving (''Letters'' II: 839&ndash;840)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume II, 1823-1838'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The workmen are busy upon my cottage, which I think will be a snug little Dutch nookery when finished. It will be of stone, so as to be cool in summer and warm in winter. The expense will be moderate, as I have it built in the simplest manner, depending upon its quaintness rather than its costliness."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, April 28, 1836, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' II: 869)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish the Cottage was ready, and then there would be no difficulty, but it will be some time in June before it is habitable&mdash;if then. We have good workmen and they are getting on well&mdash;but there is always a world of finishing that one never calculates on<br />
:"I have been busy out of doors from morning until night ever since I have been up here Setting out trees &c &c" <br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 18, 1838, in a letter to his nephew Pierre M. Irving (''Letters'' II: 928)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are all cosily quartered at the Roost, and very comfortable. The season is coming out in all its beauty, and we are in the midst of birds and blossoms and flowers. I look forward with pleasure to the prospect of seeing you and Helen at the cottage in the course of the summer, and showing you what a capital florist and horticulturalist and agriculturalist I am becoming. I beat all the gentleman farmers in my neighborhood, for I can manage to raise my vegetables and fruits at very little more than twice the market price."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 24, 1838, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart (''Letters'' II: 939)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The girls live very much in the open air. The retired situation of the cottage, with its secluded [[walk]]s, quiet glens and sheltering [[grove]]s, enable them to rove about without fear of restraint. They have lately been busily employed in nutting; my place abounds with fine chestnut, black-walnut and butter nut trees; and this year they are completely laden with fruit."<br />
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* Lossing, Benson J., 1839, describing Sunnyside (1839: 135)<ref>Benson J. Lossing, "Residence of Washington Irving," ''The Family Magazine'' 4 (1839), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3TS4N8BE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grounds about it have been cleared, the thick [[copse]] that concealed the 'Taappan Zee' from view has been levelled, and Mr. Irving has rendered it one of the most delightful summer residences in the country."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November, 25, 1840, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart, about their niece Sarah Paris (''Letters'' III: 61)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume III, 1839-1845'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Ever since my return to the United States Sarah has been peculiarly my companion; taking the strongest and most affectionate interest in all my concerns, and delighting me by her frank, natural, intelligent, and social qualities. She is especially identified with the cottage and all its concerns, having been in all my councils, when building and furnishing it, and having been the life of the establishment ever since I set it up. How I shall do without her I cannot imagine, or how I shall reconcile myself to her entire absence from a place where every path, tree shrub and flower, is more or less connected with her idea."<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1841, describing Sunnyside (1841: 334&ndash;336)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 1st edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PGUEKHNG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"There is scarcely a building or place more replete with interest in America, than the cottage of Washington Irving, near Tarrytown. The 'legend of sleepy Hollow,' so delightfully told in the Sketch-Book, has made every one acquainted with this neighbourhood, and especially with the site of the present building, there celebrated as the "Van Tassel House," one of the most secluded and delightful nooks on the banks of the Hudson. With characteristic taste, Mr. Irving has chosen this spot, the haunt of his early days, since rendered classic ground by his elegant pen, and made it his permanent residence. The house of 'Baltus Van Tassel,' has been altered and rebuilt in a quaint style, partaking somewhat of the English cottage mode, but retaining strongly marked symptoms of its Dutch origin. The quaint old weathercocks and finials, the crow-stepped gables, and the hall paved with Dutch tiles, are among the ancient and venerable ornaments of the houses of the original settlers of Manhattan, now almost extinct among us. There is also a quiet-keeping in the cottage and the grounds around it, that assists in making up the charm of the whole: the gently swelling [[slope]] reaching down to the water's edge, bordered by prettily wooded ravines through which a brook meanders pleasantly; and threaded by foot-paths ingeniously contrived so as sometimes to afford secluded [[walk]]s, and at others to allow fine [[vista]]s of the broad expanse of river scenery." <br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 13, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 112)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I never have seen it look more beautiful&mdash;and I think the little domains about the cottage have been more beautiful than ever&mdash;The trees and shrubs and clambering vines that have been transplanted within the last year or two, have now taken good root and begin to grow luxuriantly. If vegetation goes on at this rate we shall before long be buried among roses and honeysuckles and ivy and sweet briar. All the [[grove]]s too about the place are magnificent this year. Most of the forest trees you know, are young, and scare any past their prime; so that every year the [[grove]]s grow more dense and stately. The new [[walk]]s are very popular especially that to the fallen Chest-nut tree, which is one of the most shady cool and delightful resorts of a warm sunny day that you can imagine. I was never more conscious of the sweetness of the country than this season.<br />
:"I have nearly completed my bulwark along the foot of the bank. It will not merely be protection against the encroachments of the river, but also a great improvement to the place&mdash;I shall have the [[slope]] bank finished off and in some places sloped down to the [[wall]], with footpaths leading down to it, and [[seat]]s under the trees. The shore of the river is cleared of all the rocks and stones that encumbered it and the whole aspect of the place along the river is changed."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 18, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 133)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The sweet briars which you and David planted, and which you inquire about, are flourishing finely&mdash;You need not fear that they will not be taken fear of. We value too highly every thing that reminds us of you. All our clambering vines have been very luxuriant this season, and are gradually clothing the cottage with verdure. Some of the trumpet creeper too begins to flower; and by another year we shall have the east [[wall]] quite gorgeous."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 17, 1842, in a letter to his brother Ebenezer Irving (''Letters'' III: 183&ndash;184)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I now abandon the care of the place entirely to you. You will find, in my little library, books about gardening, farming, poultry, &c., by which to direct yourself. The management of the place will give you healthful and cheerful occupation, and will be as much occupation as you want. . . . Try if you cannot beat me at farming and gardening. I shall be able to bestow a little more money on the place now, to put it in good heart and good order." <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1844, describing Sunnyside (1844: 38, 380)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IGJXRU9V view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"At Tarrytown, is the cottage residence of Washington Irvings, which is, in location and accessories, almost the beau ideal of a cottage-ornée. The charming manner in which the wild foot-paths, in the neighborhood of this cottage, are conducted among the [[picturesque]] dells and banks, is precisely what one would look for here. . . .<br />
:"The cottage itself is now charmingly covered with ivy and climbing roses, and embosomed in [[thicket]]s of [[shrubbery]]."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 5, 1846, in a letter to Flora Foster Dawson (''Letters'' IV: 13&ndash;14)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume IV, 1846-1859'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"As to myself on my return to America I built me a pretty little cottage on the banks of the Hudson in a beautiful country, and not far from my old haunts of Sleepy Hollow. Here I passed several years most happily; my cottage well stocked with nieces and enlivened by visits from friends and connexions, having generally what is called in Scotland is called a house full, that is to say a little more than it will hold. This state of things was too happy to last. I was unexpectedly called from it by being appointed Minister to Madrid. It was a hard struggle for me to part from my cottage and my nieces but I put all under charge of my brother and promised to return at the end of three years. I have overstaid my time. Nearly four years have elapsed; I understand my cottage is nearly buried among the trees I set out, and over run with roses and honeysuckle and ivy from Melrose Abbey, and my nieces implore me to come back and save them from being buried alive in foliage."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 19, 1846, in a letter to Madame Albuquerque (''Letters'' IV: 101)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have found my little nest almost buried among trees and over run with clambering vines. My first move has been cut down and clear away so as to make openings for [[prospects]] and a free circulation of air, my next to commence building an addition, so that I have my hands full of occupation."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November 8, 1846, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 105)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In fact I have so completely slipped back into my old rural habits and occupations, that I can scarcely realize, as I go dawdling about trimming and planting and transplanting trees and inspecting the poultry yard, that so short a time has elapsed since I was playing the Courtier and treading the saloons of Royal palaces."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 27, 1847, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 144)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"My own place has never been so beautiful as at present. I have made more openings by pruning and cutting down trees, so that from the [[piazza]] I have several charming views of the Tappan Zee&mdash;and the hills beyond; all set as it were in verdant frames, and I am never tired of sitting there in my old Voltaire chair, of a long summer morning, with a book in my hand, sometimes reading, sometimes musing on the landscape, and sometimes dozing and mixing all up in a pleasant dream."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 9, 1847, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' IV: 150)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have, however, just finished my last job, making a new ice [[pond]] in a colder and deeper place in the glen just opposite our entrance [[gate]]: and now I would not undertake another job, even so much as to build a wren coop; for the slightest job seems to swell into a toilsome and expensive operation"<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 18, 1847, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 151)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The fact is on my return home my whole thoughts and exertions were suddenly turned into a new channel which has almost ever since engrossed them. I found my place very much out of order, my house in need of additions and repairs and the whole establishment in want of completion. I set to work immediately, and kept on at all times and seasons, in defiance of heat and cold, wind and weather and as I was pretty much my own architect; project and landscape gardener, and had but rough hands to work under me, I have been kept busy out of doors from morning until night and from months end to months end until within a week or two past, when I brought my labors to a close, or rather relinquished them, finding I had spent all <my> the money in my pocket and fagged myself into an irritation of the system which has rendered me almost as lame as I used to be in Madrid."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, December 18, 1850, in a letter to Henry Lee, Jr. (''Letters'' IV: 237)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"A rural retreat when it is a mans own, and of his own formation produces a new set of pleasures and interests and ambitions, and every tree he plants awakens a new hope and attaches him to the spot which he has improved. I speak from experience having never been happier than in my present little country nest, where the house is of my own building, the trees of my own planting the garden of my own cultivating and where my continual blunders give me continual occupation in rectifying them."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 20, 1851, in a letter to Moses H. Grinnell (''Letters'' IV: 255)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Sunnyside is possessed by seven devils and I have to be continually on the watch to keep all from going to ruin. First, we have a legion of Women Kind, cleaning and scouring the house from top to bottom; so that we are all reduced to eat and drink and have our being in my little library. In the midst of this our water is cut off. An Irishman from your establishment undertook to shut up my spring as he had yours, within brick [[wall]]s; the spring shewed proper spirit and broke bounds and all the water pipes ran dry in consequence. In the dearth of painters I have employed a couple of country carpenters to paint my roofs and it requires all my vigilance to keep them from painting them like Josephs coat of divers colors. Your little man Westerfield is to plaster my chimneys tomorrow and your plumbers and bell hangers to attack the vitals of the house. I have a new coachman to be inducted into all the mysteries of the stable and coach house, so all that part of the establishment is in <a> what is called a halla baloo. In a word I never knew of such a tempest in a teapot as is just now going on in little Sunnyside[.] I trust, therefore, you will excuse me for staying at home to sink or swim with the concern."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 15, 1852, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 317)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish you could see little Sunnyside this season, I think it more beautiful than ever. The trees and shrubs and clambering vines are uncommonly luxuriant. We never had so many singing birds about the place and the humming birds are about the windows continually after the flowers of the honey suckles and trumpet creepers which overhang them."<br />
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* Tuckerman, Henry T., 1853, describing Sunnyside (1853: 50&ndash;52)<ref> Henry T. Tuckerman, "Washington Irving," in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches, by Various Writers'' (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9BXIQ54 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is approached by a sequestered road, which enhances the effect of its natural beauty. A more tranquil and protected abode, nestled in the lap of nature, never captivated a poet's eye. Rising from the bank of the river, which a strip of woodland alone intercepts, it unites every rural charm to the most complete seclusion. From this interesting domain is visible the broad surface of the Tappan Zee; the grounds [[slope]] to the water's edge, and are bordered by wooded ravines; a clear brook ripples near, and several neat paths lead to shadowy [[walk]]s or fine points of river scenery. The house itself is a graceful combination of the English cottage and the Dutch farm-house. The crow-stepped gables, the tiles in the hall, and the weathercocks, partake of the latter character; while the white [[wall]]s gleaming through the trees, the smooth and verdant turf, and the mantling vines of ivy and clambering roses, suggest the former. Indeed, in this delightful homestead are tokens of all that is most characteristic of its owner. The simplicity and rustic grace of the abode indicate an unperverted taste,&mdash;its secluded position a love of retirement; the cottage ornaments remind us of his unrivalled pictures of English country-life; the weathercock that used to veer about on the Stadt-house of Amsterdam is a symbol of the fatherland; while the one that adorned the grand dwellings in Albany before the revolution, is a significant memorial of the old Dutch colonists; and they are thus both associated with the fragrant memory of that famous and unique historian Diedrich Knickerbocker. The quaint and beautiful are thus blended, and the effect of the whole is singularly harmonious. From the quietude of this retreat are obtainable the most extensive [[prospect]]s; and while its sheltered position breathes the very air of domestic repose, the scenery it commands is eloquent of broad and generous sympathies. . . . <br />
:"And here, in the midst of a landscape his pen has made attractive in both hemispheres and of friends whose love surpasses the highest meed of fame, he lives in daily view of scenes thrice endeared&mdash;by taste, association, and habit;&madsh;the old locust that blossoms on the green bank in spring, the brook that sparkles along the grass, the peaked turret and vine-covered [[wall]] of that modest yet traditional dwelling, the favorite valley watered by the romantic Pocantoro, and, above all, the glorious river of his heart."<br />
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* Anonymous, April 1855, describing Sunnyside (''New York Quarterly'' 1855: 66, 75, 77)<ref>Anonymous, "Washington Irving; His Home and His Works,"''New York Quarterly'' 4, no. 1 (April 1855), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/47NVJ48H view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In a sequestered rural retreat, some twenty-five miles from the din of city life, half-hid among thick foliage through which gleams the silvery expanse of the Hudson, stands a grotesque-looking, antique edifice&mdash;half-Dutch, half-Elizabethan in style, and so snugly nestled amid shrubbery and evergreen, as to elude the ken of the casual passer-by. It is an enchanting little nook, charmingly diversified with upland, [[lawn]], and dell, and so rife with [[picturesque]] beauty as completely to fascinate the eye and hold it spell-bound to the spot. This emparadised retreat, with its leafy recesses and antique structure, is the home of the great American essayist and historian&mdash;Washington Irving. There is an air of singular quaintness and rural elegance about the scene&mdash;every thing that refined taste could devise, and diligent culture effect, is here indicated. . . .<br />
:"We perambulated the beautiful grounds of Sunny-Side, which extend over some six or eight acres, a second time, and as we luxuriated over every fresh variety of ornate landscape, Mr. Irving pointed out some of his favorite [[walk]]s, and indicated to us some of his fine trees, in which he evidently takes pride and pleasure. From a rising knoll on the banks of the river, we caught a glimpse of the roof and turrets of the house, the rest of the edifice being embosomed in foliage; the scene was singularly effective and beautiful. As an evidence of the social and amiable character of Mr. Irving, it may be mentioned that no 'boundary line' is marked by [[hedge]] or by [[fence]], diving his from his neighbors' grounds&mdash;an instance somewhat remarkable, since such distinctions are rarely disregarded. The [[kitchen garden]] is a perfect model for neatness and taste, and its lavish provision showed that utility as well as ornament entered into the calculations of his gardener. The only thing that seemed wanting was water, there being but a small rivulet here and there. . . .<br />
:"The radiant summer sunset was now streaming its liquid gold through the windows, tempting us out upon the lawn again, to feast our gaze with the splendors of the scene. A new phase of beauty was now given to these delectable grounds, the leaves and flowers were luminous with the golden rays of the declining sun, and the quiet waters of the Hudson served as a broad mirror reflecting the brilliant and blending tints of the bending skies, rendering the scene one of exquisite loveliness. . . . The dark shadows of the [[clump]]s of forest-trees afforded a rich contrast to the gorgeous hues with which the other portions of the landscape were decked."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 27, 1853, in a letter to Mary E. Kennedy (''Letters'' IV: 406)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' IV, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grass is growing up to my very door,&mdash;the roses and honeysuckles are clamberinga bout my windows, the acacias and liburnums are in full flower, singing birds have built in the ivy against the wall and I have concerts at daybreak almost equal to the serenades you used to have at Washington."<br />
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* Richards, T. Addison, December 1856, describing Sunnyside (1856: 7&ndash;11)<ref>[T. Addison Richards], "Sunnyside: The Home of Washington Irving," ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' 14, no. 79 (December 1856), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKKJSCVJ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is a sweet scene of rural simplicity and comfort which is disclosed to us by either approach; as the open sunlit [[lawn]], so affectionately embraced by its protecting trees and [[shrubbery]], which, though permitting little peeps here and there from within, deny all vagrant observation from without. One can scarcely believe himself as thickly surrounded as he really is here by crowding cottage and castle, so entire is the repose and seclusion of the spot. Year ago, when Mr. Irving first took up his abode at Sunnyside, he was all alone by himself, yet now every inch of the adjacent country is gardened, and [[lawn|lawned]], and villaed, to the extreme of modern taste and wealth; yet all so charmingly under the rose, that you always stumble upon the evidences unexpectedly, as you dreamingly pursue the [[thicket]]-covered and brook-voiced [[wood]]-paths. It is like the discovering of birds'-nests amidst forest leaves. Seen from the opposite shore of the river, the whole hillside is glittering with sun-tipped roof and tower, but like the Seven Cities of the Enchanted Island, it all vanishes as you approach.<br />
:"The cottage, with its crow-stepped gables and weathercocks, overrun with honey-suckle and eglantine, with the rose-vine and the clinging ivy, is a wonderfully unique little edifice, totally unlike any thing else in our land, but always calling up our remembrances or our fancies of merrie rural England, with a hint here and there at its old Dutch leaven; in the quaint weathercocks, for instance, one of which actually veered, in good old days gone by, over the great Vander Heyden Palace in Albany, and another on the top of the Stadt House of New Amsterdam. A lady would be apt to call the Sunnyside cottage 'the dearest, cosiest, cunningest, snuggest little nest in the world.' Mr. Irving describes it as 'a little old-fashioned stone mansion, all made up of gable-ends, and as full of angles and corners as an old cocked hat.' 'It is said, in fact,' he continues, 'to have been modeled after the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial was modeled after gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence.' . . . .<br />
:"Before the intrusion of the railroad, which has profaned so much of the river shore, the quiet beach, with its little cove, into which a rural lane debouched, was one of the sweetest features of Sunnyside. This part of the domain is beautifies by a sparkling spring, draped, like all the region round, as we shall see by-and-by, in the fairy web of romantic fable. . . .<br />
:"The acres of Sunnyside, all told, are not many; and yet so varied is their surface, so richly wooded and flowered, and so full of elfish winding paths and grassy lanes, exploring hillsides and chasing merry brooks, that their numbers seem to be countless; a pleasant deception greatly aided by that agreeable community of feeling between Mr. Irving and his neighbors, which has so banished all dividing [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, that while you think you are roaming over the grounds of one, you suddenly bring up among the flower-[[bed]]s of another. . . .<br />
:"The woodland of Sunnyside is very happily varied, offering every variety of sylvan growth, beech, birch, willow, oak, locust, maple, elm, linden, pine, hemlock, and cedar; while on the [[lawn]]s are evergreen and flowering shrubs; and, trailing over the vagrant [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, honey-suckle, rose, trumpet-flowers, and ivy. The latter plant, which is very abundant, is of the famous stock of Melrose Abbey. The garden, which in keeping with its surroundings, is watched by a favorite retainer, for whom Mr. Irving has built a snug cottage, fronting the [[lawn]] in the face of his own mansion. This little edifice is especially interesting, from its having been designed by Mr. Irving himself; his only venture, he once told us, as an architect. . . .<br />
:"Separated from the [[lawn]] around the cottage by the belt of trees in which stands the gardener's dwelling, is another open area occupied by a pretty [[lake|lakelet]] 'expansion' of the brook&mdash;an echo of the great bay beyond. The painter gives unity, and harmony, and force to his picture by distributing throughout the work its leading sentiment or story and its prevailing color; so, in the artistic composition of Sunnyside, its chief feature, the great 'Mediterranean' of the river, as Mr. Irving calls the Tappan Bay, with its fleet of white sails thick as the passing clouds, is repeated by the little 'Mediterranean' of the brooklet and its fleet of snowy ducks. . . .<br />
:"The air of graceful simplicity and cozy comfort which so strongly marks the exterior of the Sunnyside cottage, is felt quite as vividly within doors. It is cut up into just such odd, snug little apartments and boudoirs as the rambling, low-walled, peak-roofed, and gable-ended outside promises. The state entrance is by the [[porch]] at the south end; the household exit is from the drawing-room, across the [[piazza]], to the [[lawn]] on the east or river front. It is on this side of the cottage that the family chat or read the news of the great world, away, on summer days and nights. On the north side of the drawing-room there is a delightful little recess, forming a boudoir some six or eight feet square, the whole front of which is occupied by a window looking across the [[lawn]], and through the up-river [[vista]] chronicled in our portfolio. It is, in summer, neatly matted and furnished with little stands of books, and flowers, and statuettes, and the low-toned walls are hung with drawings and sketches by Leslie, Stuart Newton, and others&mdash;mementoes of Mr. Irving's sojournings and friendships in England&mdash;with some of Darley's admirable etchings from Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. It is a little nook which you would set down at once as under special female guardianship. . . .<br />
:"The graceful simplicity which marks the appointments of this Lilliputian sanctum is seen through all the furniture and adornments of the mansion. The spirit throughout is that of refinement without affectation, elegance without display, comfort without waste."<br />
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* Willis, N. P., August 1857, describing Sunnyside (quoted in ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 1857: 530)<ref>Quoted in "Washington Irving at Sunnyside. From N. P. Willis' Letter in the 'Home Journal,'" ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 3, no. 34 (August 22, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NIX4U6IK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"With the horticulture and arboriculture of 'Wolfert's-dell,' Mr. Grinnell has been singularly successful; and, as we were to make the rounds of the [[shrubbery|shrubberies]] and the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] before the sun should be fairly vertical, we were now admonished that it was time&mdash;Mr. Irving at once taking his straw hat to accompany us. A remark upon the beauty of the verdure near his door, drew from him a most poetical outburst as to the happy superiorty of our climate . . . .<br />
:"While we were still in the immediate grounds of Sunnyside, I observed two remarkable triplets of the tulip tree&mdash;superb growths of three equal shafts, tall and of arrowy straightness, from each root&mdash;and in these fine specimens of the cleanest-leaved and healthiest-looking of trees, he said he took great pleasure. A squirrel ran up one of them as we approached, and, upon this race of depredators, he had been obliged to make war this summer. They were a little bit more destructive than their beauty was an excuse for. With another class of destructives, however, he did not know so well how to contend, the visitors who drive into his grounds and tie their horses to the trees.<br />
:"The well-shaded ravine which has Sunnyside sitting on one of its knees&mdash;(once called 'Wolfert's Roost,' and long used by that famous Dutchman as the covert-way between the river and his haunts)&mdash;is conveniently and gracefully intersected with paths; but I remarked to Mr. Irving that they were somewhat of the outline character of ours at Idlewild. Yes, he said; on ''his'' side of the dell, they were merely dug out and walked hard; but as they communicated with those of his rich neighbor, he was very often lucky enough to get credit of the smooth gravel-[[walk]]s, too! And he presently gave another of his crayonesque touches to his neighbor, assuring us, very solemnly, while were were wondering at the growth to which the transplanted trees had attained in so short a time, that 'it was done by Mr. Grinnell's going round at night, himself, with a lantern and water-pot, to see that the trees did not oversleep themselves:'&mdash;a fact, (seen through Irving spectacles,) as Mr. G., engrossed all day with his business in the city and only at home at night, sometimes takes a look at his gardener's work, by the aid of a lantern.<br />
:"At the door of the [[hothouse|hot-house]], Mr. Irving said it was warm enough for him outside. He preferred to stand under a tree and wait for us&mdash;particularly as he had seen the grapes before and hoped to see some of them again. Astonished as my own wilderness-trained eyes were, of course, with the wonderful fecundity of those glass-covered vines, I was more interested in the visit to Mr. Grinnell's sumptuous stables. . . .<br />
:"As we strolled slowly through the grounds, we came to two dwarf [[statue]]s&mdash;grotesque representations of 'The Spendthrift' and 'The Miser'&mdash;and Mr. Irving gave us a comic history of their amusing a party of friends by playing at 'tableaux,' the other day&mdash;stopping in their walk, and dressing these figures up with the shawls and bonnets of the ladies. Our walk was varied with incidental questions of [[landscape gardening]], as we came to points which commanded the river-views more or less effectively; and Mr. Irving made one remark which, I thought, embodied the whole science of wood-thinning, in ornamental grounds&mdash;that 'a tree is only to be cut down when the picture it hides is worth more than the tree.'"<br />
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==Images==<br />
<span id="roundabout_img"></span><br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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Image:1933.jpg|George Harvey, ''The Old Cottage Taken Previous to Improvement'', c. 1835.<br />
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File:2132.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'', 1846.<br />
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File:2132_detail.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'' [detail], 1846.<br />
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Image:1880.jpg|A. J. Downing, "Residence of Washington Irving, Esq. near Tarrytown, NY", in ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 409, fig. 59.<br />
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Image:1807.jpg|George Inness, ''Sunnyside'', c. 1850–60.<br />
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File:2130.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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File:2131.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, Sunny-Side'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 50. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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==Other Resources==<br />
[http://www.hudsonvalley.org/historic-sites/washington-irvings-sunnyside Historic Hudson Valley]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category: Sites]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sunnyside&diff=25865Sunnyside2017-02-07T21:17:12Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>Sunnyside was the residence of the American writer Washington Irving from 1835 until his death in 1859. The stone house was formerly known as Van Tassel cottage, and was located on the Hudson River below Tarrytown. He made improvements and modifications to the architecture of the house as well as the surrounding landscaping and garden design. According to the National Register of Historic Places, Irving “delighted in augmenting the picturesqueness of his house by creating several wandering paths which led the visitor through secluded groves and broad vistas of the Hudson River scenery…perhaps influenced by [his] neighbor, Andrew Jackson Downing, who mentioned Sunnyside in his 1841 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape gardening in America.” In addition to these sylvan walks, Irving grew apples in his own orchard and cultivated flower and kitchen gardens laid out in geometric patterns which contrasted with the picturesque plan of the rest of the grounds. <br />
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==Overview==<br />
'''Alternate Names:''' Greenburgh, The Roost, Wolfert's Rest, Wolfert's Roost, Van Tassel Cottage<br/><br />
'''Site Dates:''' The original Van Tassel cottage dates from the mid-to-late 1600's; Irving purchased the estate in 1835<br/><br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Washington Irving]] (1783&ndash;1859)<br/><br />
'''Associated People:''' [[George Harvey]] (ca. 1800&ndash;1878; architect)<br/><br />
'''Location:'''Tarrytown, New York<br/><br />
[http://goo.gl/maps/HrclJ View on Google Maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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==Texts==<br />
* Irving, Ebenezer, June 1, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Harold Dean Cater, ‘Washington Irving and Sunnyside’, ''New York History'' 38, no. 2 (April 1957), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are to get possession of it in a day or two and shall then determine what improvements to make. We shall clear away all the old outhouses, [[fence]]s and rubbish and have a clear green [[lawn]]."<br />
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* Irving, Ebenezer, June 30, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Cater 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"But your uncle and all are more pleased than ever with the place. He purposes enlarging the house, preserving its present old Dutch style, and making it an inviting and comfortable nook for the family. It can, at a small expense, be made a charming little place. The road down from the turnpike to the house winds beautifully along the little brook, and is capable of being made really beautiful."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 24, 1835, in a letter to his brother Peter Irving (''Letters'' II: 839&ndash;840)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume II, 1823-1838'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The workmen are busy upon my cottage, which I think will be a snug little Dutch nookery when finished. It will be of stone, so as to be cool in summer and warm in winter. The expense will be moderate, as I have it built in the simplest manner, depending upon its quaintness rather than its costliness."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, April 28, 1836, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' II: 869)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish the Cottage was ready, and then there would be no difficulty, but it will be some time in June before it is habitable&mdash;if then. We have good workmen and they are getting on well&mdash;but there is always a world of finishing that one never calculates on<br />
:"I have been busy out of doors from morning until night ever since I have been up here Setting out trees &c &c" <br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 18, 1838, in a letter to his nephew Pierre M. Irving (''Letters'' II: 928)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are all cosily quartered at the Roost, and very comfortable. The season is coming out in all its beauty, and we are in the midst of birds and blossoms and flowers. I look forward with pleasure to the prospect of seeing you and Helen at the cottage in the course of the summer, and showing you what a capital florist and horticulturalist and agriculturalist I am becoming. I beat all the gentleman farmers in my neighborhood, for I can manage to raise my vegetables and fruits at very little more than twice the market price."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 24, 1838, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart (''Letters'' II: 939)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The girls live very much in the open air. The retired situation of the cottage, with its secluded [[walk]]s, quiet glens and sheltering [[grove]]s, enable them to rove about without fear of restraint. They have lately been busily employed in nutting; my place abounds with fine chestnut, black-walnut and butter nut trees; and this year they are completely laden with fruit."<br />
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* Lossing, Benson J., 1839, describing Sunnyside (1839: 135)<ref>Benson J. Lossing, "Residence of Washington Irving," ''The Family Magazine'' 4 (1839), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3TS4N8BE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grounds about it have been cleared, the thick [[copse]] that concealed the 'Taappan Zee' from view has been levelled, and Mr. Irving has rendered it one of the most delightful summer residences in the country."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November, 25, 1840, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart, about their niece Sarah Paris (''Letters'' III: 61)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume III, 1839-1845'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Ever since my return to the United States Sarah has been peculiarly my companion; taking the strongest and most affectionate interest in all my concerns, and delighting me by her frank, natural, intelligent, and social qualities. She is especially identified with the cottage and all its concerns, having been in all my councils, when building and furnishing it, and having been the life of the establishment ever since I set it up. How I shall do without her I cannot imagine, or how I shall reconcile myself to her entire absence from a place where every path, tree shrub and flower, is more or less connected with her idea."<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1841, describing Sunnyside (1841: 334&ndash;336)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 1st edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PGUEKHNG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"There is scarcely a building or place more replete with interest in America, than the cottage of Washington Irving, near Tarrytown. The 'legend of sleepy Hollow,' so delightfully told in the Sketch-Book, has made every one acquainted with this neighbourhood, and especially with the site of the present building, there celebrated as the "Van Tassel House," one of the most secluded and delightful nooks on the banks of the Hudson. With characteristic taste, Mr. Irving has chosen this spot, the haunt of his early days, since rendered classic ground by his elegant pen, and made it his permanent residence. The house of 'Baltus Van Tassel,' has been altered and rebuilt in a quaint style, partaking somewhat of the English cottage mode, but retaining strongly marked symptoms of its Dutch origin. The quaint old weathercocks and finials, the crow-stepped gables, and the hall paved with Dutch tiles, are among the ancient and venerable ornaments of the houses of the original settlers of Manhattan, now almost extinct among us. There is also a quiet-keeping in the cottage and the grounds around it, that assists in making up the charm of the whole: the gently swelling [[slope]] reaching down to the water's edge, bordered by prettily wooded ravines through which a brook meanders pleasantly; and threaded by foot-paths ingeniously contrived so as sometimes to afford secluded [[walk]]s, and at others to allow fine [[vista]]s of the broad expanse of river scenery." <br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 13, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 112)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I never have seen it look more beautiful&mdash;and I think the little domains about the cottage have been more beautiful than ever&mdash;The trees and shrubs and clambering vines that have been transplanted within the last year or two, have now taken good root and begin to grow luxuriantly. If vegetation goes on at this rate we shall before long be buried among roses and honeysuckles and ivy and sweet briar. All the [[grove]]s too about the place are magnificent this year. Most of the forest trees you know, are young, and scare any past their prime; so that every year the [[grove]]s grow more dense and stately. The new [[walk]]s are very popular especially that to the fallen Chest-nut tree, which is one of the most shady cool and delightful resorts of a warm sunny day that you can imagine. I was never more conscious of the sweetness of the country than this season.<br />
:"I have nearly completed my bulwark along the foot of the bank. It will not merely be protection against the encroachments of the river, but also a great improvement to the place&mdash;I shall have the [[slope]] bank finished off and in some places sloped down to the [[wall]], with footpaths leading down to it, and [[seat]]s under the trees. The shore of the river is cleared of all the rocks and stones that encumbered it and the whole aspect of the place along the river is changed."<br />
<br />
<br />
* Irving, Washington, July 18, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 133)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The sweet briars which you and David planted, and which you inquire about, are flourishing finely&mdash;You need not fear that they will not be taken fear of. We value too highly every thing that reminds us of you. All our clambering vines have been very luxuriant this season, and are gradually clothing the cottage with verdure. Some of the trumpet creeper too begins to flower; and by another year we shall have the east [[wall]] quite gorgeous."<br />
<br />
<br />
* Irving, Washington, February 17, 1842, in a letter to his brother Ebenezer Irving (''Letters'' III: 183&ndash;184)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I now abandon the care of the place entirely to you. You will find, in my little library, books about gardening, farming, poultry, &c., by which to direct yourself. The management of the place will give you healthful and cheerful occupation, and will be as much occupation as you want. . . . Try if you cannot beat me at farming and gardening. I shall be able to bestow a little more money on the place now, to put it in good heart and good order." <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1844, describing Sunnyside (1844: 38, 380)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IGJXRU9V view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"At Tarrytown, is the cottage residence of Washington Irvings, which is, in location and accessories, almost the beau ideal of a cottage-ornée. The charming manner in which the wild foot-paths, in the neighborhood of this cottage, are conducted among the [[picturesque]] dells and banks, is precisely what one would look for here. . . .<br />
:"The cottage itself is now charmingly covered with ivy and climbing roses, and embosomed in [[thicket]]s of [[shrubbery]]."<br />
<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 5, 1846, in a letter to Flora Foster Dawson (''Letters'' IV: 13&ndash;14)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume IV, 1846-1859'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"As to myself on my return to America I built me a pretty little cottage on the banks of the Hudson in a beautiful country, and not far from my old haunts of Sleepy Hollow. Here I passed several years most happily; my cottage well stocked with nieces and enlivened by visits from friends and connexions, having generally what is called in Scotland is called a house full, that is to say a little more than it will hold. This state of things was too happy to last. I was unexpectedly called from it by being appointed Minister to Madrid. It was a hard struggle for me to part from my cottage and my nieces but I put all under charge of my brother and promised to return at the end of three years. I have overstaid my time. Nearly four years have elapsed; I understand my cottage is nearly buried among the trees I set out, and over run with roses and honeysuckle and ivy from Melrose Abbey, and my nieces implore me to come back and save them from being buried alive in foliage."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 19, 1846, in a letter to Madame Albuquerque (''Letters'' IV: 101)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have found my little nest almost buried among trees and over run with clambering vines. My first move has been cut down and clear away so as to make openings for [[prospects]] and a free circulation of air, my next to commence building an addition, so that I have my hands full of occupation."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November 8, 1846, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 105)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In fact I have so completely slipped back into my old rural habits and occupations, that I can scarcely realize, as I go dawdling about trimming and planting and transplanting trees and inspecting the poultry yard, that so short a time has elapsed since I was playing the Courtier and treading the saloons of Royal palaces."<br />
<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 27, 1847, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 144)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"My own place has never been so beautiful as at present. I have made more openings by pruning and cutting down trees, so that from the [[piazza]] I have several charming views of the Tappan Zee&mdash;and the hills beyond; all set as it were in verdant frames, and I am never tired of sitting there in my old Voltaire chair, of a long summer morning, with a book in my hand, sometimes reading, sometimes musing on the landscape, and sometimes dozing and mixing all up in a pleasant dream."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 9, 1847, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' IV: 150)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have, however, just finished my last job, making a new ice [[pond]] in a colder and deeper place in the glen just opposite our entrance [[gate]]: and now I would not undertake another job, even so much as to build a wren coop; for the slightest job seems to swell into a toilsome and expensive operation"<br />
<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 18, 1847, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 151)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The fact is on my return home my whole thoughts and exertions were suddenly turned into a new channel which has almost ever since engrossed them. I found my place very much out of order, my house in need of additions and repairs and the whole establishment in want of completion. I set to work immediately, and kept on at all times and seasons, in defiance of heat and cold, wind and weather and as I was pretty much my own architect; project and landscape gardener, and had but rough hands to work under me, I have been kept busy out of doors from morning until night and from months end to months end until within a week or two past, when I brought my labors to a close, or rather relinquished them, finding I had spent all <my> the money in my pocket and fagged myself into an irritation of the system which has rendered me almost as lame as I used to be in Madrid."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, December 18, 1850, in a letter to Henry Lee, Jr. (''Letters'' IV: 237)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"A rural retreat when it is a mans own, and of his own formation produces a new set of pleasures and interests and ambitions, and every tree he plants awakens a new hope and attaches him to the spot which he has improved. I speak from experience having never been happier than in my present little country nest, where the house is of my own building, the trees of my own planting the garden of my own cultivating and where my continual blunders give me continual occupation in rectifying them."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 20, 1851, in a letter to Moses H. Grinnell (''Letters'' IV: 255)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Sunnyside is possessed by seven devils and I have to be continually on the watch to keep all from going to ruin. First, we have a legion of Women Kind, cleaning and scouring the house from top to bottom; so that we are all reduced to eat and drink and have our being in my little library. In the midst of this our water is cut off. An Irishman from your establishment undertook to shut up my spring as he had yours, within brick [[wall]]s; the spring shewed proper spirit and broke bounds and all the water pipes ran dry in consequence. In the dearth of painters I have employed a couple of country carpenters to paint my roofs and it requires all my vigilance to keep them from painting them like Josephs coat of divers colors. Your little man Westerfield is to plaster my chimneys tomorrow and your plumbers and bell hangers to attack the vitals of the house. I have a new coachman to be inducted into all the mysteries of the stable and coach house, so all that part of the establishment is in <a> what is called a halla baloo. In a word I never knew of such a tempest in a teapot as is just now going on in little Sunnyside[.] I trust, therefore, you will excuse me for staying at home to sink or swim with the concern."<br />
<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 15, 1852, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 317)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish you could see little Sunnyside this season, I think it more beautiful than ever. The trees and shrubs and clambering vines are uncommonly luxuriant. We never had so many singing birds about the place and the humming birds are about the windows continually after the flowers of the honey suckles and trumpet creepers which overhang them."<br />
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* Tuckerman, Henry T., 1853, describing Sunnyside (1853: 50&ndash;52)<ref> Henry T. Tuckerman, "Washington Irving," in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches, by Various Writers'' (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9BXIQ54 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is approached by a sequestered road, which enhances the effect of its natural beauty. A more tranquil and protected abode, nestled in the lap of nature, never captivated a poet's eye. Rising from the bank of the river, which a strip of woodland alone intercepts, it unites every rural charm to the most complete seclusion. From this interesting domain is visible the broad surface of the Tappan Zee; the grounds [[slope]] to the water's edge, and are bordered by wooded ravines; a clear brook ripples near, and several neat paths lead to shadowy [[walk]]s or fine points of river scenery. The house itself is a graceful combination of the English cottage and the Dutch farm-house. The crow-stepped gables, the tiles in the hall, and the weathercocks, partake of the latter character; while the white [[wall]]s gleaming through the trees, the smooth and verdant turf, and the mantling vines of ivy and clambering roses, suggest the former. Indeed, in this delightful homestead are tokens of all that is most characteristic of its owner. The simplicity and rustic grace of the abode indicate an unperverted taste,&mdash;its secluded position a love of retirement; the cottage ornaments remind us of his unrivalled pictures of English country-life; the weathercock that used to veer about on the Stadt-house of Amsterdam is a symbol of the fatherland; while the one that adorned the grand dwellings in Albany before the revolution, is a significant memorial of the old Dutch colonists; and they are thus both associated with the fragrant memory of that famous and unique historian Diedrich Knickerbocker. The quaint and beautiful are thus blended, and the effect of the whole is singularly harmonious. From the quietude of this retreat are obtainable the most extensive [[prospect]]s; and while its sheltered position breathes the very air of domestic repose, the scenery it commands is eloquent of broad and generous sympathies. . . . <br />
:"And here, in the midst of a landscape his pen has made attractive in both hemispheres and of friends whose love surpasses the highest meed of fame, he lives in daily view of scenes thrice endeared&mdash;by taste, association, and habit;&madsh;the old locust that blossoms on the green bank in spring, the brook that sparkles along the grass, the peaked turret and vine-covered [[wall]] of that modest yet traditional dwelling, the favorite valley watered by the romantic Pocantoro, and, above all, the glorious river of his heart."<br />
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* Anonymous, April 1855, describing Sunnyside (''New York Quarterly'' 1855: 66, 75, 77)<ref>Anonymous, "Washington Irving; His Home and His Works,"''New York Quarterly'' 4, no. 1 (April 1855), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/47NVJ48H view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In a sequestered rural retreat, some twenty-five miles from the din of city life, half-hid among thick foliage through which gleams the silvery expanse of the Hudson, stands a grotesque-looking, antique edifice&mdash;half-Dutch, half-Elizabethan in style, and so snugly nestled amid shrubbery and evergreen, as to elude the ken of the casual passer-by. It is an enchanting little nook, charmingly diversified with upland, [[lawn]], and dell, and so rife with [[picturesque]] beauty as completely to fascinate the eye and hold it spell-bound to the spot. This emparadised retreat, with its leafy recesses and antique structure, is the home of the great American essayist and historian&mdash;Washington Irving. There is an air of singular quaintness and rural elegance about the scene&mdash;every thing that refined taste could devise, and diligent culture effect, is here indicated. . . .<br />
:"We perambulated the beautiful grounds of Sunny-Side, which extend over some six or eight acres, a second time, and as we luxuriated over every fresh variety of ornate landscape, Mr. Irving pointed out some of his favorite [[walk]]s, and indicated to us some of his fine trees, in which he evidently takes pride and pleasure. From a rising knoll on the banks of the river, we caught a glimpse of the roof and turrets of the house, the rest of the edifice being embosomed in foliage; the scene was singularly effective and beautiful. As an evidence of the social and amiable character of Mr. Irving, it may be mentioned that no 'boundary line' is marked by [[hedge]] or by [[fence]], diving his from his neighbors' grounds&mdash;an instance somewhat remarkable, since such distinctions are rarely disregarded. The [[kitchen garden]] is a perfect model for neatness and taste, and its lavish provision showed that utility as well as ornament entered into the calculations of his gardener. The only thing that seemed wanting was water, there being but a small rivulet here and there. . . .<br />
:"The radiant summer sunset was now streaming its liquid gold through the windows, tempting us out upon the lawn again, to feast our gaze with the splendors of the scene. A new phase of beauty was now given to these delectable grounds, the leaves and flowers were luminous with the golden rays of the declining sun, and the quiet waters of the Hudson served as a broad mirror reflecting the brilliant and blending tints of the bending skies, rendering the scene one of exquisite loveliness. . . . The dark shadows of the [[clump]]s of forest-trees afforded a rich contrast to the gorgeous hues with which the other portions of the landscape were decked."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 27, 1853, in a letter to Mary E. Kennedy (''Letters'' IV: 406)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' IV, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grass is growing up to my very door,&mdash;the roses and honeysuckles are clamberinga bout my windows, the acacias and liburnums are in full flower, singing birds have built in the ivy against the wall and I have concerts at daybreak almost equal to the serenades you used to have at Washington."<br />
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* Richards, T. Addison, December 1856, describing Sunnyside (1856: 7&ndash;11)<ref>[T. Addison Richards], "Sunnyside: The Home of Washington Irving," ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' 14, no. 79 (December 1856), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKKJSCVJ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is a sweet scene of rural simplicity and comfort which is disclosed to us by either approach; as the open sunlit [[lawn]], so affectionately embraced by its protecting trees and [[shrubbery]], which, though permitting little peeps here and there from within, deny all vagrant observation from without. One can scarcely believe himself as thickly surrounded as he really is here by crowding cottage and castle, so entire is the repose and seclusion of the spot. Year ago, when Mr. Irving first took up his abode at Sunnyside, he was all alone by himself, yet now every inch of the adjacent country is gardened, and [[lawn|lawned]], and villaed, to the extreme of modern taste and wealth; yet all so charmingly under the rose, that you always stumble upon the evidences unexpectedly, as you dreamingly pursue the [[thicket]]-covered and brook-voiced [[wood]]-paths. It is like the discovering of birds'-nests amidst forest leaves. Seen from the opposite shore of the river, the whole hillside is glittering with sun-tipped roof and tower, but like the Seven Cities of the Enchanted Island, it all vanishes as you approach.<br />
:"The cottage, with its crow-stepped gables and weathercocks, overrun with honey-suckle and eglantine, with the rose-vine and the clinging ivy, is a wonderfully unique little edifice, totally unlike any thing else in our land, but always calling up our remembrances or our fancies of merrie rural England, with a hint here and there at its old Dutch leaven; in the quaint weathercocks, for instance, one of which actually veered, in good old days gone by, over the great Vander Heyden Palace in Albany, and another on the top of the Stadt House of New Amsterdam. A lady would be apt to call the Sunnyside cottage 'the dearest, cosiest, cunningest, snuggest little nest in the world.' Mr. Irving describes it as 'a little old-fashioned stone mansion, all made up of gable-ends, and as full of angles and corners as an old cocked hat.' 'It is said, in fact,' he continues, 'to have been modeled after the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial was modeled after gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence.' . . . .<br />
:"Before the intrusion of the railroad, which has profaned so much of the river shore, the quiet beach, with its little cove, into which a rural lane debouched, was one of the sweetest features of Sunnyside. This part of the domain is beautifies by a sparkling spring, draped, like all the region round, as we shall see by-and-by, in the fairy web of romantic fable. . . .<br />
:"The acres of Sunnyside, all told, are not many; and yet so varied is their surface, so richly wooded and flowered, and so full of elfish winding paths and grassy lanes, exploring hillsides and chasing merry brooks, that their numbers seem to be countless; a pleasant deception greatly aided by that agreeable community of feeling between Mr. Irving and his neighbors, which has so banished all dividing [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, that while you think you are roaming over the grounds of one, you suddenly bring up among the flower-[[bed]]s of another. . . .<br />
:"The woodland of Sunnyside is very happily varied, offering every variety of sylvan growth, beech, birch, willow, oak, locust, maple, elm, linden, pine, hemlock, and cedar; while on the [[lawn]]s are evergreen and flowering shrubs; and, trailing over the vagrant [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, honey-suckle, rose, trumpet-flowers, and ivy. The latter plant, which is very abundant, is of the famous stock of Melrose Abbey. The garden, which in keeping with its surroundings, is watched by a favorite retainer, for whom Mr. Irving has built a snug cottage, fronting the [[lawn]] in the face of his own mansion. This little edifice is especially interesting, from its having been designed by Mr. Irving himself; his only venture, he once told us, as an architect. . . .<br />
:"Separated from the [[lawn]] around the cottage by the belt of trees in which stands the gardener's dwelling, is another open area occupied by a pretty [[lake|lakelet]] 'expansion' of the brook&mdash;an echo of the great bay beyond. The painter gives unity, and harmony, and force to his picture by distributing throughout the work its leading sentiment or story and its prevailing color; so, in the artistic composition of Sunnyside, its chief feature, the great 'Mediterranean' of the river, as Mr. Irving calls the Tappan Bay, with its fleet of white sails thick as the passing clouds, is repeated by the little 'Mediterranean' of the brooklet and its fleet of snowy ducks. . . .<br />
:"The air of graceful simplicity and cozy comfort which so strongly marks the exterior of the Sunnyside cottage, is felt quite as vividly within doors. It is cut up into just such odd, snug little apartments and boudoirs as the rambling, low-walled, peak-roofed, and gable-ended outside promises. The state entrance is by the [[porch]] at the south end; the household exit is from the drawing-room, across the [[piazza]], to the [[lawn]] on the east or river front. It is on this side of the cottage that the family chat or read the news of the great world, away, on summer days and nights. On the north side of the drawing-room there is a delightful little recess, forming a boudoir some six or eight feet square, the whole front of which is occupied by a window looking across the [[lawn]], and through the up-river [[vista]] chronicled in our portfolio. It is, in summer, neatly matted and furnished with little stands of books, and flowers, and statuettes, and the low-toned walls are hung with drawings and sketches by Leslie, Stuart Newton, and others&mdash;mementoes of Mr. Irving's sojournings and friendships in England&mdash;with some of Darley's admirable etchings from Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. It is a little nook which you would set down at once as under special female guardianship. . . .<br />
:"The graceful simplicity which marks the appointments of this Lilliputian sanctum is seen through all the furniture and adornments of the mansion. The spirit throughout is that of refinement without affectation, elegance without display, comfort without waste."<br />
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* Willis, N. P., August 1857, describing Sunnyside (quoted in ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 1857: 530)<ref>Quoted in "Washington Irving at Sunnyside. From N. P. Willis' Letter in the 'Home Journal,'" ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 3, no. 34 (August 22, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NIX4U6IK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"With the horticulture and arboriculture of 'Wolfert's-dell,' Mr. Grinnell has been singularly successful; and, as we were to make the rounds of the [[shrubbery|shrubberies]] and the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] before the sun should be fairly vertical, we were now admonished that it was time&mdash;Mr. Irving at once taking his straw hat to accompany us. A remark upon the beauty of the verdure near his door, drew from him a most poetical outburst as to the happy superiorty of our climate . . . .<br />
:"While we were still in the immediate grounds of Sunnyside, I observed two remarkable triplets of the tulip tree&mdash;superb growths of three equal shafts, tall and of arrowy straightness, from each root&mdash;and in these fine specimens of the cleanest-leaved and healthiest-looking of trees, he said he took great pleasure. A squirrel ran up one of them as we approached, and, upon this race of depredators, he had been obliged to make war this summer. They were a little bit more destructive than their beauty was an excuse for. With another class of destructives, however, he did not know so well how to contend, the visitors who drive into his grounds and tie their horses to the trees.<br />
:"The well-shaded ravine which has Sunnyside sitting on one of its knees&mdash;(once called 'Wolfert's Roost,' and long used by that famous Dutchman as the covert-way between the river and his haunts)&mdash;is conveniently and gracefully intersected with paths; but I remarked to Mr. Irving that they were somewhat of the outline character of ours at Idlewild. Yes, he said; on ''his'' side of the dell, they were merely dug out and walked hard; but as they communicated with those of his rich neighbor, he was very often lucky enough to get credit of the smooth gravel-[[walk]]s, too! And he presently gave another of his crayonesque touches to his neighbor, assuring us, very solemnly, while were were wondering at the growth to which the transplanted trees had attained in so short a time, that 'it was done by Mr. Grinnell's going round at night, himself, with a lantern and water-pot, to see that the trees did not oversleep themselves:'&mdash;a fact, (seen through Irving spectacles,) as Mr. G., engrossed all day with his business in the city and only at home at night, sometimes takes a look at his gardener's work, by the aid of a lantern.<br />
:"At the door of the [[hothouse|hot-house]], Mr. Irving said it was warm enough for him outside. He preferred to stand under a tree and wait for us&mdash;particularly as he had seen the grapes before and hoped to see some of them again. Astonished as my own wilderness-trained eyes were, of course, with the wonderful fecundity of those glass-covered vines, I was more interested in the visit to Mr. Grinnell's sumptuous stables. . . .<br />
:"As we strolled slowly through the grounds, we came to two dwarf [[statue]]s&mdash;grotesque representations of 'The Spendthrift' and 'The Miser'&mdash;and Mr. Irving gave us a comic history of their amusing a party of friends by playing at 'tableaux,' the other day&mdash;stopping in their walk, and dressing these figures up with the shawls and bonnets of the ladies. Our walk was varied with incidental questions of [[landscape gardening]], as we came to points which commanded the river-views more or less effectively; and Mr. Irving made one remark which, I thought, embodied the whole science of wood-thinning, in ornamental grounds&mdash;that 'a tree is only to be cut down when the picture it hides is worth more than the tree.'"<br />
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==Images==<br />
<span id="roundabout_img"></span><br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
Image:1933.jpg|George Harvey, ''The Old Cottage Taken Previous to Improvement'', c. 1835.<br />
<br />
File:2132.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'', 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.<br />
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File:2132_detail.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'' [detail], 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.<br />
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Image:1880.jpg|A. J. Downing, "Residence of Washington Irving, Esq. near Tarrytown, NY", in ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 409, fig. 59.<br />
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Image:1807.jpg|George Inness, ''Sunnyside'', c. 1850–60.<br />
<br />
File:2130.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
<br />
File:2131.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, Sunny-Side'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 50. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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==Other Resources==<br />
[http://www.hudsonvalley.org/historic-sites/washington-irvings-sunnyside Historic Hudson Valley]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category: Sites]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sunnyside&diff=25864Sunnyside2017-02-07T21:16:46Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>Sunnyside was the residence of the American writer Washington Irving from 1835 until his death in 1859. The stone house was formerly known as Van Tassel cottage, and was located on the Hudson River below Tarrytown. He made improvements and modifications to the architecture of the house as well as the surrounding landscaping and garden design. According to the National Register of Historic Places, Irving “delighted in augmenting the picturesqueness of his house by creating several wandering paths which led the visitor through secluded groves and broad vistas of the Hudson River scenery…perhaps influenced by [his] neighbor, Andrew Jackson Downing, who mentioned Sunnyside in his 1841 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape gardening in America.” In addition to these sylvan walks, Irving grew apples in his own orchard and cultivated flower and kitchen gardens laid out in geometric patterns which contrasted with the picturesque plan of the rest of the grounds. <br />
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==Overview==<br />
'''Alternate Names:''' Greenburgh, The Roost, Wolfert's Rest, Wolfert's Roost, Van Tassel Cottage<br/><br />
'''Site Dates:''' The original Van Tassel cottage dates from the mid-to-late 1600's; Irving purchased the estate in 1835<br/><br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Washington Irving]] (1783&ndash;1859)<br/><br />
'''Associated People:''' [[George Harvey]] (ca. 1800&ndash;1878; architect)<br/><br />
'''Location:'''Tarrytown, New York<br/><br />
[http://goo.gl/maps/HrclJ View on Google Maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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==Texts==<br />
* Irving, Ebenezer, June 1, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Harold Dean Cater, ‘Washington Irving and Sunnyside’, ''New York History'' 38, no. 2 (April 1957), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are to get possession of it in a day or two and shall then determine what improvements to make. We shall clear away all the old outhouses, [[fence]]s and rubbish and have a clear green [[lawn]]."<br />
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* Irving, Ebenezer, June 30, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Cater 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"But your uncle and all are more pleased than ever with the place. He purposes enlarging the house, preserving its present old Dutch style, and making it an inviting and comfortable nook for the family. It can, at a small expense, be made a charming little place. The road down from the turnpike to the house winds beautifully along the little brook, and is capable of being made really beautiful."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 24, 1835, in a letter to his brother Peter Irving (''Letters'' II: 839&ndash;840)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume II, 1823-1838'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The workmen are busy upon my cottage, which I think will be a snug little Dutch nookery when finished. It will be of stone, so as to be cool in summer and warm in winter. The expense will be moderate, as I have it built in the simplest manner, depending upon its quaintness rather than its costliness."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, April 28, 1836, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' II: 869)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish the Cottage was ready, and then there would be no difficulty, but it will be some time in June before it is habitable&mdash;if then. We have good workmen and they are getting on well&mdash;but there is always a world of finishing that one never calculates on<br />
:"I have been busy out of doors from morning until night ever since I have been up here Setting out trees &c &c" <br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 18, 1838, in a letter to his nephew Pierre M. Irving (''Letters'' II: 928)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are all cosily quartered at the Roost, and very comfortable. The season is coming out in all its beauty, and we are in the midst of birds and blossoms and flowers. I look forward with pleasure to the prospect of seeing you and Helen at the cottage in the course of the summer, and showing you what a capital florist and horticulturalist and agriculturalist I am becoming. I beat all the gentleman farmers in my neighborhood, for I can manage to raise my vegetables and fruits at very little more than twice the market price."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 24, 1838, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart (''Letters'' II: 939)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The girls live very much in the open air. The retired situation of the cottage, with its secluded [[walk]]s, quiet glens and sheltering [[grove]]s, enable them to rove about without fear of restraint. They have lately been busily employed in nutting; my place abounds with fine chestnut, black-walnut and butter nut trees; and this year they are completely laden with fruit."<br />
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* Lossing, Benson J., 1839, describing Sunnyside (1839: 135)<ref>Benson J. Lossing, "Residence of Washington Irving," ''The Family Magazine'' 4 (1839), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3TS4N8BE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grounds about it have been cleared, the thick [[copse]] that concealed the 'Taappan Zee' from view has been levelled, and Mr. Irving has rendered it one of the most delightful summer residences in the country."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November, 25, 1840, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart, about their niece Sarah Paris (''Letters'' III: 61)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume III, 1839-1845'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Ever since my return to the United States Sarah has been peculiarly my companion; taking the strongest and most affectionate interest in all my concerns, and delighting me by her frank, natural, intelligent, and social qualities. She is especially identified with the cottage and all its concerns, having been in all my councils, when building and furnishing it, and having been the life of the establishment ever since I set it up. How I shall do without her I cannot imagine, or how I shall reconcile myself to her entire absence from a place where every path, tree shrub and flower, is more or less connected with her idea."<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1841, describing Sunnyside (1841: 334&ndash;336)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 1st edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PGUEKHNG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"There is scarcely a building or place more replete with interest in America, than the cottage of Washington Irving, near Tarrytown. The 'legend of sleepy Hollow,' so delightfully told in the Sketch-Book, has made every one acquainted with this neighbourhood, and especially with the site of the present building, there celebrated as the "Van Tassel House," one of the most secluded and delightful nooks on the banks of the Hudson. With characteristic taste, Mr. Irving has chosen this spot, the haunt of his early days, since rendered classic ground by his elegant pen, and made it his permanent residence. The house of 'Baltus Van Tassel,' has been altered and rebuilt in a quaint style, partaking somewhat of the English cottage mode, but retaining strongly marked symptoms of its Dutch origin. The quaint old weathercocks and finials, the crow-stepped gables, and the hall paved with Dutch tiles, are among the ancient and venerable ornaments of the houses of the original settlers of Manhattan, now almost extinct among us. There is also a quiet-keeping in the cottage and the grounds around it, that assists in making up the charm of the whole: the gently swelling [[slope]] reaching down to the water's edge, bordered by prettily wooded ravines through which a brook meanders pleasantly; and threaded by foot-paths ingeniously contrived so as sometimes to afford secluded [[walk]]s, and at others to allow fine [[vista]]s of the broad expanse of river scenery." <br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 13, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 112)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I never have seen it look more beautiful&mdash;and I think the little domains about the cottage have been more beautiful than ever&mdash;The trees and shrubs and clambering vines that have been transplanted within the last year or two, have now taken good root and begin to grow luxuriantly. If vegetation goes on at this rate we shall before long be buried among roses and honeysuckles and ivy and sweet briar. All the [[grove]]s too about the place are magnificent this year. Most of the forest trees you know, are young, and scare any past their prime; so that every year the [[grove]]s grow more dense and stately. The new [[walk]]s are very popular especially that to the fallen Chest-nut tree, which is one of the most shady cool and delightful resorts of a warm sunny day that you can imagine. I was never more conscious of the sweetness of the country than this season.<br />
:"I have nearly completed my bulwark along the foot of the bank. It will not merely be protection against the encroachments of the river, but also a great improvement to the place&mdash;I shall have the [[slope]] bank finished off and in some places sloped down to the [[wall]], with footpaths leading down to it, and [[seat]]s under the trees. The shore of the river is cleared of all the rocks and stones that encumbered it and the whole aspect of the place along the river is changed."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 18, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 133)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The sweet briars which you and David planted, and which you inquire about, are flourishing finely&mdash;You need not fear that they will not be taken fear of. We value too highly every thing that reminds us of you. All our clambering vines have been very luxuriant this season, and are gradually clothing the cottage with verdure. Some of the trumpet creeper too begins to flower; and by another year we shall have the east [[wall]] quite gorgeous."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 17, 1842, in a letter to his brother Ebenezer Irving (''Letters'' III: 183&ndash;184)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I now abandon the care of the place entirely to you. You will find, in my little library, books about gardening, farming, poultry, &c., by which to direct yourself. The management of the place will give you healthful and cheerful occupation, and will be as much occupation as you want. . . . Try if you cannot beat me at farming and gardening. I shall be able to bestow a little more money on the place now, to put it in good heart and good order." <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1844, describing Sunnyside (1844: 38, 380)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IGJXRU9V view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"At Tarrytown, is the cottage residence of Washington Irvings, which is, in location and accessories, almost the beau ideal of a cottage-ornée. The charming manner in which the wild foot-paths, in the neighborhood of this cottage, are conducted among the [[picturesque]] dells and banks, is precisely what one would look for here. . . .<br />
:"The cottage itself is now charmingly covered with ivy and climbing roses, and embosomed in [[thicket]]s of [[shrubbery]]."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 5, 1846, in a letter to Flora Foster Dawson (''Letters'' IV: 13&ndash;14)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume IV, 1846-1859'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"As to myself on my return to America I built me a pretty little cottage on the banks of the Hudson in a beautiful country, and not far from my old haunts of Sleepy Hollow. Here I passed several years most happily; my cottage well stocked with nieces and enlivened by visits from friends and connexions, having generally what is called in Scotland is called a house full, that is to say a little more than it will hold. This state of things was too happy to last. I was unexpectedly called from it by being appointed Minister to Madrid. It was a hard struggle for me to part from my cottage and my nieces but I put all under charge of my brother and promised to return at the end of three years. I have overstaid my time. Nearly four years have elapsed; I understand my cottage is nearly buried among the trees I set out, and over run with roses and honeysuckle and ivy from Melrose Abbey, and my nieces implore me to come back and save them from being buried alive in foliage."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 19, 1846, in a letter to Madame Albuquerque (''Letters'' IV: 101)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have found my little nest almost buried among trees and over run with clambering vines. My first move has been cut down and clear away so as to make openings for [[prospects]] and a free circulation of air, my next to commence building an addition, so that I have my hands full of occupation."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November 8, 1846, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 105)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In fact I have so completely slipped back into my old rural habits and occupations, that I can scarcely realize, as I go dawdling about trimming and planting and transplanting trees and inspecting the poultry yard, that so short a time has elapsed since I was playing the Courtier and treading the saloons of Royal palaces."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 27, 1847, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 144)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"My own place has never been so beautiful as at present. I have made more openings by pruning and cutting down trees, so that from the [[piazza]] I have several charming views of the Tappan Zee&mdash;and the hills beyond; all set as it were in verdant frames, and I am never tired of sitting there in my old Voltaire chair, of a long summer morning, with a book in my hand, sometimes reading, sometimes musing on the landscape, and sometimes dozing and mixing all up in a pleasant dream."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 9, 1847, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' IV: 150)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have, however, just finished my last job, making a new ice [[pond]] in a colder and deeper place in the glen just opposite our entrance [[gate]]: and now I would not undertake another job, even so much as to build a wren coop; for the slightest job seems to swell into a toilsome and expensive operation"<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 18, 1847, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 151)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The fact is on my return home my whole thoughts and exertions were suddenly turned into a new channel which has almost ever since engrossed them. I found my place very much out of order, my house in need of additions and repairs and the whole establishment in want of completion. I set to work immediately, and kept on at all times and seasons, in defiance of heat and cold, wind and weather and as I was pretty much my own architect; project and landscape gardener, and had but rough hands to work under me, I have been kept busy out of doors from morning until night and from months end to months end until within a week or two past, when I brought my labors to a close, or rather relinquished them, finding I had spent all <my> the money in my pocket and fagged myself into an irritation of the system which has rendered me almost as lame as I used to be in Madrid."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, December 18, 1850, in a letter to Henry Lee, Jr. (''Letters'' IV: 237)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"A rural retreat when it is a mans own, and of his own formation produces a new set of pleasures and interests and ambitions, and every tree he plants awakens a new hope and attaches him to the spot which he has improved. I speak from experience having never been happier than in my present little country nest, where the house is of my own building, the trees of my own planting the garden of my own cultivating and where my continual blunders give me continual occupation in rectifying them."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 20, 1851, in a letter to Moses H. Grinnell (''Letters'' IV: 255)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Sunnyside is possessed by seven devils and I have to be continually on the watch to keep all from going to ruin. First, we have a legion of Women Kind, cleaning and scouring the house from top to bottom; so that we are all reduced to eat and drink and have our being in my little library. In the midst of this our water is cut off. An Irishman from your establishment undertook to shut up my spring as he had yours, within brick [[wall]]s; the spring shewed proper spirit and broke bounds and all the water pipes ran dry in consequence. In the dearth of painters I have employed a couple of country carpenters to paint my roofs and it requires all my vigilance to keep them from painting them like Josephs coat of divers colors. Your little man Westerfield is to plaster my chimneys tomorrow and your plumbers and bell hangers to attack the vitals of the house. I have a new coachman to be inducted into all the mysteries of the stable and coach house, so all that part of the establishment is in <a> what is called a halla baloo. In a word I never knew of such a tempest in a teapot as is just now going on in little Sunnyside[.] I trust, therefore, you will excuse me for staying at home to sink or swim with the concern."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 15, 1852, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 317)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish you could see little Sunnyside this season, I think it more beautiful than ever. The trees and shrubs and clambering vines are uncommonly luxuriant. We never had so many singing birds about the place and the humming birds are about the windows continually after the flowers of the honey suckles and trumpet creepers which overhang them."<br />
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* Tuckerman, Henry T., 1853, describing Sunnyside (1853: 50&ndash;52)<ref> Henry T. Tuckerman, "Washington Irving," in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches, by Various Writers'' (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9BXIQ54 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is approached by a sequestered road, which enhances the effect of its natural beauty. A more tranquil and protected abode, nestled in the lap of nature, never captivated a poet's eye. Rising from the bank of the river, which a strip of woodland alone intercepts, it unites every rural charm to the most complete seclusion. From this interesting domain is visible the broad surface of the Tappan Zee; the grounds [[slope]] to the water's edge, and are bordered by wooded ravines; a clear brook ripples near, and several neat paths lead to shadowy [[walk]]s or fine points of river scenery. The house itself is a graceful combination of the English cottage and the Dutch farm-house. The crow-stepped gables, the tiles in the hall, and the weathercocks, partake of the latter character; while the white [[wall]]s gleaming through the trees, the smooth and verdant turf, and the mantling vines of ivy and clambering roses, suggest the former. Indeed, in this delightful homestead are tokens of all that is most characteristic of its owner. The simplicity and rustic grace of the abode indicate an unperverted taste,&mdash;its secluded position a love of retirement; the cottage ornaments remind us of his unrivalled pictures of English country-life; the weathercock that used to veer about on the Stadt-house of Amsterdam is a symbol of the fatherland; while the one that adorned the grand dwellings in Albany before the revolution, is a significant memorial of the old Dutch colonists; and they are thus both associated with the fragrant memory of that famous and unique historian Diedrich Knickerbocker. The quaint and beautiful are thus blended, and the effect of the whole is singularly harmonious. From the quietude of this retreat are obtainable the most extensive [[prospect]]s; and while its sheltered position breathes the very air of domestic repose, the scenery it commands is eloquent of broad and generous sympathies. . . . <br />
:"And here, in the midst of a landscape his pen has made attractive in both hemispheres and of friends whose love surpasses the highest meed of fame, he lives in daily view of scenes thrice endeared&mdash;by taste, association, and habit;&madsh;the old locust that blossoms on the green bank in spring, the brook that sparkles along the grass, the peaked turret and vine-covered [[wall]] of that modest yet traditional dwelling, the favorite valley watered by the romantic Pocantoro, and, above all, the glorious river of his heart."<br />
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* Anonymous, April 1855, describing Sunnyside (''New York Quarterly'' 1855: 66, 75, 77)<ref>Anonymous, "Washington Irving; His Home and His Works,"''New York Quarterly'' 4, no. 1 (April 1855), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/47NVJ48H view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In a sequestered rural retreat, some twenty-five miles from the din of city life, half-hid among thick foliage through which gleams the silvery expanse of the Hudson, stands a grotesque-looking, antique edifice&mdash;half-Dutch, half-Elizabethan in style, and so snugly nestled amid shrubbery and evergreen, as to elude the ken of the casual passer-by. It is an enchanting little nook, charmingly diversified with upland, [[lawn]], and dell, and so rife with [[picturesque]] beauty as completely to fascinate the eye and hold it spell-bound to the spot. This emparadised retreat, with its leafy recesses and antique structure, is the home of the great American essayist and historian&mdash;Washington Irving. There is an air of singular quaintness and rural elegance about the scene&mdash;every thing that refined taste could devise, and diligent culture effect, is here indicated. . . .<br />
:"We perambulated the beautiful grounds of Sunny-Side, which extend over some six or eight acres, a second time, and as we luxuriated over every fresh variety of ornate landscape, Mr. Irving pointed out some of his favorite [[walk]]s, and indicated to us some of his fine trees, in which he evidently takes pride and pleasure. From a rising knoll on the banks of the river, we caught a glimpse of the roof and turrets of the house, the rest of the edifice being embosomed in foliage; the scene was singularly effective and beautiful. As an evidence of the social and amiable character of Mr. Irving, it may be mentioned that no 'boundary line' is marked by [[hedge]] or by [[fence]], diving his from his neighbors' grounds&mdash;an instance somewhat remarkable, since such distinctions are rarely disregarded. The [[kitchen garden]] is a perfect model for neatness and taste, and its lavish provision showed that utility as well as ornament entered into the calculations of his gardener. The only thing that seemed wanting was water, there being but a small rivulet here and there. . . .<br />
:"The radiant summer sunset was now streaming its liquid gold through the windows, tempting us out upon the lawn again, to feast our gaze with the splendors of the scene. A new phase of beauty was now given to these delectable grounds, the leaves and flowers were luminous with the golden rays of the declining sun, and the quiet waters of the Hudson served as a broad mirror reflecting the brilliant and blending tints of the bending skies, rendering the scene one of exquisite loveliness. . . . The dark shadows of the [[clump]]s of forest-trees afforded a rich contrast to the gorgeous hues with which the other portions of the landscape were decked."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 27, 1853, in a letter to Mary E. Kennedy (''Letters'' IV: 406)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' IV, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grass is growing up to my very door,&mdash;the roses and honeysuckles are clamberinga bout my windows, the acacias and liburnums are in full flower, singing birds have built in the ivy against the wall and I have concerts at daybreak almost equal to the serenades you used to have at Washington."<br />
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* Richards, T. Addison, December 1856, describing Sunnyside (1856: 7&ndash;11)<ref>[T. Addison Richards], "Sunnyside: The Home of Washington Irving," ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' 14, no. 79 (December 1856), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKKJSCVJ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is a sweet scene of rural simplicity and comfort which is disclosed to us by either approach; as the open sunlit [[lawn]], so affectionately embraced by its protecting trees and [[shrubbery]], which, though permitting little peeps here and there from within, deny all vagrant observation from without. One can scarcely believe himself as thickly surrounded as he really is here by crowding cottage and castle, so entire is the repose and seclusion of the spot. Year ago, when Mr. Irving first took up his abode at Sunnyside, he was all alone by himself, yet now every inch of the adjacent country is gardened, and [[lawn|lawned]], and villaed, to the extreme of modern taste and wealth; yet all so charmingly under the rose, that you always stumble upon the evidences unexpectedly, as you dreamingly pursue the [[thicket]]-covered and brook-voiced [[wood]]-paths. It is like the discovering of birds'-nests amidst forest leaves. Seen from the opposite shore of the river, the whole hillside is glittering with sun-tipped roof and tower, but like the Seven Cities of the Enchanted Island, it all vanishes as you approach.<br />
:"The cottage, with its crow-stepped gables and weathercocks, overrun with honey-suckle and eglantine, with the rose-vine and the clinging ivy, is a wonderfully unique little edifice, totally unlike any thing else in our land, but always calling up our remembrances or our fancies of merrie rural England, with a hint here and there at its old Dutch leaven; in the quaint weathercocks, for instance, one of which actually veered, in good old days gone by, over the great Vander Heyden Palace in Albany, and another on the top of the Stadt House of New Amsterdam. A lady would be apt to call the Sunnyside cottage 'the dearest, cosiest, cunningest, snuggest little nest in the world.' Mr. Irving describes it as 'a little old-fashioned stone mansion, all made up of gable-ends, and as full of angles and corners as an old cocked hat.' 'It is said, in fact,' he continues, 'to have been modeled after the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial was modeled after gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence.' . . . .<br />
:"Before the intrusion of the railroad, which has profaned so much of the river shore, the quiet beach, with its little cove, into which a rural lane debouched, was one of the sweetest features of Sunnyside. This part of the domain is beautifies by a sparkling spring, draped, like all the region round, as we shall see by-and-by, in the fairy web of romantic fable. . . .<br />
:"The acres of Sunnyside, all told, are not many; and yet so varied is their surface, so richly wooded and flowered, and so full of elfish winding paths and grassy lanes, exploring hillsides and chasing merry brooks, that their numbers seem to be countless; a pleasant deception greatly aided by that agreeable community of feeling between Mr. Irving and his neighbors, which has so banished all dividing [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, that while you think you are roaming over the grounds of one, you suddenly bring up among the flower-[[bed]]s of another. . . .<br />
:"The woodland of Sunnyside is very happily varied, offering every variety of sylvan growth, beech, birch, willow, oak, locust, maple, elm, linden, pine, hemlock, and cedar; while on the [[lawn]]s are evergreen and flowering shrubs; and, trailing over the vagrant [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, honey-suckle, rose, trumpet-flowers, and ivy. The latter plant, which is very abundant, is of the famous stock of Melrose Abbey. The garden, which in keeping with its surroundings, is watched by a favorite retainer, for whom Mr. Irving has built a snug cottage, fronting the [[lawn]] in the face of his own mansion. This little edifice is especially interesting, from its having been designed by Mr. Irving himself; his only venture, he once told us, as an architect. . . .<br />
:"Separated from the [[lawn]] around the cottage by the belt of trees in which stands the gardener's dwelling, is another open area occupied by a pretty [[lake|lakelet]] 'expansion' of the brook&mdash;an echo of the great bay beyond. The painter gives unity, and harmony, and force to his picture by distributing throughout the work its leading sentiment or story and its prevailing color; so, in the artistic composition of Sunnyside, its chief feature, the great 'Mediterranean' of the river, as Mr. Irving calls the Tappan Bay, with its fleet of white sails thick as the passing clouds, is repeated by the little 'Mediterranean' of the brooklet and its fleet of snowy ducks. . . .<br />
:"The air of graceful simplicity and cozy comfort which so strongly marks the exterior of the Sunnyside cottage, is felt quite as vividly within doors. It is cut up into just such odd, snug little apartments and boudoirs as the rambling, low-walled, peak-roofed, and gable-ended outside promises. The state entrance is by the [[porch]] at the south end; the household exit is from the drawing-room, across the [[piazza]], to the [[lawn]] on the east or river front. It is on this side of the cottage that the family chat or read the news of the great world, away, on summer days and nights. On the north side of the drawing-room there is a delightful little recess, forming a boudoir some six or eight feet square, the whole front of which is occupied by a window looking across the [[lawn]], and through the up-river [[vista]] chronicled in our portfolio. It is, in summer, neatly matted and furnished with little stands of books, and flowers, and statuettes, and the low-toned walls are hung with drawings and sketches by Leslie, Stuart Newton, and others&mdash;mementoes of Mr. Irving's sojournings and friendships in England&mdash;with some of Darley's admirable etchings from Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. It is a little nook which you would set down at once as under special female guardianship. . . .<br />
:"The graceful simplicity which marks the appointments of this Lilliputian sanctum is seen through all the furniture and adornments of the mansion. The spirit throughout is that of refinement without affectation, elegance without display, comfort without waste."<br />
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* Willis, N. P., August 1857, describing Sunnyside (quoted in ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 1857: 530)<ref>Quoted in "Washington Irving at Sunnyside. From N. P. Willis' Letter in the 'Home Journal,'" ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 3, no. 34 (August 22, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NIX4U6IK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"With the horticulture and arboriculture of 'Wolfert's-dell,' Mr. Grinnell has been singularly successful; and, as we were to make the rounds of the [[shrubbery|shrubberies]] and the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] before the sun should be fairly vertical, we were now admonished that it was time&mdash;Mr. Irving at once taking his straw hat to accompany us. A remark upon the beauty of the verdure near his door, drew from him a most poetical outburst as to the happy superiorty of our climate . . . .<br />
:"While we were still in the immediate grounds of Sunnyside, I observed two remarkable triplets of the tulip tree&mdash;superb growths of three equal shafts, tall and of arrowy straightness, from each root&mdash;and in these fine specimens of the cleanest-leaved and healthiest-looking of trees, he said he took great pleasure. A squirrel ran up one of them as we approached, and, upon this race of depredators, he had been obliged to make war this summer. They were a little bit more destructive than their beauty was an excuse for. With another class of destructives, however, he did not know so well how to contend, the visitors who drive into his grounds and tie their horses to the trees.<br />
:"The well-shaded ravine which has Sunnyside sitting on one of its knees&mdash;(once called 'Wolfert's Roost,' and long used by that famous Dutchman as the covert-way between the river and his haunts)&mdash;is conveniently and gracefully intersected with paths; but I remarked to Mr. Irving that they were somewhat of the outline character of ours at Idlewild. Yes, he said; on ''his'' side of the dell, they were merely dug out and walked hard; but as they communicated with those of his rich neighbor, he was very often lucky enough to get credit of the smooth gravel-[[walk]]s, too! And he presently gave another of his crayonesque touches to his neighbor, assuring us, very solemnly, while were were wondering at the growth to which the transplanted trees had attained in so short a time, that 'it was done by Mr. Grinnell's going round at night, himself, with a lantern and water-pot, to see that the trees did not oversleep themselves:'&mdash;a fact, (seen through Irving spectacles,) as Mr. G., engrossed all day with his business in the city and only at home at night, sometimes takes a look at his gardener's work, by the aid of a lantern.<br />
:"At the door of the [[hothouse|hot-house]], Mr. Irving said it was warm enough for him outside. He preferred to stand under a tree and wait for us&mdash;particularly as he had seen the grapes before and hoped to see some of them again. Astonished as my own wilderness-trained eyes were, of course, with the wonderful fecundity of those glass-covered vines, I was more interested in the visit to Mr. Grinnell's sumptuous stables. . . .<br />
:"As we strolled slowly through the grounds, we came to two dwarf [[statue]]s&mdash;grotesque representations of 'The Spendthrift' and 'The Miser'&mdash;and Mr. Irving gave us a comic history of their amusing a party of friends by playing at 'tableaux,' the other day&mdash;stopping in their walk, and dressing these figures up with the shawls and bonnets of the ladies. Our walk was varied with incidental questions of [[landscape gardening]], as we came to points which commanded the river-views more or less effectively; and Mr. Irving made one remark which, I thought, embodied the whole science of wood-thinning, in ornamental grounds&mdash;that 'a tree is only to be cut down when the picture it hides is worth more than the tree.'"<br />
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==Images==<br />
<span id="roundabout_img"></span><br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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Image:1933.jpg|George Harvey, ''The Old Cottage Taken Previous to Improvement'', c. 1835.<br />
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File:2132.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'', 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.<br />
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File:2132_detail.jpg|William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany''[detail], 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.<br />
<br />
Image:1880.jpg|A. J. Downing, "Residence of Washington Irving, Esq. near Tarrytown, NY", in ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 409, fig. 59.<br />
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Image:1807.jpg|George Inness, ''Sunnyside'', c. 1850–60.<br />
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File:2130.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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File:2131.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, Sunny-Side'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 50. <br />
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==Other Resources==<br />
[http://www.hudsonvalley.org/historic-sites/washington-irvings-sunnyside Historic Hudson Valley]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
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<div><br><br />
William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany''[detail], 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.<br />
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Inscribed: "IRVING 26" / "Washington Irving"</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2132_detail.jpg&diff=25862File:2132 detail.jpg2017-02-07T21:15:18Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div><br><br />
William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany''[detail], 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.<br />
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Inscribed: "IRVING 26" / "Washington Irving"</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2132_detail.jpg&diff=25860File:2132 detail.jpg2017-02-07T21:14:50Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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William Wade, ''Wade & Croome’s panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Albany'', 1846, engraved copper plate, 396 x 16 cm. The New York Public Library, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2132.jpg&diff=25858File:2132.jpg2017-02-07T21:14:08Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div><br><br />
W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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Inscribed: IRVING.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2130.jpg&diff=25853File:2130.jpg2017-02-06T21:29:38Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div><br><br />
W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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Inscribed: Irving.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sunnyside&diff=25852Sunnyside2017-02-06T21:29:13Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>Sunnyside was the residence of the American writer Washington Irving from 1835 until his death in 1859. The stone house was formerly known as Van Tassel cottage, and was located on the Hudson River below Tarrytown. He made improvements and modifications to the architecture of the house as well as the surrounding landscaping and garden design. According to the National Register of Historic Places, Irving “delighted in augmenting the picturesqueness of his house by creating several wandering paths which led the visitor through secluded groves and broad vistas of the Hudson River scenery…perhaps influenced by [his] neighbor, Andrew Jackson Downing, who mentioned Sunnyside in his 1841 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape gardening in America.” In addition to these sylvan walks, Irving grew apples in his own orchard and cultivated flower and kitchen gardens laid out in geometric patterns which contrasted with the picturesque plan of the rest of the grounds. <br />
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==Overview==<br />
'''Alternate Names:''' Greenburgh, The Roost, Wolfert's Rest, Wolfert's Roost, Van Tassel Cottage<br/><br />
'''Site Dates:''' The original Van Tassel cottage dates from the mid-to-late 1600's; Irving purchased the estate in 1835<br/><br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Washington Irving]] (1783&ndash;1859)<br/><br />
'''Associated People:''' [[George Harvey]] (ca. 1800&ndash;1878; architect)<br/><br />
'''Location:'''Tarrytown, New York<br/><br />
[http://goo.gl/maps/HrclJ View on Google Maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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==Texts==<br />
* Irving, Ebenezer, June 1, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Harold Dean Cater, ‘Washington Irving and Sunnyside’, ''New York History'' 38, no. 2 (April 1957), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are to get possession of it in a day or two and shall then determine what improvements to make. We shall clear away all the old outhouses, [[fence]]s and rubbish and have a clear green [[lawn]]."<br />
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* Irving, Ebenezer, June 30, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Cater 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"But your uncle and all are more pleased than ever with the place. He purposes enlarging the house, preserving its present old Dutch style, and making it an inviting and comfortable nook for the family. It can, at a small expense, be made a charming little place. The road down from the turnpike to the house winds beautifully along the little brook, and is capable of being made really beautiful."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 24, 1835, in a letter to his brother Peter Irving (''Letters'' II: 839&ndash;840)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume II, 1823-1838'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The workmen are busy upon my cottage, which I think will be a snug little Dutch nookery when finished. It will be of stone, so as to be cool in summer and warm in winter. The expense will be moderate, as I have it built in the simplest manner, depending upon its quaintness rather than its costliness."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, April 28, 1836, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' II: 869)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish the Cottage was ready, and then there would be no difficulty, but it will be some time in June before it is habitable&mdash;if then. We have good workmen and they are getting on well&mdash;but there is always a world of finishing that one never calculates on<br />
:"I have been busy out of doors from morning until night ever since I have been up here Setting out trees &c &c" <br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 18, 1838, in a letter to his nephew Pierre M. Irving (''Letters'' II: 928)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are all cosily quartered at the Roost, and very comfortable. The season is coming out in all its beauty, and we are in the midst of birds and blossoms and flowers. I look forward with pleasure to the prospect of seeing you and Helen at the cottage in the course of the summer, and showing you what a capital florist and horticulturalist and agriculturalist I am becoming. I beat all the gentleman farmers in my neighborhood, for I can manage to raise my vegetables and fruits at very little more than twice the market price."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 24, 1838, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart (''Letters'' II: 939)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The girls live very much in the open air. The retired situation of the cottage, with its secluded [[walk]]s, quiet glens and sheltering [[grove]]s, enable them to rove about without fear of restraint. They have lately been busily employed in nutting; my place abounds with fine chestnut, black-walnut and butter nut trees; and this year they are completely laden with fruit."<br />
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* Lossing, Benson J., 1839, describing Sunnyside (1839: 135)<ref>Benson J. Lossing, "Residence of Washington Irving," ''The Family Magazine'' 4 (1839), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3TS4N8BE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grounds about it have been cleared, the thick [[copse]] that concealed the 'Taappan Zee' from view has been levelled, and Mr. Irving has rendered it one of the most delightful summer residences in the country."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November, 25, 1840, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart, about their niece Sarah Paris (''Letters'' III: 61)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume III, 1839-1845'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Ever since my return to the United States Sarah has been peculiarly my companion; taking the strongest and most affectionate interest in all my concerns, and delighting me by her frank, natural, intelligent, and social qualities. She is especially identified with the cottage and all its concerns, having been in all my councils, when building and furnishing it, and having been the life of the establishment ever since I set it up. How I shall do without her I cannot imagine, or how I shall reconcile myself to her entire absence from a place where every path, tree shrub and flower, is more or less connected with her idea."<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1841, describing Sunnyside (1841: 334&ndash;336)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 1st edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PGUEKHNG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"There is scarcely a building or place more replete with interest in America, than the cottage of Washington Irving, near Tarrytown. The 'legend of sleepy Hollow,' so delightfully told in the Sketch-Book, has made every one acquainted with this neighbourhood, and especially with the site of the present building, there celebrated as the "Van Tassel House," one of the most secluded and delightful nooks on the banks of the Hudson. With characteristic taste, Mr. Irving has chosen this spot, the haunt of his early days, since rendered classic ground by his elegant pen, and made it his permanent residence. The house of 'Baltus Van Tassel,' has been altered and rebuilt in a quaint style, partaking somewhat of the English cottage mode, but retaining strongly marked symptoms of its Dutch origin. The quaint old weathercocks and finials, the crow-stepped gables, and the hall paved with Dutch tiles, are among the ancient and venerable ornaments of the houses of the original settlers of Manhattan, now almost extinct among us. There is also a quiet-keeping in the cottage and the grounds around it, that assists in making up the charm of the whole: the gently swelling [[slope]] reaching down to the water's edge, bordered by prettily wooded ravines through which a brook meanders pleasantly; and threaded by foot-paths ingeniously contrived so as sometimes to afford secluded [[walk]]s, and at others to allow fine [[vista]]s of the broad expanse of river scenery." <br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 13, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 112)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I never have seen it look more beautiful&mdash;and I think the little domains about the cottage have been more beautiful than ever&mdash;The trees and shrubs and clambering vines that have been transplanted within the last year or two, have now taken good root and begin to grow luxuriantly. If vegetation goes on at this rate we shall before long be buried among roses and honeysuckles and ivy and sweet briar. All the [[grove]]s too about the place are magnificent this year. Most of the forest trees you know, are young, and scare any past their prime; so that every year the [[grove]]s grow more dense and stately. The new [[walk]]s are very popular especially that to the fallen Chest-nut tree, which is one of the most shady cool and delightful resorts of a warm sunny day that you can imagine. I was never more conscious of the sweetness of the country than this season.<br />
:"I have nearly completed my bulwark along the foot of the bank. It will not merely be protection against the encroachments of the river, but also a great improvement to the place&mdash;I shall have the [[slope]] bank finished off and in some places sloped down to the [[wall]], with footpaths leading down to it, and [[seat]]s under the trees. The shore of the river is cleared of all the rocks and stones that encumbered it and the whole aspect of the place along the river is changed."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 18, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 133)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The sweet briars which you and David planted, and which you inquire about, are flourishing finely&mdash;You need not fear that they will not be taken fear of. We value too highly every thing that reminds us of you. All our clambering vines have been very luxuriant this season, and are gradually clothing the cottage with verdure. Some of the trumpet creeper too begins to flower; and by another year we shall have the east [[wall]] quite gorgeous."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 17, 1842, in a letter to his brother Ebenezer Irving (''Letters'' III: 183&ndash;184)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I now abandon the care of the place entirely to you. You will find, in my little library, books about gardening, farming, poultry, &c., by which to direct yourself. The management of the place will give you healthful and cheerful occupation, and will be as much occupation as you want. . . . Try if you cannot beat me at farming and gardening. I shall be able to bestow a little more money on the place now, to put it in good heart and good order." <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1844, describing Sunnyside (1844: 38, 380)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IGJXRU9V view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"At Tarrytown, is the cottage residence of Washington Irvings, which is, in location and accessories, almost the beau ideal of a cottage-ornée. The charming manner in which the wild foot-paths, in the neighborhood of this cottage, are conducted among the [[picturesque]] dells and banks, is precisely what one would look for here. . . .<br />
:"The cottage itself is now charmingly covered with ivy and climbing roses, and embosomed in [[thicket]]s of [[shrubbery]]."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 5, 1846, in a letter to Flora Foster Dawson (''Letters'' IV: 13&ndash;14)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume IV, 1846-1859'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"As to myself on my return to America I built me a pretty little cottage on the banks of the Hudson in a beautiful country, and not far from my old haunts of Sleepy Hollow. Here I passed several years most happily; my cottage well stocked with nieces and enlivened by visits from friends and connexions, having generally what is called in Scotland is called a house full, that is to say a little more than it will hold. This state of things was too happy to last. I was unexpectedly called from it by being appointed Minister to Madrid. It was a hard struggle for me to part from my cottage and my nieces but I put all under charge of my brother and promised to return at the end of three years. I have overstaid my time. Nearly four years have elapsed; I understand my cottage is nearly buried among the trees I set out, and over run with roses and honeysuckle and ivy from Melrose Abbey, and my nieces implore me to come back and save them from being buried alive in foliage."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 19, 1846, in a letter to Madame Albuquerque (''Letters'' IV: 101)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have found my little nest almost buried among trees and over run with clambering vines. My first move has been cut down and clear away so as to make openings for [[prospects]] and a free circulation of air, my next to commence building an addition, so that I have my hands full of occupation."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November 8, 1846, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 105)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In fact I have so completely slipped back into my old rural habits and occupations, that I can scarcely realize, as I go dawdling about trimming and planting and transplanting trees and inspecting the poultry yard, that so short a time has elapsed since I was playing the Courtier and treading the saloons of Royal palaces."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 27, 1847, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 144)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"My own place has never been so beautiful as at present. I have made more openings by pruning and cutting down trees, so that from the [[piazza]] I have several charming views of the Tappan Zee&mdash;and the hills beyond; all set as it were in verdant frames, and I am never tired of sitting there in my old Voltaire chair, of a long summer morning, with a book in my hand, sometimes reading, sometimes musing on the landscape, and sometimes dozing and mixing all up in a pleasant dream."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 9, 1847, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' IV: 150)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have, however, just finished my last job, making a new ice [[pond]] in a colder and deeper place in the glen just opposite our entrance [[gate]]: and now I would not undertake another job, even so much as to build a wren coop; for the slightest job seems to swell into a toilsome and expensive operation"<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 18, 1847, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 151)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The fact is on my return home my whole thoughts and exertions were suddenly turned into a new channel which has almost ever since engrossed them. I found my place very much out of order, my house in need of additions and repairs and the whole establishment in want of completion. I set to work immediately, and kept on at all times and seasons, in defiance of heat and cold, wind and weather and as I was pretty much my own architect; project and landscape gardener, and had but rough hands to work under me, I have been kept busy out of doors from morning until night and from months end to months end until within a week or two past, when I brought my labors to a close, or rather relinquished them, finding I had spent all <my> the money in my pocket and fagged myself into an irritation of the system which has rendered me almost as lame as I used to be in Madrid."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, December 18, 1850, in a letter to Henry Lee, Jr. (''Letters'' IV: 237)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"A rural retreat when it is a mans own, and of his own formation produces a new set of pleasures and interests and ambitions, and every tree he plants awakens a new hope and attaches him to the spot which he has improved. I speak from experience having never been happier than in my present little country nest, where the house is of my own building, the trees of my own planting the garden of my own cultivating and where my continual blunders give me continual occupation in rectifying them."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 20, 1851, in a letter to Moses H. Grinnell (''Letters'' IV: 255)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Sunnyside is possessed by seven devils and I have to be continually on the watch to keep all from going to ruin. First, we have a legion of Women Kind, cleaning and scouring the house from top to bottom; so that we are all reduced to eat and drink and have our being in my little library. In the midst of this our water is cut off. An Irishman from your establishment undertook to shut up my spring as he had yours, within brick [[wall]]s; the spring shewed proper spirit and broke bounds and all the water pipes ran dry in consequence. In the dearth of painters I have employed a couple of country carpenters to paint my roofs and it requires all my vigilance to keep them from painting them like Josephs coat of divers colors. Your little man Westerfield is to plaster my chimneys tomorrow and your plumbers and bell hangers to attack the vitals of the house. I have a new coachman to be inducted into all the mysteries of the stable and coach house, so all that part of the establishment is in <a> what is called a halla baloo. In a word I never knew of such a tempest in a teapot as is just now going on in little Sunnyside[.] I trust, therefore, you will excuse me for staying at home to sink or swim with the concern."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 15, 1852, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 317)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish you could see little Sunnyside this season, I think it more beautiful than ever. The trees and shrubs and clambering vines are uncommonly luxuriant. We never had so many singing birds about the place and the humming birds are about the windows continually after the flowers of the honey suckles and trumpet creepers which overhang them."<br />
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* Tuckerman, Henry T., 1853, describing Sunnyside (1853: 50&ndash;52)<ref> Henry T. Tuckerman, "Washington Irving," in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches, by Various Writers'' (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9BXIQ54 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is approached by a sequestered road, which enhances the effect of its natural beauty. A more tranquil and protected abode, nestled in the lap of nature, never captivated a poet's eye. Rising from the bank of the river, which a strip of woodland alone intercepts, it unites every rural charm to the most complete seclusion. From this interesting domain is visible the broad surface of the Tappan Zee; the grounds [[slope]] to the water's edge, and are bordered by wooded ravines; a clear brook ripples near, and several neat paths lead to shadowy [[walk]]s or fine points of river scenery. The house itself is a graceful combination of the English cottage and the Dutch farm-house. The crow-stepped gables, the tiles in the hall, and the weathercocks, partake of the latter character; while the white [[wall]]s gleaming through the trees, the smooth and verdant turf, and the mantling vines of ivy and clambering roses, suggest the former. Indeed, in this delightful homestead are tokens of all that is most characteristic of its owner. The simplicity and rustic grace of the abode indicate an unperverted taste,&mdash;its secluded position a love of retirement; the cottage ornaments remind us of his unrivalled pictures of English country-life; the weathercock that used to veer about on the Stadt-house of Amsterdam is a symbol of the fatherland; while the one that adorned the grand dwellings in Albany before the revolution, is a significant memorial of the old Dutch colonists; and they are thus both associated with the fragrant memory of that famous and unique historian Diedrich Knickerbocker. The quaint and beautiful are thus blended, and the effect of the whole is singularly harmonious. From the quietude of this retreat are obtainable the most extensive [[prospect]]s; and while its sheltered position breathes the very air of domestic repose, the scenery it commands is eloquent of broad and generous sympathies. . . . <br />
:"And here, in the midst of a landscape his pen has made attractive in both hemispheres and of friends whose love surpasses the highest meed of fame, he lives in daily view of scenes thrice endeared&mdash;by taste, association, and habit;&madsh;the old locust that blossoms on the green bank in spring, the brook that sparkles along the grass, the peaked turret and vine-covered [[wall]] of that modest yet traditional dwelling, the favorite valley watered by the romantic Pocantoro, and, above all, the glorious river of his heart."<br />
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* Anonymous, April 1855, describing Sunnyside (''New York Quarterly'' 1855: 66, 75, 77)<ref>Anonymous, "Washington Irving; His Home and His Works,"''New York Quarterly'' 4, no. 1 (April 1855), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/47NVJ48H view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In a sequestered rural retreat, some twenty-five miles from the din of city life, half-hid among thick foliage through which gleams the silvery expanse of the Hudson, stands a grotesque-looking, antique edifice&mdash;half-Dutch, half-Elizabethan in style, and so snugly nestled amid shrubbery and evergreen, as to elude the ken of the casual passer-by. It is an enchanting little nook, charmingly diversified with upland, [[lawn]], and dell, and so rife with [[picturesque]] beauty as completely to fascinate the eye and hold it spell-bound to the spot. This emparadised retreat, with its leafy recesses and antique structure, is the home of the great American essayist and historian&mdash;Washington Irving. There is an air of singular quaintness and rural elegance about the scene&mdash;every thing that refined taste could devise, and diligent culture effect, is here indicated. . . .<br />
:"We perambulated the beautiful grounds of Sunny-Side, which extend over some six or eight acres, a second time, and as we luxuriated over every fresh variety of ornate landscape, Mr. Irving pointed out some of his favorite [[walk]]s, and indicated to us some of his fine trees, in which he evidently takes pride and pleasure. From a rising knoll on the banks of the river, we caught a glimpse of the roof and turrets of the house, the rest of the edifice being embosomed in foliage; the scene was singularly effective and beautiful. As an evidence of the social and amiable character of Mr. Irving, it may be mentioned that no 'boundary line' is marked by [[hedge]] or by [[fence]], diving his from his neighbors' grounds&mdash;an instance somewhat remarkable, since such distinctions are rarely disregarded. The [[kitchen garden]] is a perfect model for neatness and taste, and its lavish provision showed that utility as well as ornament entered into the calculations of his gardener. The only thing that seemed wanting was water, there being but a small rivulet here and there. . . .<br />
:"The radiant summer sunset was now streaming its liquid gold through the windows, tempting us out upon the lawn again, to feast our gaze with the splendors of the scene. A new phase of beauty was now given to these delectable grounds, the leaves and flowers were luminous with the golden rays of the declining sun, and the quiet waters of the Hudson served as a broad mirror reflecting the brilliant and blending tints of the bending skies, rendering the scene one of exquisite loveliness. . . . The dark shadows of the [[clump]]s of forest-trees afforded a rich contrast to the gorgeous hues with which the other portions of the landscape were decked."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 27, 1853, in a letter to Mary E. Kennedy (''Letters'' IV: 406)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' IV, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grass is growing up to my very door,&mdash;the roses and honeysuckles are clamberinga bout my windows, the acacias and liburnums are in full flower, singing birds have built in the ivy against the wall and I have concerts at daybreak almost equal to the serenades you used to have at Washington."<br />
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* Richards, T. Addison, December 1856, describing Sunnyside (1856: 7&ndash;11)<ref>[T. Addison Richards], "Sunnyside: The Home of Washington Irving," ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' 14, no. 79 (December 1856), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKKJSCVJ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is a sweet scene of rural simplicity and comfort which is disclosed to us by either approach; as the open sunlit [[lawn]], so affectionately embraced by its protecting trees and [[shrubbery]], which, though permitting little peeps here and there from within, deny all vagrant observation from without. One can scarcely believe himself as thickly surrounded as he really is here by crowding cottage and castle, so entire is the repose and seclusion of the spot. Year ago, when Mr. Irving first took up his abode at Sunnyside, he was all alone by himself, yet now every inch of the adjacent country is gardened, and [[lawn|lawned]], and villaed, to the extreme of modern taste and wealth; yet all so charmingly under the rose, that you always stumble upon the evidences unexpectedly, as you dreamingly pursue the [[thicket]]-covered and brook-voiced [[wood]]-paths. It is like the discovering of birds'-nests amidst forest leaves. Seen from the opposite shore of the river, the whole hillside is glittering with sun-tipped roof and tower, but like the Seven Cities of the Enchanted Island, it all vanishes as you approach.<br />
:"The cottage, with its crow-stepped gables and weathercocks, overrun with honey-suckle and eglantine, with the rose-vine and the clinging ivy, is a wonderfully unique little edifice, totally unlike any thing else in our land, but always calling up our remembrances or our fancies of merrie rural England, with a hint here and there at its old Dutch leaven; in the quaint weathercocks, for instance, one of which actually veered, in good old days gone by, over the great Vander Heyden Palace in Albany, and another on the top of the Stadt House of New Amsterdam. A lady would be apt to call the Sunnyside cottage 'the dearest, cosiest, cunningest, snuggest little nest in the world.' Mr. Irving describes it as 'a little old-fashioned stone mansion, all made up of gable-ends, and as full of angles and corners as an old cocked hat.' 'It is said, in fact,' he continues, 'to have been modeled after the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial was modeled after gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence.' . . . .<br />
:"Before the intrusion of the railroad, which has profaned so much of the river shore, the quiet beach, with its little cove, into which a rural lane debouched, was one of the sweetest features of Sunnyside. This part of the domain is beautifies by a sparkling spring, draped, like all the region round, as we shall see by-and-by, in the fairy web of romantic fable. . . .<br />
:"The acres of Sunnyside, all told, are not many; and yet so varied is their surface, so richly wooded and flowered, and so full of elfish winding paths and grassy lanes, exploring hillsides and chasing merry brooks, that their numbers seem to be countless; a pleasant deception greatly aided by that agreeable community of feeling between Mr. Irving and his neighbors, which has so banished all dividing [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, that while you think you are roaming over the grounds of one, you suddenly bring up among the flower-[[bed]]s of another. . . .<br />
:"The woodland of Sunnyside is very happily varied, offering every variety of sylvan growth, beech, birch, willow, oak, locust, maple, elm, linden, pine, hemlock, and cedar; while on the [[lawn]]s are evergreen and flowering shrubs; and, trailing over the vagrant [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, honey-suckle, rose, trumpet-flowers, and ivy. The latter plant, which is very abundant, is of the famous stock of Melrose Abbey. The garden, which in keeping with its surroundings, is watched by a favorite retainer, for whom Mr. Irving has built a snug cottage, fronting the [[lawn]] in the face of his own mansion. This little edifice is especially interesting, from its having been designed by Mr. Irving himself; his only venture, he once told us, as an architect. . . .<br />
:"Separated from the [[lawn]] around the cottage by the belt of trees in which stands the gardener's dwelling, is another open area occupied by a pretty [[lake|lakelet]] 'expansion' of the brook&mdash;an echo of the great bay beyond. The painter gives unity, and harmony, and force to his picture by distributing throughout the work its leading sentiment or story and its prevailing color; so, in the artistic composition of Sunnyside, its chief feature, the great 'Mediterranean' of the river, as Mr. Irving calls the Tappan Bay, with its fleet of white sails thick as the passing clouds, is repeated by the little 'Mediterranean' of the brooklet and its fleet of snowy ducks. . . .<br />
:"The air of graceful simplicity and cozy comfort which so strongly marks the exterior of the Sunnyside cottage, is felt quite as vividly within doors. It is cut up into just such odd, snug little apartments and boudoirs as the rambling, low-walled, peak-roofed, and gable-ended outside promises. The state entrance is by the [[porch]] at the south end; the household exit is from the drawing-room, across the [[piazza]], to the [[lawn]] on the east or river front. It is on this side of the cottage that the family chat or read the news of the great world, away, on summer days and nights. On the north side of the drawing-room there is a delightful little recess, forming a boudoir some six or eight feet square, the whole front of which is occupied by a window looking across the [[lawn]], and through the up-river [[vista]] chronicled in our portfolio. It is, in summer, neatly matted and furnished with little stands of books, and flowers, and statuettes, and the low-toned walls are hung with drawings and sketches by Leslie, Stuart Newton, and others&mdash;mementoes of Mr. Irving's sojournings and friendships in England&mdash;with some of Darley's admirable etchings from Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. It is a little nook which you would set down at once as under special female guardianship. . . .<br />
:"The graceful simplicity which marks the appointments of this Lilliputian sanctum is seen through all the furniture and adornments of the mansion. The spirit throughout is that of refinement without affectation, elegance without display, comfort without waste."<br />
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* Willis, N. P., August 1857, describing Sunnyside (quoted in ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 1857: 530)<ref>Quoted in "Washington Irving at Sunnyside. From N. P. Willis' Letter in the 'Home Journal,'" ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 3, no. 34 (August 22, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NIX4U6IK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"With the horticulture and arboriculture of 'Wolfert's-dell,' Mr. Grinnell has been singularly successful; and, as we were to make the rounds of the [[shrubbery|shrubberies]] and the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] before the sun should be fairly vertical, we were now admonished that it was time&mdash;Mr. Irving at once taking his straw hat to accompany us. A remark upon the beauty of the verdure near his door, drew from him a most poetical outburst as to the happy superiorty of our climate . . . .<br />
:"While we were still in the immediate grounds of Sunnyside, I observed two remarkable triplets of the tulip tree&mdash;superb growths of three equal shafts, tall and of arrowy straightness, from each root&mdash;and in these fine specimens of the cleanest-leaved and healthiest-looking of trees, he said he took great pleasure. A squirrel ran up one of them as we approached, and, upon this race of depredators, he had been obliged to make war this summer. They were a little bit more destructive than their beauty was an excuse for. With another class of destructives, however, he did not know so well how to contend, the visitors who drive into his grounds and tie their horses to the trees.<br />
:"The well-shaded ravine which has Sunnyside sitting on one of its knees&mdash;(once called 'Wolfert's Roost,' and long used by that famous Dutchman as the covert-way between the river and his haunts)&mdash;is conveniently and gracefully intersected with paths; but I remarked to Mr. Irving that they were somewhat of the outline character of ours at Idlewild. Yes, he said; on ''his'' side of the dell, they were merely dug out and walked hard; but as they communicated with those of his rich neighbor, he was very often lucky enough to get credit of the smooth gravel-[[walk]]s, too! And he presently gave another of his crayonesque touches to his neighbor, assuring us, very solemnly, while were were wondering at the growth to which the transplanted trees had attained in so short a time, that 'it was done by Mr. Grinnell's going round at night, himself, with a lantern and water-pot, to see that the trees did not oversleep themselves:'&mdash;a fact, (seen through Irving spectacles,) as Mr. G., engrossed all day with his business in the city and only at home at night, sometimes takes a look at his gardener's work, by the aid of a lantern.<br />
:"At the door of the [[hothouse|hot-house]], Mr. Irving said it was warm enough for him outside. He preferred to stand under a tree and wait for us&mdash;particularly as he had seen the grapes before and hoped to see some of them again. Astonished as my own wilderness-trained eyes were, of course, with the wonderful fecundity of those glass-covered vines, I was more interested in the visit to Mr. Grinnell's sumptuous stables. . . .<br />
:"As we strolled slowly through the grounds, we came to two dwarf [[statue]]s&mdash;grotesque representations of 'The Spendthrift' and 'The Miser'&mdash;and Mr. Irving gave us a comic history of their amusing a party of friends by playing at 'tableaux,' the other day&mdash;stopping in their walk, and dressing these figures up with the shawls and bonnets of the ladies. Our walk was varied with incidental questions of [[landscape gardening]], as we came to points which commanded the river-views more or less effectively; and Mr. Irving made one remark which, I thought, embodied the whole science of wood-thinning, in ornamental grounds&mdash;that 'a tree is only to be cut down when the picture it hides is worth more than the tree.'"<br />
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==Images==<br />
<span id="roundabout_img"></span><br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4"><br />
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Image:1933.jpg|George Harvey, ''The Old Cottage Taken Previous to Improvement'', c. 1835.<br />
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Image:1880.jpg|A. J. Downing, "Residence of Washington Irving, Esq. near Tarrytown, NY", in ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 409, fig. 59.<br />
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Image:1807.jpg|George Inness, ''Sunnyside'', c. 1850–60.<br />
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File:2130.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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File:2131.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, Sunny-Side'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 50. <br />
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==Other Resources==<br />
[http://www.hudsonvalley.org/historic-sites/washington-irvings-sunnyside Historic Hudson Valley]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
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[[Category: Sites]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2131.jpg&diff=25851File:2131.jpg2017-02-06T21:28:38Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, Sunny-Side'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 50. <br />
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Inscribed: ''Sunnyside Residence of Washington Irving''</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2131.jpg&diff=25850File:2131.jpg2017-02-06T21:27:59Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div></div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sunnyside&diff=25849Sunnyside2017-02-06T21:24:05Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>Sunnyside was the residence of the American writer Washington Irving from 1835 until his death in 1859. The stone house was formerly known as Van Tassel cottage, and was located on the Hudson River below Tarrytown. He made improvements and modifications to the architecture of the house as well as the surrounding landscaping and garden design. According to the National Register of Historic Places, Irving “delighted in augmenting the picturesqueness of his house by creating several wandering paths which led the visitor through secluded groves and broad vistas of the Hudson River scenery…perhaps influenced by [his] neighbor, Andrew Jackson Downing, who mentioned Sunnyside in his 1841 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape gardening in America.” In addition to these sylvan walks, Irving grew apples in his own orchard and cultivated flower and kitchen gardens laid out in geometric patterns which contrasted with the picturesque plan of the rest of the grounds. <br />
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==Overview==<br />
'''Alternate Names:''' Greenburgh, The Roost, Wolfert's Rest, Wolfert's Roost, Van Tassel Cottage<br/><br />
'''Site Dates:''' The original Van Tassel cottage dates from the mid-to-late 1600's; Irving purchased the estate in 1835<br/><br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Washington Irving]] (1783&ndash;1859)<br/><br />
'''Associated People:''' [[George Harvey]] (ca. 1800&ndash;1878; architect)<br/><br />
'''Location:'''Tarrytown, New York<br/><br />
[http://goo.gl/maps/HrclJ View on Google Maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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==Texts==<br />
* Irving, Ebenezer, June 1, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Harold Dean Cater, ‘Washington Irving and Sunnyside’, ''New York History'' 38, no. 2 (April 1957), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are to get possession of it in a day or two and shall then determine what improvements to make. We shall clear away all the old outhouses, [[fence]]s and rubbish and have a clear green [[lawn]]."<br />
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* Irving, Ebenezer, June 30, 1835, in a letter to his nephew William Irving (quoted in Cater 1957: 134)<ref>Cater 1957, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z2X7H9V2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"But your uncle and all are more pleased than ever with the place. He purposes enlarging the house, preserving its present old Dutch style, and making it an inviting and comfortable nook for the family. It can, at a small expense, be made a charming little place. The road down from the turnpike to the house winds beautifully along the little brook, and is capable of being made really beautiful."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 24, 1835, in a letter to his brother Peter Irving (''Letters'' II: 839&ndash;840)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume II, 1823-1838'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The workmen are busy upon my cottage, which I think will be a snug little Dutch nookery when finished. It will be of stone, so as to be cool in summer and warm in winter. The expense will be moderate, as I have it built in the simplest manner, depending upon its quaintness rather than its costliness."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, April 28, 1836, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' II: 869)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish the Cottage was ready, and then there would be no difficulty, but it will be some time in June before it is habitable&mdash;if then. We have good workmen and they are getting on well&mdash;but there is always a world of finishing that one never calculates on<br />
:"I have been busy out of doors from morning until night ever since I have been up here Setting out trees &c &c" <br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 18, 1838, in a letter to his nephew Pierre M. Irving (''Letters'' II: 928)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"We are all cosily quartered at the Roost, and very comfortable. The season is coming out in all its beauty, and we are in the midst of birds and blossoms and flowers. I look forward with pleasure to the prospect of seeing you and Helen at the cottage in the course of the summer, and showing you what a capital florist and horticulturalist and agriculturalist I am becoming. I beat all the gentleman farmers in my neighborhood, for I can manage to raise my vegetables and fruits at very little more than twice the market price."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 24, 1838, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart (''Letters'' II: 939)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' II, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NE35ZWT5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The girls live very much in the open air. The retired situation of the cottage, with its secluded [[walk]]s, quiet glens and sheltering [[grove]]s, enable them to rove about without fear of restraint. They have lately been busily employed in nutting; my place abounds with fine chestnut, black-walnut and butter nut trees; and this year they are completely laden with fruit."<br />
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* Lossing, Benson J., 1839, describing Sunnyside (1839: 135)<ref>Benson J. Lossing, "Residence of Washington Irving," ''The Family Magazine'' 4 (1839), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3TS4N8BE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grounds about it have been cleared, the thick [[copse]] that concealed the 'Taappan Zee' from view has been levelled, and Mr. Irving has rendered it one of the most delightful summer residences in the country."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November, 25, 1840, in a letter to his sister Sarah Van Wart, about their niece Sarah Paris (''Letters'' III: 61)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume III, 1839-1845'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Ever since my return to the United States Sarah has been peculiarly my companion; taking the strongest and most affectionate interest in all my concerns, and delighting me by her frank, natural, intelligent, and social qualities. She is especially identified with the cottage and all its concerns, having been in all my councils, when building and furnishing it, and having been the life of the establishment ever since I set it up. How I shall do without her I cannot imagine, or how I shall reconcile myself to her entire absence from a place where every path, tree shrub and flower, is more or less connected with her idea."<br />
<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1841, describing Sunnyside (1841: 334&ndash;336)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 1st edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PGUEKHNG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"There is scarcely a building or place more replete with interest in America, than the cottage of Washington Irving, near Tarrytown. The 'legend of sleepy Hollow,' so delightfully told in the Sketch-Book, has made every one acquainted with this neighbourhood, and especially with the site of the present building, there celebrated as the "Van Tassel House," one of the most secluded and delightful nooks on the banks of the Hudson. With characteristic taste, Mr. Irving has chosen this spot, the haunt of his early days, since rendered classic ground by his elegant pen, and made it his permanent residence. The house of 'Baltus Van Tassel,' has been altered and rebuilt in a quaint style, partaking somewhat of the English cottage mode, but retaining strongly marked symptoms of its Dutch origin. The quaint old weathercocks and finials, the crow-stepped gables, and the hall paved with Dutch tiles, are among the ancient and venerable ornaments of the houses of the original settlers of Manhattan, now almost extinct among us. There is also a quiet-keeping in the cottage and the grounds around it, that assists in making up the charm of the whole: the gently swelling [[slope]] reaching down to the water's edge, bordered by prettily wooded ravines through which a brook meanders pleasantly; and threaded by foot-paths ingeniously contrived so as sometimes to afford secluded [[walk]]s, and at others to allow fine [[vista]]s of the broad expanse of river scenery." <br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 13, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 112)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I never have seen it look more beautiful&mdash;and I think the little domains about the cottage have been more beautiful than ever&mdash;The trees and shrubs and clambering vines that have been transplanted within the last year or two, have now taken good root and begin to grow luxuriantly. If vegetation goes on at this rate we shall before long be buried among roses and honeysuckles and ivy and sweet briar. All the [[grove]]s too about the place are magnificent this year. Most of the forest trees you know, are young, and scare any past their prime; so that every year the [[grove]]s grow more dense and stately. The new [[walk]]s are very popular especially that to the fallen Chest-nut tree, which is one of the most shady cool and delightful resorts of a warm sunny day that you can imagine. I was never more conscious of the sweetness of the country than this season.<br />
:"I have nearly completed my bulwark along the foot of the bank. It will not merely be protection against the encroachments of the river, but also a great improvement to the place&mdash;I shall have the [[slope]] bank finished off and in some places sloped down to the [[wall]], with footpaths leading down to it, and [[seat]]s under the trees. The shore of the river is cleared of all the rocks and stones that encumbered it and the whole aspect of the place along the river is changed."<br />
<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 18, 1841, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' III: 133)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The sweet briars which you and David planted, and which you inquire about, are flourishing finely&mdash;You need not fear that they will not be taken fear of. We value too highly every thing that reminds us of you. All our clambering vines have been very luxuriant this season, and are gradually clothing the cottage with verdure. Some of the trumpet creeper too begins to flower; and by another year we shall have the east [[wall]] quite gorgeous."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 17, 1842, in a letter to his brother Ebenezer Irving (''Letters'' III: 183&ndash;184)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' III, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UUVDM5SK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I now abandon the care of the place entirely to you. You will find, in my little library, books about gardening, farming, poultry, &c., by which to direct yourself. The management of the place will give you healthful and cheerful occupation, and will be as much occupation as you want. . . . Try if you cannot beat me at farming and gardening. I shall be able to bestow a little more money on the place now, to put it in good heart and good order." <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1844, describing Sunnyside (1844: 38, 380)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IGJXRU9V view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"At Tarrytown, is the cottage residence of Washington Irvings, which is, in location and accessories, almost the beau ideal of a cottage-ornée. The charming manner in which the wild foot-paths, in the neighborhood of this cottage, are conducted among the [[picturesque]] dells and banks, is precisely what one would look for here. . . .<br />
:"The cottage itself is now charmingly covered with ivy and climbing roses, and embosomed in [[thicket]]s of [[shrubbery]]."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, February 5, 1846, in a letter to Flora Foster Dawson (''Letters'' IV: 13&ndash;14)<ref>Washington Irving, ''Letters, Volume IV, 1846-1859'', ed. by Ralph M. Aderman, Herbert L. Kleinfield, and Jenifer S. Banks (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"As to myself on my return to America I built me a pretty little cottage on the banks of the Hudson in a beautiful country, and not far from my old haunts of Sleepy Hollow. Here I passed several years most happily; my cottage well stocked with nieces and enlivened by visits from friends and connexions, having generally what is called in Scotland is called a house full, that is to say a little more than it will hold. This state of things was too happy to last. I was unexpectedly called from it by being appointed Minister to Madrid. It was a hard struggle for me to part from my cottage and my nieces but I put all under charge of my brother and promised to return at the end of three years. I have overstaid my time. Nearly four years have elapsed; I understand my cottage is nearly buried among the trees I set out, and over run with roses and honeysuckle and ivy from Melrose Abbey, and my nieces implore me to come back and save them from being buried alive in foliage."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, October 19, 1846, in a letter to Madame Albuquerque (''Letters'' IV: 101)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have found my little nest almost buried among trees and over run with clambering vines. My first move has been cut down and clear away so as to make openings for [[prospects]] and a free circulation of air, my next to commence building an addition, so that I have my hands full of occupation."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, November 8, 1846, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 105)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In fact I have so completely slipped back into my old rural habits and occupations, that I can scarcely realize, as I go dawdling about trimming and planting and transplanting trees and inspecting the poultry yard, that so short a time has elapsed since I was playing the Courtier and treading the saloons of Royal palaces."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, August 27, 1847, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 144)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"My own place has never been so beautiful as at present. I have made more openings by pruning and cutting down trees, so that from the [[piazza]] I have several charming views of the Tappan Zee&mdash;and the hills beyond; all set as it were in verdant frames, and I am never tired of sitting there in my old Voltaire chair, of a long summer morning, with a book in my hand, sometimes reading, sometimes musing on the landscape, and sometimes dozing and mixing all up in a pleasant dream."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 9, 1847, in a letter to his sister Catharine Paris (''Letters'' IV: 150)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I have, however, just finished my last job, making a new ice [[pond]] in a colder and deeper place in the glen just opposite our entrance [[gate]]: and now I would not undertake another job, even so much as to build a wren coop; for the slightest job seems to swell into a toilsome and expensive operation"<br />
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* Irving, Washington, September 18, 1847, in a letter to Sabina O'Shea (''Letters'' IV: 151)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The fact is on my return home my whole thoughts and exertions were suddenly turned into a new channel which has almost ever since engrossed them. I found my place very much out of order, my house in need of additions and repairs and the whole establishment in want of completion. I set to work immediately, and kept on at all times and seasons, in defiance of heat and cold, wind and weather and as I was pretty much my own architect; project and landscape gardener, and had but rough hands to work under me, I have been kept busy out of doors from morning until night and from months end to months end until within a week or two past, when I brought my labors to a close, or rather relinquished them, finding I had spent all <my> the money in my pocket and fagged myself into an irritation of the system which has rendered me almost as lame as I used to be in Madrid."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, December 18, 1850, in a letter to Henry Lee, Jr. (''Letters'' IV: 237)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"A rural retreat when it is a mans own, and of his own formation produces a new set of pleasures and interests and ambitions, and every tree he plants awakens a new hope and attaches him to the spot which he has improved. I speak from experience having never been happier than in my present little country nest, where the house is of my own building, the trees of my own planting the garden of my own cultivating and where my continual blunders give me continual occupation in rectifying them."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 20, 1851, in a letter to Moses H. Grinnell (''Letters'' IV: 255)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"Sunnyside is possessed by seven devils and I have to be continually on the watch to keep all from going to ruin. First, we have a legion of Women Kind, cleaning and scouring the house from top to bottom; so that we are all reduced to eat and drink and have our being in my little library. In the midst of this our water is cut off. An Irishman from your establishment undertook to shut up my spring as he had yours, within brick [[wall]]s; the spring shewed proper spirit and broke bounds and all the water pipes ran dry in consequence. In the dearth of painters I have employed a couple of country carpenters to paint my roofs and it requires all my vigilance to keep them from painting them like Josephs coat of divers colors. Your little man Westerfield is to plaster my chimneys tomorrow and your plumbers and bell hangers to attack the vitals of the house. I have a new coachman to be inducted into all the mysteries of the stable and coach house, so all that part of the establishment is in <a> what is called a halla baloo. In a word I never knew of such a tempest in a teapot as is just now going on in little Sunnyside[.] I trust, therefore, you will excuse me for staying at home to sink or swim with the concern."<br />
<br />
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* Irving, Washington, July 15, 1852, in a letter to his niece Sarah Storrow (''Letters'' IV: 317)<ref>Ibid., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"I wish you could see little Sunnyside this season, I think it more beautiful than ever. The trees and shrubs and clambering vines are uncommonly luxuriant. We never had so many singing birds about the place and the humming birds are about the windows continually after the flowers of the honey suckles and trumpet creepers which overhang them."<br />
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* Tuckerman, Henry T., 1853, describing Sunnyside (1853: 50&ndash;52)<ref> Henry T. Tuckerman, "Washington Irving," in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches, by Various Writers'' (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1853), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9BXIQ54 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is approached by a sequestered road, which enhances the effect of its natural beauty. A more tranquil and protected abode, nestled in the lap of nature, never captivated a poet's eye. Rising from the bank of the river, which a strip of woodland alone intercepts, it unites every rural charm to the most complete seclusion. From this interesting domain is visible the broad surface of the Tappan Zee; the grounds [[slope]] to the water's edge, and are bordered by wooded ravines; a clear brook ripples near, and several neat paths lead to shadowy [[walk]]s or fine points of river scenery. The house itself is a graceful combination of the English cottage and the Dutch farm-house. The crow-stepped gables, the tiles in the hall, and the weathercocks, partake of the latter character; while the white [[wall]]s gleaming through the trees, the smooth and verdant turf, and the mantling vines of ivy and clambering roses, suggest the former. Indeed, in this delightful homestead are tokens of all that is most characteristic of its owner. The simplicity and rustic grace of the abode indicate an unperverted taste,&mdash;its secluded position a love of retirement; the cottage ornaments remind us of his unrivalled pictures of English country-life; the weathercock that used to veer about on the Stadt-house of Amsterdam is a symbol of the fatherland; while the one that adorned the grand dwellings in Albany before the revolution, is a significant memorial of the old Dutch colonists; and they are thus both associated with the fragrant memory of that famous and unique historian Diedrich Knickerbocker. The quaint and beautiful are thus blended, and the effect of the whole is singularly harmonious. From the quietude of this retreat are obtainable the most extensive [[prospect]]s; and while its sheltered position breathes the very air of domestic repose, the scenery it commands is eloquent of broad and generous sympathies. . . . <br />
:"And here, in the midst of a landscape his pen has made attractive in both hemispheres and of friends whose love surpasses the highest meed of fame, he lives in daily view of scenes thrice endeared&mdash;by taste, association, and habit;&madsh;the old locust that blossoms on the green bank in spring, the brook that sparkles along the grass, the peaked turret and vine-covered [[wall]] of that modest yet traditional dwelling, the favorite valley watered by the romantic Pocantoro, and, above all, the glorious river of his heart."<br />
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* Anonymous, April 1855, describing Sunnyside (''New York Quarterly'' 1855: 66, 75, 77)<ref>Anonymous, "Washington Irving; His Home and His Works,"''New York Quarterly'' 4, no. 1 (April 1855), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/47NVJ48H view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"In a sequestered rural retreat, some twenty-five miles from the din of city life, half-hid among thick foliage through which gleams the silvery expanse of the Hudson, stands a grotesque-looking, antique edifice&mdash;half-Dutch, half-Elizabethan in style, and so snugly nestled amid shrubbery and evergreen, as to elude the ken of the casual passer-by. It is an enchanting little nook, charmingly diversified with upland, [[lawn]], and dell, and so rife with [[picturesque]] beauty as completely to fascinate the eye and hold it spell-bound to the spot. This emparadised retreat, with its leafy recesses and antique structure, is the home of the great American essayist and historian&mdash;Washington Irving. There is an air of singular quaintness and rural elegance about the scene&mdash;every thing that refined taste could devise, and diligent culture effect, is here indicated. . . .<br />
:"We perambulated the beautiful grounds of Sunny-Side, which extend over some six or eight acres, a second time, and as we luxuriated over every fresh variety of ornate landscape, Mr. Irving pointed out some of his favorite [[walk]]s, and indicated to us some of his fine trees, in which he evidently takes pride and pleasure. From a rising knoll on the banks of the river, we caught a glimpse of the roof and turrets of the house, the rest of the edifice being embosomed in foliage; the scene was singularly effective and beautiful. As an evidence of the social and amiable character of Mr. Irving, it may be mentioned that no 'boundary line' is marked by [[hedge]] or by [[fence]], diving his from his neighbors' grounds&mdash;an instance somewhat remarkable, since such distinctions are rarely disregarded. The [[kitchen garden]] is a perfect model for neatness and taste, and its lavish provision showed that utility as well as ornament entered into the calculations of his gardener. The only thing that seemed wanting was water, there being but a small rivulet here and there. . . .<br />
:"The radiant summer sunset was now streaming its liquid gold through the windows, tempting us out upon the lawn again, to feast our gaze with the splendors of the scene. A new phase of beauty was now given to these delectable grounds, the leaves and flowers were luminous with the golden rays of the declining sun, and the quiet waters of the Hudson served as a broad mirror reflecting the brilliant and blending tints of the bending skies, rendering the scene one of exquisite loveliness. . . . The dark shadows of the [[clump]]s of forest-trees afforded a rich contrast to the gorgeous hues with which the other portions of the landscape were decked."<br />
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* Irving, Washington, May 27, 1853, in a letter to Mary E. Kennedy (''Letters'' IV: 406)<ref>Irving, ''Letters'' IV, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XNBAEW4X view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The grass is growing up to my very door,&mdash;the roses and honeysuckles are clamberinga bout my windows, the acacias and liburnums are in full flower, singing birds have built in the ivy against the wall and I have concerts at daybreak almost equal to the serenades you used to have at Washington."<br />
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* Richards, T. Addison, December 1856, describing Sunnyside (1856: 7&ndash;11)<ref>[T. Addison Richards], "Sunnyside: The Home of Washington Irving," ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' 14, no. 79 (December 1856), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKKJSCVJ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"It is a sweet scene of rural simplicity and comfort which is disclosed to us by either approach; as the open sunlit [[lawn]], so affectionately embraced by its protecting trees and [[shrubbery]], which, though permitting little peeps here and there from within, deny all vagrant observation from without. One can scarcely believe himself as thickly surrounded as he really is here by crowding cottage and castle, so entire is the repose and seclusion of the spot. Year ago, when Mr. Irving first took up his abode at Sunnyside, he was all alone by himself, yet now every inch of the adjacent country is gardened, and [[lawn|lawned]], and villaed, to the extreme of modern taste and wealth; yet all so charmingly under the rose, that you always stumble upon the evidences unexpectedly, as you dreamingly pursue the [[thicket]]-covered and brook-voiced [[wood]]-paths. It is like the discovering of birds'-nests amidst forest leaves. Seen from the opposite shore of the river, the whole hillside is glittering with sun-tipped roof and tower, but like the Seven Cities of the Enchanted Island, it all vanishes as you approach.<br />
:"The cottage, with its crow-stepped gables and weathercocks, overrun with honey-suckle and eglantine, with the rose-vine and the clinging ivy, is a wonderfully unique little edifice, totally unlike any thing else in our land, but always calling up our remembrances or our fancies of merrie rural England, with a hint here and there at its old Dutch leaven; in the quaint weathercocks, for instance, one of which actually veered, in good old days gone by, over the great Vander Heyden Palace in Albany, and another on the top of the Stadt House of New Amsterdam. A lady would be apt to call the Sunnyside cottage 'the dearest, cosiest, cunningest, snuggest little nest in the world.' Mr. Irving describes it as 'a little old-fashioned stone mansion, all made up of gable-ends, and as full of angles and corners as an old cocked hat.' 'It is said, in fact,' he continues, 'to have been modeled after the cocked hat of Peter the Headstrong, as the Escurial was modeled after gridiron of the blessed St. Lawrence.' . . . .<br />
:"Before the intrusion of the railroad, which has profaned so much of the river shore, the quiet beach, with its little cove, into which a rural lane debouched, was one of the sweetest features of Sunnyside. This part of the domain is beautifies by a sparkling spring, draped, like all the region round, as we shall see by-and-by, in the fairy web of romantic fable. . . .<br />
:"The acres of Sunnyside, all told, are not many; and yet so varied is their surface, so richly wooded and flowered, and so full of elfish winding paths and grassy lanes, exploring hillsides and chasing merry brooks, that their numbers seem to be countless; a pleasant deception greatly aided by that agreeable community of feeling between Mr. Irving and his neighbors, which has so banished all dividing [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, that while you think you are roaming over the grounds of one, you suddenly bring up among the flower-[[bed]]s of another. . . .<br />
:"The woodland of Sunnyside is very happily varied, offering every variety of sylvan growth, beech, birch, willow, oak, locust, maple, elm, linden, pine, hemlock, and cedar; while on the [[lawn]]s are evergreen and flowering shrubs; and, trailing over the vagrant [[wall]]s and [[fence]]s, honey-suckle, rose, trumpet-flowers, and ivy. The latter plant, which is very abundant, is of the famous stock of Melrose Abbey. The garden, which in keeping with its surroundings, is watched by a favorite retainer, for whom Mr. Irving has built a snug cottage, fronting the [[lawn]] in the face of his own mansion. This little edifice is especially interesting, from its having been designed by Mr. Irving himself; his only venture, he once told us, as an architect. . . .<br />
:"Separated from the [[lawn]] around the cottage by the belt of trees in which stands the gardener's dwelling, is another open area occupied by a pretty [[lake|lakelet]] 'expansion' of the brook&mdash;an echo of the great bay beyond. The painter gives unity, and harmony, and force to his picture by distributing throughout the work its leading sentiment or story and its prevailing color; so, in the artistic composition of Sunnyside, its chief feature, the great 'Mediterranean' of the river, as Mr. Irving calls the Tappan Bay, with its fleet of white sails thick as the passing clouds, is repeated by the little 'Mediterranean' of the brooklet and its fleet of snowy ducks. . . .<br />
:"The air of graceful simplicity and cozy comfort which so strongly marks the exterior of the Sunnyside cottage, is felt quite as vividly within doors. It is cut up into just such odd, snug little apartments and boudoirs as the rambling, low-walled, peak-roofed, and gable-ended outside promises. The state entrance is by the [[porch]] at the south end; the household exit is from the drawing-room, across the [[piazza]], to the [[lawn]] on the east or river front. It is on this side of the cottage that the family chat or read the news of the great world, away, on summer days and nights. On the north side of the drawing-room there is a delightful little recess, forming a boudoir some six or eight feet square, the whole front of which is occupied by a window looking across the [[lawn]], and through the up-river [[vista]] chronicled in our portfolio. It is, in summer, neatly matted and furnished with little stands of books, and flowers, and statuettes, and the low-toned walls are hung with drawings and sketches by Leslie, Stuart Newton, and others&mdash;mementoes of Mr. Irving's sojournings and friendships in England&mdash;with some of Darley's admirable etchings from Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. It is a little nook which you would set down at once as under special female guardianship. . . .<br />
:"The graceful simplicity which marks the appointments of this Lilliputian sanctum is seen through all the furniture and adornments of the mansion. The spirit throughout is that of refinement without affectation, elegance without display, comfort without waste."<br />
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* Willis, N. P., August 1857, describing Sunnyside (quoted in ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 1857: 530)<ref>Quoted in "Washington Irving at Sunnyside. From N. P. Willis' Letter in the 'Home Journal,'" ''American Publishers' Circular and Literary Gazette'' 3, no. 34 (August 22, 1857), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NIX4U6IK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"With the horticulture and arboriculture of 'Wolfert's-dell,' Mr. Grinnell has been singularly successful; and, as we were to make the rounds of the [[shrubbery|shrubberies]] and the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] before the sun should be fairly vertical, we were now admonished that it was time&mdash;Mr. Irving at once taking his straw hat to accompany us. A remark upon the beauty of the verdure near his door, drew from him a most poetical outburst as to the happy superiorty of our climate . . . .<br />
:"While we were still in the immediate grounds of Sunnyside, I observed two remarkable triplets of the tulip tree&mdash;superb growths of three equal shafts, tall and of arrowy straightness, from each root&mdash;and in these fine specimens of the cleanest-leaved and healthiest-looking of trees, he said he took great pleasure. A squirrel ran up one of them as we approached, and, upon this race of depredators, he had been obliged to make war this summer. They were a little bit more destructive than their beauty was an excuse for. With another class of destructives, however, he did not know so well how to contend, the visitors who drive into his grounds and tie their horses to the trees.<br />
:"The well-shaded ravine which has Sunnyside sitting on one of its knees&mdash;(once called 'Wolfert's Roost,' and long used by that famous Dutchman as the covert-way between the river and his haunts)&mdash;is conveniently and gracefully intersected with paths; but I remarked to Mr. Irving that they were somewhat of the outline character of ours at Idlewild. Yes, he said; on ''his'' side of the dell, they were merely dug out and walked hard; but as they communicated with those of his rich neighbor, he was very often lucky enough to get credit of the smooth gravel-[[walk]]s, too! And he presently gave another of his crayonesque touches to his neighbor, assuring us, very solemnly, while were were wondering at the growth to which the transplanted trees had attained in so short a time, that 'it was done by Mr. Grinnell's going round at night, himself, with a lantern and water-pot, to see that the trees did not oversleep themselves:'&mdash;a fact, (seen through Irving spectacles,) as Mr. G., engrossed all day with his business in the city and only at home at night, sometimes takes a look at his gardener's work, by the aid of a lantern.<br />
:"At the door of the [[hothouse|hot-house]], Mr. Irving said it was warm enough for him outside. He preferred to stand under a tree and wait for us&mdash;particularly as he had seen the grapes before and hoped to see some of them again. Astonished as my own wilderness-trained eyes were, of course, with the wonderful fecundity of those glass-covered vines, I was more interested in the visit to Mr. Grinnell's sumptuous stables. . . .<br />
:"As we strolled slowly through the grounds, we came to two dwarf [[statue]]s&mdash;grotesque representations of 'The Spendthrift' and 'The Miser'&mdash;and Mr. Irving gave us a comic history of their amusing a party of friends by playing at 'tableaux,' the other day&mdash;stopping in their walk, and dressing these figures up with the shawls and bonnets of the ladies. Our walk was varied with incidental questions of [[landscape gardening]], as we came to points which commanded the river-views more or less effectively; and Mr. Irving made one remark which, I thought, embodied the whole science of wood-thinning, in ornamental grounds&mdash;that 'a tree is only to be cut down when the picture it hides is worth more than the tree.'"<br />
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Image:1933.jpg|George Harvey, ''The Old Cottage Taken Previous to Improvement'', c. 1835.<br />
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Image:1880.jpg|A. J. Downing, "Residence of Washington Irving, Esq. near Tarrytown, NY", in ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), p. 409, fig. 59.<br />
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Image:1807.jpg|George Inness, ''Sunnyside'', c. 1850–60.<br />
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File:2130.jpg|W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.<br />
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==Other Resources==<br />
[http://www.hudsonvalley.org/historic-sites/washington-irvings-sunnyside Historic Hudson Valley]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category: Sites]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2130.jpg&diff=25848File:2130.jpg2017-02-06T21:23:14Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div><br><br />
W. R. Miller (artist) and Richardson & Cox (engraver), ''Irving’s Residence, General View'', in ''Homes of American Authors; Comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches by Various Writers'' (1853), p. 35.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2130.jpg&diff=25847File:2130.jpg2017-02-06T21:14:55Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div></div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Lemon_Hill&diff=25826Lemon Hill2017-01-23T22:42:01Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Images */</p>
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<div>See also: [[Springettsbury]], [[The Hills]]<br />
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'''Lemon Hill''' was the [[Schuylkill River]] estate of the Philadelphia merchant [[Henry Pratt]] (1761&ndash;1838). [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] purchased the property, which comprised the southern portion of [[Robert Morris]]’s [[The Hills]], in 1799. Under [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]]’s ownership, Lemon Hill was known for its [[geometric style|geometric-style]] gardens and extensive [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] complex. In 1855 Lemon Hill became part of the newly formed [[Fairmount Park]], where the house still stands and operates as a historic site.<br />
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==Overview==<br />
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'''Alternate Names:''' Pratt's Gardens (after 1847) {{break}}<br />
'''Site Dates:''' 1799&ndash;1855 {{break}}<br />
'''Site Owner(s):''' [[Henry Pratt]] (1761&ndash;1838) {{break}}<br />
'''Associated People:''' [[John McAran]] (landscape gardener), [[Robert Buist]] (1805&ndash;1880; gardener), Peter Mackenzie (1809&ndash;1865; head gardener) {{break}}<br />
'''Location:''' Philadelphia, PA {{break}}<br />
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Lemon+Hill+Mansion,+Kelly+Drive,+Philadelphia,+PA&hl=en&sll=39.970712,-75.187233&sspn=0.018582,0.033689&oq=lemon+hill+man&hq=Lemon+Hill+Mansion,+Kelly+Drive,+Philadelphia,+PA&t=m&z=15 View on Google maps]<br />
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==History==<br />
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On March 15, 1799, [[Henry Pratt]] (1761–1838), a wealthy shipping merchant and land speculator from Philadelphia, purchased the southern portion of [[Robert Morris]]’s Schuylkill River estate, [[The Hills]], at a sheriff’s sale. He renamed the property Lemon Hill, supposedly after the citrus trees that grew in Morris’s gardens, and built a new Federal-style villa to replace Morris’s house.<ref>At the sheriff’s sale, Pratt paid $14,654.22 for two plots comprising 42 acres and 93 perches of land, including the portion of Morris’s estate that housed the farmhouse and renowned greenhouse complex. Owen Tasker Robbins, "Toward a Preservation of the Grounds of Lemon Hill in Light of Their Past and Present Significance for Philadelphians" (Master of Science Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1987), 25, 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]. See also Elizabeth Milroy, ''The Grid and the River: Philadelphia’s Green Places, 1682–1876'' (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016), 144, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]. According to his accounts, Pratt ordered lumber to begin construction on the new country house in April 1800. Martha Halpern, “Henry Pratt’s Account for Lemon Hill,” ''Antiques & Fine Art Magazine'' [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T5QDN3UB view on Zotero].</ref> [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] maintained his primary residence within the city of Philadelphia, and Lemon Hill served mainly as a suburban retreat for entertaining friends and business associates.<ref>For much of his life, Pratt lived in a townhouse 112 North Front Street. See the official Lemon Hill website, www.lemonhill.org.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:1138.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 1,William Groombridge, ''View of Lemon Hill'', c. 1800.]]<br />
[[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] also permitted members of the public to tour Lemon Hill. <span id="Boyd_cite"></span>In 1830 a Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society remarked upon the estate’s popularity, reporting that “[f]ew strangers omit paying it a visit” ([[#Boyd|view text]]). <span id="Oldschool 1813_cite"></span>Situated on a bluff above the east bank of the [[Schuylkill River]], Lemon Hill afforded an “elegant and extensive” [[prospect]] of the river [[#Oldschool 1813|view text]]) [Fig. 1].<ref>Oliver Oldschool [Joseph Dennie], “American Scenery&mdash;for the Port Folio,” ''Port Folio'', n. s. 3, vol. 2, no. 2 (August 1813): 166, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QGAABXDC view on Zotero]. See also Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, ''Travels through North America, during the Years 1825 and 1826'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1828), 140&ndash;141, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H2FI56FP view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Oldschool 1813_cite"></span>In 1813 one commentator proclaimed that the grounds were “in the highest state of cultivation” and praised [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]]’s “picturesque and ornamental improvements” [[#Oldschool 1813|view text]]). <span id="Boyd_cite"></span>The Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society also commended Lemon Hill’s “[[picturesque]] effect,” with “water and [[wood]]...distributed in just proportions with hill and [[lawn]] and buildings of architectural beauty” ([[#Boyd|view text]]). <span id="Bernhard_cite"></span>[[Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]], who visited the estate in 1825, was especially impressed by the “very handsome” chestnut and hickory trees as well as two very large tulip trees that ornamented the grounds ([[#Bernhard|view text]]).<ref>Bernhard 1828, 140&ndash;141, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H2FI56FP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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[[File:2112.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2, James Fuller Queen, ''Temple in Pratt’s garden on the Schuylkill'', recto, 1840.]]<br />
<span id="Wailes_cite"></span>The gardens at Lemon Hill were elaborately designed, featuring a circular [[grotto]] and numerous [[summerhouse]]s adorned with marble [[statue]]s, goldfish [[pond]]s, [[fountain]]s, [[cascade]]s, and [[bower]]s ([[#Wailes|view text]]), <span id="Downing 1849_cite"></span>as well as [[trellis|trellises]], springhouses, and [[temple]]s such as the one drawn by James Fuller Queen in 1840 ([[#Downing 1849|view text]]) [Fig. 2]. <span id="Boyd_cite"></span>According to the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, flower [[border]]s along the [[walk]]s at Lemon Hill were interspersed with evergreens and flowering plants, including many exotic warm-weather varieties that were able to “bear the winter with a little straw covering” ([[#Boyd|view text]]). <span id="Downing 1849_cite"></span>Writing in 1849, [[Andrew Jackson Downing]] claimed that Lemon Hill had been “the most perfect specimen of the [[geometric style|geometric mode]] in America” during the 1820s, and that its gardens had exhibited “all the symmetry, uniformity, and high art of the old school” ([[#Downing 1849|view text]]). However, even decades before [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]] penned these words, some already considered the [[geometric style|geometric]] or [[French style|French mode]] of landscape design to be old-fashioned; <span id="Watson_cite"></span>indeed, in 1816 the British naval officer Captain [[Joshua Rowley Watson]] complained that the grounds at Lemon Hill were “too much after the [[French style|French manner]] of [[pleasure garden]]s” for his taste ([[#Watson|view text]]).<br />
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[[Image:0043.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, John Archibald Woodside, ''Lemon Hill'', 1807.]]<br />
[[File:2125 detail.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), Title page, in D. & C. Landreth, ''The Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' (1832).]]<br />
<span id="Wailes_cite"></span>The [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]]s at Lemon Hill were said to be the largest of their kind in the United States and often dominate nineteenth-century depictions of the estate ([[#Wailes|view text]]) [Figs. 3&ndash;4]. The [[greenhouse]] had been a major feature of [[The Hills]] as well, and [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] built upon [[Robert Morris|Morris’s]] already significant investment when he acquired the property. In August 1799, several months after purchasing Lemon Hill at the sheriff’s sale, [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] paid [[Robert Morris|Morris]] $750 for [[greenhouse]] plants.<ref>Robbins 1987, 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> Under [[Henry Pratt|Pratt’s]] ownership, the [[hothouse]]s contained an enormous quantity and variety of plants, including many exotics. A June 1838 auction catalog of the contents of Lemon Hill’s [[greenhouse]]s and [[hothouse]]s lists 2,701 individual plants for sale, including various roses, carnations, geraniums, camellias, citrus, aloes, cactus, hydrangeas, and coffee trees, among many others kinds.<ref>''Catalogue of Splendid and Rare Green House and Hot House Plants: To Be Sold by Auction, at Lemon Hill, Formerly the Seat of the Late Henry Pratt, Deceased, on Tuesday, the 5th day of June, 1838, and to Be Continued Daily Till Completed by D. & C. A. Hill, Auctioneers'' (Philadelphia, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/S2MZSHJ4 view on Zotero]. See also Robbins 1987, 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Aloe_cite"></span>[[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] invited the public to view his most rare specimens. In June 1821, for example, [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] exhibited a flowering aloe&mdash;one of the plants he had purchased from [[Robert Morris|Morris’s]] greenhouse&mdash;alongside “a considerable number of rare and beautiful tropical plants” at the Philadelphia’s Orphan’s Asylum as part of a fundraiser for the institution ([[#Aloe|view text]]). [[Henry Pratt|Pratt’s]] collection also won awards from The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, including prizes for exhibiting the first mango as well as a particularly “splendid specimen” of poinsettia.<ref>Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, ''From Seed to Flower: Philadelphia 1681&ndash;1876'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1976), 73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T79WT7WS view on Zotero]. According to an obituary for the gardener Peter Mackenzie, Mackenzie, while working at Lemon Hill, “was the first to flower the Poinsettia in superb condition.” “Death of Peter Mackenzie,” ''The Magazine of Horticulture'' 34, no. 3 (March 1868): 94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EQBU2C77 view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Bernhard_cite"></span>In order to water the extensive collection of plants at Lemon Hill, [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] installed a hydraulic water-delivery system, which pumped water up from the [[Schuylkill River]] to a series basins that supplied the [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse]]s ([[#Bernhard|view text]]).<br />
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Caring for the [[grove]]s, [[flower garden|flower]] and vegetable gardens, and [[greenhouse]] plants at Lemon Hill required a large team of gardeners. <span id="Boyd_cite"></span>According to an 1830 report by the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, “For many years the chief gardener [at Lemon Hill] was assisted by eleven or twelve labourers,” but by 1830 that number had been reduced by about half, “probably owing to the finished condition” of the grounds at that time ([[#Boyd|view text]]). Although many of the skilled gardeners’ names remain unknown, we can identify three important members of Philadelphia’s horticultural community who worked at Lemon Hill early in their careers.<ref>Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, for example, simply reported after his 1825 visit to Lemon Hill that “The gardener, an Englishman by birth, seemed to be well acquainted with his plants.” Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, ''Travels through North America, during the Years 1825 and 1826'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1828), 141, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H2FI56FP view on Zotero].</ref> It was to the “science and taste as a landscape gardener” of [[John McAran]], who would later run a successful [[nursery]] and [[pleasure garden]] in Philadelphia, that the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society credited “the decorations of Lemon-Hill.”<ref>“Report of the Committee appointed by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society for Visiting the Nurseries and Gardens in the vicinity of Philadelphia&mdash;13th July, 1830, as it appeared in ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', edited by Samuel Hazard, Philadelphia, February 12, 1831,” in James Boyd, ''A History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1827–1927'' (Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1929), 434, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero]. According to J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott, McAran had been a gardener at The Woodlands for seven years and “laid out and improved Lemon Hill for Henry Pratt.” J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott, ''Philadelphia, 1609–1884'', vol. 2 (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co., 1884), 944, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AGXZPRK7 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Buist]] (1805&ndash;1880), another prominent Philadelphia nurseryman, worked briefly as a gardener at Lemon Hill shortly after emigrating from Scotland in 1828.<ref>By 1830 Buist had left to form a partnership in a florist business with Thomas Hibbert. Boyd 1929, 385, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero]. See also Thomas J. Mickey, ''America’s Romance with the English Garden'' (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UEQKGRPV view on Zotero].</ref> Peter Mackenzie (1809&ndash;1865), a Scottish immigrant who had trained as a horticulturalist at London’s Kew Gardens, was the last head gardener employed by [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] at Lemon Hill, working there after arriving to Philadelphia in 1827. While a gardener at Lemon Hill, Mackenzie earned the distinction, according to an article in ''The Magazine of Horticulture'', of being “the first [in the United States] to flower the Poinsettia in superb condition.”<ref>See Pennsylvania Horticultural Society 1976, 73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T79WT7WS view on Zotero]; “Peter Mackenzie,” ''A Historical Catalogue of The St. Andrew’s Society of Philadelphia with Biographical Sketches of Deceased Members, 1749–1907'' (Philadelphia: Press of Loughead & Co. for the St. Andrew’s Society, 1907), 257, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3UHQDACM view on Zotero]; “Death of Peter Mackenzie,” 94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EQBU2C77 view on Zotero]; “What Scots Have Done for Horticulture in America,” ''The Gardeners’ Magazine'' 50 (January 12, 1907): 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QP6WPV8D view on Zotero].</ref><br />
[[File:2117.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 5, T. Mason Mitchell, ''Plan of the Fair Mount docks and the adjoining property belonging to Knowles Taylor, Matthew Newkirk, Sam’l Downer junr. & Isaac S. Loyd.'', c. 1840.]]<br />
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On February 29, 1836, [[Henry Pratt]] sold Lemon Hill to Knowles Taylor, a speculator and merchant, for $225,000.<ref>Appendix A in Robbin’s thesis traces the chain of title for the property. See Robbins 1987, 134, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]. Keyser mistakenly reports that Pratt sold Lemon Hill to Isaac S. Loyd in 1836 for $225,000. See Charles S. Keyser, Thomas Cochran, and Horace J. Smith, ''Lemon Hill and Fairmount Park: The Papers of Charles S. Keyser and Thomas Cochran, Relative to a Public Park for Philadelphia'' (Philadelphia: Times Printing House, 1886) 3, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IXV8W2NV view on Zotero]. According to Robbins, Knowles sold Lemon Hill to Henry J. Williams in trust for the Bank of the United States on September 12, 1840. Robbins 1987, 135, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref> In an effort to take advantage of Lemon Hill’s proximity to the [[Schuylkill River]] and to the Philadelphia Columbia Railroad, Taylor and his fellow speculator Isaac Loyd, who had purchased the neighboring estate [[Sedgeley]], made plans to develop a system of canals and wharves along the river (in much the same way that Thomas Mitchell had planned to do at [[The Woodlands]] just a few years earlier) and to construct high-density housing on the grounds of the two properties [Fig. 5]. However, the business partners went bankrupt before the plan could be put into action.<ref> Elizabeth Milroy, ''The Grid and the River: Philadelphia’s Green Places, 1682&ndash;1876'' (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016), 207, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero].</ref> When Lemon Hill went up for sale again in 1843, Thomas P. Cope (d. 1854), a prominent merchant and Select Councilman, proposed that the city should purchase the property and turn it into a public park in order to prevent future development along the [[Schuylkill River]]. Cope’s plan received the support of the College of Physicians, among other citizens’ groups concerned with the effects of pollution in the river, and the city of Philadelphia completed the purchase of Lemon Hill on July 24, 1844, for $75,000.<ref>Robbins 1987, 43&ndash;44, 135, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]; Milroy 2016, 212&ndash;214, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero].</ref> Soon after this purchase, the Pennsylvania Historical Society offered to establish a garden at Lemon Hill, but the city rejected the proposal. Instead, in 1847, the city signed a ten-year lease with William Kern, an ice dealer, who sublet the estate to a tavern-keeper to be operated as a beer garden and public [[pleasure garden]].<ref>Milroy 2016, 242, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]. According to Maria F. Ali’s history of Fairmount Park, Lemon Hill was sublet to Mr. P. Zaiss, a German immigrant, who operated a brewery on the site until 1855. Maria F. Ali, ''Fairmount Park; Along the Schuylkill River, Spring Garden Street to Northwestern Avenue, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania'', Historic American Buildings Survey PA-6183 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1995), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WGSWNJRB view on Zotero].</ref> In 1855, ''Ballou’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion'' described the boisterous atmosphere at the beer garden at Lemon Hill, characterizing the estate as “a favorite resort of the German population of Philadelphia...[who] assemble in large numbers to consume quantities of lager-bier, cheese, and other refreshments, and to amuse themselves with dancing...” [Fig. 6].<ref>“Lemon Hill, Phila.,” ''Ballou’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion'' 8, no. 19 (May 12, 1855): 297, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEIISWK8 view on Zotero]. For the controversy surrounding the use of Lemon Hill as a beer garden, especially on Sundays, see Milroy 2016, 252&ndash;253, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero].</ref><br />
[[Image:1803.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 6, Benjamin R. Evans, ''Lemon Hill'', 1852.]] <br />
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<span id="Downing 1849_cite">Within twenty years of [[Henry Pratt|Pratt]] selling Lemon Hill, the estate’s grounds&mdash;once described by [[A. J. Downing]] as “brilliant and striking”&mdash;had fallen into disrepair ([[#Downing 1849|view text]]). <span id="Keyser_cite">Charles S. Keyser, who advocated for a public park at Lemon Hill, lamented the condition of the grounds in 1856, describing the charred remains of the [[hothouse]]s, the “decayed” [[grotto]] and [[summerhouse]]s, and goldfish ponds now "loathsome with slime” ([[#Keyser|view text]]).<ref>For more on Keyser’s lobbying efforts on behalf of a public park at Lemon Hill, see Milroy 2016, 250&ndash;254, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero].</ref> <span id="Fisher_cite">In 1861, Sidney George Fisher, who remembered Lemon Hill as “beautifully wooded,” decried the felling of its timber at the hands of speculators ([[#Fisher|view text]]).<br />
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[[Image:1038.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 7, Frederick Graff, ''Plan of Lemon Hill and Sedgley Park, Fairmount and Adjoining Property'', 1851.]]<br />
Philadelphians renewed the push to transform Lemon Hill into a public park. Concerned about the deteriorating condition of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], Frederick Graff, Jr. (1817&ndash;1890), Chief Engineer of Philadelphia’s Water Department and the nearby [[Fairmount Water Works]], devised a landscaping plan for Lemon Hill and Sedgeley Park, which John Price Wetherill, chairman of the Watering Committee, presented to the city councils in 1851 [Fig. 7].<ref>Ibid., 243&ndash;245, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero].</ref> The plan laid out a system of winding, forty-foot-wide roads that would create a [[drive]] several miles long by which the public could navigate the estate, and also proposed preserving Pratt’s mansion.<ref>Keyser, et al. 1886, 6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IXV8W2NV view on Zotero]; Elizabeth Milroy, "Assembling Fairmount Park," in ''Philadelphia’s Cultural Landscape: The Sartain Family Legacy'', ed. by Katharine Martinez and Page Talbott (Philadelphia: Temple University Press for the Barra Foundation, 2000), 75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q2IX32XD view on Zotero].</ref> However, according to Elizabeth Milroy, Graff “made no recommendations for new plantings or for the care of existing trees and shrubs.”<ref>Milroy 2016, 245, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero].</ref> Graff’s plan was never implemented, but in September 1855, Philadelphia’s Committee on City Property passed a resolution to integrate the Lemon Hill estate into a new public park that was to be named [[Fairmount Park]].<ref> Keyser, et al. 1886, 10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IXV8W2NV view on Zotero]; Robbins 1987, 49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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In 1859 the city selected a design for the new [[Fairmount Park]] by James C. Sidney (1819&ndash;1881) and Andrew Adams (ca. 1800&ndash;1860), which encompassed 110 acres extending from the [[Fairmount Water Works]] at the south to just north of the Spring Garden Water Works and from the [[Schuylkill River]] at the west and the Reading Railroad at the east [Fig. 8].<ref>According to Milroy, “Sidney had worked as a cartographer for John Jay Smith’s publishing business before embarking on a career in architecture. He specialized in the design of suburban residences as well as rural cemeteries and was best known for his design for South Laurel Hill Cemetery. Little is known about Andrew Adams.” Milroy 2016, 261, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]. Sidney and Adams were partners from 1858&ndash;1860 and maintained an office at 520 Walnut Street in Philadelphia. Ali 1995, 24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WGSWNJRB view on Zotero].</ref> Like Graff’s earlier plan, the Sidney & Adams plan also called for a system of circuitous [[drive]]s and [[walk]]s throughout the grounds of the Lemon Hill estate and the restoration of Pratt’s house. Sidney and Adams recommended the creation of a sixteen-foot-wide [[piazza]] that would surround Pratt’s mansion on three sides and the restoration of [[terrace]]s to the east of the house that would be planted with [[bed]]s of roses and flowering shrubs.<ref>The piazza would be located on the south, east, and west sides of the house to “afford shelter and a resting place for a large number of visitors.” James C. Sidney and Andrew Adams, ''Description of Plan for the Improvement of Fairmount Park'' (Philadelphia: Merrihew & Thompson, 1859), 18, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/F3CCFCGD view on Zotero].</ref> Their plan also proposed the creation of a grand tree-lined [[avenue]] of American Lindens; the planting of various flowering, deciduous, and evergreen trees; and the construction of “summer houses, kiosks, rustic seats, fountains, ornamental bridges, boat houses, fish ponds &c.” In the view of a writer for ''The Gardener’s Monthly'', such improvements would help return the grounds to some “vestige of its former splendor,” when, under Pratt’s ownership, Lemon Hill had been considered one of the finest gardens in America.<ref>“The New Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and Its History,” ''The Gardener’s Monthly'' 1, no. 4 (April 1, 1859): 58, 57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQAATT55 view on Zotero]. According to Milroy, it is likely that Pratt’s greenhouse was demolished around 1860. Milroy 2016, 373n103, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]. For a comparison of the Sidney & Adams plan with Olmsted and Vaux’s Greensward plan for Central Park in New York, see Milroy 2000, 79, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q2IX32XD view on Zotero]; Milroy 2016, 261&ndash;262, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VBR8QEHX view on Zotero]; Michael J. Lewis, “The First Design for Fairmount Park,” ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 130, no. 3 (July 2006): 288&ndash;290, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3V3TEUA view on Zotero].</ref> Although the execution of the Sidney & Adams plan for [[Fairmount Park]] was often delayed during the Civil War, as Michael J. Lewis has argued, the city moved decisively and, by 1866, “Sidney’s plan was in large measure realized,” with “its apparatus of [[drive]]s and paths, its planting scheme, and landscaping” completed and available for public use.<ref>Lewis 2006, 293, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3V3TEUA view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
--''Lacey Baradel''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
[[File:2106.jpg|thumb|Fig. 9, John G. Exilious, "A View of Lemon Hill the Seat of Henry Pratt Esq<sup>r</sup>.," in Oliver Oldschool [Joseph Dennie], ed. ''The Port Folio'' (August 1813): opp. p. 166.]]<br />
* <div id="Oldschool 1813"></div>Oldschool, Oliver, August 1813, describing Lemon Hill (quoted in Oldschool 1813: 166) <ref>Oliver Oldschool [Joseph Dennie], "American Scenery--for the Port Folio," ''Port Folio'', n.s. 3, vol. 2, no. 2 (August 1813): 166, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QGAABXDC view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Oldschool 1813_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:"Lemon Hill...is the seat of [[Henry Pratt]], esq. of Philadelphia; it is situated on a beautiful part of the [[Schuylkill River|river Schuylkill]], about two and a half miles from the city. The [[prospect]] from it is elegant and extensive; the grounds are in the highest state of cultivation; the [[hothouse|hot-house]] is admirably stored, and the [[picturesque]] and ornamental improvements, are highly creditable to the taste of the present liberal proprietor." [Fig. 9]<br />
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* <div id="Watson"></div>[[Joshua Watson Rowley|Watson, Joshua Rowley]], July 7, 1816, describing Lemon Hill (quoted in Foster 1997: 298) <ref>Kathleen A. Foster, ''Captain Watson's Travels in America: The Sketchbooks and Diary of Joshua Rowley Watson, 1772-1818'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/J6Q29IVS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Watson_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:"We drove over the Upper Bridge to [[Henry Pratt|Mr Pratts]] who has a large collection of plants and extensive [[greenhouse|Greenhouses]] & ca. His grounds are too much after the [[French style|French]] manner of [[pleasure garden]]s. The view looking up the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]] and over towards [[Eaglesfield]] is pretty."<br />
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* <div id="Aloe"></div>Anonymous, 1821, describing an exhibition of an aloe plant from Lemon Hill (''The Plough Boy'': 30) <ref>"The Flowering Aloe," ''The Plough Boy, and Journal of the Board of Agriculture'' (June 23, 1821): 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RNZNFE7H view on Zotero]; a nearly identical article appears in "The Flowering Aloe, From ''The Philadelphia 'Democratic Press,'''" ''Niles' Weekly Register'' (June 16, 1821): 255, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E63UISSF view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Aloe_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:[June 6] "It is believed that, but two of those plants have come to perfection in the United States. One was at [[Springettsbury|Springbury]], the seat of [[William Penn]], near [[Bush Hill]]. This plant flowered in 1777. From it the late Mr. [[William Hamilton]] got a sucker, which he was fortunate enough to rear, and it flowered at [[the Woodlands]], in the year 1804. When [[Henry Pratt]], Esq. bought Lemon Hill, from the late [[Robert Morris]], there was an Aloe in the [[greenhouse|Green House]]. This plant has been cherished and tended for 70 years, with great care, and is now RAPIDLY advancing to an exhibition of all the fragrance and beauty, of which it is susceptible. We will here, perhaps a little out of place, embrace the occasion, to pay homage of our consideration and thankfulness to [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]], for the distinguished liberality with which his gardens, [[greenhouse|green houses]], &c. are, and long have been, thrown open to strangers and to citizens.<br />
:"[[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]], with a liberality and benevolence which entitle him to great praise, has bestowed his plant on the ''Orphan Asylum'', on Cherry-street, near Schuylkill Sixth-street: where it will be exhibited to the public for the benefit of that charitable institution. A building for the reception of the Aloe, being completed at the Asylum, the plant was yesterday moved thither from Lemon Hill. The greatest care was necessary and was taken in the removal. The Aloe was carried, the whole distance, on the shoulders of 24 men, and we have pleasure in saying that it did not sustain the slightest injury.<br />
:"On the 28th of May last, it was observed that this interesting plant had put forth and unerring evidence that it was about to flower. It put forth an upright shoot, like a strong asparagus. This stem, since that time, has grown 5 feet 8 inches; considerably more than the plant had grown in 60 years before. It will be in full flower about the middle of July next.<br />
:"We give this early notice of this interesting exhibition to afford persons at a distance an opportunity of making their arrangements to enable them to enjoy the gratification of beholding so rare and beautiful a sight.--''Democratic Press.''<br />
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:[June 8] "We have great satisfaction in announcing, that Mr. [[Henry Pratt]], not content with the liberality he had already shewn to the ''Widow's and Orphan's Asylum'', by the generous gift of the FLOWERING ALOE, has made most liberal additions to his bounty. To render the exhibition at the Asylum as interesting and of course as profitable as possible, [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]] yesterday sent to that institution a considerable number of rare and beautiful tropical plants. Among them were the Night Blooming Ceres, the Rose Apple of the West Indies, the Sago Palm, the Coffee Tree, the Sugar Cane, &c. &c.--''Ibid.''"<br />
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* <div id="Bernhard"></div>[[Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar|Bernhard, Karl, Duke of Saxe-Weimar]], 1825, describing Lemon Hill (1828: 140&ndash;41) <ref>Karl Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, ''Travels through North America, during the Years 1825 and 1826'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H2FI56FP view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Bernhard_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:"A merchant, Mr. Halbach, to whom I was introduced, took a walk with me to two gardens adjoining the city. One of these belongs to a rich merchant, [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]], and is situated upon a rocky peninsula, formed by the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], immediately above the [[Fairmount water-works|water-works]]. The soil consists mostly of quartz and clay. The owner seldom comes there, and this is easy to be perceived, for instead of handsome [[plot|grass-plots]] you see potatoes and turnips planted in the garden. The trees, however, are very handsome, mostly chestnut, and some hickory. I also observed particularly two large and strong tulip trees; the circumference of one was fifteen feet. In the [[hothouse|hot-houses]] was a fine collection of orange trees, and a handsome collection of exotic plants, some of the order Euphorbia from South America; also a few palm trees. The gardener, an Englishman by birth, seemed to be well acquainted with his plants. Through a hydraulic machine the water is brought up from the river into several basins, and thence forced into the [[hothouse|hot-houses]]. There was also in the garden a mineral spring of a ferruginous quality. From several spots in the garden there are fine views of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], whose banks, covered with trees, now in the fall of the year, have a striking and pleasant effect from the various hues of foliage."<br />
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* <div id="Wailes"></div>[[Benjamin L.C. Wailes|Wailes, Benjamin L.C.]], December 29, 1829, describing Lemon Hill (quoted in Moore 1954: 359&ndash;60) <ref name="Moore_1954">John Hebron Moore, "A View of Philadelphia in 1829: Selections from the Journal of B.L.C. Wailes of Natchez," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 78 (July 1954): 353&ndash;60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z9IBV7A4/q/Moore view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Wailes_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:<p>"But the most enchanting [[prospect]] is towards the grand pleasure [[grove]] & [[greenhouse|green house]] of a [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Prat[t]]], a gentleman of fortune, and to this we next proceeded by a circutous rout, passing in view of the fish [[pond]]s, [[bower]]s, rustic retreats, [[summerhouse|summer houses]], [[fountain]]s, [[grotto]], &c., &c. The [[grotto]] is dug in a bank [and] is of a circular form, the side built up of rock and arched over head, and a number of Shells [?]. A dog of natural size carved out of marble sits just within the entrance, the guardian of the place. A narrow aperture lined with a [[hedge]] of arbor vitae leads to it. Next is a round fish [[pond]] with a small [[fountain]] playing in the [[pond]]. An Oval & several oblong fish [[pond]]s of larger size follow, & between the two last is an artificial [[cascade]]. Several [[summerhouse|summer houses]] in [[rustic style]] are made by nailing bark on the outside & thaching the roof. There is also a rustic [[seat]] built in the branches of a tree, & to which a flight of steps ascend. In one of the [[summerhouse|summer houses]] is a Spring with [[seat]]s around it. The houses are all embelished with marble busts of Venus, Appollo, Diana and a Bacanti. One sits on an Island on the fish [[pond]]. All the [[pond]]s filled with handsome coloured fish.</p><br />
:"The grounds are planted with a great variety of [[shrubbery]] & evergreens of various kinds of the pine & fir, and the [[hothouse|hot house]] is said to be the largest in the US. It is filled to overflowing with the choicest Exotics: the Chaddock Orange of different kinds & the Lemon loaded with fruit. There are two coffee trees with their berries. Some few shrubs were in flower & others seeded, & I was politely furnished with a few seed of 2 varieties of flowers (Myrtle & an accacia). In front of the [[hothouse|hot house]], one at each end, is a Lion of marble, well executed, & a dog in front. On the roof is a range of marble busts."<br />
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* <div id="Boyd"></div>Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1830, describing Lemon Hill (quoted in Boyd 1929: 431&ndash;33) <ref name="Boyd_1929">James Boyd, ''A History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1827&ndash;1927'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1929), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T/q/boyd view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Boyd_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:<p>"This beautiful garden, so creditable to the owner, and even to the city of Philadelphia, is kept in perfect order at great expense. Few strangers omit paying it a visit, a gratification which is afforded to them in the most liberal manner by the proprietor. Nor can any person of taste contemplate the various charms of this highly improved spot, without being in rapture with the loveliness of nature&mdash;everywhere around him, so chastely adorned by the hand of man.</p><br />
:<p>"Undoubtedly this is the best kept garden in Pennsylvania, and when associated with the [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse|hot house]] department, may be pronounced unrivalled in the Union. The gravel [[walk]]s, [[espalier]]s, plants, shrubs, [[mound]]s, and grass [[plat]]s, are dressed periodically and minutely. . . . </p><br />
:<p>"Along the [[walk]]s, the flower [[border]]s are interspersed with Thunbergias, Eccremocarpus, Chelonias, Mimosas, &c. The Laurustinus, sweet Bay, English Laurel, Rosemary, Chinese privet, Myrtle, Tree Sage and South Sea Tea, stand among them, and bear the winter with a little straw covering. Even the Verbena triphylla, or Aloysia Citriodora, has survived through our cold season in [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt’s]] city garden; seven of these plants are evergreens, and if they become inured to our climate, they will add greatly to our ornamental shrubs.</p><br />
:<p>"The treasures contained in the [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green houses]] are numerous. Besides a very fine collection of Orange, Lemon, Lime, Citron, Shaddock, Bergamot, Pomgranate and Fig trees in excellent condition and full of fruit, we notice with admiration the many thousand of exotics to which [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]] is annually adding. The most conspicuous among these, are the tea tree; the coffee tree&mdash;—loaded with fruit; the sugar cane; the pepper tree; Banana, Plantain, Guva, Cherimona, Ficus, Mango, the Cacti in great splendour, some 14 feet high, and a gigantic Euphorbia Trigonia&mdash;19 years old, and 13 feet high. The [[greenhouse|green houses]] are 220 feet long by 16 broad; exhibiting the finest range of glass for the preservation of plants, on this continent.</p><br />
:<p>"Colonel Perkins, near Boston, has it is true, a grapery and peach [[Espalier]], protected by 330 feet of glass, yet as there are neither flues not foreign plants in them, they cannot properly be called [[greenhouse|green houses]], whereas [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]]'s are furnished with the rarest productions of every clime, so that the committee place the [[conservatory]] of Lemon Hill at the very head of all similar establishments in this country.</p><br />
:"There are some pretty [[bower]]s, [[summerhouse|summer houses]], [[grotto]]s and fish [[pond]]s in this garden&mdash;the latter well stored with gold and silver fish. The mansion house is capacious and modern, and the [[prospect]]s, on all sides, extremely beautiful. In [[landscape gardening]], water and wood are indispensable for [[picturesque]] effect; and here they are found distributed in just proportions with hill and lawn and buildings of architectural beauty, the whole scene is cheerfully animated by the brisk commerce of the river, and constant movement in the busy neighborhood of Fairmount.<br />
:<p>"An engine for raising water to the plant houses, is sometimes put in operation. [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]] placed it here at a cost of three thousand dollars. The vegetable garden is well kept and is of suitable size. For many years the chief gardener was assisted by eleven or twelve labourers, he now employs only six; probably owing to the finished condition to which the proprietor has brought his grounds. The whole plot may contain about 20 acres; [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]] has owned it 30 years or more. The superintendent aided by the liberal spirit of that gentleman, conducts his business with skill and neatness, and may challenge any garden for minute excellence or general effect."<br />
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[[File:2125.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 10, J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), Title page, in D. & C. Landreth, ''The Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' (1832).]]<br />
* D. & C. Landreth, 1832, describing Lemon Hill (''The Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'': 6)<ref>D. & C. Landreth, eds., "Lemon Hill," ''The Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' 1 (1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UTAZX6SE view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"The vignette on the title-page, affords an excellent view of these far-famed grounds, from the pencil of ALBRIGHT, engraved by LONGACRE. The Garden is situate on the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], above [[Fairmount water-works|Fairmount Water-works]], and is one of the oldest private establishments of its nature in Pennsylvania.<br />
:"For years it was the favourite summer residence of our first financier, [[Robert Morris|ROBERT MORRIS]], who originally laid out the grounds, and erected a part of the [[conservatory|conservatories]] which there exist.<br />
:"In this fascinating spot, that worthy man and truly patriotic citizen, passed many of his happiest hours; returned from the city, whither his avocations daily called him, it was his custom and greatest pleasure to ramble around the grounds, planning new improvements, or entering with zest into the operations which were going on. The mutability of all earthly possessions transferred the premises, with the collection, about thirty years ago, to Mr. [[Henry Pratt|HENRY PRATT]], the present proprietor, who is deserving of much applause for the improvements he is constantly creating. These magnificent grounds are, perhaps, as much favoured by nature, and more by art, than any in the Union; on the southern extremity, they are bounded by the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], one of the most picturesque of rivers, enlivened by innumerable craft, laden with mineral and agricultural wealth: at a short distance is beheld the celebrated [[Fairmount water-works|Water-works]], and on a little further, is the 'Upper Ferry [[Bridge]],' that with a single span of 334 feet clasps either shore; still further, the eye rests on a second [[bridge]], with shipping and commercial bustle.<br />
:"The annual expenditure is very considerable. For many years, ten or a dozen labourers under the direction of a gardener, found ample work. The [[conservatory|conservatories]] present an uninterrupted range of 220 feet, and are greater than any others in this country,&mdash;indeed would suffer little if compared with many of the trans-atlantic world. An engine for raising water to them, was erected by the present owner, at $3000 cost.<br />
:"In this fairy place, may be seen in a state of perfection, rivalling that of the climes from whence they came, the useful Sugar-cane, the Guava, Mango, and Banana: the exhilarating Tea of India, and Coffee of Arabia; and the Annona Cherimolia, the delicacy of whose fruit, travellers in South America dwell on with rapture. Thousands of exotics decorate the grounds in summer, or crowd the [[hothouse|Hot]] and [[greenhouse|Green Houses]] in winter, filling the air with foods of delightful perfume, whilst Oranges, Lemons, Limes, Shaddocks, and other tropical productions, are here in vast profusion.<br />
:"[[Fountain]]s and fish-[[pond]]s, with gold and silver fish, added to the beauty of the scene. [[Grotto]]s, [[bower]]s, and [[rustic style|rustic]] cots, are blended with natural beauties,&mdash;all combined, producing an influence no less enchanting than the 'Leasowes.' And surely SHENSTONE had not been the less eloquent, had his poetic genius been cultivated at Lemon Hill.<br />
:"Few strangers visit Philadelphia without an examination of these grounds, and the proprietor has received the thanks of thousands for the gratification his liberality afforded." [Fig. 10]<br />
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* A.W., August 1835, describing Lemon Hill (quoted in ''The New-York Farmer and American Gardener's Magazine'' 1835: 332)<ref name="The New-York Farmer_November 1835">A. W., "Extract of a Letter from Our Correspondent, A. W., Dated Lansingburgh, 27th August," ''The New-York Farmer and American Gardener’s Magazine'' 8, no. 11 (November 1835), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/676ZWWM6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"...I steered my course to Lemon Hill, which is the name very appropriately given to the [[pleasure ground]]s of Mr. [[Henry Pratt]]. It is situated in the immediate vicinity of the grand [[Fairmount water-works|Water-works]], and is said to contain over twenty acres. Nature seems to have displayed her utmost power in modeling this charming situation, leaving but little for art to accomplish, to render it one of the most delightful spots on earth; and art, with such a bold and lovely model, appears to have availed herself of every advantage, to beautify and complete what Nature had so happily begun.<br />
:"The mansion is placed on an eminence, commanding a delightful view of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], just at that point where every thing is in pleasant motion. The busy neighborhood of Fairmount, the interesting [[view]]s of this fine landscape, are fully kept before the eye, by gently winding paths, through a rich and well kept grass [[plot]]; every turn producing some new and pleasing effect. The foot does not tread in the same path which the eye has gone over before. The groups of lofty trees, so advantageously placed on the hill, near the house, with their deep green foliage, form a beautiful contrast with those of more light and stinted growth, situated in front of the ground bordering on the water; thereby adding much to the effect, by seeming to remove the perspective to the farthest extremity of the picture. The numerous well stocked [[pond|fishponds]], with their islands and aquatic productions, [[summerhouse|summer-houses]], gardens, porters' and laborers' lodges, all well placed for [[picturesque]] effect; and the beautiful little [[grotto]], thrown so chastely over the mineral spring, all conspire to complete the beauty and variety, without, in the least marring the productions of nature, so very interesting in the immediate vicinity. The spacious green [[hothouse|hot houses]] with their numerous and lovely tenants, spread far and wide in every direction, making the whole garden a repository of flowers and fragrance, certainly stand prominent in their kind; and as we migrate along the well kept gravel [[walk]]s, so richly adorned by tree, shrub, and plant, of every shade and shape, and from every climate, intermixed with the inmates of the [[greenhouse|green house]], the shaddock, orange, citron, lime, the fig tree, laden with inviting fruit; the sugar cane, pepper tree, banana, guava, and plantain; the cheremalia, mango, and splendid cactus; a reflecting mind must be lost in admiration, not knowing which most to admire, the amazing variety produced by nature, or the wealth, liberality, and taste, which have planted and sustain them there."<br />
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* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], January 1837, "Notices on the State and Progress of Horticulture in the United States," describing Lemon Hill (January 1837: 4)<ref name="Downing_January 1837">Andrew Jackson Downing, ''Notices on the State and Progress of Horticulture in the United States,'' ''The Magazine of Horticulture'' 3, no. 1 (January 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HPNHTESI view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"For a long time the grounds of [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]], at Lemon Hill, near Philadelphia, have been considered the show-garden of that city: and the proprietor, with a praiseworthy spirit, opening his long-shaded [[walk]]s, cool [[grotto|grottoes]], [[jet|jets d’eau]], and the superb range of [[hothouse|hot-houses]], to the inspection of the citizens, contributed in a wonderful degree to improve the taste of the inhabitants, and to inspire them with a desire to possess the more beautiful and delicate productions of nature."<br />
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* <div id="Downing 1849"></div>[[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1849, describing Lemon Hill (1849: 43) <ref name="Downing_1849">Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America''; . . . 4th ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1849), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5M4S2D64 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Downing 1849_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:"''Lemon Hill'', half a mile above the [[Fairmount water-works]] of Philadelphia, was, 20 years ago, the most perfect specimen of the [[geometric style|geometric]] mode in America, and since its destruction by the extension of the city, a few years since, there is nothing comparable with it, in that style, among us. All the symmetry, uniformity, and high art of the old school, were displayed here in artificial plantations, formal gardens with [[trellis|trellises]], [[grotto|grottoes]], spring-houses, [[temple]]s, [[statue]]s, and [[vase]]s, with numerous [[pond]]s of water, [[jet|jets-d'eau]], and other water-works, [[parterre]]s and an extensive range of [[hothouse]]s. The effect of this garden was brilliant and striking; its position, on the lovely banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], admirable; and its liberal proprietor, [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt]], by opening it freely to the public, greatly increased the popular taste in the neighborhood of that city."<br />
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* [[J. C. Loudon|Loudon, J. C.]], 1850, describing Lemon Hill (1850: 331) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', A new ed., cor. and improved (London: Longman et al, 1850), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero].</ref><br />
:"850. ''Lemon Hill, near Philadelphia''. . . . [Downing observes:] '. . . An extensive range of [[hothouse|hothouses]], curious [[grotto|grottoes]] and spring-houses, as well as every other [[gardenesque]] structure, gave variety and interest to this celebrated spot, which we regret the rapidly extending trees, and the mania for improvement there, as in some of our other cities, have now nearly destroyed and obliterated.' (''Downing's Landscape Gardening adapted to North America.'')"<br />
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* <div id="Keyser"></div>Keyser, Charles S., 1856, describing Lemon Hill (quoted in Keyser, et al. 1886: 6&ndash;7, 18) <ref>Charles S. Keyser, Thomas Cochran, and Horace J. Smith, ''Lemon Hill and Fairmount Park: The Papers of Charles S. Keyser and Thomas Cochran, Relative to a Public Park for Philadelphia'' (Philadelphia: Times Printing House, 1886), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IXV8W2NV view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Keyser_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:"...by neglect, by fire and by wanton destruction, this place, the abode of a once princely luxury had fallen into ruin; where beautiful [[hothouse|hot-houses]] filled with rare exotics overlooked the [[Schuylkill River|river]], only falling walls blackened by fire remained; the [[shrubbery]] had been destroyed; the little bark [[grotto]] over the spring and the shady [[summerhouse|summer houses]] had decayed; and the ponds once filled with the gold fish had become loathsome with slime; only the grand old tulip trees remained, and the pines which stood as they still stand to-day, silent sentinels around the deserted mansion. . . .<br />
:"The grounds lie in undulating slopes, breaking off in bluffs at the water’s edge, at heights of perhaps from 50 to 100 feet. The intervening hollows are filled below and near the water’s edge, with an undergrowth of [[shrubbery]]. They spread out in an easy ascent to the slopes above, covered with greensward. Upon the highest point of the grounds midway between the two [[Fairmount water-works|Water Works]], are the remains of the foundation of a small building, perhaps a [[summerhouse|summer house]]; it is surrounded with a broken circle of cedar trees. Further down towards the dam, on a beautiful [[lawn]] overlooking Fairmount, stands the mansion house; near this are the ruins of the [[summerhouse|summer houses]]. Back towards the railroad from the mansion, down a thickly wooded descent, is the once beautiful spring. A carriage [[drive]] appears from the position of some trees, yet remaining in a traceable order, to have followed the course of the river along the summit of the slopes through the grounds. Some large tulip trees of beautiful form and some venerable pines remain."<br />
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* <div id="Fisher"></div>Fisher, Sidney George, November 21, 1861, describing Lemon Hill and Sedgley (quoted in Fisher 2007: 122) <ref>Sidney George Fisher, ''A Philadelphia Perspective: The Civil War Diary of Sidney George Fisher'', ed. by Jonathan W. White (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/STS4EM33 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Fisher_cite|back up to history]]<br />
:"It is a rolling piece of ground, commanding fine views of the river, but unfortunately has but little timber, that having been cut down some years ago by Isaac Loyd, a speculator who bought one or both these estates. Before that act of vandalism, it was beautifully wooded."<br />
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==Images==<br />
<span id="roundabout_img"></span><br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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Image:1138.jpg|William Groombridge, ''View of Lemon Hill'', c. 1800.<br />
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File:2107.jpg|Artist/maker unknown, ''A View of Lemon Hill on the River Schuylkill, the Seat of Henry Pratt Esq. of Philadelphia'', Early 19th century.<br />
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Image:0043.jpg|John Archibald Woodside, ''Lemon Hill'', 1807.<br />
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File:2102.jpg|Pavel Petrovich Svinin, ''The Upper Bridge over the Schuylkill, Philadelphia&mdash;Lemon Hill in the Background'', 1811&ndash;ca. 1813.<br />
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File:2106.jpg|John G. Exilious, "A View of Lemon Hill the Seat of Henry Pratt Esq<sup>r</sup>.," in Oliver Oldschool [Joseph Dennie], ed. ''The Port Folio'' (August 1813): opp. p. 166.<br />
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Image:0300.jpg|Thomas Birch, ''Fairmount Water Works'', 1821.<br />
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Image:2119.jpg|Robert Campbell, after Thomas Birch, ''View of the Dam and Water Works at Fairmount, Philadelphia'', 1824.<br />
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File:2105.jpg|Firm of Joseph Stubbs, decoration after Thomas Birch, Plate with view of Lemon Hill, c. 1825.<br />
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File:2104.jpg|Firm of Joseph Stubbs, decoration after Thomas Birch, Soup plate with view of Lemon Hill, c. 1825.<br />
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File:2103.jpg|Firm of Joseph Stubbs, Tureen and cover with view of Lemon Hill, c. 1828.<br />
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File:2125.jpg|J. Allbright (illustrator), J. B. Longacre (engraver), J. & W. W. Warr (engraver), Title page, in D. & C. Landreth, ''The Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository'' (1832). <br />
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File:2112.jpg|James Fuller Queen, ''Temple in Pratt’s garden on the Schuylkill'', recto, 1840.<br />
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File:2117.jpg|T. Mason Mitchell, ''Plan of the Fair Mount docks and the adjoining property belonging to Knowles Taylor, Matthew Newkirk, Sam’l Downer junr. & Isaac S. Loyd.'', c. 1840.<br />
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Image:1038.jpg|Frederick Graff, ''Plan of Lemon Hill and Sedgley Park, Fairmount and Adjoining Property'', 1851.<br />
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Image:1803.jpg|Benjamin R. Evans, ''Lemon Hill'', 1852.<br />
<br />
File:2099.jpg|Anonymous, "Lemon Hill," in M. M. Ballou, ed., ''Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion'' 8, no. 19 (May 12, 1855), p. 297.<br />
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File:2111.jpg|James Fuller Queen, View from the Schuylkill River looking up toward a mansion, possibly Lemon Hill in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ca. 1856.<br />
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File:2129.jpg|James C. Sidney and Andrew Adams, ''Plan of Fairmount-Park'', in ''Description of Plan for the Improvement of Fairmount Park'', 1859.<br />
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File:2109.jpg|John C. Sinclair, ''Entrance to Lemon Hill'', c. 1870.<br />
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Image:1999.jpg|Benjamin R. Evans, ''Lemon Hill'', c. 1880.<br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Other Resources==<br />
<br />
[http://tclf.org/landscapes/fairmount-park The Cultural Landscape Foundation]<br />
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[http://www.lemonhill.org/ Lemon Hill Official Website]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category: Sites]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2129.jpg&diff=25825File:2129.jpg2017-01-23T22:26:48Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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James C. Sidney and Andrew Adams, ''Plan of Fairmount-Park'', in ''Description of Plan for the Improvement of Fairmount Park'', 1859, frontispiece. <br />
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Inscribed: PLAN / of / FAIRMOUNT-PARK / BY / SIDNEY & ADAMS / ADOPTED BY CITY COUNCILS / MARCH 3RD 1859</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2129.jpg&diff=25824File:2129.jpg2017-01-23T22:26:39Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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James C. Sidney and Andrew Adams, ''Plan of Fairmount-Park'', in ''Description of Plan for the Improvement of Fairmount Park'', 1859, frontispiece. <br />
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Inscribed: PLAN / of / FAIRMOUNT-PARK / BY / SIDNEY & ADAMS / ADOPTED BY CITY COUNCILS / MARCH 3RD 1859</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2129.jpg&diff=25823File:2129.jpg2017-01-23T22:16:32Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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John Nancarrow, ''Plan of the Seat of John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia'', c. 1785. [http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/idno/195 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia].<br />
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Inscribed: PLAN / of the Seat of / John Penn, jun:<sup>r</sup> Esq:<sup>r</sup> / in Blockley Township and County of Philadelphia</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25726Edging2017-01-10T16:52:49Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Citations */</p>
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<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 5, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25725Edging2017-01-10T16:51:59Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 5, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening''(1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25724Edging2017-01-10T16:51:35Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 5, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening''(1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25723Edging2017-01-10T16:48:28Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Usage */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25722Edging2017-01-10T16:48:17Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Usage */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25721Edging2017-01-10T16:47:46Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Usage */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25720Edging2017-01-10T16:47:29Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* Usage */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
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===Usage===<br />
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* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
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[[File:0394.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 4, Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''The Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28.]]<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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===Citations===<br />
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* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
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* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
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* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
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* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
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* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
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* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
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* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
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* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
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* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
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* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
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* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
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: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
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* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
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* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
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==Images==<br />
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===Inscribed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Attributed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
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File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
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File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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==Notes==<br />
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<references></references><br />
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[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25719Edging2017-01-10T16:41:09Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
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At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
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[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
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H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
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[[File:0368_detail.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
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As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
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Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
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-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
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==Texts==<br />
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===Usage===<br />
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* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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===Citations===<br />
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* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
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* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
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* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
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* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
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* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
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* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
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* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
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* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
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* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
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* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
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* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
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: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
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* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
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* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
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==Images==<br />
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===Inscribed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Attributed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
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File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
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File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
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<references></references><br />
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[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:0368_detail.jpg&diff=25718File:0368 detail.jpg2017-01-10T16:40:31Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." [detail], in A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America: With a View to the Improvement of Country Residences. Comprising Historical Notices and General Principles of the Art, Directions for Laying Out Grounds and Arranging Plantations, the Description and Cultivation of Hardy Trees, Decorative Accompaniments to the House and Grounds, the Formation of Pieces of Artificial Water, Flower Gardens, Etc., with Remarks on Rural Architecture'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:0368_detail.jpg&diff=25717File:0368 detail.jpg2017-01-10T16:39:31Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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<div></div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25715Edging2017-01-10T16:33:58Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
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<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1024.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
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At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
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[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
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H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
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In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
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[[File:0368.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 3, Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq.," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening''(1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12.]]<br />
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As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
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Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
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Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
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-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
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==Texts==<br />
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===Usage===<br />
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* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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===Citations===<br />
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* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
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* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
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* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
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* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
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* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
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* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
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* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
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* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
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* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
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* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
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* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
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: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
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* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
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==Images==<br />
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===Inscribed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Attributed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
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File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
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File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
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<references></references><br />
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[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25713Edging2017-01-10T15:00:23Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
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At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
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[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
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H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
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==Texts==<br />
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===Usage===<br />
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* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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===Citations===<br />
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* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
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* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
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* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
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* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
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* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
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* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
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* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
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* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
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* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
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* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
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* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Attributed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
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File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
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File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25712Edging2017-01-10T14:59:48Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. <br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
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==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
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* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
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: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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===Citations===<br />
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* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
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<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
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<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
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* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
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* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
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* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
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* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
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File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25711Edging2017-01-10T14:59:25Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. [[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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<br />
===Citations===<br />
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* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
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===Inscribed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
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</gallery><br />
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===Attributed===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
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File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
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File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25710Edging2017-01-10T14:59:11Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. [[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
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* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
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* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
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<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25709Edging2017-01-10T14:58:30Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25708Edging2017-01-10T14:58:04Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
[[File:0253.jpg|thumb|right|Fig. 2, John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.]]<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
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<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
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File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
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File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
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File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
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File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25707Edging2017-01-10T14:54:54Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
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[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]<br />
In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
<br />
File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
<br />
[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Edging&diff=25706Edging2017-01-10T14:51:28Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 1, [[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopædia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century gardening practice, edging referred to materials placed along the outer margins of planted areas (such as [[bed]]s or [[border]]s) or along circulation routes (such as [[walk]]s or [[avenue]]s). Edgings were composed predominantly of plants, such as boxwood (also called box). Edging could also be made of inert substances such as earthenware, stone, iron, or wood, as Charles Marshall indicated in 1799. The choice of live or inert materials often depended upon the site, intended function, and dimensions of the edging. Early nineteenth-century treatises indicated that plant edgings were used to mark the boundaries of flower [[bed]]s and [[border]]s in order to distinguish dug ground from [[walk]]s, and to shore up and stabilize the worked earth of the [[bed]] or [[border]] [Fig. 1]. <br />
<br />
At Monticello, recent archaeology has shown that Thomas Jefferson used “brick bats” (or pieces of brick placed flat, end to end) to mark the perimeters of a garden [[bed]]. <ref>William M. Kelso, “Landscape Archaeology and Garden History Research: Success and Promise at Bacon’s Castle, Monticello, and Poplar Forest, Virginia,” in ''Garden History, Issues, Approaches, Methods'', ed. John Dixon Hunt (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QUIXX2CZ view on Zotero].</ref> The use of such edging in [[bed]]s was often dictated by the garden style. For example, according to [[A. J. Downing]] (1849), flower [[bed]]s cut into the turf (as in the irregular garden or the English garden), did not require edgings, whereas [[flower garden]]s featuring beds separated by walkways (as in the French or embroidery garden), required edgings (see [[Bed]]). <br />
<br />
H.A.S. Dearborn (1832) when recommending planting arrangements at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass., argued that plant edgings should be regarded only as a means of outlining space and not as barriers. Therefore, he believed they should be kept fairly low so as not to obstruct passage or viewing. If an obstacle or barrier was required, then the use of what Downing called “durable” material was often appropriate. A painting of about 1765 illustrates such an edging [Fig. 2]. <br />
<br />
In ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), [[J. C. Loudon]] recommended the use of basket edgings (such as dwarf [[fence]]s made of basket willows) to keep small dogs and children out of flower [[bed]]s. Basket edging fell within the category that Loudon defined as “moveable edgings”: edgings made of easily portable materials, such as earthenware, boards, and iron shoe tines stabilized in the ground. <br />
<br />
As a result of the industrial revolution, decorative ironwork became cheaper and more accessible to the middle-class consumer in the early nineteenth century. Many of the gardens described by Loudon and Downing advocated the use of ornamental ironwork in outlining flower [[bed]]s, particularly those set in lawns to emulate cut flowers in baskets or [[vase]]s [Fig. 3]. Yet, artifice in edging was not necessarily dependent upon industrial technology. In 1816, [[G. Gregory]] described edging flower [[bed]]s with [[wood]] that was painted to resemble lead. Edgings, particularly those of woodwork or stone, also had the advantage of extending the lines and architectural style, or “character,” of the house into the garden, thus unifying house and garden, as [[Jane Loudon]] noted in 1845. Even edgings made of plants, especially boxwood, could carry architectural overtones. Treatise writers insisted frequently that box edgings be kept neat and trim, creating an architectonic effect. <br />
<br />
Although box was repeatedly cited as the preeminent edging material—see, for example, [[J. C. Loudon]] (1826), [[Noah Webster]] (1828), Thomas Bridgeman (1832), and Robert Buist (1841)—other plants also were used, such as daisies and violets. Zebedee Cook, Jr., in his 1830 address to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, disputed the superiority of boxwood and claimed that grass was preferable for edging. M.A.W., writing in 1840 in the ''Magazine of Horticulture'' (a journal that, in general, touted box), also disparaged the nearly universal use of this plant. This writer believed that while box was useful for edging large garden features (such as [[avenue]]s or broad [[walk]]s), its scale overwhelmed small [[parterre]]s and dooryard gardens. George William Johnson, in his 1847 definition, echoed this idea when he stated that box was appropriate for ornamental edgings, while herbs were more suited to [[kitchen_garden|kitchen]] or utilitarian gardens. Grass could be substituted for box, Johnson explained, but cautioned that it must be kept “in order.” Joseph Breck also cited thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks as possible edging material, but concluded that “nothing . . . makes so neat and trim an edging as box.” <br />
<br />
Given [[Jane Loudon]]’s 1845 assertion that “[m]uch of the beauty of all gardens . . . depends on the neatness and high keeping of the edgings,” there are surprisingly few usage records of the term. In contrast, the numerous treatise citations instructing gardeners to employ edgings in the layout of their gardens underscore the importance that the feature held for gardeners. <br />
<br />
-- ''Anne L. Helmreich''<br />
<br />
==Texts==<br />
<br />
===Usage===<br />
<br />
* Dearborn, H.A.S., 1832, describing Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass. (quoted in Harris 1832: 83) <ref>H.A.S. (Henry Alexander Scammell) Dearborn, ''An Address Delivered before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: J.T. Buckingham, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KTVETNFP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''Edgings''' for such limited compartments as the [[Cemetery]] lots, must be formed of very humble plants, to be in keeping with their size and character; the box, violet, auricula, Burgundy rose, daisy, or some other plants, not more aspiring, can alone be used; and for the purpose of protecting the monument, on its circumscribed location, these would constitute no barrier.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., September 1841, “Notes made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.,” describing the residence of J. M. Bradhurst, Harlem, N.Y. (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 7: 323) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey, "Notes Made during a Visit to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and Intermediate Places, from August 8th to the 23rd, 1841", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 7 (1841), 321–27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9KPSMKS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[flower garden]], containing about one eighth of an acre, in the form of a [[square]], is laid out in small [[bed]]s of various shapes, with box '''edgings'''. Each of the [[bed]]s we found full of annuals and perennials, and [[green-house]] plants turned out of the [[pot]]s into the ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], October 1847, describing the flower garden at Montgomery Place, country home of Mrs. Edward (Louise) Livingston, Dutchess County, N.Y. (''Horticulturist'' 2: 159) <ref>Alexander Jackson Downing, "A Visit to Montgomery Place", ''The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 2 (1847), 153–60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XUWRREQS view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[walk]]s are fancifully laid out, so as to form a tasteful whole; the [[bed]]s are surrounded by low '''edgings''' of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or carpet of embroidery. In the centre of the garden stands a large [[vase]] of the Warwick pattern; others occupy the centres of [[parterre]]s in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful light [[summer-house]], or [[pavilion]], of Moresque character.” [Fig. 4]<br />
<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
<br />
* Miller, Philip, 1754, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' ([1754] 1969: 459) <ref>Philip Miller, ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' (New York: Verlag Von J. Cramer, 1969), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/356Q24EP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS'''. The best and most durable Plant for '''Edgings''' in a Garden is Box; which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in Beauty for several Years: the best Season for planting this is either in Autumn, or very early in the Spring: for if you plant it late, and the Season should prove hot and dry, it will be very subject to miscarry, unless great Care is taken to supply it with Water. The best Sort for this Purpose is the Dwarf ''Dutch'' Box. <br />
: “These '''Edgings''' are only planted upon the Sides of [[Border]]s next [[Walk]]s, and not, as the Fashion was some Years ago, to plant the '''Edgings''' of Flower-[[bed]]s, or the '''Edges''' of Fruit-[[border]]s, in the Middle of Gardens, unless they have a Gravel [[walk]] between them; which renders it proper to preserve the [[Walk]]s clean, by keeping the Earth of the [[Border]]s from washing down in hard Rains. <br />
: “It was also the Practice formerly, to plant '''Edgings''' of divers Sorts of aromatic Herbs, as Thyme, Savory, Hyssop, Lavender, Rue, &c. But these being subject to grow woody, so that they can’t be kept in due Compass, and in hard Winters being often killed in Patches, whereby the '''Edgings''' are rendered incomplete, they are now seldom used for this Purpose. <br />
: “Some People make '''Edgings''' of Daisies, Thrift, Catchfly, and other flower Plants; but these also require to be transplanted every Year, in order to have them handsome; for they soon grow out of Form, and are subject also to decay in Patches; so that there is not any Plant which so completely answers the Design as Dwarf Box, which must be preferr’d to all others.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Marshall, Charles, 1799, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening'' (1:55) <ref>Charles Marshall, ''An Introduction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening, 1st American ed. from the 2nd London ed.'', 2 vols (Boston: Samuel Etheridge, 1799), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DVB7T4I2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''''Edgings''''' of all sorts should be kept in good order and repair, as having a singular neat effect in the appearance of a garden. The dead '''edgings''' will sometimes, and the live '''edgings''' often want putting to rights; either cutting, clipping, or making up complete.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Gregory, G.]], 1816, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences'' (n.p.) <ref>George Gregory, ''A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, First American, from the second London edition, considerably improved and augmented'', 3 vols (Philadelphia: Isaac Peirce, 1816), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2H8KAZ5E view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “[vol. 1] '''EDGINGS''', among gardeners, a series of small but durable plants, set round the edges or [[border]]s of flower-[[bed]]s, &c. <br />
: “The best and most durable plant for this use is box, which, if well planted, and rightly managed, will continue in strength and beauty for many years. The seasons for planting these are the autumn and very early in the spring; and the best species for this purpose is the dwarf Dutch box. The '''edgings''' of box are now only planted on the sides of [[border]]s next [[wall]]s, and not, as was some time since the fashion, all round [[border]]s, or fruit-[[bed]]s, in the middle of gardens, unless they have a gravel-[[walk]] between them, in which case it serves to keep the earth of the [[border]]s from washing down on the [[walk]]s in hard rains, and fouling the gravel. Daisies, thrift, or sea-july-flowers, and chamomile, are also used by some for this purpose; but they grow out of form, and require yearly transplanting. . . .<br />
: “[vol. 2] GARDENING. . . .<br />
:“If '''edgings''' are to be made, in order to separate between the earth and gravel, especially if of stone, or wood, or box, they should be done first, and they will be a good rule to lay the box by. . . . <br />
: “Figured [[parterre]]s have got out of fashion, as a taste for open and extensive gardening has prevailed; but when the [[bed]]s are not too fanciful, but regular in their shapes, and chiefly at right angles, after the [[Chinese manner]], an assemblage of all sorts of flowers, in a fancy spot of about 60 feet square, is a delightful home scource [''sic''] of pleasure, worthy of pursuit. There should be neat '''edgings''' of box to these [[bed]]s, or rather of neat inch-boards, painted lead colour, to keep up the mould.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, J. C.]], 1826, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (pp. 296, 797) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th edn (London: Longman et al, 1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “1500. ''Moveable '''edgings''''' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species. <br />
: “1501. ''The basket-'''edging''''' (fig. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrub]]s cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as '''edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatories]]. <br />
: “1502. ''The earthenware border'' . . . is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent '''edgings''' to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5] <br />
: “1503. '''''Edgings''' of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material. . . . <br />
: “6107. '''''Edgings'''''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by '''edgings''' or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as '''edgings'''. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever '''edgings''' are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’ <br />
: “6108. ''Basket-'''edgings'''''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant '''edgings'''; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Webster, Noah]], 1828, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' (n.p.) <ref>Noah Webster, ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N7BSU467/ view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDG’ING''', ''n''. That which is added on the [[border]], or which forms the edge; as lace, fringe, trimming, added to a garment for ornament....<br />
: “2. A narrow lace. <br />
: “3. In ''gardening'', a row of small plants set along, the [[border]] of a flower-[[bed]]; as an '''''edging''''' of box. ''Encyc''.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Cook, Zebedee, Jr., 1830, ''An Address, Pronounced Before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (pp. 22–23) <ref>Zebedee Cook, Jr., ''An Address, Pronounced before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society'' (Boston: Isaac R. Butts, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ7KE496 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Grass '''edgings''' are preferable to those of box, their symmetry can be preserved with less care, and are less obnoxious to the charge of the treasonable practice of affording shelter and sustenance to myriads of insects which prey upon the delicious products of the vine and other rare fruit.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Bridgeman, Thomas, 1832, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'' (pp. 112, 122) <ref>Thomas Bridgeman, ''The Young Gardener’s Assistant'', 3rd edn (New York: Geo. Robertson, 1832), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FU4SNZK view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Box and other '''edgings''' should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every spring. . . . <br />
: “although box is superior to any thing else for '''edgings'''; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of various kinds may be used for such purpose.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Sayers, Edward, 1838, ''The American Flower Garden Companion'' (pp. 15, 127–28) <ref>Edward Sayers, ''The American Flower Garden Companion, Adapted to the Northern States'' (Boston: Joseph Breck and Company, 1838), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHTFN8B2 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “The [[bed]]s [of a [[flower garden]]] should also be well proportioned, and not too much cut up into small figures, which when bordered with box '''edging''', have the appearance of so many figures formed for the amusement of children more than for the purpose of growing flowers. There is also another great error sustained in this method, namely, the '''edging''' will retard the growth of the flowers by being close to them; for indeed there is nothing that so much exhausts the soil of nutriment, as box '''edging'''.... <br />
: “The [[flower garden]] attached to city residences,—when well managed,—embraces many useful features relative to health and pleasure. . . . <br />
: “The plan of the garden I recommend to be such as to give ease with variety; so as to accommodate various plants and [[shrub]]s; the [[walk]]s to be of clean gravel, with an '''edging''' of box or neat dwarf plants—as the ''Thrift, Dwarf Iris, Moss pink'', and such like.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* W., M. A., February 1840, “On Flower Beds” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 52–53) <ref>M. A. W., "On Flower Beds", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 51–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6F4WDBVV view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “It is probably as difficult to fix upon the most suitable plant for the '''edging''' of a flower [[bed]], as it is to determine the best shrub for a [[hedge]] around fields. For the [[border]]s of main [[avenue]]s, or broad [[walk]]s in grounds of considerable extent, box, as recommended, Vol. V., p. 350, is undoubtedly the best; but for small [[parterre]]s, or the flower [[bed]]s in a front door yard, it seems much less suitable. They can commonly be taken in at one glance of the eye, and notwithstanding all that has been said of the artificial or [[geometric style]], it is the proper one for such places; for symmetry, or a perfect balance of corresponding parts, greatly strengthens the impression of such a scene, taken as a whole, or single mass of objects. The [[bed]]s, therefore, will not only be small, but when there is the proper variety in the form of them, some, at least, must have quite acute angles. . . . <br />
: “And, upon the whole, perhaps no single plant whatever can fulfil all the requisite conditions, viz., a narrow and low line of perpetual green, diversified with flowers, to delight us with the contrast of their colors or the deliciousness of their perfume. A new charm would be added, if we could procure a successive variety of these; for what is likely to meet the eye several times every day, for months together, will soon lose its effects from monotony. We must, therefore, have recourse to a combination of several kinds, which will vegetate and flower in succession, without interfering with each other, upon the same ground.” <br />
<br />
<br />
* Hovey, C. M., March 1840, “Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns” (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 6: 84–85) <ref>Charles Mason Hovey,"‘Some Remarks on the Formation of the Margins of Flower Beds on Grass Plots or Lawns", ''The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs'', 6 (1840), 84–86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ETMJJXR6 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “We are glad to learn that our observations have been the means of drawing attention to the subject, and that they have, in some instances, induced amateurs to adopt the style of planting small grass [[plot]]s, and forming upon them circular, or other shaped [[bed]]s, for flowers. In front gardens to small suburban villas, nothing can be prettier than this plan of occupying the ground, and the method is, generally, to be much preferred to the old, and almost universally followed system, of forming gravelled [[walk]]s, with board, grass, or box '''edgings''', and dug [[border]]s. This is particularly so, when the object is to have a neat garden, and kept in order at the least expense.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Buist, Robert, 1841, ''The American Flower Garden Directory'' (p. 31) <ref>Robert Buist, ''The American Flower Garden Directory,'' 2nd edn (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TI7IE55B view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “BOX '''EDGINGS'''.<br />
: “May be planted any time this month [March], or beginning of next, which in most seasons will be preferable. We will give a few simple directions how to accomplish the work. In the first place, dig over the ground deeply where the '''edging''' is intended to be planted, breaking the soil fine, and keeping it to a proper height, namely, about one inch higher than the side of the [[walk]]; but the taste of the operator will best decide, according to the situation.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Loudon, Jane]], 1845, ''Gardening for Ladies'' (p. 197) <ref>Jane Loudon, ''Gardening for Ladies; and Companion to the Flower-Garden'', ed. by A. J. Downing (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3Q5GCH4I view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGINGS''' are lines of plants, generally evergreens, to separate walks from [[bed]]s or [[border]]s. The plant in most universal use for this purpose in British gardens is the dwarf Box. . . .<br />
: “'''Edgings''' to [[bed]]s and [[border]]s are also formed of other materials, such as lines of bricks, tiles, or slates, or of narrow strips of stone, or even of wood. In general, however, edgings of this kind have a meager appearance, especially in small gardens, though they have this advantage, that they do not harbour snails, slugs, or other vermin. In architectural [[flower-garden]]s, near a house, where the garden must necessarily partake of the character of the architecture of the building, stone or brick '''edgings''' are essential, and they should be formed of strips of curb-stone, bedded on stone or brickwork, so as never to sink. . . .<br />
: “Much of the beauty of all gardens, whether useful or ornamental, depends on the neatness and high keeping of the '''edgings'''; for whatever may be the state of the boundary [[fence]], of the gravel, or pavement of the [[walk]]s, and of the soil or plants of the [[border]]s, if the '''edgings''' have an uneven, ragged appearance, or if the plants be either too large or too small, the garden will be at once felt to be in bad keeping.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], April 1847, “Hints on Flower Gardens” (''Horticulturist'' 1: 443) <br />
<br />
: “our own taste leads us to prefer the modern [[English style]] of laying out flower gardens upon a ''ground work of grass'' or turf, kept scrupulously short. Its advantage over a [[flower garden]] composed only of [[bed]]s with a narrow '''edging''' and gravel [[walk]]s, consists in the greater softness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a setting to the flower [[bed]]s, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its appropriate scenery.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Johnson, George William, 1847, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'' (p. 208) <ref>George William Johnson, ''A Dictionary of Modern Gardening'', ed. by David Landreth (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1847), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D6PQSNAN view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “'''EDGING'''. This for the [[kitchen-garden]] and all other places where neatness, not ornament, is the object, may consist of useful herbs, the strawberry &c. As an ornamental '''edging''' nothing can compare with the dwarf Box, especially in light soils. On heavy low lands it suffers during winter and may, perhaps, be totally destroyed; in such situations grass may be used, though it is troublesome to keep in order.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* [[Downing, A. J.]], 1849, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (pp. 428–29) <ref>A. J. [Andrew Jackson] Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America,'' 4th edn (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1991), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K7BRCDC5 view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “In almost all the different kinds of flowergardens, two methods of forming the beds are observed. One is, to cut the [[bed]]s out of the green turf, which is ever afterwards kept well-mown or cut for the [[walk]]s, and the edges pared; the other, to surround the beds with '''edgings''' of verdure, as box, etc., or some more durable material, as tiles, or cut stone, the walks between being covered with gravel. The turf is certainly the most agreeable for walking upon in the heat of summer, and the dry part of the day; while the gravelled flowergarden affords a dry footing at nearly all hours and seasons.”<br />
<br />
<br />
* Breck, Joseph, 1851, ''The Flower-Garden'' (p. 24) <ref>Joseph Breck, ''The Flower-Garden, or Breck’s Book of Flowers'' (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HN3UEKMP view on Zotero].</ref><br />
<br />
: “Thrift, if neatly planted, makes handsome '''edgings''' to [[border]]s or flower-[[bed]]s. This may be planted as directed for box, slipping the old plants into small slips; setting the plants near enough to touch one another, forming a tolerably close row.<br />
: “Thyme, hyssop, winter savory, and pinks are frequently used for '''edgings''', but they are too prone to grow out of compass, and therefore not be recommended.<br />
: “Many other plants are often used for '''edgings''', but there is nothing that makes so neat and trim an '''edging''' as box.”<br />
<br />
==Images==<br />
<br />
===Inscribed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1312.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220. <br />
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File:1351.jpg|[[J. C. Loudon]], Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Associated===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:0394.jpg|Anonymous, "The Conservatory," Montgomery Place, in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 4 (October 1847): 159, fig. 28. <br />
<br />
File:0997.jpg|Anonymous, "Design for a Geometric Flower Garden," in [[A. J. Downing]], ed., ''Horticulturist'' 2, no. 12 (June 1848): 558, fig. 67. <br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Attributed===<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7"><br />
<br />
File:1024.jpg|David J. Kennedy, ''The Cliffs, the country residence of Dr. Benjamin Say at Grays Ferry'', n.d. <br />
<br />
File:0253.jpg|John Durand, ''Two Little Boys in a Garden'', c. 1765.<br />
<br />
File:1454.jpg|Anonymous, ''The Vale'', 1820–30.<br />
<br />
File:0369.jpg|Anonymous, "Mrs. Camac's Residence," in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 13. <br />
<br />
File:0368.jpg|Anonymous, "The Seat of George Sheaff, Esq." in [[A. J. Downing]], ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1849), pl. between pp. 58 and 59, fig. 12. <br />
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</gallery><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<br />
<references></references><br />
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[[Category: Keywords]]</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:1176.jpg&diff=25705File:1176.jpg2017-01-09T21:44:46Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: Chelsea-Cole uploaded a new version of File:1176.jpg</p>
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Eliza Susan Quincy, ''View of the seat of Edmund Quincy Esqr.'', 1822, watercolor, 7 1/10 x 8 1/2 in. (18 x 22.1 cm). Eliza S. Quincy Memoir, Quincy Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.<br />
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Inscribed on reverse: View / of the seat of Edmund Quincy Esqr.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2128.jpg&diff=25678File:2128.jpg2017-01-03T15:08:20Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture Being Regular Designs Of Plans And Elevations Well Suited To Both Town And Country: In Which The Magnificence And Beauty, The Purity And Simplicity Of Designing, For Every Species Of That Noble Art, Is Accurately Treated, And With Great Variety Exemplified, From The Plain Town-House To The Stately Hotel, And In The Country From The Genteel And Convenient Farm-House To The Parochial Church: With Suitable Embellishments: Also Bridges, Baths, Summer-Houses, &c. to All which Such Remarks, Explanations and Scales are Annexed, that the Comprehension is Rendered Easy, and Subject Most Agreeable'', plate 37. London: Sold by Robert Sayer, 1755.<br />
<br />
Description of the plate given on page 6 of the text:<br />
“A little Building intended for Retirement, or for a Study, to be placed in some agreeable Part of a Park or Garden, the middle Part is 34 Feet in Front and 40 Feet in Depth, and the 2 Scaline Buildings 16 Feet 6 Inches each in Front, and 34 Feet deep. – The Principal or Ground Floor is 16 Feet 6 Inches high, and the Attick 10 Feet, the opposite Front to that in the Plate is proposed to be without Dress or Ornament, and a Door under the Stairs the common Communication. The whole Expence of this Building will amount to 1089''l''.”</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2128.jpg&diff=25677File:2128.jpg2017-01-03T15:07:32Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture Being Regular Designs Of Plans And Elevations Well Suited To Both Town And Country: In Which The Magnificence And Beauty, The Purity And Simplicity Of Designing, For Every Species Of That Noble Art, Is Accurately Treated, And With Great Variety Exemplified, From The Plain Town-House To The Stately Hotel, And In The Country From The Genteel And Convenient Farm-House To The Parochial Church: With Suitable Embellishments: Also Bridges, Baths, Summer-Houses, &c. to All which Such Remarks, Explanations and Scales are Annexed, that the Comprehension is Rendered Easy, and Subject Most Agreeable'', plate 37. London: Sold by Robert Sayer, 1755.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2128.jpg&diff=25676File:2128.jpg2017-01-03T15:07:10Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture Being Regular Designs Of Plans And Elevations Well Suited To Both Town And Country: In Which The Magnificence And Beauty, The Purity And Simplicity Of Designing, For Every Species Of That Noble Art, Is Accurately Treated, And With Great Variety Exemplified, From The Plain Town-House To The Stately Hotel, And In The Country From The Genteel And Convenient Farm-House To The Parochial Church: With Suitable Embellishments: Also Bridges, Baths, Summer-Houses, &c. to All which Such Remarks, Explanations and Scales are Annexed, that the Comprehension is Rendered Easy, and Subject Most Agreeable'', plate 1. London: Sold by Robert Sayer, 1755.<br />
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Description of the plate given on page 1 of the text:<br />
"A Little plain Building 30 Feet in Front, 30 Feet in Depth, and 30 Feet high, to the Top of the Cornice, from Outside to Outside of the Walls on the Plan. – The Parlour and Chamber-floors 9 Feet 6 Inches high, and the Attick Story 8 Feet high; the other Proportions (''as in all the rest of the Plates'',) may be found by the Scale annexed thereto. This Building may be executed for the Sum of 324''l''."</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2127.jpg&diff=25674File:2127.jpg2017-01-03T14:57:22Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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Robert Morris, ''Select Architecture Being Regular Designs Of Plans And Elevations Well Suited To Both Town And Country: In Which The Magnificence And Beauty, The Purity And Simplicity Of Designing, For Every Species Of That Noble Art, Is Accurately Treated, And With Great Variety Exemplified, From The Plain Town-House To The Stately Hotel, And In The Country From The Genteel And Convenient Farm-House To The Parochial Church: With Suitable Embellishments: Also Bridges, Baths, Summer-Houses, &c. to All which Such Remarks, Explanations and Scales are Annexed, that the Comprehension is Rendered Easy, and Subject Most Agreeable'', plate 1. London: Sold by Robert Sayer, 1755.</div>Chelsea-Colehttps://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=File:2127.jpg&diff=25673File:2127.jpg2017-01-03T14:57:00Z<p>Chelsea-Cole: </p>
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