History of Early American Landscape Design - User contributions [en]

State House Yard

2016-01-21T13:26:40Z

R-asleson:

The '''State House Yard''' in Philadelphia was dedicated as a public [[green]] in the 1730s. It was one of the earliest [[public garden]]s in America. Laid out in the mid-1780s, it was also among the first American landscapes designed in a naturalistic [[English style]] featuring American trees. Its importance as a site for civic and patriotic assemblies is reflected in the name by which it has been known since the early nineteenth century, Independence Square or Mall.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' State House Square, State House Garden, Independence Square

'''Site Dates:''' 1783-1789

'''Site Owner(s):''' State of Pennsylvania; City of Philadelphia; U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Samuel Vaughan]]

'''Location:''' 
Philadelphia, PA 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Independence+Hall/@39.9483686,-75.1501621,18z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6c8836b1cc977:0x148a1e67397d6ea9 View on Google Maps]

==History==
[[File:1991.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Fig. 1, [[William Russell Birch]], State-House Garden, Philadelphia," 1800.]]
In 1730 the Pennsylvania Assembly authorized the purchase of a city block in Philadelphia for the erection of a new statehouse. <ref> Charles H. Browning, "The State House Yard, and Who Owned It First after William Penn," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 40 (January 1916): 89-103 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/S3VZJQ2T view on Zotero]; Norris S. Barratt, "State House Yard," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 39 (October 1915): 506, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2KDGDWBX view on Zotero]. </ref> Five years later, the Assembly decreed that no part of the property south of that building, known as the State House Yard, should be built on, “but that the said Ground shall be enclosed, and remain a publick open [[Green]] and [[Walks]] for ever.” <ref> "An Act for Vesting the State-House and Other Publick Buildings, with the Lots of Land Whereupon the Same Are Erected, in Trustees for the Use of This Province, October 14, 1735," in ''The Charters of the Province of Pensilvania [sic] and City of Philadelphia'' (Philadelphia: B. Franklin, 1742), 478, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RJ32PZ25 view on Zotero]. See also Anna Coxe Toogood, ''Independence Square, Volume 1: Historical Narrative'' (Independence Historical National Park: National Park Service, 2004), 11, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Thereafter, in addition to serving as a pedestrian thoroughfare, the State House Yard became Philadelphia’s principal location for military activities and civic gatherings. Most famously, it was the site of the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence on July 8, 1776. <ref> Charlotte Mires, ''Independence Hall in American Memory'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 17, 19, 24, 35, 37, [[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FVCMU5QH view on Zotero]; Toogood, 2004, 31-55, 138-141, 150-208 passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Plans to landscape the State House Yard date from 1732, when the Pennsylvania Assembly determined that the uneven ground should “be levelled, and enclosed with a Board [[Fence]], in order that [[Walk]]s may be laid out, and Trees planted, to render the same more beautiful and commodious.” <ref> Gertrude MacKinny, ed., "Votes of Assembly," in ''Pennsylvania Archives: Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania, 1682-1776'', 8 vols. (Philadelphia, 1913–1935), 3: 2163, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ICQFNRMK view on Zotero]. See also Toogood, 2004, 9-12, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Construction of a brick [[wall]], begun in 1739, proceeded slowly but was evidently complete by 1752, when Nicholas Scull and George Heap documented the presence of “a high [[Wall]]” enclosing the Yard in their Map of Philadelphia. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 12-14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Following the purchase of the few adjacent lots that remained in private hands, the entire block was enclosed in 1770 with a massive seven-foot brick [[wall]] pierced by a single, pedimented [[gate/gateway|gateway]], as shown in [[William Birch]]’s engraving "State House Garden, Philadelphia" of 1800 [Fig. 1]. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 22, 25-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Anna Coxe Toogood, ''Cultural Landscape Report: Independence Mall'' (Independence National Historial Park: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, June 1994), 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZKMF6B37 view on Zotero]. </ref> Landscaping of the State House Yard meanwhile remained at a standstill. In 1763 the General Assembly ordered that the superintendents of the State House immediately “prepare a Plan for laying out the [[Square]]… in proper [[Walk]]s, to be planted with suitable Trees for Shade.” <ref> ''Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania. Beginning the Fourteenth Day of October 1758'' (Philadelphia: Henry Miller, 1775), 5: 284, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SSTH2P7B view on Zotero]. See also Toogood, 2004, 14, 23, 79, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Twenty years later, in September 1783, Governor John Dickinson (1732-1808) revived the subject, petitioning the Assembly to begin laying out the grounds in a manner that “would be reputable to the State, particularly useful to the inhabitants of this city, [and] very agreeable to strangers.” <ref> Toogood, 2004, 72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref>

Ironically, it was one of those strangers to Philadelphia who finally took up the long-deferred project of landscaping the property. [[Samuel Vaughan]], a wealthy British merchant and close friend of [[Benjamin Franklin]], arrived in Philadelphia with his family in September 1783, the same month that the governor and Assemblymen were discussing development of the Yard. By the end of the year, [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] had proposed a plan for laying out the property and had hired a professional gardener, William Rees, to begin implementing his design. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 74, 76, 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan’s]] plan called for a double [[alley]] of elm trees lining a broad central [[walk]], with connecting serpentine gravel [[walks]] on either side. <ref> Toogood, 1994, 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZKMF6B37 view on Zotero]. </ref> He planted a number of elms and pines in March 1784, and the following year transplanted an additional 100 elms from the Princeton, New Jersey estate of Col. George Morgan (1743-1810). <ref> "The State House Yard," ''The Philadelphia Register, and National Recorder'' (May 29, 1819): 361, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JJC5KN25 view on Zotero]. </ref> Like [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]], Morgan was a member of the American Philosophical Society and a founding member of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, established in February 1785. Morgan was also a land speculator and horticulturalist with a particular interest in preserving trees. <ref> Louis Houck, ''The Spanish Regime in Missouri'', 2 vols. (Chicago: E. R. Donnelly & Sons Company, 1909), 1: 300, 303, 305, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BKDABA9A view on Zotero]. </ref> He donated a further 25 elms to the State House Yard in 1786. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 87, 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] initially intended to develop the State House Yard as a national [[arboretum]], with an example of every tree and shrub that grew in the thirteen states of America. <ref> Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 14, 1785,Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file "Humphry Marshall Papers," USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero]. See also Toogood, 2004, 86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> He received many of these plants as donations. For example, early in 1785 the British expatriate Mahlon Hall (1734-1818), whose [[Schuylkill River]] estate neighbored [[Belmont]] and [[Landsdowne]], supplied 92 hollies, two weeping willows, four white cedars, and a number of other trees. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 90-91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> In early April 1785 [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] compiled a list of over 700 plants representing 40 different species that he had received as donations, and another 75 examples of 55 species that he had purchased from the botanists and nurserymen [[William Bartram|William]] and [[John Bartram, Jr.]], fellow members of the American Philosophical Society. <ref> Joel T. Fry, ''John Bartram’s House and Garden (Bartram's Garden)'', Historic American Landscape Survey (2004), 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, "List of Trees 'Planted in the State-House Square,'" April 7, 1785, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file "Humphry Marshall Papers," USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3RW2HBXQ view on Zotero]. See also Toogood, 2004, 85, 86, 90-91, 93-94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Sarah P. Stetson, "The Philadelphia Sojourn of Samuel Vaughan," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 73 (October 1949): 465-66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref> In a letter of May 28, 1785 to the Bartrams’ cousin, the botanist and plant dealer [[Humphry Marshall]], [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] appealed for assistance in completing the collection, noting “I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining... and shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had, that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.” <ref> Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 28, 1785, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file "Humphry Marshall Papers," USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4N9E2PIM view on Zotero]; see also Vaughan, May 14, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero]. </ref> Although [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] ultimately scaled back his ambitious landscape plan, he nevertheless assembled a remarkable variety of specimens. From January to June 1785, he employed the nurseryman and gardener John Lithen to supervise the planting of these trees and shrubs. <ref> Fry, 2004, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]. </ref> In distinct contrast to the [[geometric style]] that characterized other Philadelphia gardens (such as the [[House and Garden of Charles Norris|Norris garden]], which shared a wall with the State House Yard), [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] designed the plantings in informal [[clumps]] in accordance with the fashionable [[natural style]] he had absorbed in England. Quantities of sand, gravel, and earth were carted in to to create artificial [[mound]]s. [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] continued this work in 1786 and 1787, purchasing additional trees and shrubs from [[John Bartram, Jr.|Bartram]] and Joseph Sepher. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 93-94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> He added a pair of Windsor settees and a pair of garden chairs (both fashioned on the spot from red cedar logs) in 1785, and five street lamps in 1789. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> A team of laborers maintained the grounds under the supervision of gardener Jonathan Pilling until 1794, and thereafter under Edward Martin. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 95-96, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0324.jpg|thumb|350px|Fig. 2, [[William Russell Birch]], "Back of the State House, Philadelphia," 1800.]]
While attending to the development of the State House Yard, Vaughan was simultaneously spearheading plans for an adjacent building, Philosophical Hall, the new headquarters of the American Philosophical Society. <ref> William E. Lingelbach, "Philosophical Hall: The Home of the American Philosophical Society," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 43, n.s. (1953): 45-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E5XJR6BI view on Zotero]; Stetson, October 1949, 464-65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref> A new county courthouse (1787-1790) and city hall (1790-91) completed the trio of impressive buildings that flanked the north end of the State House Yard. By 1790, when Vaughan returned to England, the State House Yard had become a fashionable place of public resort for Philadelphia residents and a prime destination for sightseers visiting the city during the decade that it served as the nation’s capital (1790-1800). <ref> Toogood, 2004, 114, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Thompson Westcott, ''The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia, with Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants'' (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877), 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero]. </ref> Unfortunately, this early [[public garden]] also attracted the attention of vandals and vagrants. Watch boxes and a brick barracks erected in the Yard accommodated guards responsible for preventing malicious damage to the trees and shrubs, which had become a problem by July 1790. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 94, 95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> [[William Birch]] included two of these watch boxes in the background of his engraved view, "Back of the State House, Philadelphia" (1799) [Fig. 2]. In 1802 the artist and entrepreneur [[Charles Willson Peale]] relocated the bulk of his museum collections from Philosophical Hall to the State House and assumed the responsibility of maintaining the State House Yard as well. Over the next ten years, he and his son [[Rembrandt Peale]] made improvements to the Yard, adding new [[gate/gateway|gates]] and benches and renovating the [[wall]]s and [[lawn]]s. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 159-64, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Simon Snyder, ''An Act to Authorize the Further Improvement of the State-House-Yard, in the City of Philadelphia, and for Other Purposes'', March 10, 1812, 101, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MIECHTWE view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Charles Willson Peale|Peale]] also fenced in a portion of the State House Yard for the outdoor display of his menagerie of live animals, which included monkeys, an elk, a blue and red macaw, and — briefly — two grizzly bears donated in 1808 by his friend [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> Brett Mizelle, "Displaying the Expanding Nation to Itself: The Cultural Work of Public Exhibitions of Western Fauna in Lewis and Clark’s Philadelphia," in ''The Shortest and Most Convenient Route: Lewis and Clark in Context'', ed. Robert S. Cox, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 2004), 224-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DQUZEMNB view on Zotero]; Charles Coleman Sellers, ''Mr. Peale’s Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art'' (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1980), 77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MI3HEZIK view on Zotero]. </ref> Longstanding concern over poor air circulation within the State House Yard ultimately resulted in the removal, in 1811, of the seven-foot-high brick [[wall]]s that surrounded it, replaced by lower brick [[wall]]s measuring just three feet in height, topped by a marble coping and a railing of iron palisades <ref> Toogood, 2004, 115-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Toogood, 1994, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZKMF6B37 view on Zotero]; Westcott, 1877, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero]; "State House Yard," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', June 28, 1828, 416, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DKHNQCPA view on Zotero]. </ref> The addition of two [[gate\gateway|gateways]] allowed for greater access to the Yard. From 1813 to 1815 two wings of the State House were demolished and replaced by modern office wings designed by [[Robert Mills]]. Nothing came of more ambitious plans to fundamentally alter the character and purpose of the State House Yard — for example, by erecting an arched [[bridge]] connecting it to another [[square]]; by expanding the museum into a new building, designed by [[Benjamin Latrobe]]; or by converting the Yard into a [[botanic garden]] modeled on [[David Hosack]]’s in New York. <ref> Sellers, 1980, 94-95, 99, 148-53, 195, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MI3HEZIK view on Zotero]. </ref> The city of Philadelphia also warded off several proposals by the state legislature to demolish the State House and subdivide the Yard for development. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 171-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref>

The city succeeded in purchasing the State House Square property in 1818 and, shortly after, approved the appropriation of funds to renovate the Yard, stipulating that the original features designed by [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] should be preserved, as “time has given them a character of sanctity which forbids that they be touched.” <ref> Elizabeth Milroy, "Repairing the Myth and the Reality of Philadelphia’s Public Squares, 1800-1850," ''Change Over Time'' 1 (2011): 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BARZR6HJ view on Zotero]. </ref> The city’s improvements included replacing damaged trees with new plants purchased in 1819 from [[David Landreth]]; adding a row of Linden trees opposite the State House in 1821; and commissioning the architect [[John Haviland]] to design a decorative iron [[gate/gateway|gateway]] in 1823. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 176-78, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Such efforts gained momentum following the [[Marquis de Lafayette]]’s visit to Philadelphia in September 1823, which spurred a new patriotic regard for the State House Yard, officially renamed Independence Square in 1825. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 182-83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Additional trees planted in the 1840s (overseen by the gardener Lawrence Hart) included sugar maples to replace the caterpillar-ravaged lindens, oaks, silver maples, and buttonwood, the latter particularly singled out for praise as “superb specimens” by [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 190, 192-93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Two carved wooden [[statue]]s by [[Benjamin Rush]] representing female allegories of Wisdom and Justice briefly stood along the main [[walk]], but were removed after eliciting complaints. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 183-84, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> More controversially, the city fundamentally altered the original [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]] design in 1837 by adding diagonal [[walk]]s to accommodate pedestrian traffic across the [[square]]. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 186-88. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Practical concerns continued to erode the original plan in the nineteenth century, leading the Philadelphia historian Thompson Westcott to conclude in 1877 that the nineteenth-century State House Yard “makes up in utility what it has lost in beauty.” <ref> Westcott, 1877, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QF7PUHNV view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Duché, Rev. Jacob, c. 1774, "Letter to the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount P —, at Oxford" (''Caspipina's Letters'', pp. 12-13) <ref> Jacob Duché, ''Caspipina’s Letters; Containing Observations on a Variety of Subjects, Literary, Moral, and Religious'' (Philadelphia: John Dunlap, 1774), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5IH6E4VQ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Mr. [[Benjamin Franklin|[Benjamin] F—[ranklin]]], the late speaker of the Assembly, with whom I have several times conversed, informed me, that the [[plot/plat|plot]] of ground on which the State-house stands, and which is one of the [[square]]s of the city, is to be planted with trees, and is divided into [[walk]]s, for the recreation of the citizens. I could not help observing to him, that it would be a considerable improvement of their plan, if the Legislature could purchase another [[square]] which lies to the south of this, and apply it to the same salutary purpose; as otherwise, their [[walk]]s must be very contracted, unless they make them of a circular or serpentine form.

* Belknap, Rev. Jeremy, 1785, “Journal of a Tour to Philadelphia” (quoted in Toogood, 2004, 90) <ref> Rev. Jeremy Belknap, "Journal of a Tour to Philadelphia, 1785," unpublished MS., Massachusetts Historical Society, quoted in Toogood, 2004, 90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The Elegant Square called ye 'Area of ye State-house’ wh is now improving & ornamenting [is?] a delightful [[walk]] & rural retreat for ye Citizens.... Grass [[plot/plat|plots]] — & graveled [[Walk]]s... filling with young trees."

* Hunter, Robert, October 31, 1785, diary entry (1943: 169) <ref> Robert Hunter, ''Quebec to Carolina in 1785-1786: Being the Travel Diary and Observations of Robert Hunter, Jr., a Young Merchant of London'', ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (San Marino, Calif.: The Huntington Library, 1943), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EDP6T3ER view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The state-house is infinitely beyond anything I have either seen in New York or Boston, and the [[walk]] before it does infinite honor to Mr. [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]]’s taste and ingenuity in laying it out."

* [[Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville|Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre]], 1788, ''New Travels in the United States of America'', p. 189. <ref> J. P. Brissot de Warville, ''New Travels in the United States of America, Performed in 1788 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Historical Publications Co., 1919 [orig. pub. 1792]), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GH5VFB9D view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Behind the State-house is a [[public garden]]; it is the only one that exists in Philadelphia. It is not large; but it is agreeable, and one may breathe in it. It is composed of a number of verdant [[square]]s, intersected by [[alley]]s."

* Swanwick, John, June 30, 1787, “On a Walk in the State House Yard" (''The Columbian Magazine'', pp. 609-10) <ref> John Swanwick, "On a Walk in the State House Yard, June 30, 1787," ''The Columbian Magazine'' (August 1787), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K5P9AQW4 view on Zotero] </ref>
:: Joy to the breast which plann’d this soft retreat,
::: And drest with trees, and grassy sods the plain!... 

::Oh! How much more shall he be crown’d by fame
::: Who form’d for lovers this auspicious [[grove]];... 

::Who can unfold what joys, in future times,
::: These winding [[walk]]s to thousands shall impart?... 

:: What various bliss these shaded paths may yield
::: To many a nation, whose assembled peers
:: May plan their systems on this spacious field,
::: And in a moment form the weal of years! 

::Even now the sages, whom the land convenes,
::: To fix her empire, and prescribe her laws,
:: While pensive wand’ring thro’ these rural scenes,
::: May frame their councils for a world’s applause... 

:: Think on the founder of the blissful [[grove]],
::: And with fresh laurels grace his honoured brows.

* Anon., July 1787, “Account of the State-House of Pennsylvania" (''The Columbian Magazine'', 1: 51) <ref> Anon.,"Account of the State-House of Pennsylvania," ''The Columbian Magazine'' (July 1787), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDHUSQJF view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The state-house yard has been highly improved by the exertions of Mr. [[Samuel Vaughan]], and affords two gravel [[walk]]s, shaded with trees, a pleasant [[lawn]], and several [[bed]]s of shrubs and flowers."

* [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler, Rev. Manasseh]], July 13, 1787 (1888: 1: 262-63). <ref> Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, L.L.D.'', eds. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "We passed through this broad aisle [of the State House] into the [[Mal]]l. It is small, nearly square, and I believe does not contain more than one acre. As you enter the [[Mall]] through the State House, which is the only [[avenue]] to it, it appears to be nothing more than a large inner Court-[[yard]] to the State House, ornamented with trees and [[walk]]s. But here is a fine display of rural fancy and elegance. It was so lately laid out in its present form that it has not assumed that air of grandeur which time will give it. The trees are yet small, but most judiciously arranged. The artificial [[mound]]s of earth, and depressions, and small [[grove]]s in the [[square]] have a most delightful effect. The numerous [[walk]]s are well graveled and rolled hard; they are all in a serpentine direction, which heightens the beauty, and affords constant variety. That painful sameness, commonly to be met with in garden-[[alley]]s, and other works of this kind, is happily avoided here, for there are no two parts of the [[Mall]] that are alike. Hogarth's 'Line of Beauty' is here completely verified. The public are indebted to the fertile fancy and taste of Mr. [[Samuel Vaughan|Sam'l Vaughan]], Esq., for the elegance of this plan. It was laid out and executed under his direction about three years ago. The [[Mal]]l is at present nearly surrounded with buildings, which stand near to the board [[fence]] that incloses it, and the parts now vacant will, in a short time, be filled up. On one part the Philosophical Society are erecting a large building for holding their meetings and depositing their Library and Cabinet. This building is begun, and, on another part, a County Court-house is now going up. But, after all the beauty and elegance of this public [[walk]], there is one circumstance that must forever be disgusting and must greatly diminish the pleasure and amusement which these [[walk]]s would otherwise afford. At the foot of the [[Mall]], and opposite to the Court-house, is the Prison, fronting directly to the [[Mall]]. It is very long and high, I believe, four stories, and built of stone. The building itself, which is elegant, would appear well, were it not for its unsavory contents.... Whatever part of the [[Mall]] you are in, this cage of unclean birds is constantly in your view, and their doleful cries attacking your ears."

*[[Jedidiah Morse|Morse, Jedidiah]], 1789, ''The American Geography'', p. 331, <ref> Jedidiah Morse, ''The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America'' (Elizabeth Town, N.J.: Shepard Kollock, 1789),[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/93EGD8Q5 view on Zotero] </ref>
: "The state house yard, is a neat, elegant and spacious public [[walk]], ornamented with rows of trees; but a high brick [[wall]], which encloses it, limits the [[prospect]]."

* Anon [“B.”], January 1790, "Explanation of the Plate, exhibiting a View of several Public Buildings in the City of Philadelphia" (''The Columbian Magazine'', 4: 25-26) <ref> Anon [“B.”], "Explanation of the Plate, exhibiting a View of several Public Buildings in the City of Philadelphia,"'' The Columbian Magazine'' (January 1790), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7TF4THJP view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The State-house square... is inclosed [sic], on three sides, by a brick [[wall]].... This area has, of late, been judiciously improved, under the direction of [[Samuel Vaughan]], Esq. It consists of a beautiful [[lawn]], interspersed with little knobs or tufts of flowering shrubs, and [[clump]]s of trees, well disposed. Through the middle of the gardens, runs a spacious gravel-[[walk]] lined with double rows of thriving elms, and communicating with serpentine [[walk]]s which encompass the whole area. These surrounding [[walk]]s are not uniformly on a level with the [[lawn]]; the margin of which, being in some parts a little higher, forms a bank, which, in fine weather, affords pleasant [[seat]]s. When the trees attain to a larger size, it will be proper to place a few benches under them, in different situations, for the accommodation of persons frequenting the [[walk]]s.

: "These gardens will soon, if properly attended to, be in a condition to admit of our citizens indulging themselves, agreeably, in the salutary exercise of walking. The grounds, though not so extensive as might be wished, are sufficiently large to accommodate very considerable numbers: the objects within [[view]] are pleasing; and the situation is open and healthy. If the ladies, in particular, would occasionally recreate themselves with a few turns in these [[walk]]s, they would find the practice attended with real advantages."

* [[John Adams|Adams, John]], May 15, 1794, letter to Abigail Adams, Philadelphia <ref> Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 15 May 1794 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/doc?id=L17940515ja&hi=1&query=yard&tag=text&archive=all&rec=2&start=0&numRecs=82 </ref>
: "By the Way this statehouse Yard is a beautiful Thing formed on an [[English style|English Plan]], like the Inclosure in Grosvenor [[Square]]. I walk there every day for air and Exercise in the shade. It is not a Paines Hill nor a Stowe, nor a Leasowes, but it is pretty."

* [[Henry Wansey|Wansey, Henry]], June 7, 1794, diary entry (1970: 103) <ref name="Wansey"> Henry Wansey, ''Henry Wansey and His American Journal'', ed. David John Jeremy (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1970), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UQTHRX3W view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Behind it [the State House] is a garden, which is open for company to walk in. It was planned and laid out by [[Samuel Vaughan]], Esq. a merchant of London, who went out a few years ago, and resided some time at Philadelphia. It is particularly convenient to the House of Representatives, which being on the ground floor, has two doors that open directly into it, to which they can retire to compose their thoughts, or refresh themselves after any fatigue of business, or confer together and converse, without interrupting the debate."

* [[Henry Wansey|Wansey, Henry]], June 10, 1794 (1970: 116) <ref name="Wansey"></ref>
: "The pleasantest [[walk]] at Philadelphia, is the State Gardens, behind the House of Representatives. It is something like Kensington Gardens, but not so large."

* [[Jedidiah Morse|Morse, Jedidiah]], 1797, “Philadelphia” (''The American Gazetteer'') <ref> Jedidiah Morse, ed., ''The American Gazetteer: Exhibiting, in Alphabetical Order, a Much More Full and Accurate Account, Than Has Been Given, of the States, Provinces, Counties, Cities, Towns ... on the American Continent'' (Boston: S. Hall and Thomas & Andrews, 1797), unpag., [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TJZPZZEV view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The state-house garden occupies a whole [[square]]; it is a small neat place, ornamented with several rows of trees and gravel [[walk]]s, and enclosed by a high brick [[wall]] on three sides, and the state-house &c. on the other. Pottersfield, formerly a public [[burying ground]], is now converted into a public [[walk]], and planted with rows of Lombardy poplars on each side. When the trees are grown, and the ground leveled, it will be one of the most pleasant [[promenade]]s in the vicinity."

* Anon., June 1798, ''Philadelphia Monthly Magazine'' (quoted in Toogood, 2004: 118) <ref> Toogood, 2004, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On the south of [the State-house] buildings is a large area ... enclosed with a brick [[wall]] and commanding an elegant front [[view]] of the [Walnut-street] jail, Philadelphia Library and Philosophical hall with the valuable Museum of the ingenious Mr. [[Charles Willson Peale|Peale]]. This garden is appropriated as a public [[walk]] for the use of the Citizens ... [I]t is laid down in a grass [[plot/plat|platt]], divided in the middle by a spacious gravel [[walk]], lined with a double row of large native and exotic elms, which form a cool shadowy retreat, and is plentifully supplied with benches for the accommodation of visitors. As this is the only spot in this populous city appropriated to the necessary and refreshing uses of exercise and air, it is usually thronged with company ... and on days of festivity, exhibits a lively scene of busy gaiety."

* [[William Dickinson Martin|Martin, William Dickinson]], May 20, 1809, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
: "The State House...is a large building on the south side of Chestnut Street.... Attached to the State House, is a large [[green]] occupying a whole [[square]] to Walnut Street. This is a neat place, ornamented with rows of Elms & Poplars: as also having handsome gravel[[ walk]]s, one of which extends thro' the Centre with grass [[plot/plat|plots]] on each side. The whole is enclosed in high brick [[wall]]s."

* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1830, ''Annals of Philadelphia'', pp. 343-44. <ref> John F. Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Fathers'' (Philadelphia and New York: E. L. Carey & A. Hart and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830),[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PTREQIN view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "About the year 1782 the father of the present John Vaughan, Esq. coming to Philadelphia from England to reside among us, set his heart upon improving and adorning the [[yard]], as an embellishment to the city. He succeeded to accomplish this in a very tasteful and agreeable manner. The trees and [[shrubbery]] which he had planted were very numerous and in great variety. When thus improved, it became a place of general resort as a delightful [[promenade]]. Windsor settees and garden chairs were placed in appropriate places, and all, for a while, operated as a charm. It was something in itself altogether unprecedented, in a public way, in the former simpler habits of our citizens; but after some time it became... the haunt of many idle people and tavern resorters; and, in the evening, a place of rendezvous to profligate persons; so that in spite of public interest to the contrary, it run into disesteem among the better part of society. Efforts were made to restore its lost credit; the [[seat]]s were removed, and loungers spoken of as trespassers. &c. — but the remedy came too late; good company had deserted it, and the tide of fashion did not again set in its favour.

:" In later years the fine elms, planted by Mr. [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan]], annually lost their leaves by numerous caterpillars, (an accidental foreign importation,) which so much annoyed the visiters [sic], as well as the trees, that they were reluctantly cut down after attaining to a large size. After this, the dull, heavy brick [[wall]] was removed to give place to the present airy and more graceful iron palisade. Numerous new trees were planted to supply the place of the former ones removed, and now the place being revived, is returning again to public favour; but our citizens have never had the taste for promenading public [[walk]]s, so prevalent in Londoners and Parisians — a subject to be regretted, since the opportunity of indulgence is so expensively provided in this and the neighbouring [[Washington Square (Philadelphia)|Washington Square]]."

* [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], 1841, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'', pp. 161, 168 <ref> Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America; with a View to the Improvement of Country Residences.'', (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QDVESTBX view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "In [[avenues]] it [the plane tree] is often happily employed, and produces a grand effect. It also grows with great vigor in close cities, as some superb specimens in the [[square]] of the State-house, Pennsylvania Hospital, and other places in Philadelphia fully attest....
: "In this country the European lime is also much planted in our cities; and some [[avenue]]s of it may be seen in Philadelphia, particularly before the State-house in Chestnut-street."

* [[J. C. Loudon|Loudon, J.C.]], 1850, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'', pp. 332-33, <ref> J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero] </ref>
: "856. ''[[Public Gardens]]''....
:"[[''Promenade]] at Philadelphia''. There is a very pretty enclosure before the walnut tree entrance to the state-house, with good well-kept gravel [[walk]]s, and many beautiful flowering trees. It is laid down in grass, not in turf; which indeed, Mrs. Trollope observes, 'is a luxury she never saw in America.'"

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
Image:0324.jpg|[[William Russell Birch]], “Back of the State House, Philadelphia,” 1799.

Image:1991.jpg|[[William Russell Birch]], "State-House Garden, Philadelphia," 1800.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/17/hh17f.htm U.S. Park Service, Independence National Historical Park]

[http://ggll.weebly.com/peale.html Ghost Gardens, Lost Landscapes]

[http://tclf.org/landscapes/independence-square The Cultural Landscape Foundation]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

Solomon Willard

2016-01-21T13:23:42Z

R-asleson:

'''Solomon Willard''' (June 26, 1783 – February 27, 1861) was an American architect and builder who spent most of his career in Massachusetts. He is remembered chiefly for overseeing the construction of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] (1826-42), one of the earliest monuments erected in the United States to commemorate the Revolutionary War.

==History==

Largely self taught, Willard was a polymath who devoted himself to a wide range of pursuits, including carpentry, sculpture, architecture, geology, chemistry, and agriculture. From 1810 to 1818, Willard sought professional opportunities in the mid-Atlantic region, where he met and worked with a number of prominent architects. He carved “ornamental furnishings” for a church in Baltimore designed by the expatriate French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765-c.1838), who appears to have acquainted him with a number of neoclassical decorative motifs, <ref> George M. Goodwin, “The Gateway to Newport’s Jewish Cemetery,” ''Rhode Island History'' 67, no. 2 (Summer–Autumn 2009): 69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy''(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 86n, 140, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]; William W. Wheildon, ''Memoir of Solomon Willard, Architect and Superintendent of the Bunker Hill Monument'' (Boston, Mass.: The Monument Association, 1865), 39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]. </ref> and provided [[Charles Bulfinch]] with a carved wooden architectural model of the [[U.S. Capitol]], as well as presentation drawings and working plans based on [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]’s designs. <ref> Wheildon, 1865, 38-41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]. </ref> Returning to Boston, Willard carved ornamental details for some of the city’s first Greek Revival buildings and by 1820 was working as an independent architect, incorporating elements of Greek, Gothic, and Egyptian styles into his designs.

In 1826 Willard was appointed superintendent and architect of the [[Bunker Hill Monument]]. Faced with the unprecedented challenge of erecting a stone [[obelisk]] over 220 feet tall, he cut costs by quarrying his own granite, leading to the establishment of several quarries in nearby West Quincy, Massachusetts, as well as a railway to transport the heavy stone. <ref> Solomon Willard, ''Plans and Sections of the Obelisk on Bunker’s Hill, with the Details of Experiments Made in Quarrying the Granite'' (Boston, Mass.: Charles Cook, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RES2EZNJ view on Zotero]; Wheildon, 1865, 107-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; John A. Laukkanen, ''Quincy Quarries: Gold and Gloom'' (Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, 2004), 2, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHAG45HF view on Zotero]. </ref> Special machinery devised by Willard allowed him to use larger blocks of granite than had previously been possible. His preference for working with granite on this massive scale influenced his designs for monuments in and around Boston, resulting in a severe style of architecture later dubbed the Boston Granite Style. <ref> Jane Holtz Kay, ''Lost Boston'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 129-32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WUTR2V6P view on Zotero]; Wheildon, 1865, 225-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]. </ref>

Willard was also responsible for a number of funerary monuments and [[cemetery]] projects, including a 15-foot [[obelisk]] for the monument to John Harvard (1607-1638) in the Phipps Street [[Burial Ground]] in Charleston (1828) <ref> Wheildon, 1865, 227-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]; Edwin Monroe Bacon, ''Boston: A Guide Book to the City and Vicinity,'' (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1922, rev. ed.), 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NSSGSCX view on Zotero]. </ref> and a 25-foot granite [[obelisk]] marking the graves of [[Benjamin Franklin]]’s parents in the Granary [[Burying Ground]] in Boston (1827), where Willard also designed a new granite wall and Egyptian revival [[gateway]] (1831; erected 1840). <ref> Goodwin, 2009, 65, 68, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R3HE6TCZ view on Zotero]; Blanche M. G. Linden, ''Silent City on a Hill: Picturesque Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount Auburn Cemetery'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007), 93, see also 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJ7267GQ view on Zotero]; Edward Warren, ''The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography and Journals,'' 2 vols. (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), 2: 35-38, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VQGETJRX view on Zotero]. </ref> Around 1840, Willard laid out the grounds of the Hall Place [[cemetery]] in Quincy and erected a 30-ton [[column]] there, reportedly depositing a set of stonecutter's tools in the top of the shaft. <ref> Wheildon, 1865, 240-41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* 1825, in a letter to George Ticknor, member of the Bunker Hill Monument Association Standing Committee (quoted in Wheildon, 1865: 79) <ref> Wheildon, 1865, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6SSSK2ZT view on Zotero].</ref>
:"I have made another slight sketch of the [[obelisk]] you suggested. I have supposed that the monument would be enclosed by an iron [[fence]] and have sketched the frustums of pyramids, in the Egyptian style, at the angles, which may serve as accompaniments and also for a lodge, watch house, &c. The [[obelisk]] and base is as sketched before, with the addition of a broad platform and a subterranean entrance.

:"It has always seemed to me that any of the three figures which have been proposed, if well designed, would make a respectable monument. The [[obelisk]] I have always preferred for its severe cast and its nearer approach to the simplicity of nature than the others. The [[column]] might be more splendid. The character of the [[obelisk]], without a pedestal, seems to me to be strictly appropriate for the occasion and I think would rank first as a specimen of art and be highly creditable to the taste of the age."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">

Image:0868.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], The Bunker Hill Monument, obelisk design, n.d., in H.M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (1935), opp. p. 104.

Image:0697.jpg|[[Lewis Miller]], “Bunker Hill Monument, Boston” [detail], n.d.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People|Willard, Solomon]]

Samuel Vaughan

2016-01-21T13:21:35Z

R-asleson:

[[File:s_vaughan.jpg‎|thumb|Portrait of Samuel Vaughan]]
'''Samuel Vaughan''' (April 23, 1720–1802) was a London merchant and Jamaican sugar plantation owner. An ardent supporter of the cause of American independence, Vaughan contributed to the development of several important American sites and institutions, including [[Mount Vernon]], the [[State House Yard]] in Philadelphia, and the American Philosophical Society.

==History==

During the 1740s Vaughan established extensive commercial enterprises in London, the West Indies, and the American colonies. He strengthened his ties to America through marriage in 1747 to Sarah Hallowell (1727-1809), daughter of the wealthy Boston merchant, shipbuilder, and landowner Benjamin Hallowell. <ref> Emma Huntington Nason, ''Old Hallowell on the Kennebec'' (Augusta, Me.: Press of Burleigh & Flynt, 1909), 74-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; ''Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens of the State of Maine, American Series of Popular Biographies—Maine Edition'' (Boston: New England Historical Publishing Company, 1903), 167, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4E8FE95 view on Zotero]. </ref> Unlike his loyalist father-in-law, Vaughan was a passionate advocate of American liberty and a great admirer of [[George Washington]]. In London he was a member of the “Club of Honest Whigs”--a liberal coterie of intellectuals and religious dissenters (several of them, like Vaughan, Unitarians) who met to discuss science, philosophy, and social and political reform. <ref> Verner W. Crane, "The Club of Honest Whigs: Friends of Science and Liberty," ''The William and Mary Quarterly'', 23, Third Series (April 1966): 220-221, 228, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D99WNVM2 view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, "Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or 'Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt'. [Part I]," ed. Edward G. Williams, ''The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'', 44 (March 1961): 52-53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero]. </ref> At his home in the English village of Wanstead, Vaughan hosted visiting American patriots such as [[Benjamin Franklin]], who became an intimate family friend, and [[Josiah Quincy, Jr.]], to whom [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]] introduced Vaughan in 1774.<ref> Josiah Quincy, ''Memoir of the Life of Josiah Quincy, Junior, of Massachusetts Bay: 1744-1775'', ed. Eliza Susan Quincy (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1875), 204, 214, 242, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/247JWVJA view on Zotero]. </ref> It was possibly at Wanstead that Vaughan developed the knowledge of [[landscape gardening]] that he later brought to America. Nearby Wanstead House — a magnificent Palladian residence designed by [[Colen Campbell]] — was among the first in England to have its existing formal gardens renovated (c. 1725-1771) in the Romantic, [[modern style/natural style|naturalistic mode]] that became known as the [[English Style]]. Thousands of shrubs and trees were added to the [[park]], along with architectural accents (such as a boathouse-[[grotto]] on the manmade [[lake]] and an ornamental [[temple]] that also functioned as a poultry house and keeper’s lodge). <ref> Sally Jeffery, "The Gardens of Wanstead," in ''Proceedings of a Study Day held at the Temple, Wanstead Park, Greater London, September 25, 1999'', ed. Katherine Myers (Wanstead Park, London: London Historic Parks and Gardens Trust, 2003), 24-36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HQK9H3S5 view on Zotero]. </ref> Vaughan would include similar garden features in the landscape projects he later oversaw in Philadelphia.

Within months of the conclusion of the American revolutionary war, Vaughan re-located his family to Philadelphia where, in December 1783, he met and initiated an enduring friendship with his hero, [[George Washington]], to whom he was introduced by [[Benjamin Rush]]. <ref> Anna Coxe Toogood, ''Independence Square, Volume 1: Historical Narrative'' (Independence Historical National Park: National Park Service, 2004), 74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Craig Compton Murray, "Benjamin Vaughan (1751-1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1989), 200, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Sarah P. Stetson, "The Philadelphia Sojourn of Samuel Vaughan," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 73 (1949): 461, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref> Vaughan took particular interest in the architecture, grounds, and interior decoration of [[Mount Vernon]], advising [[Washington]] on fashionable English trends, offering to supply skilled workmen, and sending gifts such as an English fireplace mantel carved with rustic subjects. <ref> George Washington to Samuel Vaughan, June 20, 1784, ''The Papers of George Washington'', Confederation Series, ed. William Wright Abbot and Dorothy Twohig, 6 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), 1: 466, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G2R8EXJI view on Zotero]; see also 1: 45-46, 273-274; 2: 326; 4: 384; Robert F. Dalzell and Lee Baldwin Dalzell, ''George Washington’s Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 112-115, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7JPVJBPP view on Zotero]; Joseph Manca, ''George Washington’s Eye: Landscape, Architecture, and Design at Mount Vernon'' (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 9, 22, 25, 171, 173-174, 194, 198, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GUDJUIC7 view o Zotero]; “Samuel Vaughan and George Washington,” Mount Vernon website, http://mountvernonnewroom.tumblr.com/post/523869841n17/samuel-vaughan-and-george-washington. </ref> Vaughan also became a driving force within Philadelphia’s intellectual, civic, and scientific communities. By January 1784 he had engaged a workman to implement his ambitious plan to landscape the [[State House Yard]] (an open [[green]] at the center of State House [[Square]]) as a [[public garden]]. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 72, 82-83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; John C. Greene, "The Development of Mineralogy in Philadelphia, 1780-1820," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 113 (August 1969): 283–95 290, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AQBVPGS view on Zotero]; Stetson, 1949, 464-465, 469, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref> He joined the American Philosophical Society in the same month, and assumed responsibility for planning Philosophical Hall, the Society’s new headquarters on the grounds of the [[State House Yard]]. In a letter of March 8, 1784 Vaughan assured the Society’s founder, [[Benjamin Franklin]], that the building would “be sufficiently ornamental not to interfere materially with the views of making a publick [[walk]].”<ref> Vaughan quoted in Toogood, 2004, 73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; see also 82-83; Greene, 1969, 290, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AQBVPGS view on Zotero]; Stetson, 1949, 464-465, 469, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref> Vaughan initially envisioned the [[State House Yard]] as a national [[arboretum]], with “a specimen of every sort of [tree and shrub] in America that will grow in this state.” <ref> Quotation from Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, May 14, 1785, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file "Humphry Marshall Papers," USDA History Collection 7, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SB7UVI3N view on Zotero]. See also Toogood, 2004, 86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]. </ref> Vaughan purchased many of these specimens from John and [[William Bartram]], and also consulted the Bartrams’ cousin [[Humphry Marshall]]. His high regard for [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall’s]] efforts to document the “original botanical information of the New World,” led Vaughan in May 1785 to solicit support from the American Philosophical Society (of which he was now a vice president) and the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture (which he had co-founded a few months earlier). When those efforts failed, he personally supervised and financed publication of [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall’s]] manuscript, ''Arbustrum [sic] Americanum'' (1785), and even translated Latin terms for the English language index. <ref> Quotation from Samuel Vaughan to Humphry Marshall, April 30, 1785, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file "Humphry Marshall Papers," USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZHJJ4VVD view on Zotero]. See also Toogood, 2004, 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Joseph Ewan, "Philadelphia Heritage: Plants and People," in ''America’s Garden Legacy: A Taste for Pleasure'', ed. George H. M. Lawrence (Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1978), 28 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8PS285CI view on Zotero]; Stetson, 1949, 469-470, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref>

Although Vaughan ultimately scaled back his encyclopedic plan for landscaping the [[State House Yard]], he nevertheless assembled a great number and variety of specimens, which he laid out in accordance with the naturalistic conventions of the [[English style]]. In addition to receiving accolades for his good taste and generosity in developing the [[State House Yard]], Vaughan was praised for his signal contributions to the American Philosophical Society. In a letter of August 2, 1786 [[Benjamin Rush]] observed, "He [Vaughan] has been the principal cause of the resurrection of our Philosophical Society. He has even done more, he has laid the foundation of a philosophical hall which will preserve his name and the name of his family among us for many, many years to come." <ref> William E. Lingelbach, "Philosophical Hall: The Home of the American Philosophical Society," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 43, n.s. (1953): 49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E5XJR6BI view on Zotero]. </ref> Less well known was Vaughan’s responsibility for the fashionable [[pleasure garden]] recently opened at Gray’s Tavern on the Schuylkill River. With the aid of an English gardener and a team of laborers, Vaughan had transformed the steep, wooded grounds into a romantic [[park]] known as [[Gray's Garden]]. A maze of paths meandered through informal plantings of flowers and shrubs, and featured [[picturesque]] [[view/vista|views]] of fanciful garden structures such as [[grotto|grottoes]], [[Chinese Manner|Chinese bridges]], and a rustic [[hermitage]] that functioned as a [[bathhouse]]. <ref> Toogood, 2004, 83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SVQDZ5EJ view on Zotero]; Stetson, 1949, 467-468, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]; Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, L.L.D.'', ed. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), 1: 275-277, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:1110.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, "Sketch plan of Mount Vernon," 1787.]]

Despite his many occupations in Philadelphia, Vaughan traveled frequently to Boston and visited other regions of the United States. In July 1786 he and [[Manasseh Cutler]] began preparations for a trip to the White Mountains, where they intended to study native flora, fauna, and minerals (Vaughan’s pet subject), aided by scientific instruments Vaughan had imported from Europe. <ref> Cutler, 1888, 2: 247, 271, 281, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero]. </ref>. In 1787 Vaughan hosted two dinners for [[George Washington]] while the president was in Philadelphia for the Federal Convention, and then set off on a 1400-mile journey to [[ Mount Vernon]]. During his trip, Vaughan kept a journal in which he detailed the sites and natural phenomena he encountered while traveling through Pittsburgh (celebrating the 4th of July at [[Fort Pitt]]), [[Berkeley Springs]], [[Williamsburg]], and other towns. <ref> Williams, March 1961, 53, 56-65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INBHGC5M view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, "Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or 'Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt'. Part II, From Carlisle to Pittsburgh," ed. Edward G. Williams, ''The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'', 44 (June 1961): 160-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero]; Samuel Vaughan, "Samuel Vaughan’s Journal, or 'Minutes Made by S.V., from Stage to Stage, on a Tour to Fort Pitt.' Part III. From Pittsburgh to Fort Cumberland Thence to Mount Vernon," ed. Edward G. Williams, ''The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine'', 44 (September 1961): 261-285, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4TTHJVB view on Zotero]. </ref> At [[Mount Vernon]] Vaughan made notes on the mansion and grounds and completed a sketch [Fig. 1], from which he later produced two more detailed versions, one of which he sent as a gift to [[George Washington|Washington]]. <ref> Williams, June 1961, 273-74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GDP5IR2D view on Zotero]. </ref>

In 1790 Vaughan took his final leave of America and returned to England. Just prior to his departure, he formally requested that [[William Bartram]] — rather than an English gardener — be entrusted with maintaining the shrubs and trees at the [[State House Yard]], asserting: “He is fully competent to the business, which I conceive not to be the case of the English Gardiner proposed, who not being acquainted with the productions of this Country & who hath neither ability to judge or means to procure the variety necessary to supply those destroyed or dead.” <ref> Stetson, 1949, 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6QU7WK2J view on Zotero]. </ref> From the other side of the Atlantic, Vaughan continued to exchange scientific information and specimens with [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler]], [[George Washington|Washington]], and other American friends. He also supervised the development of property inherited from his father-in-law, Benjamin Hallowell, in the town of [[Hallowell]], Maine. As early as 1784, he had sought to establish a Unitarian community in [[Hallowell]] and he continued to promote the spiritual, agricultural, and mercantile growth of the town through family members who ultimately settled there, most notably his son [[Benjamin Hallowell|Benjamin]], who developed a noted garden while advancing the pioneering horticultural work that had become a family tradition. <ref> Alan Taylor, ''Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760-1820'' (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 34-37, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R76N7T3F view on Zotero]; Murray, 1989, 204, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Nason, 1909, 50-51, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; George Willis Cooke, ''Unitarianism in America: A History of Its Origin and Development'' (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1902), 77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7MMW5NPJ view on Zotero]; John H. Sheppard, ''Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family, and More Particularly of Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D.'' (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1865), 5-6, 12-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Vaughan, Samuel to [[Humphry Marshall]], May 28, 1785. <ref> Samuel Vaughan, Letter to Humphry Marshall, May 28, 1785, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, file "Humphry Marshall Papers," Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, 1785), USDA History Collection, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4N9E2PIM view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the [[State House Yard|State house square]] specimens of every tree & shrub that grow in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have enclosed a sketch of such others as I have been able to procure since the 7th of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request, & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall."

* Hunter, Robert, October, 1785, describing the [[State House Yard]] in Philadelphia (quoted in 1943: 169) <ref> Robert Hunter, ''Quebec to Carolina in 1785-1786: Being the Travel Diary and Observations of Robert Hunter, Jr., a Young Merchant of London'', ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (San Marino, Calif.: The Huntington Library, 1943), 169, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EDP6T3ER view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The state-house is infinitely beyond anything I have either seen in New York or Boston, and the [[walk]] before it does infinite honor to Mr. Vaughan’s taste and ingenuity in laying it out."

* [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler, Manasseh]], July 1787, describing the [[State House Yard]] in Philadelphia (quoted in 1888: 1: 262-63) <ref> Cutler, 1: 262-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "As you enter the [[Mall]] through the State House, which is the only [[avenue]] to it, it appears to be nothing more than a large inner Court-[[yard]] to the State House, ornamented with trees and [[walk]]s. But here is a fine display of rural fancy and elegance. It was so lately laid out in its present form that it has not assumed that air of grandeur which time will give it. The trees are yet small, but most judiciously arranged. The artificial [[mound]]s of earth, and depressions, and small [[grove]]s in the [[square]]s have a most delightful effect. The numerous [[walk]]s are well graveled and rolled hard ; they are all in a serpentine direction, which heightens the beauty, and affords constant variety. That painful sameness, commonly to be met with in garden-[[alley]]s, and others works of this kind, is happily avoided here, for there are no two parts of the [[Mall]] that are alike. Hogarth's 'Line of Beauty' is here completely verified. The public are indebted to the fertile fancy and taste of Mr. Sam'l Vaughan, Esq., for the elegance of this plan. It was laid out and executed under his direction about three years ago. The [[Mal]]l is at present nearly surrounded with buildings, which stand near to the board [[fence]] that incloses it, and the parts now vacant will, in a short time, be filled up. On one part the Philosophical Society are erecting a large building for holding their meetings and depositing their Library and Cabinet. This building is begun, and, on another part, a County Court-house is now going up. But, after all the beauty and elegance of this public [[walk]], there is one circumstance that must forever be disgusting and must greatly diminish the pleasure and amusement which these [[walk]]s would otherwise afford. At the foot of the [[Mall]], and opposite to the Court-house, is the Prison, fronting directly to the [[Mall]].

* Vaughan, Samuel, July 1787, describing [[Mount Vernon]], plantation of [[George Washington]], Fairfax County, Va. (quoted in September 1961: 273) <ref> Vaughan, September 1961, 273, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4TTHJVB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Before the front of the house . . . there are [[lawn]]s, surrounded with gravel [[walk]]s 19 feet wide. with trees on each side the larger, for shade. outside the [[walk]]s trees & [[shrubbery|shrubberies]]. Parralel [''sic''] to each exterior side a [[Kitchen Garden]]s. with a stately [[hothouse|hot house]] on one side. the exteriour side of the garden inclosed with a brick [[wall]].”

* Anon., July 1787, “Account of the State-House of Pennsylvania,” ''The Columbian Magazine'' <ref> Anon., “Account of the State-House of Pennsylvania,” ''The Columbian Magazine'', 1, no. 11 (July 1787): 51, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDHUSQJF view on Zotero] </ref>
: "The [[State House Yard|state-house yard]] has been highly improved by the exertions of Mr. Samuel Vaughan, and affords two gravel [[walk]]s, shaded with trees, a pleasant [[lawn]], and several [[bed]]s of shrubs and flowers."

* Anon [“B.”], January 1790, "Explanation of the Plate, exhibiting a View of several Public Buildings in the City of Philadelphia," ''The Columbian Magazine'' <ref> Anon [“B.”], "Explanation of the Plate, exhibiting a View of several Public Buildings in the City of Philadelphia," ''The Columbian Magazine'' 4, no. 1 (January 1790): 25-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7TF4THJP view on Zotero] </ref>
:"The [[State House Yard|State-house square]]... is inclosed [sic], on three sides, by a brick [[wall]].... This area has, of late, been judiciously improved, under the direction of Samuel Vaughan, Esq. It consists of a beautiful [[lawn]], interspersed with little knobs or tufts of flowering shrubs, and [[clump]]s of trees, well disposed. Through the middle of the gardens, runs a spacious gravel-[[walk]] lined with double rows of thriving elms, and communicating with serpentine [[walk]]s which encompass the whole area. These surrounding [[walk]]s are not uniformly on a level with the [[lawn]]; the margin of which, being in some parts a little higher, forms a bank, which, in fine weather, affords pleasant [[seat]]s. When the trees attain to a larger size, it will be proper to place a few benches under them, in different situations, for the accommodation of persons frequenting the [[walk]]s.

:"These gardens will soon, if properly attended to, be in a condition to admit of our citizens indulging themselves, agreeably, in the salutary exercise of walking. The grounds, though not so extensive as might be wished, are sufficiently large to accommodate very considerable numbers: the objects within [[view]] are pleasing; and the situation is open and healthy. If the ladies, in particular, would occasionally recreate themselves with a few turns in these [[walk]]s, they would find the practice attended with real advantages."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0336.jpg|R. von Glümer (lithographer), "Mount Vernon, The Home of Washington," n.d.
Image:1110.jpg|Sketch plan of Mount Vernon, 1787.
Image:0069.jpg|Plan of the buildings and grounds of Mount Vernon, 1787.
Image:0461.jpg|Plan of Bath (Berkeley Springs), Va., 1787, from the diary of Samuel Vaughan, June - September 1787.
Image:0462.jpg|"Warm or Berkeley Springs in Virginia," 1787, from the diary of Samuel Vaughan, June - September 1787.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78053741.html

The Cultural Landscape Foundation: http://tclf.org/pioneer/samuel-vaughan/biography-samuel-vaughan

The Massachusetts Historical Society: http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0040

Samuel Vaughan Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary. http://scdb.swem.wm.edu/?p=collections/findingaid&id=6972&q=&rootcontentid=4627

Vaughan family papers, Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0040

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaughan, Samuel}}

Robert Mills

2016-01-21T13:19:14Z

R-asleson:

'''Robert Mills''' (August 12, 1781 – March 3, 1855) was an American engineer and architect best known for designing the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] in Washington, D.C. He was responsible for some of America’s earliest commemorative monuments, as well many public buildings in the nation’s capital and elsewhere. His blend of Palladian, Georgian, and Greek Revival styles contributed to the development of a distinctive Federal mode of architecture.

==History==

Around 1800, Mills left his native Charleston, South Carolina to work under the architect James Hoban (c.1758-1831) on the [[White House|President’s House]] in the city of Washington. There, Mills became acquainted with [[Thomas Jefferson]], who lent him European books on architecture and in 1803 recommended him for a place in the office of [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], who was then designing a [[canal]] in the vicinity of the future [[National Mall]] while also overseeing work at the [[President’s House]] and the [[U.S. Capitol]]. <ref> John M. Bryan, ed. ''Robert Mills, Architect'' (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 1-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NQCC9937 view on Zotero]; John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 6-35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, '' Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781-1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 3-30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]. </ref> Both [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Latrobe]]’s civil engineering work and his modern interpretation of ancient Greek and Roman architecture had lasting effects on Mills’s career.

In 1814 Mills won an important competition to design the [[Washington Monument (Baltimore)|Washington Monument]] in Baltimore, Maryland, which was to be the first public monument dedicated to the memory of [[George Washington]]. In advancing his candidacy, Mills had emphasized his American birth and education, noting that his architectural training had been “altogether American and unmixed with European habits.” <ref> William D. Hoyt, Jr., “Robert Mills and the Washington Monument in Baltimore [part One],”'' Maryland Historical Magazine'' 35 (1940): 153, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5]; J. Jefferson Miller, “The Designs for the Washington Monument in Baltimore,” ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historian'' 23, no. 1 (March 1964): 23,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5VX37FEW view on Zotero]; Bryan, 2001, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref> Mills’s knowledge of ancient and modern European art and architecture was actually quite extensive, and he drew freely on Old World prototypes in designing his landmark American monument, which ultimately took the form of a colossal Doric [[column]] on a cubic base surmounted by a [[statue]] of [[George Washington|Washington]]. <ref> Pamela Scott, “Robert Mills and American Monuments," in ''Robert Mills, Architect,'' ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 146-54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref>

The Baltimore commission created opportunities to work on a number of smaller monuments. Mills designed an Egyptian Revival [[obelisk]] for the Aquilla Randall Monument (1816-17) in Baltimore and he repeated the [[obelisk]] form in subsequent commemorative projects, including the De Kalb (1824-27) and Maxcy Monuments (1824-27) in South Carolina, <ref> Bryan, 2006, 99-101; Scott, 2006, 153-54; Bryan, 2001, 139-42, 201-02, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero] </ref> as well as a drawing he submitted in 1825 for the competition to design the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in Charleston, Massachusetts. Mills’s series of memorial monuments culminated in the most ambitious public monument to honor of George Washington, the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C. Mills had proposed a variety of architectural projects in the President’s memory following his move to Washington in 1830, <ref> Bryan, 2001, 220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Scott, 1989, 157-58 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]. </ref> but it was not until 1845 that he secured the commission, and the monument was not completed until 30 years after his death.

From early in his career, Mills had tailored many of his architectural and civil engineering projects to address the need for public recreation, urban green space, and landscape improvement. While serving as president of the Baltimore Water Company (1816-17), he devised a plan for improving the city’s waterways that included tree-lined [[promenades]] (with “romantic scenery and [[cascade/cataract/waterfall]]s”) for public recreation. <ref> Bryan, 2001, 136, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref> The recommendations Mills made for developing [[canal]]s in South Carolina in the early 1820s included lengthy discussions of the [[canals]]’ impact on daily life. <ref> Bryan, 2001, 151-54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1831, commissioned to redesign the Washington [[canal]], he expanded his purview to include the entire [[National Mall|Mall]], which he accommodated to a grid plan—a scheme he revised ten years later when he designed a [[Botanic Garden]] and the [[Smithsonian Institution]] building on the [[National Mall|Mall]]. <ref> Scott, 1991, 47, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref> Mills’s meticulously detailed 1841 plans conceived of the [[National Mall]] as a didactic as well as a recreational space in which specimen plantings were laid out in an assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles, interlinked above ground by pleasantly meandering paths and underground by pipes providing water for irrigation and ornamental [[fountains]]. Mills’s designs for the [[National Mall]] have been interpreted as “part of an ambition to create a city-wide `museum’ of architecture and taste in Washington.” <ref> Therese O'Malley, “‘Your Garden Must Be a Museum to You’: Early American Botanic Gardens,” ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 59, no. 2/3 (1996): 226; see also 222-25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; Scott, 1991, 47-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref > The [[National Mall]] was just one of several architectural and engineering projects that Mills undertook in the nation’s capital, the number and variety of which conferred on him the status of “unofficial federal architect.” <ref> Liscombe, 1994, 163, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
[[File:0868.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, The Bunker Hill Monument, obelisk design, n.d., in H.M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (1935), opp. p. 104.]]
* 20 March 1825, in a letter to the Monument Commission, describing plans for the [[Bunker Hill Monument]], Boston, Mass. (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 204–6) <ref name="Gallagher_1935">H.M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]</ref>
:“I have the honor to submit for your consideration and approval, a design for the Monument you propose erecting on the spot, where the Brave General Warren and his worthy associates fell; to commemorate their valor, and the gratitude of their Country. . . .

:“In the design for the Monument which I now have the honor to lay before you, I would recommend the adoption of the ''[[obelisk]]'' form, in preference to the ''[[Column]]''—the detail I have affixed to this species of [[pillar]], will be found to give it a peculiarly interesting character, embracing originality of effect with simplicity of design, economy in execution, great solidity and capacity for decoration, reaching to the highest degree of splendor consistant with good taste. . . .

:“The ''[[obelisk]]'' form is, for monuments, of greater antiquity than the [[Column]] as appears from history, being used as early as the days of Ramises King of Egypt in the time of the Trojan War—Kercher reckons up 14 [[obelisk]] that were celebrated above the rest, namely, that of Alexandria; that of the Barberins; those of Constantinople; of the Mons Esquilinus; of the Campus Flaminius; of Florence; of Heliopolis; of Ludorisco; of St. Makut, of the Medici of the vatican; of M. Coelius, and that of Pamphila. The highest on record mentioned, is that erected by Ptolemy Philadelphus in memory of Arsinoe.

:“The ''[[obelisk]]'' form is peculiarly adapted to commemorate ''great transactions'' from its lofty character, great strength, and furnishing a fine surface for inscriptions — There is a degree of lightness and beauty in it that affords a finer relief to the eye than can be obtained in the regular proportioned [[Column]].

:“Our monument includes a square of 24 feet at the base above the zocle or plinth, and is 15 feet square at the top — Its total elevation is 220 feet above the pavement — The shaft is divided into four great compartments for inscriptive, and other decorations, which come more immediately under the eye by means of oversailing platforms, enclosed by balastrades, supported as it were by winged globes (symbols of immortality peculiarly of a monumental Character).

:“A series of shields band round the foot of the shaft, representing the 13 States, which form’d the Federal union, as principal, having their arms sculptured on their face — A star, on a plain tablet in connection with the former, represents each the other states which now constitute our Union — the whole surmounted by spears and wreathes.

:“A flight of stone steps, or a rising platform, surround the base, from whence the lower inscriptions are read —

:“This is inclosed by a rich bronzed palisade — The entrance into the monument is from this platform, when a flight of stone steps, winding round a [[pillar]], ascends to the top, and communicates with the several platforms. Between the galleries, on each face of the [[pillar]], a wreath, hung on a speer, encircles the letter W, which is otherwise decorated and constitute apertures for lighting the interior of the Monument — over the Last wreath, and near the apex of the [[obelisk]], a great star is placed, emblematic of the glory to which the name of Warren has risen — A tripod crowns the whole and forms the surmounting of the Monument — This tripod is the classic emblem of immortality.” [Fig. 1]

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
* 1 July 1832, in a letter to Richard Walleck, describing Charlestown, Mass. (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 102) <ref name="Gallagher_1935"/>
:“When the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] Committee advertised for designs for the Monument, I took a good deal of pains to study one which should do honor to the memory of those worthies it was intended to commemorate, and prove an ornament to the city it was to overlook. I went into some detail on the subject of monuments generally and in sending them two designs, recommended in strong terms the adoption of the [[Obelisk]] design, not only from its combining simplicity and economy with grandeur, but as there was already a [[column]] of massy proportions erected in Baltimore, we ought not, therefore, to repeat this figure, but construct one of equally imposing figure.”

[[File:0034.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, Alternative plan for the grounds of the National Institution, 1841.]]
* c. 1841, in a letter to Robert Dale Owen, describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:"Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s."

[[File:0032.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 4, "Picturesque View of the Building, and Grounds in front," 1841.]]
* 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the [[National Mall|national Mall]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[National Mall|Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report....

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[National Mall|Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] and its objects....[Fig. 2]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]]; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]]....

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments....

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick [[wall]] to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....[Fig. 3]

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here." [Fig. 4]

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0868.jpg|The Bunker Hill Monument, obelisk design, n.d., in H.M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (1935), opp. p. 104.

Image:1219.jpg|Design for the Joseph Hand Villa, 1807.

Image:0829.jpg|“Elevation of the Principal Fronts,” Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1814.

Image:1220.jpg|Front elevation, South Carolina Insane Asylum, c. 1820, in John M. Bryan, ed. ''Robert Mills, Architect'' (1989), plate 7.

Image:1221.jpg|Plan of wings and courtyards, South Carolina Insane Asylum, 1821, in John M. Bryan, ed., ''Robert Mills, Architect'' (1989), plate 10.

Image:0433.jpg|"Plan of the Washington Canal," 1831.

Image:0831.jpg|Sketch for a Monument to President Andrew Jackson, c. 1835-40.

Image:1226.jpg|Sketch for a Monument to President Andrew Jackson, c. 1835-40.

Image:1423.jpg|"Sketch of Plan of the Treasury Building, Extended," 1836-1842, in William H. Pierson, ''American Buildings and Their Architects: The Colonial and Neoclassical Styles'' (1970), p. 405, fig. 291.

Image:0033.jpg|"Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:0034.jpg|Alternative plan for the grounds of the National Institution, 1841.

Image:0032.jpg|"Picturesque View of the Building, and Grounds in front," 1841.

Image:1059.jpg|“Elevation of the South Front” and “Plan of the First Floor,” National Institute, Feb. 1841.

Image:1227.jpg|Design for the Patent Office Wings, 1842, in Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American: Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781-1855'' (1994), p. 232, fig. 86b.

Image:1225.jpg|"Projection of the Fire-Proof Buildings for the Navy & War Depts.," c. 1843, in John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America's First Architect'' (2001), p. 249.

Image:1835.jpg|"Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0830.jpg|Details of the Washington Monument for Mr. Daugherty, Superintendent of the Work, Washington, D.C., October 24, 1848.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/27071 Philadelphia Buildings and Architects]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People|Mills, Robert]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T13:13:24Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831).<ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "'Your Garden Must Be a Museum to You': Early American Botanic Gardens," ''Huntington Library Quarterly'', 59 (1996): 218-20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Thomas J. Schlereth, "Early North American Arboreta," ''Garden History'', 35 (2007): 211-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z265TMPB view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial'' (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 70-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "'A Public Museum of Trees': Mid-Nineteenth Century Plans for the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991), 65-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 196-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s.<ref>Savage, 2005, 75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; David C. Streatfield, "The Olmsteds and the Landscape of the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991, 117-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DF93A3NA view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1991, 72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero].</ref> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century.<ref>Peter R. Penczer, ''The Washington National Mall'' (Arlington, Va.: Oneonta Press, 2007), 21-121, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UCQQK7BW view on Zotero]; Sue Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds., ''Designing the Nation’s Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MKGI88M view on Zotero]; Savage, 2005, 147-313, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "The Mall: 1992-2002," in Longstreth, 2002, ix-xii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CFKB97I4/q/2002 view on Zotero].</ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T13:10:14Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831).<ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "'Your Garden Must Be a Museum to You': Early American Botanic Gardens," ''Huntington Library Quarterly'', 59 (1996): 218-20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Thomas J. Schlereth, "Early North American Arboreta," ''Garden History'', 35 (2007): 211-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z265TMPB view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial'' (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 70-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "'A Public Museum of Trees': Mid-Nineteenth Century Plans for the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991), 65-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 196-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s.<ref>Savage, 2005, 75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; David C. Streatfield, "The Olmsteds and the Landscape of the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991, 117-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DF93A3NA view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1991, 72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero].</ref> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century.<ref>Peter R. Penczer, ''The Washington National Mall'' (Arlington, Va.: Oneonta Press, 2007), 21-121, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UCQQK7BW view on Zotero]; Sue Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds., ''Designing the Nation’s Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MKGI88M view on Zotero]; Savage, 2005, 147-313, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "The Mall: 1992-2002," in Longstreth, 2002, ix-xii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CFKB97I4/q/2002 view on Zotero].</ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Other Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T13:08:47Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831).<ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "'Your Garden Must Be a Museum to You': Early American Botanic Gardens," ''Huntington Library Quarterly'', 59 (1996): 218-20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GD2JQTRB view on Zotero]; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Thomas J. Schlereth, "Early North American Arboreta," ''Garden History'', 35 (2007): 211-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z265TMPB view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial'' (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 70-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "'A Public Museum of Trees': Mid-Nineteenth Century Plans for the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991), 65-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 196-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s.<ref>Savage, 2005, 75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero; David C. Streatfield, "The Olmsteds and the Landscape of the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991, 117-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DF93A3NA view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1991, 72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero].</ref> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century.<ref>Peter R. Penczer, ''The Washington National Mall'' (Arlington, Va.: Oneonta Press, 2007), 21-121, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UCQQK7BW view on Zotero]; Sue Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds., ''Designing the Nation’s Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MKGI88M view on Zotero]; Savage, 2005, 147-313, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "The Mall: 1992-2002," in Longstreth, 2002, ix-xii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CFKB97I4/q/2002 view on Zotero].</ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Other Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T13:05:25Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831).<ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1996, 218-20; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Thomas J. Schlereth, "Early North American Arboreta," ''Garden History'', 35 (2007): 211-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z265TMPB view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial'' (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 70-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "'A Public Museum of Trees': Mid-Nineteenth Century Plans for the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991), 65-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 196-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s.<ref>Savage, 2005, 75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero; David C. Streatfield, "The Olmsteds and the Landscape of the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991, 117-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DF93A3NA view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1991, 72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero].</ref> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century.<ref>Peter R. Penczer, ''The Washington National Mall'' (Arlington, Va.: Oneonta Press, 2007), 21-121, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UCQQK7BW view on Zotero]; Sue Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds., ''Designing the Nation’s Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MKGI88M view on Zotero]; Savage, 2005, 147-313, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "The Mall: 1992-2002," in ''The Mall in Washington, 1791-1991'', ed. by Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV, 2nd edn (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2002), ix-xii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CFKB97I4/q/2002 view on Zotero].</ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Other Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T13:02:29Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831).<ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1996, 218-20; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Thomas J. Schlereth, "Early North American Arboreta," ''Garden History'', 35 (2007): 211-13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z265TMPB view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial'' (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 70-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Therese O'Malley, "'A Public Museum of Trees': Mid-Nineteenth Century Plans for the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991), 65-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 196-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s.<ref>Savage, 2005, 75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero; David C. Streatfield, "The Olmsteds and the Landscape of the Mall," in Longstreth, 1991, 117-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DF93A3NA view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1991, 72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IV2DGE4I view on Zotero].</ref> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century. <ref>Peter R. Penczer, ''The Washington National Mall'' (Arlington, Va.: Oneonta Press, 2007), 21-121, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UCQQK7BW view on Zotero]; Kohler and Scott, 2006, passim; Savage, 2005, 147-313, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero; Therese O'Malley, "The Mall: 1992-2002," in ''The Mall in Washington, 1791-1991'', ed. by Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV, 2nd edn (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2002), ix-xii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CFKB97I4/q/2002 view on Zotero].</ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Other Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

James Gibbs

2016-01-21T12:40:36Z

R-asleson:

'''James Gibbs''' (December 23, 1682 – August 5, 1754) was a Scottish architect who trained in Rome and practiced mainly in England, developing a highly individual synthesis of the Italian Baroque and English Palladian styles. He is generally regarded as one of the most influential architects in eighteenth-century England, but his ''Book of Architecture'' (1728) was an influential source of designs for buildings and garden architecture in America as well.

==History==
[[File:1992.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Fig. 1, "Two Uprights of another Pavillion built at Hackwood," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 73.]]

While still in his teens, Gibbs embarked on a tour of continental Europe, where he devoted several years to the study of architecture. He later wrote that he was “highly pleased with the fine Buildings, pictures, and [[Statue]]s he saw in the great towns” of Italy, but that Rome “surpassed all the rest in Magnificence and grandeur.” <ref> Terry Friedman, ''James Gibbs'' (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984), 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1705 Gibbs became a pupil of the important Roman Baroque architect Carlo Fontana (1638-1714), thus becoming the first British architect to receive professional training abroad. <ref> Friedman, 1984, 4, 6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]. </ref> From Fontana, Gibbs absorbed a high regard for classicism and the Antique, as well as a life-long interest in contemporary Roman architecture. After returning to Britain in 1708, Gibbs worked on a number of churches, chapels, and country houses before receiving the highly prestigious appointment in 1720 to rebuild the parish church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London. He consequently became, in the words of [[Horace Walpole]], “the architect most in vogue” and his work inspired countless imitators. <ref> Friedman, 1984, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]. </ref> Also in 1720 Gibbs submitted his first drawings for the Radcliffe Library at Oxford (1739-49), the building that would become the crowning achievement of his later career and the subject of a large folio volume of his designs, ''Bibliotheca Radcliviana'' (1747). In 1726 Gibbs succeeded Sir John Vanbrugh (c.1664-1726) as Viscount Cobham’s architect at the magnificent gardens at Stowe in Buckinghamshire. Collaborating with the landscape architects Charles Bridgeman (1690-1738) and Lancelot “Capability” Brown (1716-1783), Gibbs designed and erected ornamental [[pavilion]]s and [[temple]]s in an eclectic array of styles — neoclassical, Gothic, and [[rustic style|rustic]] — during the periods 1726-28 and 1739-49. <ref> Michael Gibbon, "Stowe, Buckinghamshire: The House and Garden Buildings and Their Designers," ''Architectural History'', 20 (1977): 35, 41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQ2ET6M6 view on Zotero]. </ref> Gibbs went on to work for several other aristocratic patrons for whom he designed country estates as well as a great variety of garden features, often modeled on classical precedents. For example, at Hackwood, the [[seat]] of the Duke of Bolton, he erected a [[rustic style|rustic]] [[pavilion]] [Fig. 1] as a complement to an ornamental [[lake/pond|pond]], and a round [[temple]] with a cupola and Doric peristyle [Fig. 2] as the crowning element of a semicircular rise of [[lawn]] bounded by elm trees to simulate the shape of an amphitheater. <ref>
William White, ''History, Gazetteer and Directory of the County of Hampshire'', 2nd edn. (Sheffield: William White, 1878, 127, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9VKK5F7E view on Zotero]. </ref> Keeping pace with the growing taste for Palladian style, Gibbs carved out a role for himself as an innovator in the design of English classical villas. <ref> Friedman, 1984, 103-200, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:1718.jpg|thumb|Fig. 2, "A Circular Building in the Form of a Temple," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 72.]]
The exhaustive knowledge of architecture that Gibbs had acquired in Rome was unusual and highly valued among architects of his generation. He extended his influence by publishing ''A Book of Architecture, Containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments'' (1728), profusely illustrated with 150 engraved plates containing 380 of his drawings, perspectives, and blueprints for unexecuted as well as completed work. In the introduction, Gibbs wrote:

<blockquote>''Such a work as this would be of use to such Gentlemen as might be concerned in Building, especially in remote parts of the country, where little or no assistance for Designs can be procured. Such may be here furnished with Draughts of useful and convenient Buildings and proper Ornaments; which may be executed by any Workman who understands Lines, either as here Design’d, or with some Alteration, which may be easily done by a person of Judgment''. <ref> James Gibbs, ''A Book of Architecture, Containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments'', 2nd ed. (London: W. Innys and R. Manby, 1739), i, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z8U3MQ7H view on Zotero]. </ref></blockquote>

Indeed ''The Book of Architecture'' was among the most widely used architectural books of the eighteenth century and, together with Gibbs’s subsequent ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'' (1732), served as a pattern book for architects, students, scholars, and builders, not only in Great Britain but as far afield as the United States and the West Indies. Both books were listed in the sale catalogues of American booksellers as early as 1760 <ref> James Gibbs, ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'', 3rd ed. (London: W. Innys and J. Richardson, J. and P. Knapton, R. Manby, and H.S. Cox, 1753), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/444CR3IZ view on Zotero]; Friedman, 1984, 257, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6TB3TGAU view on Zotero]; Janice G. Schimmelman, ''Architectural Books in Early America: Architectural Treatises and Building Handbooks Available in American Libraries and Bookstores'' (New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll, 1999), 31-33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JNESNDH9 view on Zotero]; Helen Park, ''A List of Architectural Books Available in America Before the Revolution'' (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, 1973), 54-55, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TCRBFMTW view on Zotero]. </ref> and in an advertisement published in the ''Maryland Gazette'' in 1751, the Virginia-born architect John Ariss (1725-1799) boasted of his ability to undertake buildings "of the Modern order of Gibbs’ Architect.” <ref> James D. Kornwolf and Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf, ''Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America'', 3 vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 3: 1557, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6DRUS9ED view on Zotero]. </ref> Both ''The Book of Architecture'' and ''Rules for Drawing the Several Parts of Architecture'' inspired [[Thomas Jefferson]]’s early ideas for [[Monticello]] and were among the volumes from his personal collection that he sold to the United States government following the burning of the first Library of Congress in 1814. <ref> Gene Waddell, "The First Monticello," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'', 46 (1987): 9-14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9EMJR9N view on Zotero]; Fiske Kimbell, ''Thomas Jefferson, Architect'' (New York: Da Capo, 1968), 22, 25-26, 122-23, 127, 129, 134, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HT89Q5TG view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* 1728, ''A Book of Architecture'' (pp. xviii-xxv) <ref name="Gibbs_1728">Gibbs, 1739, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z8U3MQ7H view on Zotero]. </ref>
:"Plate LXVII. The Plan, Upright and Section of a Building of the Dorick Order in form of a [[Temple]], made for a Person of Quality, and propos’d to have been placed in the Center of four [[Walk]]s; so that a Portico might front each [[Walk]]. Here is a large Octagonal Room of 22 feet and 26 feet high, adorn’d with Niches and crown’d with a Cupola. All the Ornaments of the Inside are to be of Plaister; and the Outside of Stone. . . .

:"Plate LXX. A Pavillion design’d for Sir ''John Curzon'' for his Seat near ''Derby''. It is a Cube of 20 feet, adorn’d with three Venetian Windows, circular Niches for Busto’s [sic], and an Entablature supported by [[Rustic Style|Rustick]] Coines. There were two of them to have been built opposite to one another, on each side of a [[Vista]] proposed to be cut through a [[Wood/Woods|Wood]], and to be terminated with an [[Obelisk]] upon a Hill fronting the House; the execution of which was prevented by Sir ''John''’s Death....

:"Plate LXXII. A circular Building in the form of a [[Temple]], 20 feet in Diameter, having a Peristylium round it of the Dorick Order, and adorn’d with a Cupola; erected in his Grace the Duke of ''Bolton’s'' Garden at ''Hackwood'', upon the upper ground of an Amphitheatre, back’d with high Trees that render the [[Prospect]] of the Building very agreeable.

:"Plate LXXIII. Two Uprights of another [[Pavilion|Pavillion]] built at ''Hackwood''. The [[Rustic Style|Rustick]] Front looks upon a fine piece of Water, and the other on a beautiful [[Parterre]]....

:"Plate LXXXVI. Three Draughts of [[Obelisk|Obelisques]], more ornamental than the former: They keep the same Proportion with them; only that upon the left hand has four times the thickness of the [[Obelisk|Obelisque]] at bottom to the height of its Pedestal, because of the Ornaments upon it the top part may be made in the manner here drawn, or with other Ornaments at discretion. The Antients [sic] never placed their [[Obelisk|Obelisques]] upon moulded Bases; but ''Dominico Fontana'' and others have placed them upon Bases, which, in my opinion, is a great addition to their beauty, however that may be done or not at pleasure.

:"Plate LXXXVII. Three Designs for [[Column]]s, proper for publick Places or private Gardens; ''viz''. a plain Dorick [[Column]] upon its Pedestal with a [[Vase/Urn|Vase]] a top, a fluted [[Column]] properly adorn’d, and a Rustick frosted [[Column]], with a Figure a-top, as I have made them for several Gentlemen. The Proportions of them are mark’d upon an upright Line, divided into so many Diameters of the [[Column]] for the Height....

:"Plate CXXXVIII. Three Designs for [[Vase/Urn|Vases]], done for the Right Honourable the Earl of Oxford. There are two [[Vase/Urn|Vases]] well executed in Portland Stone according to the middle Draught, which are set upon two large Peers on each side of the principal [[Walk]] in the Garden at ''Wimpole'' in ''Cambridgeshire''.

:"Plate CXXXIX, CXL, CXLI, CXLII, CXLIII, CXLIV. Fifty four Draughts of [[Vase/Urn|Vases]], &c. in the Antique manner, made for several persons at different times. Many of them have been executed both in Marble and Metal."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1715.jpg|"The Plan, Upright and Section of a Building of the Dorick Order in the form of a Temple," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 67.

Image:1716.jpg|"Two other Pavilions propos'd for the same place [Bowling-Green at Down Hall in Essex]," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 69.

Image:1717.jpg|"A Pavilion design'd for Sir John Curzon for his seat near Derby," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 70.

Image:1718.jpg|"A Circular Building in the Form of a Temple," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 72.

Image:1992.jpg|"Two Uprights of another Pavillion built at Hackwood," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 73.

Image:1719.jpg|"The Plan, Upright and Section of a Pavillion [''sic''] for the Right Honorable the Lord Viscount Cobham in his Garden at Stowe in Buckinghamshire," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 75.

Image:1720.jpg|"Another Design for two Pavillions at Stowe," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 76.

Image:1721.jpg|Four of "Eight Square Pavillions for my Lord Cobham and others," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 77.

Image:1744.jpg|"Four Summer-houses in form of Temples," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 79.

Image:1722.jpg|"Two Seats for the ends of Walks," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 82.

Image:1723.jpg|"Two other Seats for the same purpose [for the ends of walks]," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 83.

Image:1724.jpg|"Three Draughts of Obelisques," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 86.

Image:1725.jpg|"Three Designs for Columns," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 87.

Image:1726.jpg|"Six Draughts of Peers for Gates," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 88.

Image:1727.jpg|"Three Designs for Vases," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 138.

Image:1728.jpg|Nine of "Fifty four Draughts of Vases," in ''A Book of Architecture'' (1728), pl. 139.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83196755.html Library of Congress] 
[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10604?docPos=3 Dictionary of National Biography] 
[http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T032107?q=james+gibbs&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit Oxford Art Online] 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbs Wikipedia] 
[http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html Palladio and Architectural Pattern Books in America] 
[http://gibbs-architecture.wikispaces.com/ Wiki on Gibbs’s ''Book of Architecture''] 
[http://www.stmartin-in-the-fields.org/about/history/ St. Martin-in-the-Fields website] 

==Notes==

<references/>

[[Category: People|Gibbs, James]]

David Hosack

2016-01-21T12:37:52Z

R-asleson:

'''David Hosack''' (August 31, 1769-December 22, 1835) was a physician, botanist, educator, and cultural leader who developed the [[Elgin Botanic Garden]] in New York City as well as an ambitious private garden at his country house, [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, N.Y.)]].

==History==
[[File:2051.jpg|thumb|252px|left|Fig. 1, [[William Satchwell Leney]] after Louis Simond, ''View of the botanic garden at Elgin in the vicinity of the City of New York'', ca. 1810.]]
The son of a successful New York City merchant who had immigrated to America from Scotland, Hosack was one of the best educated native-born Americans of his generation. While pursuing a classical education as an undergraduate at Columbia and Princeton, he studied medicine privately, attending lectures by [[Samuel Bard]] and other local physicians. In 1790 he entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, boarding in the home of one of his professors, [[Benjamin Rush]], and forming a close friendship with Caspar Wistar. He received a medical degree in 1791.<ref>Alexander Eddy Hosack, "A Memoir of the Late David Hosack," in ''Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of the Nineteenth Century'', ed. Samuel David Gross (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1861), 290-93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; David Hosack, ''Tribute to the Memory of the Late Caspar Wistar, M.D.'' (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1818), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X3JIPI7M view on Zotero]; Christine Chapman Robbins, ''David Hosack: Citizen of New York'' (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1964), 7-8, 18-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero]. For Hosack's University of Pennsylvania lecture tickets, stating the name of the issuing faculty members (Benjamin Rush, William Shippen, and James Hutchinson) and the names and dates of the courses taken (Theory and Practice of Medicine; Anatomy, Surgery and Midwifery; Chemistry and Materia Medica, all 1790), see Archives General Collection, of the University of Pennsylvania, 1740-1820, UPA 3, Matriculation and Lecture Ticket Collection, http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upa/upa3/smallgroups/tickets1.html.</ref> Convinced that success as a doctor required the patina of sophistication conferred by overseas study, Hosack journeyed to Edinburgh in 1792 and spent nine months attending medical classes at the university.<ref>Hosack, 1861, 293-94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref> In 1793 Hosack journeyed north to Elgin, his father's birthplace, where he spent time with some of his relatives, as well as the Duke and Duchess of Gordon, who were in the process of carrying out landscape improvements in the manner of Capability Brown at nearby Gordon Castle.<ref>Dingwall, 2012, unpag. (section 3.9); Hosack, 1861, 296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; Robbins, 1964, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> Embarrassed by his ignorance of the plants he encountered in the garden of one of his professors, Hosack resolved to improve his knowledge of botany ([[#Hosack|view text]]).<ref>Robbins, 1964, 24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> In London, where he continued his medical studies after leaving Scotland, he immersed himself in English flora and learned the Linnaean system of botanic classification under the tutelage of William Curtis (1746-1799), an apothecary who conducted lessons in the field and at his [[botanic garden]] at Brompton.<ref>Hosack, 1861, 297-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref> Hosack was elected a Fellow of the Linnaean Society and began a lifelong association with the society's president, James Edward Smith.<ref>Robinson, 1964, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> When he returned to America in 1794, he brought with him a cabinet of minerals he had begun assembling in Edinburgh, as well as colored engravings of plants and duplicate specimens from the herbarium of [[Karl Linnaeus]], a gift from James Edward Smith 
([[#Hosack_1797|view text]]).<ref>Hosack, 1861, 323, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero]; Robbins, 1960, 293, 299-307, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2040.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, John Trumbull, ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippawa'', 1808.]]
On resettling in New York, Hosack swiftly established himself as the personal physician of several politically prominent families. He was appointed professor of botany at Columbia College in 1795, adding the professorship of materia medica in 1797.<ref>Hosack, 1861, 299-301, 303-04, 307-08, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref> He was also elected to the New York Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufactures, and in March 1795 wrote a letter to the group's president, [[Robert R. Livingston]] with a detailed proposal for members "to collect and prepare a Hortus Siccus, of all the different plants...which grow in their respective neighborhoods...for the purpose of forming a complete Flora of the State" of New York.<ref>Robbins, 1964, 54-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> Hosack's plan failed to gain momentum, and without other resources to draw on, he fell back on his own collections in teaching his classes. In a letter of November 197, he alerted the trustees of Columbia College to the expense he had incurred in providing books, colored engravings, and an herbarium for his students, and requested that "the professorship of botany and materia medica be endowed with a certain annual salary to defray the necessary expenses of a small garden" to serve as a teaching aid ([[#Hosack_1797_1|view text]]). Failing to gain traction with the college, he took the matter up with the state legislature in 1800, and when that petition failed, too, Hosack used his own funds to purchase twenty acres of land on which to establish a [[botanic garden]] in 1801. [Fig. 1] Named for his father's birthplace in Scotland, the [[Elgin Botanic Garden]] was an ambitious undertaking and proved a steady drain on Hosack's finances. When he finally sold the garden to the state of New York in 1811, the price fell $28,000 short of his expenditures on the property.<ref>Robbins, 1964, 83-84, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> The state of neglect that set in almost immediately was a source of frustration and disappointment to Hosack, who had entertained ambitious plans to document the [[botanic garden]] in a multi-volume illustrated publication, ''American Botany, or a 'Flora of the United States,''' modeled on James Edward Smith's ''English Botany'' (36 vols., 1790-1814), as well as a periodical modeled on William Curtis's ''Botanical Magazine'', with the German botanist [[Frederick Pursh]] serving as editor.<ref>David Hosack, ''A Statement of Facts Relative to the Establishment and Progress of the Elgin Botanic Garden: And the Subsequent Disposal of the Same to the State of New-York'' (New York: C.S. Van Winkle, 1811), ix, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H4VR8FK5 view on Zotero]; Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols. (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), 1: xiv; Robbins, 1964, 66-67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> Several of Hosack's young protégés went on to become eminent botanists, among them John Torrey (1796-1873) and Alire Raffeneau-Delile (1778-1850).<ref>Christine Chapman Robbins, "John Torrey (1796-1873) His Life and Times," ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'', 95 (November/December 1968): 531, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z55QS785 view on Zotero]; Robbins, 1964, 68-71; Hosack, 1861, 325-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2043.jpg|thumb|252px|left|Fig. 3,Thomas Cole, ''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'', 1828.]]
Hosack entered into a professional partnership with his mentor [[Samuel Bard]] around 1795, assuming sole responsibility for the practice upon [[Samuel Bard|Bard's]] retirement in 1799. Having tended victims of yellow fever in 1795 and 1798, Hosack promoted new procedures for preventing and treating contagious diseases, including visionary city planning measures that included eliminating narrow streets and alleys and lining [[walk]]s and [[cemetery|cemeteries]] with specific types of trees to provide shade, purify the air, and beautify the city ([[#Hosack_1820|view text]]). Hosack also took a great interest in New York's cultural life. His home functioned as a salon where American writers and artists mingled with physicians and scientists. Hosack's extensive art collection was similarly eclectic, mixing contemporary American landscape painting, such as [[John Trumbull]]'s ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippawa'' [Fig. 2], with Italian Old Masters. Among the artists patronized by Hosack was the young English painter Thomas Cole (1801-1848), who immigrated to America in 1818 and became one of the founders of the Hudson River School of landscape painters. In November 1826 Hosack sent Cole a printed invitation requesting his company “Sunday evenings, during the winter.”<ref>Robbins, 1964, 168, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref> Three years later, Hosack purchased Cole's ambitious Biblical landscape painting, ''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'' [Fig. 3]. That same year, Hosack made a far more extravagant purchase, acquiring the principal section of [[Hyde Park (on the Hudson River, N.Y.)|Hyde Park]], the Hudson River estate of his deceased partner [[Samuel Bard]]. Hosack thereafter retired to his new country seat, devoting the rest of his life to carrying out an ambitious plan for landscaping the grounds.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Hosack, David, n.d., recalling travels in Scotland and England in 1793-94 <ref>Hosack, 1861, 297-98, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4A3V58U8 view on Zotero].</ref><div id="Hosack"></div>[[#Hosack_cite|back up to history]]
: "Having...upon one occasion— while walking in the garden of the Professor Hamilton, at Blandford [''sic''; possibly Blackford], in the neighborhood of Edinburgh,— been very much mortified by my ignorance of botany, with which his other guests were familiarly conversant, I had resolved at that time, whenever an opportunity might offer, to acquire a knowledge of that department of science. Such an opportunity was now presented, and I eagerly availed myself of it. The late Mr. William Curtis, author of the 'Flora Londinensis,' had at that time just completed his [[botanic garden]] at Brompton, which was arranged in such manner as to render it most instructive to those desirous of becoming acquainted with this ornamental and useful branch of a medical education. Although Mr. Curtis had for some time ceased to give lectures on botany, he very kindly undertook, at my solicitation, to instruct me in the elements of botanical science. For this purpose I visited the [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] daily throughout the summer, spending several hours in examining the various genera and species to be found in that establishment. I also had the benefit, once a week, of accompanying him in an excursion to the different parts of the country in the vicinity of London, Dr. William Babington, Dr. [Robert John] Thornton, Dr. now Sir Smith Gibbs, Dr. [John] Hunter of New York, the Hon. Mr. [Charles Francis] Greville, and myself, composed the class in these instructive botanical excursions, in the summer of 1793. 
: "By Mr. [James] Dickson, of Covent Garden, the celebrated cryptogamist,... I was also initiated into the secrets of the cryptogamic class of plants. 
: "In the spring of 1794, I also attended the public lectures of botany delivered by the president of the Linnaean Society, Dr., now Sir James Edward Smith ; and by the kindness of the same gentleman, I had access to the Linnaean Herbarium. I spent several hours daily for four months examining the various genera, and the most important species contained in that extensive collection. Notwithstanding my attention to botany, I was not unmindful of the other departments of medicine."

* Hosack, David, September 8, 1794, letter to Benjamin Rush (quoted in Robbins, 1964: 29) <ref>Robbins, 1964, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CQCQ247B view on Zotero].</ref>
: "[I have] made many sacrifices for providing the necessary materials for promoting [natural history]: an extensive Library, chemical apparatus, an Herbarium and a collection of necessary objects of natural history as mineralogy."

* Hosack, David, November 1797, memorial presented to the President and Members of the Board of Trustees of Columbia College (Statement, 1811: 7-8) <ref name="Hosack_Statement">Hosack, 1811, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H4VR8FK5 view on Zotero].</ref><div id="Hosack_1797"></div>[[#Hosack_1797_cite|back up to history]]
: “It has been to me a source of great regret that the want of a [[Botanic Garden|''Botanical Garden'']], and an extensive Botanical Library, have prevented that advancement in the interests of the institution which might reasonably have been expected….
: “To this end, I have purchased for the use of my pupils such of the most esteemed authors as are most essential in teaching the principles of Botany; and at a considerable expense I have been enabled to procure a large and very extensive collection of coloured engravings; but the difficulty of teaching any branch of natural philosophy, and of philosophy, and of rendering it interesting to the pupil, without a view and examination of the objects of which it treats, will readily be perceived: it will also occur to you that books, or engravings, however valuable and necessary, are of themselves insufficient for the purposes of regular instruction in medicine. 
: “The obvious and only effectual remedy would be the establishment of a [[Botanic Garden|Botanical Garden]]: this would invite a spirit of inquiry. The indigenous plants of our country would be investigated, and ultimately would promise important benefits, both to agriculture and medicine…. I beg leave to suggest…that the professorship of botany and material medica be endowed with a certain annual salary, sufficient to defray the necessary expenses of a small garden, in which the professor may cultivate, under his immediate notice, such plants as furnish the most valuable medicines, and are most necessary for medical instruction.” <div id="Hosack_1797_1"></div>[[#Hosack_1797__1_cite|back up to history]]

* [[Samuel Bard|Bard, Samuel]], February 27, 1799, letter from [[Hyde Park]] to Sally Bard in New York (Langstaff 1942: 200)<ref name="Langstaff">John Brett Langstaff, ''Doctor Bard of Hyde Park: The Famous Physician of Revolutionary Times, the Man Who Saved Washington’s Life'' (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1942), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I beg you or Dr. Hosack will write to [[William Prince, Jr.|Mr. Prince]] at [[Prince Nursery (Flushing, N.Y.)|Flushing]] for twelve good roots of the sweet scented monthly Honeysuckle to be sent immediately to you at Doctor Hosack's so that you may send them by the first boat of which you shall have notice hence. Your letter is to be sent to the house formerly Gains book store Hanover Square [New York] where get for me one of [[William Prince, Jr.|Princes]] last catalogues & send to me with the plants— by no means neglect this immediately, we do not know how soon the river will open."

*[[Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, describing [[Elgin Botanic Garden]], New York, N.Y. (p. xiv) <ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero.]</ref>
: "While I was engaged in arranging my materials for this publication, I was called upon to take the management of the [[Elgin Botanic Garden|[Elgin] Botanic Garden]] at New York, which had been originally established by the arduous zeal and exertions of Dr. David Hosack, Professor of Botany, &c. as his private property, but has lately been bought by the Government of the State of New York for the public service. As this employment opened a further prospect to me of increasing my knowledge of the plants of that country, I willingly dropped the idea of my intended publication for that time, and in 1807 [''sic''; 1809] took charge of that establishment.
: "Here I again endeavoured to pay the utmost attention to the collection of American plants, as the establishment was principally intended for that purpose. In this I was supported by my numerous botanical connections and friends, among whom I must particularly mention John Le Conte, Esq. of Georgia, whose unremitting exertions added considerably to the collection, particularly of plants from the Southern States. 
: "The additions to my former stock of materials for a Flora were now considerable, and in conjunction with Dr. D. Hosack I had engaged to publish a periodical work, with coloured plates, all taken from living plants, and if possible from native specimens, on a plan similar to that of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine; for which a great number of drawings were actually prepared. But…in 1810, took a voyage to the West Indies,… from which I returned in the autumn of 1811.
: "On my return to New York, I found things in a situation very unfavourable to the publication of scientific works, the public mind being then in agitation about a war in Great Britain. I therefore determined to take all my materials to England, where I conceived I should not only have the advantage of consulting the most celebrated collections and libraries, but also meet with that encouragement and support so necessary to works of science, and so generally bestowed upon them there."

* Hosack, David, 1820, recommendations for city planning as defense against contagious disease (1820: 42-43)<ref>David Hosack, ''Observations on Febrile Contagion: And on the Means of Improving the Medical Police of the City of New-York: Delivered as an Introductory Discourse, in the Hall of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, on the Sixth of November, 1820'' (New York: Elam Bliss, 1820), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJ2VQKPR/q/1820 view on Zotero].</ref><div id="Hosack_1820"></div>[[#Hosack_1820_cite|back up to history]]
: "Enclosing such [[cemetery|cemeteries]] by trees which vegetate early, and continue their foliage late in the autumn, will also greatly contribute to preserve the purity of the air, and afford to such enclosures all the advantages to be derived from public [[square]]s. Here, too, it may be remarked, that the practice of planting trees throughout the city, especially on the sidewalks of our widest streets, should be recommended, if not made the subject of an ordinance by our Corporation; for certainly there is no measure so directly conducive to the general purity of the atmosphere, at the same time that it furnishes a defence from the rays of the sun, as the foliage of our largest trees, particularly the plane-tree—the horse— chesnut— the elm— the lime, or linden— the black walnut, and the catalpa, which, while they promote the health of the inhabitants, constitute no inconsiderable addition to the beauty of the city."

* Hosack, David, August 31, 1824, ''An inaugural discourse, delivered before the New-York Horticultural Society'' (1824: 11-26)<ref>David Hosack, ''An inaugural discourse, delivered before the New-York Horticultural Society at their anniversary meeting, on the 31st of August, 1824'' (New York: J. Seymour, 1824), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G3P4N49T view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The strong attachment, which from my youth I have cherished for botanical and horticultural pursuits, in connexion with an ardent desire to advance the interests of this excellent institution, will not permit me to decline the honour you have this day conferred upon me [by electing me president]… 
: "Horticulture embraces three objects. 1st. The cultivation of the plants of the table, including culinary vegetables and fruits. 2d. Those plants which are considered as ornamental. And 3d. [[Landscape gardening]]; or, the art of laying out grounds in such manner as may render them most conducive to utility and beauty.
: "In as far therefore as horticulture is not only subservient to utility, but, like the art of painting, addresses itself to the taste and to the imagination, it has very properly been enumerated among the liberal or the fine arts; and accordingly ranks among the most delightful and important of human pursuits. By Cicero it is with great propriety enumerated among the most pleasing occupations of the mind, peculiarly so in advanced life; at the same time that it is beneficial to health, by the agreeable exercise it affords to the body and the mental faculties….
: "Referring to Xenophon, to Justin, to Virgil, to Pausanias, to Pliny, and to the writers of later days, [[Horace Walpole|[Horace] Walpole]] [''History of Modern Gardening, subjoined to his fourth volume of the Art of Painting''], Sir [[William Temple]], Wheatly [''sic''; [[Thomas Whately]], ''Observations on Modern Gardening'', and to Dr. [William] Falconer's Historical View of the Gardens of Antiquity, I pass on to remark, that very little has been effected in the science of gardening, until the last fifty years. Within that period, a number of individuals, distinguished for their taste and education, have given their attention to the study of this interesting subject, and especially in France and in Great Britain, have produced important changes in every department of horticulture, including that branch of it more especially, denominated [[landscape gardening]]. In this list, the names of [[Philip Miller|[Phillip] Miller]], [[Humphry Marshall|[Humphry] Marshall]], [[John Abercrombie|[John] Abercrombie]], [Robert] Brown, Nicol, [[Humphry Repton|[Humphry] Repton]], [Richard Payne] Knight, and [[John Claudius Loudon|[John Claudius] Loudon]] [''Encyclopaedia of Gardening''] as well as others, whose taste and opportunities led them to the cultivation of this art, hold a distinguished place.
: "But passing over the long and justly celebrated national establishment of France, which, under the auspices of [Pierre-François Guyot] Desfontaines, [Antoine Laurent de] Jussieu, and [André] Thouin, embraces every thing directly and remotely connected with this department of knowledge, it is to be observed that it was not until 1804 that the first association of this nature was formed in Great Britain… the Horticultural Society of London…and in 1809… the Caledonian Horticultural Society was formed….
: "But a very few years have elapsed since the Society now assembled, was first instituted. In September 1818, a small number of the more enterprising and intelligent of the practical gardeners and nurserymen in the vicinity of this city, convened for the purpose of introducing such improvements in the cultivation of our vegetable productions, as they conceived were called for, and which, by their education and abilities, they felt themselves competent to effect. This association was in the first instance entered into without the most distant view of attracting public notice. But as these improvements proceeded, they acquired notoriety, and the views of their authors expanded with their success. They consequently became desirous that the knowledge of the improvements they had effected might be preserved and extended for the good of the community. Many of the most respectable gentlemen of our city, who are in the habit of passing a portion of their time, during the warm season of the year, at their villas in the neighbouring country, and who are attached to horticulture, also joined in this association….
: “Such, gentlemen, were the humble and unostentatious beginnings of the New-York Horticultural Society, which, within a very short space of time, has been the means of increasing the variety, and of improving the quality of the vegetables of our table; of totally changing the face of our markets; of introducing a great number of valuable fruits; of augmenting the number and variety of ornamental plants, both indigenous and exotic, and thereby of spreading a taste for this innocent, yet instructive and delightful source of enjoyment….
: “While these measures were in progress, owing to a train of unpleasant circumstances, the recollection of which we hope may never be revived, a few gentlemen thought it expedient to form a new establishment, under the title of the New-York ''State'' Horticultural Society, and precisely, as they themselves set forth, for similar purposes in all respects with those of the original institution now in successful operation, and under which we are happily assembled. I well know that the greater number of those who entered into the new association were, at the time they expressed their willingness to concur in its establishment, altogether uninformed of the ulterior views and proceedings of the already existing society, and have since expressed their desire that the two associations may be consolidated and their entire willingness to lend their aid in effecting such union…
: “As this Institution is altogether of a practical nature, and has for its objects practical improvements in the culture of plants, it is obvious that a garden should be established in the vicinity of this city, as a repository for the vegetable productions that maybe received by the Society, whether derived from foreign countries, or the growth of our own soil. As subservient to great purposes for which this Society has been instituted, and as already stated, these objects are numerous, a piece of ground should be selected, which, from its extent, variety, and situation, would be capable of affording all the advantages that can be contemplated in an establishment of this nature.
: “1st. It should be sufficiently extensive to contain all the variety of fruit-trees and shrubs, not only that they may have all the advantages of space necessary to their growth, but that they may be exhibited to the visitor or cultivator under the most advantageous circumstances….
: “2d. Compartments should be provided for all the esculent vegetables of the table, in whatever form they may exist, whether gramineous or herbaceous.
: “3d. Provision should be made for the culture of those plants that are most useful in medicine, or are subservient to the arts, or are employed in manufactures.
: “4th. To these should be added, for the purpose of diffusing a taste for the productions of nature, and of exciting the attention of our youth of both sexes to botanical inquiries, and of contributing to the beauty and elegance of the establishment, a collection of the most rare and ornamental plants that can be procured, both indigenous and exotic. While therefore we shall thus have it in our power to bring into one view, for the information of the stranger or for the purposes of exchange with foreign correspondents of the Institution, the native productions of our varied climate and country, we should also be provided with suitable conservatories for those plants which may be introduced from abroad. And I may add, that the buildings thus erected should be constructed agreeably to the most correct principles of architecture; for every such edifice, in a place of great public resort, will necessarily have its influence in forming and directing the general taste of the country.
: “5th. The whole of this Institution should be surrounded with a belt of forest trees and shrubs, foreign and domestic.
: “6th. Connected also with these means of instruction, a building should be set apart, appropriated as a Lecturing Room, and supplied with a Library, where access may be had to every work of importance, in any of the branches appertaining to the subjects of botany, horticulture, vegetable physiology, the philosophy of vegetation, or the principles of agriculture; and in forming such library, you will not omit to place upon its shelves the Memoirs and Transactions of the London and Edinburgh Horticultural Societies, as well as those of France and other establishments of the like nature on the continent of Europe; the transactions of the agricultural institutions of this country— of the states of Pennsylvania, New-York, Massachusetts; and the writings of [John Stuart] Skinner, Southwick, [[James Thacher|[James] Thacher]], [[William Coxe|[William] Coxe]], Dean [[Samuel Deane|[''sic''; Samuel Deane]]], [[John Taylor|[John] Taylor]], [[Stephen Elliot|[Stephen] Elliott]], Nicholson, and others, should be included in such collection.
: “7th. Attached to this library, should be a cabinet set apart for an Hortus Siccus, or Herbarium, and containing our most valuable plants, preserved, arranged, and designated, in the manner that has been adopted by professor Desfontaines, at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.* The remark I have heard made by that distinguished practical botanist, the late Sir Joseph Banks, that even an imperfect dried specimen is preferable to the best painting, is a striking evidence of the importance of such collection. Nevertheless, the productions of the pencil, in delineating the most rare and valuable plants of the garden, should be also carefully collected, as preparatory to the publications which may hereafter issue from this establishment….
: “8th. Another advantage which such an establishment should possess, is that of exemplifying the principles of Ornamental Planting, or [[Landscape Gardening]]. The ground should be selected of such form and variety as will admit of such decoration. And in the cultivation of the various plants of the collection, their distribution may ever be rendered subservient to this great object, and thereby become the means of spreading extensively among our citizens a taste for one of the highest recreations that the human heart can receive, and one which will go far in the improvement of the moral principle, and in diverting the mind from pursuits of a less worthy nature; for the mind that is not actively engaged in virtuous pursuits will most probably be occupied with those of a contrary character.
: “9th. In this Institution, doubtless, attention will be given in forming a system of instruction necessary in the education of the complete gardener, in the manner that has been constantly practised in some of the institutions of Europe. For this purpose, apprentices should be received for a certain period of time, affording them the advantages not only of being instructed in the cultivation of all sorts of culinary and ornamental plants, but of being made practically acquainted with the different operations of pruning, training, budding, grafting, layering, and transplanting, as well as the general principles of ornamental gardening.
: “A professor of drawing should be attached to the establishment, whose duties should be, not only to make delineations of any plants of great value or beauty that may be introduced into the collection, but who would also deliver a course of lectures upon his art, to the pupils who might resort to this establishment for instruction.
: “Instead then of looking to Europe for gardeners, which has hitherto been the custom of our country, we should at such school educate a sufficient number of our own citizens to supply all the wants that may be created. Another advantage that must obviously flow from such an organization, is, that the natives of our soil, being necessarily better acquainted with the climate and the vicissitudes of our seasons, are consequently, with the same opportunities of education, better qualified for the duties of their occupation than the foreign gardener, who requires the residence of years to instruct him in this important part of his profession.”

* Hosack, David, January 1, 1829, to Dr. James Thacher (O'Donnell et al. 1992: 29)<ref>Patricia M. O’Donnell, Charles A. Birnbaum, and Cynthia Zaitzevsky, ''Cultural Landscape Report for Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site: Volume I: Site History, Existing Conditions, and Analysis'' (Boston: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 1992), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K6W3KBMH view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have lately purchased a farm of 700 acres on the Hudson… where I propose to pass my summers— my winters will be spent in town and my time devoted to the college and to my practice as far as I can render it in consultation… agriculture and horticulture will now occupy the residue of my life in which I follow your example— I hope you will gratify me by a visit in the summer when we will attend to the georgics as well as to medicine."

* Gordon, Alexander, 1832, "Notices of Some of the Principal Nurseries and Private Gardens in the United States of America, Made during a Tour through the Country, in the Summer of 1831" (1832: 282)<ref>Gordon, June 1832, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2TVP4JIX view on Zotero]</ref>
: "There is an immense number of gentlemen’s [[seat]]s situated on the banks of this beautiful river [the Hudson]; but, as it respects gardening, every thing about them is on a confined scale…; and although the remains of the possessions of the old aristocracy were visible, yet the ancient manor houses were falling to decay; the trees of the [[park]]s and [[pleasure ground]]s were all neglected; and rank grass and weeds covered the [[walk]]s &c .
: "''Hyde Park, on the Hudson.''— As exception to this forlorn state of former greatness, or rather former extent, I can, with the greatest propriety, mention the splendid mansion and [[seat]] of Dr. David Hosack, a gentleman well known in the literary and scientific world (the Sir Joseph Banks of America). The doctor has lately retired from business and the city, to this delightful spot, Hyde Park. Our Hyde Park, on this side the water, can bear no comparison with its namesake on the other side of the Atlantic; its natural capacity for improvement has been taken advantage of in a very judicious manner; every circumstance has been laid hold of, and acted upon, which could tend to beautify or adorn it. The [[park ]] is extensive; the rides numerous; and the variety of delightful distant views, embracing every kind of scenery, surpasses any thing I have ever seen in that or in any other country. I had the pleasure of riding round the whole with its most amiable owner, than whom a more condescending and affable gentleman is not in existence. The [[pleasure ground]]s are laid out on just principles, and in a most judicious manner; there is an excellent range of [[hothouse|hot-houses]], with a collection of rare plants; remarkable for their variety, their cleanliness and their handsome growth. The whole of this department is under the care of Mr. Hobbs, an English gardener, who well understands his business; and it was most gratifying to me to find Dr. Hosack so justly appreciating his merits. The farm buildings have been recently erected; and their construction and arrangement deserve the strongest praise; but in fact, every thing connected with Hyde Park is performed in a manner unparalleled in America; at least, as far as my observations extended.

* Pintard, John, April 14 and June 9, 1832, letters to his daughter, Eliza Noel Pintard Davidson (1940 4: 39, 63)<ref>John Pintard, ''Letters from John Pintard to His Daughter Eliza Noel Pintard Davidson, 1816-1833'', ed. Dorothy C Barck, Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1940, 4 vols. (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1940), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNFB2I5C view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Philip [Hone] lives in the genteelest style of any man in our city, not excepting Dr. Hosack, who I believe latterly has restricted his hospitality to strangers very much. Before he married the rich widow [of] H.A. Coster, with whom he got $300,000, Hosack maintained a character for general hospitality to strangers, esp. literary, for wh. I have him great credit. I was then very intimate with him, but not since the decease of Govr. Clinton have I had the slightest intercourse, no longer being serviceable to him. So the world changes. So wealth shows the natural disposition. He cultivates at great expense with great taste a [[Ferme ornée|''Ferme ornee'']] at Hyde Park in Duchess Co. on the Hudson formerly [[Samuel Bard|Dr. Bards]], of several hundred acres on wh. He has lavished great sums that can never be replaced to his Heirs....
: "Dr. Hosack has gone for the summer to his [[Ferme ornée]] at Hyde park."

[[File:2036.jpg|thumb|225px|Fig. 4, [[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "View of David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, from the East," ca. 1832.]]
*[[Thomas Kelah Wharton|Wharton, Thomas Kelah]], July 1832, MS. diary entries describing a three-week stay at Hyde Park<ref>Thomas Kelah Wharton, "MS. Diary," 1830–1834, The New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, ff. 137-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKEVM776 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "July 9th, 1832. The curtain [of mist and rain] lifted as we passed thro’ the Highlands.... The [[wood]]s and grassy slopes, green [[lawn]]s and bright yellow wheat fields on either hand warmed into a richer glow with the freshening moisture of the morning….At half past one P.M. I went on shore at Hyde Park Landing, found a baggage waggon to take up my trunk and cloak to Dr. Hosack’s, and then followed on foot thro’ the [[Park]] [[gate]] close by the Landing. The Mansion itself was half a mile further on the brow of a bold [[eminence]] full 100 feet above the river. The ascent is gradual by broad winding [[walk]]s, shaded by the richest foliage with gleams of the Hudson sparkling among the leaves— and beautiful [[lawn]]s, with trees grouped in fine taste— a range of [[greenhouse|green houses]] and exquisite flower [[bed]]s crown the ascent and sweep around a general [[clump]] of forest trees leading quite up to the house which presents a noble front to the [[Park]].... [Fig. 4] After examining the Picture Gallery and the noble library occupying a whole story in one of the wings of the building, the Doctor took me over the grounds and pointed out their chief beauties. No expense has been spared in embellishing this splendid domain, which contains 800 acres of richly diversified surface— every feature of which has been made to contribute to the ornamental effect of the whole and to heighten the magnificence of the River scenery which it commands.... The afternoon having turned out wet and unpleasant the rest of the day was spent in examining several valuable works &c. &c. my drawings, too, were brought out and handed round, and the Doctor said he wished me to make him several sketches to be engraved on stone to illustrate a Quarto which he is engaged upon descriptive of his place….
: [July 14] "The Doctor drove with me over the whole estate, and showed me his farming operations which he is conducting in one part of it. Rest of the day drawing….
: [July 20] "Sitting with the Doctor on the [[Piazza]] after twilight I had a long conversation with him on my prospects in New York in which he kindly interests himself, and suggests plans for my advantage.
: [July 21] "Early in the morning these beautiful grounds seemed flushed with new charms as the mist rolled away from the Catskills and the sun lighted them with clear a[e]rial tints, like mother of pearl. The trees, [[lawn]]s, and [[parterre]]s borrowed additional brilliancy from the fresh dew, and the new mown grass smelt sweet and spicy in the still morning air. I have today completed the last of five Quarto sized drawings for the Doctor with which he is highly pleased— they are the best I can do and tinted with great care ….
: [July 22] "Dr. Hosack will not allow a gun to be fired in or near his [[pleasure ground]]s and it is surprising what multitudes of beautiful birds, squirrels and other graceful little creatures glance about among the [[walk]]s and trees— and so fearless, too, as if conscious of protection….
: [July 26] "Today we have a sky without a cloud. I have now finished seven drawings for the Doctor and have just washed in the first tints of a large picture…. I may remark that the work in which he [David Hosack] is now engaged will be illustrated by the drawings I have made him, while the originals, he tells me, will be enclosed in a Portfolio and placed in the drawing room Centre Table for the frequent inspection of his family and guests.
: [July 28] "[Dr. Hosack] commenced an examination of the picture, with which he and his brother (who just then stepped in) were delighted, and suggested that it would make a valuable addition to the “gallery” and that it would prove very attractive if engraved. It is 23 ½ inches x 16 in and embraces all that splendid range of scenery northward from this Estate to the Catskills. They think I Have been particularly successful with the sky which is nearly finished and is by far the boldest effort I have yet attempted…. I observe in the library several books of travels presented to the Doctor by Sir Joseph Banks, and many others by their respective authors, including names of great celebrity in England, among the rest “Roscoe” of Liverpool, whose “Discourses” are in the collection presented by himself…."

* Stuart, James, 1833, describing a visit to Hyde Park in July 1830 (1833 2: 547-51)<ref>James Stuart, ''Three Years in North America'', 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Robert Cadell, 1833), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GVMJGXDW view on Zotero]</ref>
: "I left Mr Anderson’s house for two or three days in the beginning of July to pay a visit, which I had long projected, to Dr Hosack, at his magnificent [[seat]] on the Hudson, where I was most kindly received by himself and his amiable family. He lives very much in the same style as an English country gentleman of it, can bestow. His mansion-house is large, elegant, and well-furnished; but it is not my object to describe a place laid out and embellished as a fine residence and fine grounds in England are, or to tell the readers of these pages of the size of Dr Hosack’s rooms, of his eating or drawing-rooms, his excellent library, his billiard room, or his [[conservatory]], of his porter’s lodges, his [[temple]]s, his [[bridge]]s, his garden, and the other ''et ceteras'' of this truly delightful domain which he has adorned, and was, at the time when I was there, adorning with great taste and skill, and without much regard to cost. The splendid [[terrace]] over the most beautiful of all beautiful rivers, admired the more the oftener seen, renders Hyde Park, as I think, the most enviable of all the desirable situations on the river. Dr Hosack has now retired from practice as the first physician in New York. His activity is, however, unabated. He takes great delight in superintending his numerous workmen, and the management of his place and farm. He has 800 acres adjoining to his house, all, I believe, in his own occupation, and is taking great pains to obtain the finest breeds of cattle and sheep…. His [[park]] contains [[deer park|deer]] and a few Cachmere goats, which are particularly handsome. In short, this is quite a show place, in the English sense of the word, which every foreigner should see on its own account, — on account of the great beauty of the natural [[terrace]] above the river, and the charming and varied [[view]]s from it, — as well as on account of the art with which the original features of the scene are advantageously displayed…
: "I observed that Dr Hosack, in speaking to his workmen, never addressed them by their Christian name alone, but always in this way: ‘Mr Thomas, be so good as do this,’ or ‘Mr Charles, be so good as do that.’ It would not be easy for an Englishman of great fortune to form his mouth so as to give his orders to his servants in similar terms; but the more equal diffusion of wealth, and greater equality of condition, which prevail in this country, put the sort of submission of inferiors to superiors, to which we in Britain are accustomed, quite out of the question in the free part of the United States, and undoubtedly render the mass of the people far more comfortable, contented, and happy….
: "Dr Hosack’s grounds are so very charming, and the [[view]]s from them so [[picturesque]] and striking, that I cannot help wishing that [[Basil Hall|Captain Hall]] had seen Hyde Park [[Terrace]] before he declared 'North America to be the most [[picturesque|unpicturesque]] country to be found anywhere.'

* [[Harriet Martineau|Martineau, Harriet]], 1838, recounting her visit to Hyde Park (1838: 1: 74-77)<ref>Martineau, 1838, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KEG83GHS view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The aspect of Hyde Park from the river had disappointed me, after all I had heard of it. It looks little more than a white house upon a ridge. I was therefore doubly delighted when I found what this ridge really was. It is a natural [[terrace]], over-hanging one of the sweetest reaches of the river; and, though broad and straight at the top, not square and formal, like an artificial embankment, but undulating, sloping, and sweeping, between the ridge and the river, and dropped with trees; the whole carpeted with turf, tempting grown people, who happen to have the spirits of children, to run up and down the slopes, and play hide-and-seek in the hollows. [Fig. X] Whatever we might be talking of as we paced the [[terrace]], I felt a perpetual inclination to start off for play. Yet, when the ladies and our selves actually did something like it, threading the little [[thicket]]s, and rounding every promontory, even to the farthest, (which they call Cape Horn) I felt that the possession of such a place ought to make a man devout, if any of the gifts of Providence can do so. To hold in one's hand that which melts all strangers' hearts is to be a steward in a very serious sense of the term. Most liberally did Dr. Hosack dispense the means of enjoyment he possessed. Hospitality is inseparably connected with his name in the minds of all who ever heard it: and it was hospitality of the heartiest and most gladsome kind.
: "Dr. Hosack had a good library,— I believe, one of the best private libraries in the country; some good pictures, and botanical and mineralogical cabinets of value. Among the ornaments of his house, I observed some biscuits and vases once belonging to Louis XVI., purchased by Dr. Hosack from a gentleman who had them committed to his keeping during the troubles of the first French Revolution.
: "In the afternoon, Dr. Hosack drove me in his gig round his estate, which lies on both sides of the high road; the farm on one side, and the [[pleasure ground]]s on the other. The [[conservatory]] is remarkable for America; and the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] all that it can be made under present circumstances, but the neighbouring country people have no idea of a gentleman's pleasure in his garden, and of respecting it. On occasions of wedding and other festivities, the villagers come up into the Hyde Park grounds to enjoy themselves; and persons, who would not dream of any other mode of theft, pull up rare plants, as they would wild flowers in the [[wood]]s, and carry them away. Dr. Hosack would frequently see some flower that he had brought with much pains from Europe flourishing in some garden of the village below. As soon as he explained the nature of the case, the plant would be restored with all zeal and care: but the lessons were so frequent and provoking as greatly to moderate his horticultural enthusiasm. We passed through the poultry-yard, where the congregation of fowls exceeded in number and bustle any that I had ever seen. We drove round his [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] too, where he had taken pains to grow every kind of vegetable which will flourish in that climate. Then crossing the road, after paying our respects to his dairy of fine cows, we drove through the [[orchard]], and round Cape Horn, and refreshed ourselves with the sweet river views on our way home. There we sat in the [[pavilion]], and he told me much of De Witt Clinton, and showed me his own life of Clinton, a copy of which he said should await me on me return to New York."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1136.jpg|[[John Trumbull]], ''Dr. Hosack's Green houses'', June 1806.

Image:2040.jpg|[[John Trumbull]], ''Niagara Falls, from Two Miles Below Chippawa'', 1808, oil on canvas, New-York Historical Society, Gift of Alexander Eddy Hosack.

Image:2041.jpg|[[John Trumbull]], ''Niagara Falls, from under Table Rock'', 1808, oil on canvas, Overall: 29 x 168 1/2 in. ( 73.7 x 428 cm ), New-York Historical Society, Gift of Alexander Eddy Hosack.

Image:1986.jpg|Anonymous, ''Elgin Botanic Garden'', c. 1810.

Image:2051.jpg|[[William Satchwell Leney]] after Louis Simond, ''View of the botanic garden at Elgin in the vicinity of the City of New York'', ca. 1810.

Image:0049.jpg|William Satchwell Leney after Hugh Reinagle, "View of the Botanic Garden of the State of New York," in David Hosack, ''Hortus Elginensis'' (1811), frontispiece.

Image:0050.jpg|[[Hugh Reinagle]], "Elgin Garden on Fifth Avenue," c. 1812

Image:2052.jpg|Charles Heath after Thomas Sully, ''David Hosack, M.D., F.R.S.'', ca. 1815-1830.

Image:2043.jpg|[[Thomas Cole]], ''Expulsion from the Garden of Eden'', 1828, oil on canvas, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Image:2027.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], "Residence of Dr. Hosack: Lawn Front," c. 1830. 

Image:2030.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "Bridge over Crumelbow Creek, David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York," ca. 1832.

Image:2032.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "Greenhouse, David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York," ca. 1832.

Image:2034.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "View of David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, with a Sundial," ca. 1832.

Image:2035.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "View of the David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, from the South," ca. 1832.

Image:2036.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "View of David Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York, from the East," ca. 1832

Image:2033.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "View of the David Hosack Estate at Hyde Park, New York, from Western Bank of the Hudson River," ca. 1832.

Image:2037.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "Grove of Poplars with a Memorial Bust, David Hosack Estate, Hype Park, New York," ca. 1832.

Image:2042.jpg|Asher Brown Durand, "The Chestnut Oak on the Hosack Estate, Hyde Park, New York with Five Figures and an Artist Sketching," 1838. 

Image:1926.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "Euterpe Knoll Hyde Park N. York," 1839.

Image:2038.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], "Crystal Cove, Hyde Park. New York," 1839.

Image:0396.jpg| Anonymous, “A Circular Pavilion,” from A. J. Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1841).

Image:2026.jpg|[[William Wade]], Residence of "Late Dr. Hossack [sic] Now Mr. Langdon," detail from ''Panorama of the Hudson River from New York to Waterford'' (1847).

Image:0845.jpg|[[Alexander Jackson Davis]], "River Vista, Hyde Park," n.d.

Image:2039.jpg|Anonymous, "Circular Pavilion on Bard Rock, Hyde Park," n.d.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:People|Hosack, David]]

Paul Revere

2016-01-21T12:22:18Z

R-asleson:

'''Paul Revere''' (December 21, 1734 – May 10, 1818) was a prominent Boston silversmith, engraver, proto-industrialist, and patriot who played a key role in mobilizing the Colonial activism that led to the American Revolution. He is best known for the “midnight ride” during which he alerted the Colonial militia to the approach of British forces on the eve of the battle of Lexington.

==History==

Paul Revere produced some of the most sophisticated engravings of the Revolutionary era, including political cartoons intended to undermine British rule. <ref> Elizabeth Louise Roark, ''Artists of Colonial America'' (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 2003), 135-40 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/APXPF4PM view on Zotero]. </ref> A veteran of the French and Indian War (1754-63), Revere later joined the Sons of Liberty, a militant group formed in response to the passing of the 1765 Stamp Act. <ref> Jayne E. Triber, ''A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere'' (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 44-67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q9B6H7HE view on Zotero]. </ref> To mark the Act’s repeal in 1766, Revere designed an “[[obelisk]] of liberty” which he erected on [[Boston Common]]. Fashioned of translucent paper on a thin frame and illuminated from within by 280 lamps, the [[obelisk]] was ornately decorated with symbols, allegories, portraits, and inscriptions representing the triumph of American liberty and its heroic defenders. <ref> David Hackett Fischer, ''Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America’s Founding Ideas'' (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 99-101, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2XDX4X88 view on Zotero]. </ref> Following its display on [[Boston Common]] the illuminated [[obelisk]] was to be removed to the Liberty Tree, a large elm that had become a site for acts of political dissent. <ref> Arthur M. Schlesinger, "Liberty Tree: A Genealogy," ''The New England Quarterly'', 25 (1952): 437-40, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WQT9H9MG view on Zotero]. </ref> Before this could be accomplished, however, the [[obelisk]] was destroyed by fireworks launched from its apex in a celebratory pyrotechnical display. <ref> Clarence Brigham, ''Paul Revere’s Engravings'' (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1954), 26-29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8QDGHC3A view on Zotero]. For the iconography of Boston illuminations and the use of obelisks in political celebrations, see Peter Bastian, "Celebrating the Empire in the Changing Political World of Boston, 1759-1774." ''Australasian Journal of American Studies'', 16 (1997): 26–44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GZA9VT63 view on Zotero]. </ref> Revere had already documented the appearance of the [[obelisk]] in a large copperplate engraving [Fig. 1]. The engraving (now extremely scarce) depicted the portraits, allegories, and texts that appeared on each of the [[obelisk]]'s four sides. <ref> Elbridge Henry Goss, ''The Life of Colonel Paul Revere'', 8th , 2 vols. (Boston: Howard W. Spurr, 1909), 1: 37-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VVJJ2UF5 view on Zotero]; Brigham, 1956, 26, 29-31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8QDGHC3A view on Zotero]. </ref> The copper plate was subsequently re-purposed for the design of a Masonic certificate. <ref> Brigham, 1956, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8QDGHC3A view on Zotero]. </ref>

During the build-up to war with Britain in the 1770s, Revere regularly contributed propagandistic engravings to the ''Royal American Magazine'', while simultaneously helping to organize an intelligence system to gather and disseminate information about the movement of British troops. <ref> John Bakeless, ''Turncoats, Traitors, and Heroes: Espionage in the American Revolution'' (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1959), 68-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HX5ZIIIG view on Zotero]. </ref> In April 1775, he was instrumental in preventing British capture of rebel leaders and weapons supplies in Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts, by sounding an alarm that called area militias into action. After the American Revolution, Revere became a successful businessman, operating a hardware store, a foundry, and the first rolling copper mill in the United States. <ref> Robert Martello, ''Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 204-323, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Z6GSJ7C7 view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

*Anonymous, May 19, 1776, describing in the ''Boston Gazette'' Boston Common, Boston, Mass. (quoted in Brigham 1954: 21) <ref> Brigham, 1954, 21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8QDGHC3A view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "[to] be exhibited on the [[Boston Common|Common]], an [[Obelisk]] — A Description of which is engraved by Mr. Paul Revere; and is now selling by Edes & Gill."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80037041.html Library of Congress Authorities] 
[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68650 ''Dictionary of National Biography''] 
[http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T071667?q=paul+revere&search=quick&pos=3&_start=1#firsthit Oxford Art Online] 
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere Wikipedia] 
[http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Revere/ Illustrated Inventory of Paul Revere's works at the American Antiquarian Society] 

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People|Revere, Paul]]

Samuel Bard

2016-01-21T12:16:31Z

R-asleson:

'''Samuel Bard''' (April 1, 1742–May 24, 1821), was a professional physician and professor of botany who designed several gardens in New York, including that at his country estate, [[Hyde Park]].

==History==
The descendant of Huguenot refugees who settled in Philadelphia, Samuel Bard spent his early years in New York City, where his father, Dr. John Bard (1716-1799), relocated his medical practice on the recommendation of [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1746.<ref>Lemay, 2013, 2: 316</ref> Ten years later, while convalescing from a prolonged illness, fourteen-year-old Samuel spent the summer at Coldengham, the remote Hudson Highlands farm of his father’s friend, the botanist and government offical [[Cadwallader Colden]].<ref>John Brett Langstaff, ''Doctor Bard of Hyde Park: The Famous Physician of Revolutionary Times, the Man Who Saved Washington’s Life'' (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1942), 32-35, 47, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref> During his stay, Bard received instruction in botany from [[Cadwallader Colden|Colden]] and his daughter [[Jane Colden|Jane]], both of whom had mastered [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s system of plant classification while cataloguing indigenous New York flora. An accomplished draughtsman, Bard reportedly “repaid the lady for her instruction, by making figures and drawings of plants for her.”<ref> Samuel Latham Mitchill, ''A Discourse on the Life and Character of Samuel Bard, M.D. & LL.D.: Late President of the New-York College of Physicians and Surgeons; Pronounced in the Public Hall, at the Request of the Trustees, on the 5th Day of Nov. 1821'' (New York: Daniel Fanshaw, 1821), 12, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9TDJ8HA view on Zotero]; John McVickar, ''A Domestic Narrative of the Life of Samuel Bard, M. D., LL. D.'' (New York: A. Paul, 1822) 9-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2021_detail.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 1, William de la Cour and Samuel Bard, ''Rheum Palmaatum Linn.'', detail, 1765, ''Philosophical Transactions'', vol. 55, Plate XIII.]]
After a period of study at King's College, New York, Bard sailed for Britain in 1761 to complete his education. Waylaid by French privateers, he spent five months in captivity before [[Benjamin Franklin]], a family friend, secured his release.<ref>McVickar, 15-20, 23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> When Bard finally reached London in April 1762, he followed a course of medical instruction suggested by the Quaker physician, philanthropist, and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), devoting the summer months to botanical investigations in the countryside.<ref> McVickar, 24-29, 37, 44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero]; Langstaff, 56-57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref> In 1764, having transferred to the University of Edinburgh, Bard received the annual award in botany from John Hope (1725 –1786), Professor of Botany and Materia Medica and King’s Botanist, for producing “the best herbarium or collection of dried plants, growing spontaneously within ten miles of Edinburgh” ([[#Mitchill|view text]]). Bard's herbarium survived for several decades and was presented in 1817 to the New York Historical Society, where it joined [[Cadwallader Colden]]’s ''hortus siccus'' of plants indigenous to the Highlands of New York and a collection of duplicate specimens from [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus's]] herbarium.<ref>Christine Chapman Robbins, "David Hosack’s Herbarium and Its Linnaean Specimens," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 104 (June 1960), 301, 302, 307, 310, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NJE7ZUGQ view on Zotero]; “Transactions of Learned Societies,” ''The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review'', (August 1817), 1: 287; see also 47, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lS4CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false view on Zotero]; Mitchill, 1821, 6-7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9TDJ8HA view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to his medical studies, Bard worked with a drawing master three hours a week. He reportedly had “a strong taste for delineation and perspective” and sketched with “exactness.”<ref>McVikar, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> When John Hope published the description of a rhubarb plant successfully cultivated at the Edinburgh [[botanic garden]], he employed Bard to add four minutely observed botanical details to a professional artist's illustration ([[#Hope|view text]]).<ref>McVickar, 1822, 67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] Hope was then forming a syndicate for importing American seeds and plants, and solicited Bard's assistance in finding a supplier. Bard wrote his father, "I know of no one who would answer so well as [[John Bartram|Mr. [John] Bartram]].<ref>Samuel Bard to John Bard, April 1, 1764, quoted in McVickar, 1822, 58, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> In addition to combing the countryside for plants, Bard toured local estates, developing a taste for naturalism in landscape and garden design. Tasked with finding an English gardener to help lay out the grounds of his father's Hudson river estate, [[Hyde Park]], Bard composed a long letter of advice in April 1764, counseling careful attention to the natural conditions of climate and terrain, avoidance of straight lines ("except where they serve to lead the eye to some distant and beautiful object"), and artful concealment of ornamental features, so that the viewer "suddenly, and unexpectedly, comes upon them; so that by the surprise, the pleasure may be increased" ([[#Bard_1764|view text]]). Finding his opinions confirmed in a chapter on gardening and architecture in ''The Elements of Criticism'' (1862) by Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696-1782), Bard wrote his father again three months later to recommend the book and warn against "the cutting of gardens into formal [[parterre]]s, or forcing nature in any respect."

[[File:2022.jpg|left|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, C. Milbourne, “First New York Hospital,” 1818.]]
After completing his medical degree in 1765, Bard returned to New York and entered into partnership with his father. Over the next two years, he established a medical school at King’s College, serving as dean and professor of the theory and practice of physic.<ref>“The Early History of Medicine in New York. Part II,” ''Americana'', 9 (1914): 1011, 1014-15, 1020, 1021, 1024, 1025, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJGA76HG view on Zotero].</ref> In 1769 he began campaigning for the city’s first public hospital, leading his fellow physicians [[Peter Middleton]] and [[John Jones]] in petitioning [[Cadwallader Colden]], then Lieutenant Governor of New York, for a charter of incorporation. Bard's mentor, John Fothergill, spearheaded fundraising for the hospital in Britain, and King George III granted the charter in 1771.<ref>''An Account of the New-York Hospital'' (New York: Collins & Co., 1811), 3-4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/64Q6DV2I view on Zotero]; Marynita Anderson Nolosco, ''Physician Heal Thyself: Medical Practitioners of Eighteenth-Century New York'' (New York: Peter Lang, 2004), 14, 87-88, 119-20, 125, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BHB3MD5Z view on Zotero].</ref> Construction was delayed by a fire and the revolutionary war.<ref>Mitchill, 1821, 19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9TDJ8HA view on Zotero].</ref> When the hospital was finally completed in 1791, Bard reportedly laid out a [[botanic garden]] occupying two city blocks, in which he cultivated medicinal herbs.<ref> Langstaff, 179, 181, 189, 277, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] He may also have contributed to the design of the grounds, which in 1801 were "inclosed with a brick [[wall]] and converted into gardens for the accommodation and benefit of convalescent patients" and "planted with fruit and forest trees" ([[#Brief|view text]]). [Fig. 3][[File:2023.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 3, John R. Murray, ''View of the New-York Hospital'', 1808.]] In spite of his loyalist sympathies, Bard served as [[George Washington]]’s private physician, having saved the recently inaugurated president’s life in 1789 by removing a malignancy from his thigh.<ref>George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington'', ed. Dorothy Twohig, Mark A. Mastromarino, and Jack D. Warren, Presidential Series, 16 vols. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 393–400, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QQ462GQ6 view on Zotero]; McVickar, 1822, 114, 136-37, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> He also continued to play an active role in the college (renamed Columbia after the war),<ref>In addition to serving as a trustee (1787-1804) and dean (1791-1804), he taught chemistry (1784-1787) and natural philosophy and astronomy (1785-1786); see ''Catalogue of Columbia College, in the City of New-York; Embracing the Names of Its Trustees, Officers, and Graduates'' (New York: Columbia College, 1844), 8, 13, 17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJAWNGN9 view on Zotero].</ref> and in 1811, four years after the College of Physicians and Surgeons was founded in New York, Bard was appointed its president, serving in that capacity until his death in 1821. He was a founding member of the New York Historical society and re-established the collections of the New York Society Library, which had been scattered during the war.<ref>Bard served as trustee (1769-1776, 1788-1793, 1796) and secretary (1769-1776, 1788-1789) of the Society; see Austin Baxter Keep, ''History of the New York Society Library'' (New York: De Vinne Press, 1908), 130, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EHECFHJV view on Zotero]; Mitchill, 1821, 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9TDJ8HA view on Zotero].</ref>

At his Broad Street house, Bard maintained a garden and [[conservatory]] filled with exotic plants, which he later told his son-in-law, John McVickar (1787-1868) had served “as a specific [i.e., remedy] against the petty cares and anxieties of life,” for "nothing calmed and soothed his mind like a walk among his plants and flowers" ([[#McVickar_155|view text]]). The opportunity to lay out gardens on a more extensive scale figured among the attractions that led Bard to establish a residence outside of the city near his father’s estate of [[Hyde Park]].<ref> McVickar, 158-59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> In the 1770s Bard had begun cultivating a grove of locust trees (''Robinia pseudoacacia'') at [[Hyde Park]] with the expectation that they would provide valuable timber. He observed in a letter: “We have been planting a fortune for our children, — a great quantity of locust seed; our farm is to be one great forest of locust trees.”<ref>McVickar, 184, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero]. Bard’s method of germinating locusts seeds in a northern climate was published in several agricultural journals, beginning with Dr. S. Ackerly, "Remarks on the Cultivation of the Locust Tree," ''The American Farmer, Containing Original Essays and Selections on Agriculture, Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, and Internal Improvements'', 5 (1824), 396.</ref> He often foraged in the woods with his son William (1776-1853), filling his pockets with plants that then became the focus of idiosyncratic botany lessons incorporating drawing, nature poetry, scripture, and Linnaean taxonomy ([[#William_pockets|view text]]). With the expectation of entering semi-retirement, Bard formed a partnership in 1796 with [[David Hosack]]— a young, Edinburgh-educated physician recently appointed to a professorship at Columbia—who took over much of his case load.<ref>McVickar, 1822, 164, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero].</ref> Bard settled at [[Hyde Park]] in the spring of 1798 and apart from occasional trips to the city, devoted his time to landscape improvements and botanical experiments. <ref> McVickar, 167, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero]; Langstaff, 1942, 206, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref> He reportedly drew the plans for his mansion and [[greenhouse]]s, and also mapped out the garden paths and roads that wound through his property.<ref>Langstaff, 1942, 205, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref>

Bard corresponded with the Philadelphia agriculturalist [[Richard Peters]] on the use of clover grass as a crop and gypsum as a manure.<ref>Langstaff, 1942, 206-07; McVickars, 182-83, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero]; see also William Bard’s letter to the Secretary of the Society, "Transactions of the Society of Dutchess County for the Promotion of Agriculture," 2 vols. (Poughkeepsie: Paraclete Potter, 1809): 39-48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D8CVUX3M view on Zotero].</ref> In 1806 Bard founded and served as the first president of the Society of Dutchess County for the Promotion of Agriculture,<ref>’’Transactions of the Society of Dutchess County for the Promotion of Agriculture’’ (Poughkeepsie: Bowman, Parsons and Potter, 1807), 1: 5, 8-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H3H39DN8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the following year delivered an address on the rotation of crops—“a short account of the reasoning and practice of the best English farmers...[adapted] to our soil and climate, and to such other circumstances, as necessarily control our practice.” <ref>Samuel Bard, “On the Rotation of Crops, ’’Transactions of the Society of Dutchess County for the Promotion of Agriculture’’ (1809), 40-48, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D8CVUX3M view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
* Hope, John, November 4, 1763, letter from Edinburgh to [[John Bartram]] (1849: 432-33)<ref name="Darlington">William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: “The great reputation which you have just acquired, by many faithful and accurate observations, and that most extraordinary thirst of knowledge which has distinguished you, makes me extremely desirous of your correspondence. 
: “If you will be so kind as send me a few seeds of your new discovered plants, I shall on my part make a return of whatever is in my power, that I shall judge agreeable to you. 
: “It will be agreeable to you to hear that Mr. Samuel Bard, son of your friend Mr. Bard, of New York, is making most wonderful progress in Botany, and has made a beautiful collection of near four hundred Scots plants; by which he undoubtedly will gain the annual premium."

* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], October 4, 1764, letter to Dr. John Hope (1849: 433-34)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have received your proposals by the hands of our dear friend [[Benjamin Franklin|Benjamin [Franklin]]]; and since, by a letter from the worthy, humane Dr. [John] Bard, or New York, in which he inserts a paragraph of a letter from his son [Samuel Bard] (whose person and activity I am not a stranger to), wherein he writes to the same effect as thee wrote to [[Benjamin Franklin]], signifying that you had laid a new [[botanic garden]] to be stored with exotics; that you were forming a laudable and very necessary plan of storing your bare country with variety of forest trees; that many gentlemen of rank and fortune had countenanced this scheme with an annual subscription, to enable a botanist to make your desired collections; and that my answer was desired, whether I would undertake to supply your demands, which I consent to do."

* <div id="Bard_1764"></div>Bard, Samuel, April 1, 1764, letter from Edinburgh to John Bard (McVickar 1822: 57-58)<ref name="McVickar">John McVickar, ''A Domestic Narrative of the Life of Samuel Bard, M. D., LL. D.'' (New York: A. Paul, 1822), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero]</ref>[[#Bard_1764_cite|back up to history]]
: "I heartily wish I could be with you at laying out your grounds, as I imagine I could be of some assistance, although I may find it impossible to convey my notions upon that subject in writing. From what I have as yet seen, I find those the most beautiful where nature is suffered to be our guide. The principal things to be observed in planning a [[pleasure ground]], seem to me, to be the situation of the ground, and the storms and winds the country is most liable to. By the first, I mean, to distribute my plants according to the soil they most delight in; to place such as flourish most in a warm exposure and dry soil, upon the sunny side of a hill; while such as delight in the shade and moist ground, should be placed in the vallies. By this single precaution, one of the greatest beauties of a garden is obtained, which consists in the health and vigour of the plants which compose it. By considering well the predominant winds and storms of the country, we are directed where to plant our large trees, so that they shall be at once an ornament, and afford a useful shelter to the smaller and more delicate plants. Next I think straight lines should be particularly avoided except where they serve to lead the eye to some distant and beautiful object—serpentine [[walks]] are much more agreeable. Another object deserving of attention seems to be, to place the most beautiful and striking objects, such as water, if possible, a handsome [[green-house]], a [[grove]] of flowering shrubs, or a remarkably fine tree, in such situations, that from the house they may almost all be seen; but to a person walking, they should be artfully concealed until he suddenly, and unexpectedly, comes upon them; so that by the surprise, the pleasure may be increased: and if possible, I would contrive them so that they should contrast each other, which again greatly increases their beauty. The last thing I should mention, which, indeed, is not the least worthy of notice, is, to throw the [[flower garden]], [[kitchen garden|kitchen]], and fruit garden, and if possible, the whole farm, into one, so that they may appear as links of the same chain, and may mutually contribute to the beauties of the whole. If you could send me an accurate plan of the situation of your ground, describing particularly the hollows, risings, and the opportunities you have of bringing water into it, the spot where you intend your house, and the situation of your [[orchard]], I would consult some of my friends here about a proper plan, and I believe I know some who would assist us, and as I cannot obtain your gardener before November, if you sent the plan immediately, I shall be able to return it by him. 
: “In my last letter I sent you one from Dr. Hope, informing you of my having the prize; he has done me the honour to write also to [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]] upon the subject. He has also desired me to acquaint you, that a number of gentlemen here have formed themselves into an association for the importation of American seeds and plants, and would be much obliged to you to recommend a proper person as a correspondent. 
: “I know of no one who would answer so well as [[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]].”

* Bard, Samuel, June 8, 1764, letter from London to John Bard (McVickar 1822: 61)<ref name="McVickar">McVickar, 1822</ref>
: “I have lately received great pleasure and improvement in reading Lord Kames’s late work, and recommend it to your perusal, especially that part of it relating to gardening and architecture, before you go on in improving your place on the north river. He most justly condemns the cutting of gardens into formal [[parterre]]s, or forcing nature in any respect; at the same time, points out, in a beautiful and philosophical manner, where we are implicitly to follow this amiable mistress, and when and how we may improve, by modest dress, her native beauties."

*Bard, John, February 16, 1765, letter from New York to Samuel Bard in London (McVickar 1822 McVickar, 1822: 67)
: "With respect to your dedication to the governor [ [[Cadwallader Colden]] ], I wish you to remember, he is an old gentleman who likes respect, but is impatient of adulation. I think I would make it very short: mention your first instruction in botany, which is a branch of medicine, to have been received from him; and with an honest and plan expression of gratitude acknowledge his instances of kindness to you, and offer the dedication of your Thesis as a public testimony of that gratitude."

*<div id="Hope"></div> Hope, John, September 24, 1765, letter to John Pringle describing rhubarb plant (''Philosophical Transactions'', 1766: 290)<ref>"Extract of a Letter from Dr. John Hope, Professor of Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh, to Dr. Pringle; dated Edinburgh, 24 September 1765. Read Nov. 7, 1765," ''Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World...for the Year 1765'' (London: L. Davis and C. Reymers, Printers to the Royal Society, 1766), 290, 293, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7DD9XJR3 view on Zotero].</ref>[[#Hope_cite|back up to history]]
: “In autumn 1763, I received from Doctor Mounsey the seeds of the ''Rheum palmatum'', which he assured me were the seeds of the true Rhubarb. I sowed them immediately in the open ground in the [[Botanic garden]]. In the beginning of May last, one of the plants from these seeds pushed up a flowering stem, and about the middle of the month, the flowers began to open, and continued in great beauty till the 8th of 9th of June….
: “I employed Mr. [William] De la Cour to made the drawings, who, though a good painter, is no botanist; this defect was fully supplied by Mr. Samuel Bard of New York, student in this university, who made the drawings of the fructification in plate XIII. Fig. 4. ''a'', ''a'', ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''d''....
: "''aaa'' florem; ''b'' pistillum (sed non satis explicatum); ''c'' semen maturum; ''d'' sectionem transversam ejusdem exhibtent, magnitudine naturali."[Fig. 1]

* Bard, Samuel, March 16, 1766, letter from London to Mary Bard (McVickar, 1822: 86-87)<ref name="McVickar">McVickar 1822</ref>
: "Were I a man of fortune… I would have… in my gardens, [[alcoves]] and [[temples]] dedicated to the memory of my best friends, and adorned with their portraits. By these means, I could never experience the fatigue of being tired of myself; for thus I could always enjoy the choicest company, without the interruption of idle intruders."

* Bard, Samuel, July 22, 1776, letter from New York to Mary Bard at Hyde Park (McVickar, 1822: 106)<ref name="McVickar">McVickar, 1822</ref>
: “My little garden is in full luxuriance; it looks really beautiful, but alone, I cannot enjoy it. Oh! How I long for the time when we shall chase our little folks around the [[walks]], and together cultivate and adorn it.”

* Bard, Samuel, February 27, 1799, letter from Hyde Park to Sally Bard in New York (Langstaff 1942: 200)<ref>Langstaff, 1942, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Today for the first time I walk as far as my barnyard—looked at my pigs, my cattle and my workmen & proposed to Caesar to begin our hot beds.... 
: "I beg you or [[David Hosack|Dr. Hosack]] will write to [[William Prince, Jr.|Mr. Prince]] at [[Prince Nursery (Flushing, N.Y.)|Flushing]] for twelve good roots of the sweet scented monthly Honeysuckle to be sent immediately to you at [[David Hosack|Doctor Hosack's]] so that you may send them by the first boat of which you shall have notice hence. Your letter is to be sent to the house formerly Gains book store Hanover Square [New York] where get for me one of [[William Prince, Jr.|Princes]] last catalogues & send to me with the plants— by no means neglect this immediately, we do not know how soon the river will open."

* <div id="Brief"></div>''A Brief Account of the New-York Hospital'', 1804 (1804: 3) <ref>''A Brief Account of the New-York Hospital'' (New York: Isaac Collins & Son, 1804), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AGIRFXCC view on Zotero]</ref>[[#Brief_cite|back up to history]]
: "The grounds belonging to the [New York] Hospital were, in 1801, inclosed with a brick [[wall]] and converted into gardens for the accommodation and benefit of convalescent patients....
: "The site of the hospital is elevated, and is one of the most agreeable on New-York Island.... The gardens are planted with fruit and forest trees, and afford agreeable refreshing [[walk]]s to valetudinary and convalescent patients; the situation being high, open and airy, possesses extraordinary advantages for the enjoyment of fresh and salubrious breezes."

* ''An Account of the New-York Hospital'', 1811 (1811: 11) <ref>''An Account of the New-York Hospital'' (New York: Collins & Co., 1811), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/64Q6DV2I view on Zotero]</ref>
: "The edifice is crowned with a handsome cupola, which affords a most extensive and [[picturesque]] [[view]] of the city, harbour and adjacent country. There is an excellent [[Kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], and the grounds are laid out in [[walk]]s, planted with fruit and ornamental trees, for the benefit of convalescent patients. There is also a large and well constructed [[Icehouse|ice-house]], a [[Bath/Bathhouse|bathing house]], and convenient stables."

* Bard, Samuel, December 25, 1820, letter from Hyde Park to his son (McVickar, 1822: 236-37)
: “I walk, ride, and amuse myself, out of doors with my [[greenhouse|green-house]], and in doors, with my little transparent orrery; to which I am contemplating some additions and familiar illustrations.
: “My [[greenhouse|green-house]] and flower-stands afford me considerable amusement. The plants flourish exceedingly: I spent two hours among them yesterday, and shall do so occasionally this winter…. Every plant, from the royal orange and myrtle to the humble crocus, in fragrance, grace, and beauty, perform their part to admiration: and although they excite no passion of fear or mirth, of love or alarm, yet they do better, — they calm all my passions, sooth disappointment, and even mitigate the feelings of sorrow.”

* Bard, Samuel, n.d. [c. 1820], letter to an unknown correspondent (McVickar: 1822: 237)
: “I…now begin to enjoy the spring by riding on horseback, and amusing myself in my garden; but I do both with caution. When it is fair over head, but damp under foot, I ride my poney into the garden to give directions, and to see my plants bursting in to life, in which I take great delight. 
: “I have several beautiful and rare plants coming forward; and I watch their progress with an interest which, by many people, would be thought trifling in a man of four score: but I appease my conscience by the innocency of the pursuit, and my inability for such as are more active.”

* <div id="Mitchill"></div>Mitchill, Samuel Latham, November 5, 1821, "A Discourse on the Life and Character of Samuel Bard" (Mitchill: 1821: 12-13)<ref>Mitchill, 1821, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9TDJ8HA view on Zotero].</ref>[[#Mitchill_cite|back up to history]]
: “With the intention of encouraging the study of Scottish plants, and particularly of stimulating young gentlemen at the university to search for them and to know them, Dr. Hope offered a gold medal as a premium for the best herbarium or collection of dried plants, growing spontaneously within ten miles of Edinburgh. Bard obtained this testimonial of superior skill, in collecting, arranging, and preserving the vegetable species of that vicinity. It is reported that he had received the rudiments of the science from [[Jane Colden|Miss Colden]], daughter of [[Cadwallader Colden|Dr. Colden]]...; and that he had repaid the young lady for her instruction, by making figures and drawings of plants for her. It hence appears that before he left home, he was a tolerable proficient in that useful and charming art.... 
: “A book of the plants then exhibited, is yet extant. It was presented to me some years ago, by Charles Buxton, M.D. It is a large folio, in strong binding, and lettered ''E plantis circa Edinam natis. C.'' By the letter C, it would seem that it was only one of several; or, that at least there were two more; of this, however, I am uninformed. The present volume contains about one hundred plants, glued to sheets of white paper, and these laid between larger sheets of purple paper. Their scientific names, their places of growth, and the season of gathering, are distinctly written on the opposite page. They are mostly in good preservation, after a lapse of fifty-seven years. In particular, the Conium maculatum, Parnassia palustris, Alisma plantago, AEsculus hippocastanum, Fragaria vesca, Geum rivale, Agrimonia eupatoria, Spiraea filipendula, Rubus idaeus, Papaver rhaeas, Stachys sylvatica, and Urtica diocia, look exceedingly natural.”

* <div id="McVickar_155"></div>McVickar, John, 1822, ''A Domestic Narrative of the Life of Samuel Bard, M. D., LL. D.'' (1822: 155) <ref name="McVickar">McVickar, 1822</ref>[[#McVickar_155_cite|back up to history]]
: "As a relaxation from business, Dr. Bard peculiarly prized the enjoyment of his garden and [[conservatory]], which were stored with the choicest native and exotic plants. The pleasure he took in them was almost a peculiar sense: nor was it to him, as he asserted, without its moral uses. He has often told the writer, that nothing calmed and soothed his mind like a walk among his plants and flowers; and that he used it as a specific against the petty cares and anxieties of life.”

*McVickar, John, 1822, describing Samuel Bard's gardening at [[Hyde Park]] (1822: 207-10)<ref name="McVickar">McVickar, 1822</ref>
: "Increasing years rendering the care of his large establishment too great a burthen, he transferred the management of it to his son... disburthening him of many cares, and leaving him free to his favourite employments in the [[greenhouse|green house]] and garden.
: "To the favourite occupations just mentioned [[Samuel Bard|Dr. Bard]] now devoted himself with an ardour which made them seem rather a change of labour, than a respite from it. In the flowers and fruits of the garden he became a learned and skilful horticulturist,— conversed, read, and wrote, upon the subject,— laid exactions on all his friends who could aid him in obtaining what was rare, beautiful, or excellent, in its kind, —drew from England its smaller fruits,— the larger ones from France, melons from Italy, and vines from Madeira,— managing them all with a varied yet experimental skill, which baffled the comprehension of minds of slower perception. These plans, though novel, were, in general, judicious; being the result of much reading, and long experience, and above all, of an imagination trained to what Bacon terms 'tentative experiments'.
: "In the construction of a [[conservatory]] he displayed much of this talent, it being the first, in that northern climate, which substituted, with success, the heat of fermentation for the more expensive and dangerous one of combustion. In this, during the severity of the winter, he would often pass the greater part of the day, engaged in his usual occupations of reading and writing, or his favourite amusement of chess; and welcoming his friends who called upon him, to use his own sportive language, to the 'little tropical region of his own creation'."

* <div id="William_pockets"></div>Bard, William [or Eliza?], ca. 1822, on botanical instruction by Samuel Bard (McVickar, 1822: 181-82)<ref>McVickar, 1822, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8NP6WKE8 view on Zotero]. For attribution of letter to Eliza Bard, see Langstaff, 1942, 209-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X4BCENGC view on Zotero].</ref>[[#William_pockets_cite|back up to history]]
: "The principal part of my instruction he took upon himself.... Our studies [of drawing and botany] generally ended with a walk in the woods, or a scramble among the rocks, in which I delighted to follow him. His pockets, on such excursions, were generally filled with such new plants as we could collect; affording a botanical lesson for the day, and specimens for future illustration. I had a little of his own fondness for drawing and plants, and look back with delight on the pleasure and employment I thus afforded him. An illustration of the system of [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], and subsequently, of Miss [Frances Arabella] Rowden’s botany [''A Poetical Introduction to the Study of Botany'' (1801)], was the manner in which he made me unite these studies; ornamenting every page or two with a group or basket of flowers, with some appropriate sentence, either from Scripture, or our best poets...."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
Image:2021.jpg|William de la Cour and Samuel Bard, ''Rheum Palmaatum Linn.'' 1765, ''Philosophical Transactions...for the Year 1765'', vol. 55 (London: Royal Society, 1766), Plate XIII.

Image:2022.jpg|C. Milbourne, “First New York Hospital,” 1818, drawing, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center Archives Image Collection

Image:2023.jpg|John R. Murray, ''View of the New-York Hospital'', 1808, line engraving, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center Archives Image Collection.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[https://www.nysoclib.org/collection/ledger/people/bard_samuel New York Society Library circulation records for Samuel Bard]
[http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/22/5/682.full Exotic Plant Inventory, Landscape Survey, and Invasiveness Assessment: Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites, Hyde Park, NY]
[http://www.stjameshydepark.org/sjhistory.htm St. James' Episcopal Church, Hyde Park]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:People|Last name, First name]]

Virgil Warder

2016-01-21T12:16:03Z

R-asleson: /* Other Resources */

'''Virgil Warder''' (1713-after 1793) was an African American slave who served for many years as gardener at [[Springettsbury]], the Penn family estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia.

==History==
Virgil Warder spent his early life at Grove Place, a plantation in Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, owned by Joseph Warder (d. 1775).<ref>For information on Grove Place and the Warder family, see John Woolf Jordan, ed., ''Colonial Families of Philadelphia'', 2 vols. (New York and Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1911), 2: 1405-06, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VSVCX46V view on Zotero].</ref> He was about twenty years old when Joseph Warder sold him to Thomas Penn (1702-1775), a fellow Quaker, on January 26, 1734.<ref>Bill of sale of the negro “Virgill” from Joseph Warder to Thomas Penn, January 26, 1734, in Charles M. Andrews and Frances G. Davenport, ''Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783 in the British Museum, in Minor London Archives, and in the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge'' (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1908), 358, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4WECQS2 view on Zotero]; G. M. Justice, May 4, 1844, “Wm. Penn—Not a Slaveholder at the Time of his Death,” ''The Living Age'' 8 (1846): 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; Jordan, 1911, 2: 1405-06, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kc2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false view on Zotero].</ref> Penn had arrived in Pennsylvania from England two years earlier in order to assume the role of Proprietor. Warder is variously described as his "house servant" and "body servant" (valet). According to the Philadelphia brewer and revolutionary leader Timothy Matlack (1736-1829), Warder also worked as a laborer under the charge of Penn's gardener, James Alexander (d. 1778), most likely after Penn's return to England in 1741. Although Matlack locates Warder and Alexander at [[Pennsbury]], the Penn family's plantation in Morrisville, contempory sources make clear that Warder actually worked at [[Springettsbury]], the suburban estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia, established in the 1680s by Pennsylvania's original Proprietor [[William Penn]].<ref>For errors made by Matlack and others in their accounts of Virgil Warder, see: J.R.T., "Appendix.--Referred to in a Preceding Column," ''The Friend'', 18 (1845): 155, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZNJ9E63 view on Zotero]; Justice, 1846, 617,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; William Watts Hart Davis, ''The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time'' (Doylestown, Pa.: Democrat Book and Job Office Print, 1876), 182, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E32THG7X view on Zotero].</ref> Traces of Warder's agricultural activities survive in a bill issued to Thomas Penn on April 7, 1752 for “a scythe for Virgil’s use" and “2 whetstones for d[itt]o."<ref>In addition, on August 22, 1766 Penn was charged for Warden's public whipping ("Wiping at Publick Post") and board for three days in jail; Justice, 1846, 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]. </ref> Following James Alexander's death in 1778, Warder assumed his responsibilities, taking charge of the garden and [[greenhouse]]. He became a well-known fixture of the place, conducting visitors through the gardens and [[greenhouse]]. Both [[Deborah Norris Logan]] and [[Elizabeth Drinker]] recalled the “curious aloe,” originally planted by James Alexander and subsequently cultivated by Warder. When it finally bloomed in August 1778, Warder was besieged by curious crowds from Philadelphia who came to see it ([[#White|view text]]).<ref>Elizabeth Drinker, ''Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759 to 1807 A.D.'', ed. Henry D. Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1889), 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero].</ref>

Warder was named in the will of Deborah Morris (1724-1793), a daughter of the wealthy Quaker brewer and politician Anthony Morris (1682-1763) and the owner of extensive property in her own right. In her will, dated March 16, 1793, Morris directed her executors to sell "my lot of ground in Seventh Street in the said city [Philadelphia], now in the tenure of Virgil Warder a blackman."<ref>Robert C. Moon, ''The Morris Family of Philadelphia, Descendants of Anthony Morris, 1654-1721'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Robert C. Moon, M. D., 1898), 1: 287, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref> Although the extent of Warder's relationship with Morris is unknown, her will indicates that she shared his interest in ancient Philadelphia gardens, and that she was highly sympathetic to the plight of enslaved African Americans. The ancestral Philadelphia mansion in which she lived had been erected around 1686 by her grandfather in Mulberry Court, which backed up to the lot on Seventh Street occupied by Warder. The house featured a garden that Morris went to extraordinary lengths to protect in perpetuity through the terms of her will.<ref>"The owner of the several messuages and lots, in this clause mentioned, shall not build nor suffer any building to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of my said dwelling-house, nor open, nor permit, or suffer to be opened, if they can in any wise prevent it, an alley through the court, in which my said dwelling-house is situated.... I do declare this devise and several successive estates hereby limited and created to be subject to the same conditions, as to building on the garden lot, or opening the alley as area in the last preceding devise expressed.... Being desirous that the Court in which I now dwell, shall be kept open for the health, and convenience of the inhabitants, I direct that the garden lots herein before mentioned shall be always left open, and unbuilt on, and that the lot on which my store room lately stood, shall be left open for public use, as part of the said Court, and to enlarge the way therein." See Moon, 1898, 1: 290-94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref> Morris's will also made provisions for four annuities to benefit the Society of Friends' Free Negro School in Philadelphia. Toward the end of the document, she articulated the sense of injustice that motivated her generosity: "And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage."<ref>Moon, 1898, 1: 296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref>

As a result of his longevity (already about eighty years old at the time he was mentioned in Deborah Morris's will) and his long period of service at [[Springettsbury]], one of Philadelphia's oldest estates, Warder was viewed as a living historic relic by younger generations of Philadelphians. His wife, Susannah (1701-1809), the daughter of a cook at [[Pennsbury]], was even more celebrated for long life than her husband. When she died at the extraordinary age of 109, her obituary appeared in numerous American and British newspapers and journals.<ref>"Obituary, with Anecdotes, of Remarkable Persons," ''Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review'', 79 (1809): 885, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CS6ZZV4B view on Zotero]; "Deaths Abroad," ''Monthly Magazine'', 28 (1809): 546, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M3TC27N3 view on Zotero]; "Deaths," ''The Scots Magazine'', 71 (1809): 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2WWCH7I3 view on Zotero];
"Deaths Abroad," ''The European Magazine and London Review'', 56 (1809), 237, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FPGZGU6G view on Zotero]; ''Maryland Gazette'', July 19, 1809, in Robert Barnes, ''Marriages and Deaths from the Maryland Gazette, 1727-1839'' (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1973), 191,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CS3SCJEQ view on Zotero]. See also Thomas Bailey, ''Records of Longevity, with an Introductory Discourse on Vital Statistics'' (London: Darton & Co., 1857), 389, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AT59UUNB view on Zotero].</ref> In recognition of their many years of faithful service, both Warders reportedly received an annuity from the Penn family. It is unclear whether they also received their freedom.<ref>George A. Martin, "Biographical Notes from the 'Maryland Gazette,' 1800-1810," ''Maryland Historical Magazine'', 42 (September 1947), 177, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WBUFUI7H view on Zotero]; Justice, 1846: 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants, and of the ... Inland Part of Pennsylvania from the Days of the Founders'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Penington, 1844), 2: 479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero] 2: 479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GNIVQS8S view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Obituary of Susanna Warder, July 7, 1809, Poulson's American Daily Advertiser<ref>''Poulson's American Daily Advertiser'' (Philadelphia, Pa.), July 7, 1809, 3, http://boards.ancestry.pl/surnames.warder/62/mb.ashx accessed 9/21/2015.</ref>
: "DIED, on the 30th of last month, in the hundred and ninth year of her age, Susanna Warder, formerly the wife of Virgil Warder, who was one of the house servants of [[William Penn]] [''sic''], proprietor of Pennsylvania.
: "This aged black woman, (a daughter of one of his cooks) was born at his mansion house in [[Pennsbury]] Manor, in March 1701, being the same year in which he left the province on his return to England.
: "At that time, Philadelphia, now the largest city in the United States, was a [[wilderness]], the inhabitants of which were chiefly Indians, of the Delaware and other tribes.
: "Susanna was tall and streight in her person, graceful in all her deportments, agreeable in her manners, and temperate in her speech and mode of living.
: "Her memory was good, and her sight, which improved towards the close of her life, remarkably clear; but of late time she became hard of hearing.
: "The Penn family, respecting her faithful services in the time of her youth, allowed an annual sum to support her comfortably, when she was not able to work, to the end of her days."

* Timothy Matlack, January 11, 1817, letter to William Findley (Pickering 1826: 185)<ref>Timothy Pickering, "Letters on the Origin and Progress of Attempts for the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania," ''Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 8, 2nd series (1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G5KG6DQ6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Penn left a family of slaves behind him; one of which I have often conversed with, and he always spoke of himself as Penn’s body servant: He lived to extreme old age, and continued a gardener at [[Pennsbury]]-house [sic], near this city, comfortably provided for to the last of his days."

* <div id="White"></div>[[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], October 10, 1826, diary entry (quoted in White, 2008: 19)<ref>Sharon White, ''Vanished Gardens: Finding Nature in Philadelphia'' (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS view on Zotero]</ref>[[#White_cite|back up to history]]
: "The Gardens of [[Springettsbury|Springetsbury]] were in full beauty in my youth, and were really very agreeable after the old fashion, with [[Parterre]]s, Gravelled [[Walk]]s, a [[Labyrinth]] of Horn-beam and a little [[wilderness]] — And the [[Grenhouse|Green house]], under the Superintendence of Old Virgil the Gardener, produced a flowering Aloe which almost half the town went to see, produced a comfortable Revenue to the old man — Soon after the house was burned down by accident; and now quantities of the yellow Blossoms of Broom in spring time mark the place...'where once the garden smiled'."

* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1830, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1830: 534)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Fathers'' (Philadelphia and New York: E. L. Carey & A. Hart and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PTREQIN view on Zotero]. This account by Fanning and the one below contain several errors. William Penn is confused with Thomas Penn and the death dates of both Warders is incorrect.</ref>
: "There were black people, whose surname was Warder. They had been house servants of [[William Penn]] [''sic''], and because of their great age were provided for by the Penn family, living in the kitchen part of the house at [[Springettsbury|Springetsbury]]. Virgil was probably upwards of 100 years of age when he died. His wife died in 1782; and there is something concerning both of them to be seen published in Bradford’s Gazette of that time. The aged Timothy Matlack told me he remembered talking with Virgil often about the year 1745, and that he was then quite grey headed, but very active. When Matlack saw him there he was under charge of James Alexander, the gardener."

* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1844, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1844: 2:478-79)<ref> Watson, 1844,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero]. Watson's account contains several erroneous dates.</ref>
: ''[[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]]''...was once cultivated in the style of a gentleman’s [[seat]], and occupied by the Penn family….
: "Celebrated as it was, for its display and beauty, now almost nothing remains…. Its former [[grove]]s of tall cedars, and ranges of catalpa trees are no more. For many years the Penn family continued to have the place kept up in appearance, even after they ceased to make it a residence. James Alexander, called Penn’s gardener, occupied the premises; and old Virgil Warder, and his wife, servant—blacks, lived there to an old age, occupying the kitchen as their home, on an annuity (as it was said) from the Penn family— paid to them till their deaths, about the year 1782-83. For many years, the young people of the city— before the war of Independence, visited [[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]] in May time, to gather flowers, and to talk with and see old gray-headed Virgil, who had always much to say about the Penns of former days. It was all enchanted ground to the young—…
: "In the year 1777 [sic], old Virgil had quite a harvest, derived from the blooming there— a great wonder then— of the great American aloe, which had long been nursed in the [[greenhouse|green-house]]. It was visited by many— and all had their gifts ready for the old black man.
: "The garden had evergreens, made into [[arbor|arbours]], and nicely trimmed and clipped in formal array. There was also a seeming [[wilderness]] of shade, with gravel paths meandering through, & c."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:People|Warder, Virgil]]

Virgil Warder

2016-01-21T12:12:05Z

R-asleson:

'''Virgil Warder''' (1713-after 1793) was an African American slave who served for many years as gardener at [[Springettsbury]], the Penn family estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia.

==History==
Virgil Warder spent his early life at Grove Place, a plantation in Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, owned by Joseph Warder (d. 1775).<ref>For information on Grove Place and the Warder family, see John Woolf Jordan, ed., ''Colonial Families of Philadelphia'', 2 vols. (New York and Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1911), 2: 1405-06, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VSVCX46V view on Zotero].</ref> He was about twenty years old when Joseph Warder sold him to Thomas Penn (1702-1775), a fellow Quaker, on January 26, 1734.<ref>Bill of sale of the negro “Virgill” from Joseph Warder to Thomas Penn, January 26, 1734, in Charles M. Andrews and Frances G. Davenport, ''Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783 in the British Museum, in Minor London Archives, and in the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge'' (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1908), 358, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G4WECQS2 view on Zotero]; G. M. Justice, May 4, 1844, “Wm. Penn—Not a Slaveholder at the Time of his Death,” ''The Living Age'' 8 (1846): 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; Jordan, 1911, 2: 1405-06, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3kc2AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false view on Zotero].</ref> Penn had arrived in Pennsylvania from England two years earlier in order to assume the role of Proprietor. Warder is variously described as his "house servant" and "body servant" (valet). According to the Philadelphia brewer and revolutionary leader Timothy Matlack (1736-1829), Warder also worked as a laborer under the charge of Penn's gardener, James Alexander (d. 1778), most likely after Penn's return to England in 1741. Although Matlack locates Warder and Alexander at [[Pennsbury]], the Penn family's plantation in Morrisville, contempory sources make clear that Warder actually worked at [[Springettsbury]], the suburban estate on the outskirts of Philadelphia, established in the 1680s by Pennsylvania's original Proprietor [[William Penn]].<ref>For errors made by Matlack and others in their accounts of Virgil Warder, see: J.R.T., "Appendix.--Referred to in a Preceding Column," ''The Friend'', 18 (1845): 155, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZNJ9E63 view on Zotero]; Justice, 1846, 617,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; William Watts Hart Davis, ''The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time'' (Doylestown, Pa.: Democrat Book and Job Office Print, 1876), 182, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E32THG7X view on Zotero].</ref> Traces of Warder's agricultural activities survive in a bill issued to Thomas Penn on April 7, 1752 for “a scythe for Virgil’s use" and “2 whetstones for d[itt]o."<ref>In addition, on August 22, 1766 Penn was charged for Warden's public whipping ("Wiping at Publick Post") and board for three days in jail; Justice, 1846, 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]. </ref> Following James Alexander's death in 1778, Warder assumed his responsibilities, taking charge of the garden and [[greenhouse]]. He became a well-known fixture of the place, conducting visitors through the gardens and [[greenhouse]]. Both [[Deborah Norris Logan]] and [[Elizabeth Drinker]] recalled the “curious aloe,” originally planted by James Alexander and subsequently cultivated by Warder. When it finally bloomed in August 1778, Warder was besieged by curious crowds from Philadelphia who came to see it ([[#White|view text]]).<ref>Elizabeth Drinker, ''Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759 to 1807 A.D.'', ed. Henry D. Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1889), 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero].</ref>

Warder was named in the will of Deborah Morris (1724-1793), a daughter of the wealthy Quaker brewer and politician Anthony Morris (1682-1763) and the owner of extensive property in her own right. In her will, dated March 16, 1793, Morris directed her executors to sell "my lot of ground in Seventh Street in the said city [Philadelphia], now in the tenure of Virgil Warder a blackman."<ref>Robert C. Moon, ''The Morris Family of Philadelphia, Descendants of Anthony Morris, 1654-1721'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Robert C. Moon, M. D., 1898), 1: 287, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref> Although the extent of Warder's relationship with Morris is unknown, her will indicates that she shared his interest in ancient Philadelphia gardens, and that she was highly sympathetic to the plight of enslaved African Americans. The ancestral Philadelphia mansion in which she lived had been erected around 1686 by her grandfather in Mulberry Court, which backed up to the lot on Seventh Street occupied by Warder. The house featured a garden that Morris went to extraordinary lengths to protect in perpetuity through the terms of her will.<ref>"The owner of the several messuages and lots, in this clause mentioned, shall not build nor suffer any building to be erected in the garden spot, on the south end of my said dwelling-house, nor open, nor permit, or suffer to be opened, if they can in any wise prevent it, an alley through the court, in which my said dwelling-house is situated.... I do declare this devise and several successive estates hereby limited and created to be subject to the same conditions, as to building on the garden lot, or opening the alley as area in the last preceding devise expressed.... Being desirous that the Court in which I now dwell, shall be kept open for the health, and convenience of the inhabitants, I direct that the garden lots herein before mentioned shall be always left open, and unbuilt on, and that the lot on which my store room lately stood, shall be left open for public use, as part of the said Court, and to enlarge the way therein." See Moon, 1898, 1: 290-94, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref> Morris's will also made provisions for four annuities to benefit the Society of Friends' Free Negro School in Philadelphia. Toward the end of the document, she articulated the sense of injustice that motivated her generosity: "And before I conclude my will, I feel it necessary to mention that I hope none of my dear relatives will think my donations in favor of the free negro school too large, as it appears to me to be a debt due to the posterity of those whom our predecessors kept in bondage."<ref>Moon, 1898, 1: 296, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QNZ4VG4N view on Zotero].</ref>

As a result of his longevity (already about eighty years old at the time he was mentioned in Deborah Morris's will) and his long period of service at [[Springettsbury]], one of Philadelphia's oldest estates, Warder was viewed as a living historic relic by younger generations of Philadelphians. His wife, Susannah (1701-1809), the daughter of a cook at [[Pennsbury]], was even more celebrated for long life than her husband. When she died at the extraordinary age of 109, her obituary appeared in numerous American and British newspapers and journals.<ref>"Obituary, with Anecdotes, of Remarkable Persons," ''Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review'', 79 (1809): 885, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CS6ZZV4B view on Zotero]; "Deaths Abroad," ''Monthly Magazine'', 28 (1809): 546, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/M3TC27N3 view on Zotero]; "Deaths," ''The Scots Magazine'', 71 (1809): 216, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2WWCH7I3 view on Zotero];
"Deaths Abroad," ''The European Magazine and London Review'', 56 (1809), 237, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FPGZGU6G view on Zotero]; ''Maryland Gazette'', July 19, 1809, in Robert Barnes, ''Marriages and Deaths from the Maryland Gazette, 1727-1839'' (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1973), 191,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CS3SCJEQ view on Zotero]. See also Thomas Bailey, ''Records of Longevity, with an Introductory Discourse on Vital Statistics'' (London: Darton & Co., 1857), 389, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AT59UUNB view on Zotero].</ref> In recognition of their many years of faithful service, both Warders reportedly received an annuity from the Penn family. It is unclear whether they also received their freedom.<ref>George A. Martin, "Biographical Notes from the 'Maryland Gazette,' 1800-1810," ''Maryland Historical Magazine'', 42 (September 1947), 177, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WBUFUI7H view on Zotero]; Justice, 1846: 617, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MU9NKQD6 view on Zotero]; John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants, and of the ... Inland Part of Pennsylvania from the Days of the Founders'', 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Penington, 1844), 2: 479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero] 2: 479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GNIVQS8S view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Obituary of Susanna Warder, July 7, 1809, Poulson's American Daily Advertiser<ref>''Poulson's American Daily Advertiser'' (Philadelphia, Pa.), July 7, 1809, 3, http://boards.ancestry.pl/surnames.warder/62/mb.ashx accessed 9/21/2015.</ref>
: "DIED, on the 30th of last month, in the hundred and ninth year of her age, Susanna Warder, formerly the wife of Virgil Warder, who was one of the house servants of [[William Penn]] [''sic''], proprietor of Pennsylvania.
: "This aged black woman, (a daughter of one of his cooks) was born at his mansion house in [[Pennsbury]] Manor, in March 1701, being the same year in which he left the province on his return to England.
: "At that time, Philadelphia, now the largest city in the United States, was a [[wilderness]], the inhabitants of which were chiefly Indians, of the Delaware and other tribes.
: "Susanna was tall and streight in her person, graceful in all her deportments, agreeable in her manners, and temperate in her speech and mode of living.
: "Her memory was good, and her sight, which improved towards the close of her life, remarkably clear; but of late time she became hard of hearing.
: "The Penn family, respecting her faithful services in the time of her youth, allowed an annual sum to support her comfortably, when she was not able to work, to the end of her days."

* Timothy Matlack, January 11, 1817, letter to William Findley (Pickering 1826: 185)<ref>Timothy Pickering, "Letters on the Origin and Progress of Attempts for the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania," ''Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society'' 8, 2nd series (1826), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G5KG6DQ6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Penn left a family of slaves behind him; one of which I have often conversed with, and he always spoke of himself as Penn’s body servant: He lived to extreme old age, and continued a gardener at [[Pennsbury]]-house [sic], near this city, comfortably provided for to the last of his days."

* <div id="White"></div>[[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], October 10, 1826, diary entry (quoted in White, 2008: 19)<ref>Sharon White, ''Vanished Gardens: Finding Nature in Philadelphia'' (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS view on Zotero]</ref>[[#White_cite|back up to history]]
: "The Gardens of [[Springettsbury|Springetsbury]] were in full beauty in my youth, and were really very agreeable after the old fashion, with [[Parterre]]s, Gravelled [[Walk]]s, a [[Labyrinth]] of Horn-beam and a little [[wilderness]] — And the [[Grenhouse|Green house]], under the Superintendence of Old Virgil the Gardener, produced a flowering Aloe which almost half the town went to see, produced a comfortable Revenue to the old man — Soon after the house was burned down by accident; and now quantities of the yellow Blossoms of Broom in spring time mark the place...'where once the garden smiled'."

* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1830, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1830: 534)<ref>John Fanning Watson, ''Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Fathers'' (Philadelphia and New York: E. L. Carey & A. Hart and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4PTREQIN view on Zotero]. This account by Fanning and the one below contain several errors. William Penn is confused with Thomas Penn and the death dates of both Warders is incorrect.</ref>
: "There were black people, whose surname was Warder. They had been house servants of [[William Penn]] [''sic''], and because of their great age were provided for by the Penn family, living in the kitchen part of the house at [[Springettsbury|Springetsbury]]. Virgil was probably upwards of 100 years of age when he died. His wife died in 1782; and there is something concerning both of them to be seen published in Bradford’s Gazette of that time. The aged Timothy Matlack told me he remembered talking with Virgil often about the year 1745, and that he was then quite grey headed, but very active. When Matlack saw him there he was under charge of James Alexander, the gardener."

* [[John Fanning Watson|Watson, John Fanning]], 1844, ''Annals of Philadelphia'' (1844: 2:478-79)<ref> Watson, 1844,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero]. Watson's account contains several erroneous dates.</ref>
: ''[[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]]''...was once cultivated in the style of a gentleman’s [[seat]], and occupied by the Penn family….
: "Celebrated as it was, for its display and beauty, now almost nothing remains…. Its former [[grove]]s of tall cedars, and ranges of catalpa trees are no more. For many years the Penn family continued to have the place kept up in appearance, even after they ceased to make it a residence. James Alexander, called Penn’s gardener, occupied the premises; and old Virgil Warder, and his wife, servant—blacks, lived there to an old age, occupying the kitchen as their home, on an annuity (as it was said) from the Penn family— paid to them till their deaths, about the year 1782-83. For many years, the young people of the city— before the war of Independence, visited [[Springettsbury|Springettsberry]] in May time, to gather flowers, and to talk with and see old gray-headed Virgil, who had always much to say about the Penns of former days. It was all enchanted ground to the young—…
: "In the year 1777 [sic], old Virgil had quite a harvest, derived from the blooming there— a great wonder then— of the great American aloe, which had long been nursed in the [[greenhouse|green-house]]. It was visited by many— and all had their gifts ready for the old black man.
: "The garden had evergreens, made into [[arbor|arbours]], and nicely trimmed and clipped in formal array. There was also a seeming [[wilderness]] of shade, with gravel paths meandering through, & c."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[https://rocklib.omeka.net/items/show/447 Will of Deborah Norris, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:People|Warder, Virgil]]

Washington Monument (Baltimore, MD)

2016-01-21T12:10:58Z

R-asleson:

The '''Washington Monument (Baltimore)''' is the centerpiece of an urban [[park]] with four radiating [[square]]s in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. It is the earliest major commemorative structure planned in honor of [[George Washington]], commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of the United States. When completed, the 165-foot pedestal, [[column/pillar|column]], and base constituted the tallest columnar structure in the world. <ref> Pamela Scott, "Robert Mills and American Monuments," in ''Robert Mills, Architect,'' ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 150, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]. </ref> The monument’s fame attracted tourists, wealthy residents, and cultural institutions to Mount Vernon Place and initiated a wave of commemorative projects that led President [[John Quincy Adams]] to dub Baltimore “The Monumental City” during a visit in 1827. <ref> "Baltimore, October 17," ''Salem [Massachusetts] Gazette'' (October 23, 1827), 2, cited in "Baltimore," ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia'', http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore&oldid=640828638 (accessed January 13, 2015).</ref>

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:'''

'''Site Dates:'''1813-1838

'''Site Owner(s):''' 
Managed by the non-profit Mount Vernon Place Conservancy in partnership with the City of Baltimore. 

'''Site Designer(s):''' Robert Mills

'''Location:''' Baltimore, Md. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Washington+Monument+%26+Museum/@39.2991161,-76.6158953,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x3e8f35de099a189d View on Google maps]

==History==

[[File:0829.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], “Elevation of the Principal Fronts,” Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1814.]]

In 1810 a group of Baltimore citizens began raising funds by lottery for a monument in [[George Washington|Washington]]’s honor. At the request of the managers of the Baltimore Washington Monument Society, the French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765-c.1838) submitted a variety of design possibilities, including an equestrian [[statue]] framed by a triumphal [[arch]]; a [[fountain]] within a rotunda; and a public [[square]] containing a [[statue]] of [[George Washington|Washington]] surrounded by trophies. <ref> J. Jefferson Miller, "The Designs for the Washington Monument in Baltimore," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historian'', 23 (1964): 19-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5VX37FEW view on Zotero]. </ref> None of these plans was adopted, and in 1813 the managers opened an international design competition that attracted entries from non-American artists, including the French neo-classical architect and landscape architect Joseph-Jacques Ramée (1764-1842). The committee preferred not to give the commission to a foreigner, however, expressing the wish that “American artists will evince by their production that there will be no occasion to resort to any other country for a monument to the memory of their illustrious Fellow citizen.”<ref> Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781-1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]. </ref>

In 1814 the committee awarded the commission to the American architect [[Robert Mills]], who had drawn up a number of structurally and iconographically complex designs before settling on a massive pedestal resembling a Roman triumphal [[arch]] as the base for a 120-foot Doric [[column/pillar|column]] surmounted by a sculpture of [[George Washington|Washington]] in a quadriga guided by a personification of Victory [Fig. 1]. [[Robert Mills|Mills]] observed that the Doric proportions “possess solidity, and simplicity of character, emblematic of that of the illustrious personage to whose memory it is dedicated, and harmonizing with the spirit of our Government.”<ref> William D. Hoyt, Jr., "Robert Mills and the Washington Monument in Baltimore" [Part One], ''Maryland Historical Magazine'', 35 (1940): 155 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> Despite his emphasis on simplicity, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] devised an elaborate decorative scheme for the [[column/pillar|column]] and its base to reinforce the monument’s memorial and didactic functions. Six ironwork balconies were to divide the [[column/pillar|column]] at graduated intervals so that visitors climbing the internal stairway could pass outside to examine the bands of inscriptions and relief sculptures memorializing [[George Washington|Washington]]’s accomplishments and other events in America’s revolutionary history. A viewing platform at the top of the [[column/pillar|column]] would provide [[view/vista|vistas]] of the surrounding scenery. <ref> John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 105-17 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Miller, 1964, 22-27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5VX37FEW view on Zotero]; Hoyt, 155-57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> The monument was to be located on a summit to the north of the city on land that had been part of [[Belvedere]], the estate of former Maryland governor and state senator, Col. John Eager Howard (1752-1827). <ref> Lance Humphries, "Baltimore and the City Beautiful: Carrère & Hastings Reshapes an American City," in ''Modernism and Landscape Architecture, 1890-1940,'' ed. Therese O’Malley and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, LV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2015), 250, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X29RH4U4 view on Zotero]. </ref>

Aesthetic concerns and lack of funding led to the radical simplification of [[Robert Mills|Mills]]’s design. <ref> Scott, 1989, 146-54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]. </ref> The monument ultimately took the form of an unadorned Doric [[column/pillar|column]] on a simple rectilinear base surmounted by a [[statue]] of [[George Washington|Washington]] resigning his military commission to the President of the Maryland Congress. The Italian sculptor Enrico Causici (1790-1833) won the competition to create the 14-foot marble [[statue]], which was set in place in 1829. <ref> Bryan, 2001, 208, 210-12, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref> Many of the ornamental motifs that [[Robert Mills|Mills]] had meticulously researched for the [[column/pillar|column]] and base were never added, despite his insistence that from a pedestrian’s perspective, they were “essentially requisite to give interest to the near view of the design, as without them there would be too great a degree of plain surface.” <ref> Catherine C. Lavoie, ''Washington Monument, Mount Vernon Place,'' Historic American Buildings Survey. Baltimore, Md., 2005, 13-14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref> From 1830 to 1838, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] designed and oversaw the production of a cast-iron [[fence]] enclosure. It incorporated a number of symbolic elements originally intended for the monument, including distinctly Federal motifs such as stars, ribbon-bound fasces, and battle-axes. <ref> Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]. </ref>

From the beginning, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] was concerned with the relationship of the monument to its surroundings, and his attention to the viewer’s experience of the site as a whole resulted in the development of a larger [[park]] setting than originally planned. In his initial proposal of 1813, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] had expressed the opinion that “Monuments isolated, or in the open air, should be towering, and commanding in their elevation, especially when they are encircled by a City, otherwise its popular intention is frustrated.” <ref> Hoyt, 1940, 154,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> The 1813 proposal included a description of the monument’s immediate surroundings, calling for a gravel [[walk]], eleven feet wide, enclosed by a white picket [[fence]] in an octagonal configuration, with an ornamental shade tree at each angle. <ref> Hoyt, 1940, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1820 [[Robert Mills|Mills]] reiterated his concern that “some place for a [[promenade]] for the public should be provided,” and during the 1830s, as the land around the monument was being divided into house lots, he urged widening the streets leading to the monument as well as the circular green space surrounding the base. “It would be a pity to have the space about the Mon[umen]t cramped,” he wrote in 1836. “Ample room here will be found not only ornamental but useful for many purposes, for the parade of troops, for great public meetings, etc.”<ref> Lavoie, 2005, 28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref>

A description published in 1848 documents many of the improvements requested by Mills and alludes to the undeveloped state of the four public [[squares]] that flanked the monument. The writer predicted: “When these spaces can be adorned with appropriate rows of trees, as well as embellished with marble [[fountains]] or [[basins]], and other ornaments…it will become one of the most delightful [[promenade]]s on this continent.” <ref> Lavoie, 2005, 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref> Shade trees, [[shrubbery]], sidewalks, and additional ornamental iron [[fence|fencing]] in keeping with that designed by [[Robert Mills|Mills]] were finally installed following passage of a city ordinance in 1850. <ref> Humphries, 2015, 251, https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X29RH4U4 view on Zotero]; Lavoie, 2005, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Resources==
Mount Vernon Place Conservancy website: http://mvpconservancy.org/history/

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0974.jpg|[[Joseph Jacques Ramée]], "Monument to the memory of general George Washington, to be erected at Baltimore," 1813.

Image:0829.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Elevation of the Principal Fronts," Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1814.

Image:2000.jpg|Robert Cary Long, Jr., Washington Monument and Howard's Park, c. 1829.

Image:1801.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1833.

Image:1985.jpg|[[W. H. Bartlett]], "Washington's Monument, Baltimore," in [[Nathaniel Parker Willis]], ''American Scenery'', Vol II (1840), pl. 47.

Image:0491.jpg|Edward Sachse, "Baltimore," 1850.

</gallery>

==Texts==

==Other Resources==
[http://mvpconservancy.org/history/ Washington Place Conservancy]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]] [[Category: Objects]]

Washington Monument (Baltimore, MD)

2016-01-21T12:07:34Z

R-asleson:

The '''Washington Monument (Baltimore)''' is the centerpiece of an urban [[park]] with four radiating [[square]]s in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. It is the earliest major commemorative structure planned in honor of [[George Washington]], commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of the United States. When completed, the 165-foot pedestal, [[column/pillar|column]], and base constituted the tallest columnar structure in the world. <ref> Pamela Scott, "Robert Mills and American Monuments," in ''Robert Mills, Architect,'' ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press, 1989), 150, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]. </ref> The monument’s fame attracted tourists, wealthy residents, and cultural institutions to Mount Vernon Place and initiated a wave of commemorative projects that led President [[John Quincy Adams]] to dub Baltimore “The Monumental City” during a visit in 1827. <ref> "Baltimore, October 17," ''Salem [Massachusetts] Gazette'' (October 23, 1827), 2, cited in "Baltimore," ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia'', http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore&oldid=640828638 (accessed January 13, 2015).</ref>

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:'''

'''Site Dates:'''1813-1838

'''Site Owner(s):''' 
Managed by the non-profit Mount Vernon Place Conservancy in partnership with the City of Baltimore. 

'''Site Designer(s):''' Robert Mills

'''Location:''' Baltimore, Md. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Washington+Monument+%26+Museum/@39.2991161,-76.6158953,16z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x3e8f35de099a189d View on Google maps]

'''Related Terms:''' [[Arch]], [[Column/Pillar]], [[Fence]], [[Fountain]], [[Obelisk]], [[Park]], [[Promenade]], [[Shrubbery]], [[Square]], [[Statue]], [[Vista]], [[Walk]]

==History==

[[File:0829.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], “Elevation of the Principal Fronts,” Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1814.]]

In 1810 a group of Baltimore citizens began raising funds by lottery for a monument in [[George Washington|Washington]]’s honor. At the request of the managers of the Baltimore Washington Monument Society, the French architect Maximilian Godefroy (1765-c.1838) submitted a variety of design possibilities, including an equestrian [[statue]] framed by a triumphal [[arch]]; a [[fountain]] within a rotunda; and a public [[square]] containing a [[statue]] of [[George Washington|Washington]] surrounded by trophies. <ref> J. Jefferson Miller, "The Designs for the Washington Monument in Baltimore," ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historian'', 23 (1964): 19-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5VX37FEW view on Zotero]. </ref> None of these plans was adopted, and in 1813 the managers opened an international design competition that attracted entries from non-American artists, including the French neo-classical architect and landscape architect Joseph-Jacques Ramée (1764-1842). The committee preferred not to give the commission to a foreigner, however, expressing the wish that “American artists will evince by their production that there will be no occasion to resort to any other country for a monument to the memory of their illustrious Fellow citizen.”<ref> Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781-1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]. </ref>

In 1814 the committee awarded the commission to the American architect [[Robert Mills]], who had drawn up a number of structurally and iconographically complex designs before settling on a massive pedestal resembling a Roman triumphal [[arch]] as the base for a 120-foot Doric [[column/pillar|column]] surmounted by a sculpture of [[George Washington|Washington]] in a quadriga guided by a personification of Victory [Fig. 1]. [[Robert Mills|Mills]] observed that the Doric proportions “possess solidity, and simplicity of character, emblematic of that of the illustrious personage to whose memory it is dedicated, and harmonizing with the spirit of our Government.”<ref> William D. Hoyt, Jr., "Robert Mills and the Washington Monument in Baltimore" [Part One], ''Maryland Historical Magazine'', 35 (1940): 155 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> Despite his emphasis on simplicity, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] devised an elaborate decorative scheme for the [[column/pillar|column]] and its base to reinforce the monument’s memorial and didactic functions. Six ironwork balconies were to divide the [[column/pillar|column]] at graduated intervals so that visitors climbing the internal stairway could pass outside to examine the bands of inscriptions and relief sculptures memorializing [[George Washington|Washington]]’s accomplishments and other events in America’s revolutionary history. A viewing platform at the top of the [[column/pillar|column]] would provide [[view/vista|vistas]] of the surrounding scenery. <ref> John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 105-17 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Miller, 1964, 22-27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5VX37FEW view on Zotero]; Hoyt, 155-57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> The monument was to be located on a summit to the north of the city on land that had been part of [[Belvedere]], the estate of former Maryland governor and state senator, Col. John Eager Howard (1752-1827). <ref> Lance Humphries, "Baltimore and the City Beautiful: Carrère & Hastings Reshapes an American City," in ''Modernism and Landscape Architecture, 1890-1940,'' ed. Therese O’Malley and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, LV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2015), 250, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X29RH4U4 view on Zotero]. </ref>

Aesthetic concerns and lack of funding led to the radical simplification of [[Robert Mills|Mills]]’s design. <ref> Scott, 1989, 146-54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]. </ref> The monument ultimately took the form of an unadorned Doric [[column/pillar|column]] on a simple rectilinear base surmounted by a [[statue]] of [[George Washington|Washington]] resigning his military commission to the President of the Maryland Congress. The Italian sculptor Enrico Causici (1790-1833) won the competition to create the 14-foot marble [[statue]], which was set in place in 1829. <ref> Bryan, 2001, 208, 210-12, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]. </ref> Many of the ornamental motifs that [[Robert Mills|Mills]] had meticulously researched for the [[column/pillar|column]] and base were never added, despite his insistence that from a pedestrian’s perspective, they were “essentially requisite to give interest to the near view of the design, as without them there would be too great a degree of plain surface.” <ref> Catherine C. Lavoie, ''Washington Monument, Mount Vernon Place,'' Historic American Buildings Survey. Baltimore, Md., 2005, 13-14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref> From 1830 to 1838, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] designed and oversaw the production of a cast-iron [[fence]] enclosure. It incorporated a number of symbolic elements originally intended for the monument, including distinctly Federal motifs such as stars, ribbon-bound fasces, and battle-axes. <ref> Robert L. Alexander, ''The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/K83SXMJP view on Zotero]. </ref>

From the beginning, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] was concerned with the relationship of the monument to its surroundings, and his attention to the viewer’s experience of the site as a whole resulted in the development of a larger [[park]] setting than originally planned. In his initial proposal of 1813, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] had expressed the opinion that “Monuments isolated, or in the open air, should be towering, and commanding in their elevation, especially when they are encircled by a City, otherwise its popular intention is frustrated.” <ref> Hoyt, 1940, 154,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> The 1813 proposal included a description of the monument’s immediate surroundings, calling for a gravel [[walk]], eleven feet wide, enclosed by a white picket [[fence]] in an octagonal configuration, with an ornamental shade tree at each angle. <ref> Hoyt, 1940, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/DC2JN4I5 view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1820 [[Robert Mills|Mills]] reiterated his concern that “some place for a [[promenade]] for the public should be provided,” and during the 1830s, as the land around the monument was being divided into house lots, he urged widening the streets leading to the monument as well as the circular green space surrounding the base. “It would be a pity to have the space about the Mon[umen]t cramped,” he wrote in 1836. “Ample room here will be found not only ornamental but useful for many purposes, for the parade of troops, for great public meetings, etc.”<ref> Lavoie, 2005, 28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref>

A description published in 1848 documents many of the improvements requested by Mills and alludes to the undeveloped state of the four public [[squares]] that flanked the monument. The writer predicted: “When these spaces can be adorned with appropriate rows of trees, as well as embellished with marble [[fountains]] or [[basins]], and other ornaments…it will become one of the most delightful [[promenade]]s on this continent.” <ref> Lavoie, 2005, 15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref> Shade trees, [[shrubbery]], sidewalks, and additional ornamental iron [[fence|fencing]] in keeping with that designed by [[Robert Mills|Mills]] were finally installed following passage of a city ordinance in 1850. <ref> Humphries, 2015, 251, https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X29RH4U4 view on Zotero]; Lavoie, 2005, 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZPR3HPVW view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Resources==
Mount Vernon Place Conservancy website: http://mvpconservancy.org/history/

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0974.jpg|[[Joseph Jacques Ramée]], "Monument to the memory of general George Washington, to be erected at Baltimore," 1813.

Image:0829.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Elevation of the Principal Fronts," Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1814.

Image:2000.jpg|Robert Cary Long, Jr., Washington Monument and Howard's Park, c. 1829.

Image:1801.jpg|[[Thomas Kelah Wharton]], Washington Monument, Baltimore, 1833.

Image:1985.jpg|[[W. H. Bartlett]], "Washington's Monument, Baltimore," in [[Nathaniel Parker Willis]], ''American Scenery'', Vol II (1840), pl. 47.

Image:0491.jpg|Edward Sachse, "Baltimore," 1850.

</gallery>

==Texts==

==Other Resources==
[http://mvpconservancy.org/history/ Washington Place Conservancy]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]] [[Category: Objects]]

William Bull II

2016-01-21T12:03:09Z

R-asleson:

'''William Bull II''' (1710-1791) was a prominent planter and politician in Charleston, South Carolina, as well as an amateur botanist. He laid out formal gardens at his family's plantation, [[Ashley Hall]].

==History==

More extensively educated than most Americans of his generation, William Bull briefly attended Westminster school in London (1723) before continuing his study of Greek, Latin, and science with a Leiden-educated tutor in Carolina. Bull himself enrolled at Leiden in 1731, studying with the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhave (1668-1738) and becoming, in 1735, the first native-born American to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine degree from the university.<ref>Geraldine M. Meroney, ''Inseparable Loyalty: A Biography of William Bull'' (Norcross, Ga.: The Harrison Company, 1991) 16-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; James Raven, ''London Booksellers and American Customers: Transatlantic Literary Community and the Charleston Library Society, 1748-1811'' (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 172, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero].</ref> Although Bull practiced medicine only briefly, he remained keenly interested in science, assembling a substantial personal library of books on botany and natural history at his Carolina home, [[Ashley Hall]]. He also corresponded with the English botanist and plant and seed merchant [[Peter Collinson]], to whom he sent rare plant specimens, and with [[Thomas Penn]], who was pursuing the study of natural history in Philadelphia.<ref>Walter B. Edgar and N. Louise Bailey, ''Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives'', 5 vols. (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 2: 122-23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero]; Meroney, 1991, 122-23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]. </ref> When the Scottish physician and budding naturalist Dr. [[Alexander Garden]] arrived in Charleston in 1752, Bull lent him several foundational botanical studies, including [[Carolus Linnaeus]]'s ''Fundamenta Botanica'' (1736) and ''Classes plantarum'' (1738), and John Clayton’s ''Flora Virginica'' (1739). Bull also helped familiarize [[Alexander Garden|Garden]] with the native plants of South Carolina and provided him with a letter of introduction to [[Cadwallader Colden]], the Irish-born physician and botanist whom Bull had met in New York the previous year. <ref> Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, ''Dr. Alexander Garden of Charles Town'' (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), 33, 35, 53, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZFR499TP view on Zotero]; Raven, 2002, 223, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero]; Meroney, 1991, 52, 56, [[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull served as president of the Charles Town Library Society, a group notable for its enthusiasm for natural history as well as its extravagant purchases of rare and luxurious botanical folios. <ref> Raven, 2002, 73, 169-70,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V2XH7UDP view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1773 Bull proposed the formation of a special Library committee "for collecting materials for promoting a Natural History of this Province," which resulted in the establishment of the Charleston Museum, one of the earliest public museums in America. <ref> Albert E. Sanders and William Dewey Anderson, Jr., ''Natural History Investigations in South Carolina: From Colonial Times to the Present'' (Columbia, S. C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 18-19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JPZGUUSQ view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull indulged his interest in plants and gardens at [[Ashley Hall]], where he laid out formal gardens in 1770.

[[File:0552.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Fig. 1, Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lt. Gov. Bull'', 1803.]]
Through his sisters' marriages to [[John Drayton]] and [[Henry Middleton]] and his co-guardianship of his neighbor [[Eliza Lucas Pinckney]]'s three children, Bull entrenched his connections to Charleston's intimately networked social elite.<ref> Meroney, 1991, 41-43 and passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]. </ref> In addition to serving as lieutenant-governor of South Carolina from 1759 to 1775, Bull was acting governor on five separate occasions during that period.<ref>Edgar and Bailey, 1977, 2: 123-25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G89DVTV3 view on Zotero].</ref> An ardent Loyalist, he fled to England in 1777 following the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, and was still there two years later when rampaging British troops "plundered and greatly damaged" his [[plantation]] at [[Ashley Hall]], destroying a fish dam, tossing his private papers into the garden, and smashing china and glass. The greatest loss may have been Bull's library, which he reported "was scattered and mostly carried away."<ref> Bull, 1952: 63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]; Stephen Conway, ''A Short History of the American Revolutionary War'' (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013), 126, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HMAEMEM4 view on Zotero]. </ref> Bull returned to America in February 1781, but when British troops evacuated Charleston in December of the following year, he accompanied them back to England, leaving [[John Julius Pringle]] to manage his affairs. <ref> Meroney, 1991, 166-67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero].</ref> Bull died in London in 1791 and the following year his wife, Hannah Beale Bull, wrote to her late husband's attorney and loyal friend, [[Nathaniel Russell]], instructing him to erect a marble [[obelisk]] on the grounds of [[Ashley Hall]] to preserve Bull's memory. The monument, which still stands, bears a portrait of the governor in relief and a commemorative plaque with a lengthy inscription reading in part: "This [[obelisk]] was erected, sacred to his virtues and her grief, with duty and affection by his disconsolate widow."<ref> Meroney, 1991, 184 and passim for Bull's relationship with Russell, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZDU4XXDA view on Zotero]; Bull, 1952: 66, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SPT8JW7G view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 1]

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* [[John Wesley|Wesley, John]], April 15, 1737, (1909: 1: 348)<ref> John Wesley, ''The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M., Sometime Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford'', ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols. (New York/Chicago: Eaton & Mains/Jennings & Graham, 1909), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XGDQ7CPK view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "I walked over to Ashley Ferry, twelve miles from Charlestown, and thence, ... to Colonel Bull's [[seat]], two miles farther. This is the pleasantest place I have yet seen in America; the [[orchard]] and garden being full of most of those sorts of trees and plants and flowers which are esteemed in England, but which the laziness of the Americans seldom suffers them to raise."

* [[Charles Fraser|Fraser, Charles]], ''Reminiscences of Charleston'', 1853 (1854: 68) <ref> Charles Fraser, ''Reminiscences of Charleston'' (Charleston, S.C.: J. Russell, 1854), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VTRNRRX8 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "[William Bull], the first Governor, had entertained [[Mark Catesby|Catesby]], the celebrated naturalist, at the family seat, at Ashley river, where there is now a majestic [[avenue]] of oaks, said to have been planted by his hand."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">
Image:0552.jpg|Charles Fraser, ''Monument of Lt. Gov. Bull'', 1803.
</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://south-carolina-plantations.com/charleston/ashley-hall.html South Carolina Plantations] 

[http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710091/ South Carolina Department of Archives and History] 

[http://www.halseymap.com/Flash/gov-detail.asp?polID=97 Alfred O. Halsey Map Preservation Research Project, Preservation Society of Charleston]

[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50045574.html Library of Congress Name Authority File]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bull_II Wikipedia]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:People|Last name, First name]]

William Peters

2016-01-21T12:01:01Z

R-asleson:

'''William Peters''' (1702- September 8, 1789) was an English lawyer and amateur architect from Liverpool who lived in Philadelphia for nearly three decades before returning to England. He built [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], one of the earliest villa-retreats on the banks of the [[Schuylkill River]], and laid out formal gardens there.

==History==

Peters arrived in Pennsylvania in 1739 and embarked on a lucrative private law practice. Guided by his taste for luxury and his pretensions to high social status, he purchased, in July 1742, a 220-acre parcel of land on a commanding position on the west side of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], which he named [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]]. <ref> Richard Peters, Jr., “Belmont Mansion,” ''Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia'', 30 (1925): 78-79, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NFTXIF6S view on Zotero]. </ref> He immediately began to develop the property in a remarkably ambitious and sophisticated manner. Conceiving of [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]] as an Epicurean retreat, he designed a Palladian-style villa (only the second in America) and extensive [[pleasure gardens]]. <ref> Mark Reinberger, “Belmont: The Bourgeois Villa in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” ''Arris: Journal of the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians'', 9 (1998): 23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]] evidently established Peters’s reputation as an amateur gentleman-architect and he was often called upon to provide his Philadelphia neighbors with expertise in architectural matters. In 1743, while mulling plans for a new residence at [[Springettsbury]], his country estate on the opposite side of the river from [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], Thomas Penn, the Proprietor of Pennsylvania, informed Peters, “I hope to have the pleasure ere long of visiting your Country Retirement and gaining something by your experience.” <ref> Thomas Penn to William Peters, August 22, 1743, quoted in Reinberger, 1998: 17. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. For the involvement of “Mr. Peters” in Penn’s plans for a projected residence at Springettsbury, see Richard Hockley to Thomas Penn, June 27, 1742 in Richard Hockley, "Selected Letters from the Letter-Book of Richard Hockley, of Philadelphia, 1739-1742 (Continued)," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 27 (1903): 435, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NHUS9BK7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Writing to Penn a few years later, the Philadelphia merchant Richard Hockley praised the plan Peters had drawn up for a townhouse as “a very compleat one, of the dimensions, and the best I think by far in this place and most convenient and commodious.” <ref> Richard Hockley to Thomas Penn, April 18, 1749, quoted in Reinberger, 1998, 18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. </ref> Peters went on to supervise the construction of a ferry house on the Delaware River for Penn, and to advise Benjamin Chew on plans for a country house he intended to build in the Germantown neighborhood near Philadelphia. <ref> Reinberger, 1998: 18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero].</ref>

Peters’s introduction to the Penn family came through his younger brother, the Anglican Rev. Richard Peters (1704 – 1776), who had immigrated to Philadelphia in 1735 and secured Thomas Penn’s patronage soon after. William Peters provided legal services to the Penns and through their agency gained appointments to a number of profitable public offices, including Notary Public for Pennsylvania (1744), Register of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania (1744), and Justice of the Peace and of the Courts of Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions, and Orphans (1757). <ref> John Hill Martin, ''Martin’s Bench and Bar of Philadelphia: Together with Other Lists of Persons Appointed to Administer the Laws in the City and County of Philadelphia, and the Province and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania'' (Philadelphia: Res Welsh & Co., Publishers, 1883), 9, 33-34, 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VSUDNHA3 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the years, Thomas Penn became concerned by the degree to which building and landscaping projects at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]] were distracting Peters from his official duties. In 1752 Rev. Peters felt obliged to apologize for his brother’s extravagant expenditure of capital and attention at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], acknowledging in a letter to Penn that William’s “country schemes had well night ruined him, & [the] hurt done to his circumstances by their expense was not half so great as that done by a dissipation of mind.” He nevertheless assured Penn that “now he is come to town & in full business I am in hopes he will do much good.” <ref> The Rev. Richard Peters to Thomas Penn, June 20, 1752, quoted in Reinberger, 36, 1998, n.17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. </ref> Despite this reassurance, William Peters continued to devote himself to rural retirement at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]] while neglecting his business in town, prompting Penn, in a letter of 1760, to make the pointed observation, “He may, I think fix some office hours, so as to have time for his Air, Exercise and Retirement.” <ref> Thomas Penn to the Rev. Richard Peters, November 15, 1760, quoted in Reinberger, 1998: 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. </ref>

Penn allowed William Peters to succeed his brother Richard as secretary of the Pennsylvania Land Office in 1760. Peters served in that capacity for five years, using his position to supplement his income and expand his property holdings by raising warrant and patent fees and purchasing land under false names. <ref> Donna B. Munger, ''Pennsylvania Land Records: A History and Guide for Research'' (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1991) 96, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GHI9ENMV view on Zotero]. </ref> This self-dealing led to a final rift with Penn, who dismissed Peters from office in 1765. Peters returned to England in 1768, settling in Knutsford, Cheshire. <ref> John W. Jordan, ed., ''Colonial Families of Philadelphia'', 2 vols. (New York and Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1911), 2: 1107, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemkey/vsvcx46v view on Zotero]. </ref> He created a deed of trust leaving [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]] in the care of his eldest son, [[Richard Peters]], to whom he legally transferred the estate and all his other Pennsylvania properties in 1786. <ref> Nellie Peters Black, ''Richard Peters, His Ancestors and Descendents: 1810-1889'' (Atlanta: Foote & Davies, 1904), 61, 91, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TM8MFVBZ view on Zotero].</ref> Peters continued to pursue his interest in horticulture after returning to England. In his 84th year, he sent parcels of flower seeds to his son and daughter in Philadelphia, informing them in a letter of January 8, 1787: “The seeds consist of an amazing variety of sorts, and if you are as fond of flowers as I am, they will afford you a great deal of pleasure and I shall be glad to hear from you how they succeed.” <ref> Nellie Peters Black, Richard Peters, His Ancestors and Descendents: 1810-1889 (Atlanta: Foote & Davies, 1904), 36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TM8MFVBZ view on Zotero].</ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* [[Hannah Callender|Callender, Hannah]], June 4, 1762, diary entry, (quoted in Vaux, 1888: 454-55) <ref> George Vaux, "Extracts from the Diary of Hannah Callender," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 12 (1888), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/STWXKSK3 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "...went to William Peters's house having some acquaintance with his wife. She was at home and with her daughter Polly received us kindly in one wing of the house. After a while passed through a covered passage to the large hall, well furnished, the top adorned with instruments of music, coats of arms, crests and other ornaments in stucco, its sides by paintings and [[statue]]s in bronze. From the front of this hall you have a [[prospect]] bounded by the Jerseys like a blue ridge. A broad [[walk]] of English Cherry trees leads down to the river. The doors of the house opening opposite admit a [[prospect]] of the length of the garden over a broad gravel [[walk]] to a large handsome [[summer house]] on a [[green]]. From the windows a [[view/vista|vista]] is terminated by an [[obelisk]]. On the right you enter a [[labyrinth]] of [[hedge]] of low cedar and spruce. In the middle stands a [[statue]] of Apollo. In the garden are [[statue]]s of Diana, Fame and Mercury with [[vase/urn|urns]]. We left the garden for a [[wood]] cut into [[vista]]s. In the midst is a [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[temple]] for a [[summerhouse|summer house]]. One [[avenue]] gives a fine [[prospect]] of the City. With a spy glass you discern the houses and hospital distinctly. Another [[avenue]] looks to the [[obelisk]]."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">

Image:0301.jpg|[[William Russell Birch]], "View from Belmont Pennsyla. the Seat of Judge Peters," 1808, in William Russell Birch and Emily Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 73, pl. 16.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peters_(lawyer) Wikipedia]

==Notes==

<references/>

[[Category: People|P]]

Washington Monument (Washington, DC)

2016-01-21T11:57:28Z

R-asleson:

The '''Washington Monument''' is a towering obelisk on the [[National Mall]] in Washington, D.C., erected as a memorial to [[George Washington]], commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and first president of the United States.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:'''

'''Site Dates:'''
1848-1854, 1876, 1884

'''Site Owner(s):'''
National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):'''
[[Robert Mills]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Washington+Monument/@38.889484,-77.035279,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xe97346828ed0bfb8 View on Google maps]

'''Related Sites:''' [[National Mall]]

'''Related Terms:''' [[Obelisk]]

==History==

Although plans for the monument began during [[Washington]]’s lifetime, construction was delayed until several decades after his death as a result of protracted debate over the intentions, location, and design most fitting for this key emblem of the new nation. <ref> Kirk Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape'' (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2005), 36-60, 118-123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]; Rubil Morales-Vázquez, “Imagining Washington: Monuments and Nation Building in the Early Capital,” ''Washington History,'' 12, no. 1, (Spring–Summer 2000):14-17, 22-24; 28-29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Rhodri Windsor Liscombe, ''Altogether American : Robert Mills, Architect and Engineer, 1781-1855'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 265-268, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Kirk Savage, “The Self-Made Monument: George Washington and the Fight to Erect a National Memorial,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 22, no. 4 (Winter 1987): 225-242, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; Robert Belmont Freeman, Jr., “Design Proposals for the Washington National Monument,” ''Records of the Columbia Historical Society'', 49 (1973/74): 151–186, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6NFB7I9D view on Zotero]. </ref>

The initial plan for the monument, authorized by the Continental Congress in 1783, was for a bronze equestrian [[statue]] with “the general to be represented in Roman dress, holding a truncheon in his right hand.” <ref> Savage, 1987, 227, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]. </ref> The [[statue]] and its support (a marble pedestal ornamented with bas-relief panels representing scenes from the revolutionary war) were to occupy a central position at the convergence of two central axes in [[Pierre Charles L’Enfant]]’s 1791 plan of Washington, D.C., and would be “executed by the best Artist in Europe, under the superintendence of the Minister of the United States at the Court of Versailles.” <ref> Morales-Vázquez, 2000, 14 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]; Savage, 1987, 227-228, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]. </ref>

After [[Washington]]’s death in 1799, Congress debated alternative schemes for the monument, including a grand mausoleum enshrining the President’s remains. <ref> Savage, 2005, 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ECK7FKZ3 view on Zotero]; John M. Bryan, ''Robert Mills: America’s First Architect'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Architectural Press, 2001), 220-221, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Morales-Vázquez, 2000, 23-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HSJMDC87 view on Zotero]. </ref> Finally, in 1833, a group of private citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society for the purpose of erecting a memorial “whose dimensions and magnificence shall be commensurate with the greatness and gratitude of the nation which gave him birth [and] whose splendor will be without parallel in the world.” <ref> Pamela Scott, “Robert Mills and American Monuments,” in ''Robert Mills, Architect'', ed. John M. Bryan (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press), 1989, 157, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1845 the Society accepted a design submitted by the American architect [[Robert Mills]], whose previous memorial projects included a [[monument to Washington]] in the city of Baltimore. Returning to an architectural form he had suggested for the [[Bunker Hill Monument]] in 1825, [[Robert Mills|Mills]] proposed a 600-foot Egyptian-style marble [[obelisk]] encircled by a colonnaded Greek [[temple]] replete with statuary, ornamental relief sculptures, and murals representing historical events. <ref> Bryan, 2001, 290-291,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P55UM5XC view on Zotero]; Liscombe, 1994, 260-263, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NGNZ65WN view on Zotero]; Scott, 1989, 158-164, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/E2TP47UJ view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott, “‘This Vast Empire’: The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848,” in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art), 1991, 50-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref>

Construction began in 1848 but came to a halt from 1854 to 1877 owing to lack of funds, the Civil War, and other difficulties. By then, [[Robert Mills|Mills]]’s design had been radically simplified for aesthetic as well as financial reasons. When construction resumed under the supervision of Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey (1831-1896) of the Army Corps of Engineers, all decorative elements and inscriptions were eliminated and the height of the monument was scaled back to just over 555 feet, 5 inches. <ref> Savage, 2005, 107, 112-117, 123-136, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WNN7I268 view on Zotero]. </ref> Nevertheless, upon completion in 1884, the Washington Monument was the tallest built structure in the world and it remains the tallest building in Washington, D.C. <ref> "History & Culture," Washington Monument web page, National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/wamo/historyculture/index.htm. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0830.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], Details of the Washington Monument for Mr. Daugherty, Superintendent of the Work, Washington, D.C., October 24, 1848.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

==Other Resources==
[http://www.nps.gov/wamo/learn/historyculture/index.htm Washington Monument History and Culture (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]] [[Category: Objects]]

Springettsbury

2016-01-21T11:52:59Z

R-asleson:

'''Springettsbury''', a property owned by successive generations of the Penn family, overlooked the [[Schuylkill River]] on the northern outskirts of Philadelphia. It was the site of the first ornamental [[pleasure garden]] in Pennsylvania and initiated the fashion for garden-villa retreats on the banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]]. <ref> Elizabeth McLean and Mark Reinberger, "Springettsbury: A Lost Estate of the Penn Family," ''Journal of the New England Garden History Society'', 7 (fall 1999): 35, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Elizabeth McLean and Mark Reinberger, "Isaac Norris’s Fairhill: Architecture, Landscape, and Quaker Ideals in a Philadelphia Colonial Country Seat," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 32 (winter 1997), 273, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RCDDA6MM view on Zotero]. </ref>

==Overview==
'''Alternative Names''': The Proprietor's Garden

'''Site Dates''': 1682-1718, 1732-c. 1753

'''Site Owner''': [[William Penn]] (1645-1718); Thomas Penn (1702-1775); [[John Penn]] (1760-1834); [[Robert Morris]] (1734-1806)

'''Site Designer(s)''': James Alexander (d.1778) and Thomas Penn

'''Location''': Philadelphipa, PA 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vine+St,+Philadelphia,+PA/@39.97348,-75.1586961,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6c62abc470279:0xca601156c00022e3 View on Google maps] 
[http://www.archives.upenn.edu/WestPhila1777/view-parcel.php?pid=1143 View on Mapping West Philadelphia, 1777] 

==History==

[[William Penn]], the English Quaker Proprietor of Pennsylvania, first visited the colony in 1682. In addition to establishing [[Pennsbury]], a manor house and garden some distance from Philadelphia, Penn carved out Springettsbury as a suburban estate immediately adjacent to the city. <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 34,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Roach, April 1968, 178-179; William Henry Egle, ''An Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Civil, Political and Military: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time'' (Philadelphia: E. M. Gardner, 1880), 1020, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ERTVADNU view on Zotero]. </ref> With the intention of producing wine as a source of revenue, [[William Penn|Penn]] imported grape vines from Bordeaux and, in 1683, employed the French Huguenot refugee and vigneron André Doz to lay out a vineyard on a 200-acre section of Springettsbury that became known as Vineyard Hill. [[William Penn|Penn]] soon returned to England but continued to send European vines to Doz, who also experimented with the cultivation of indigenous American grapes. <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Thomas Pinney, ''A History of Wine in America: From the Beginnings to Prohibition'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 32-33, 101-102, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HHVCQQVU view on Zotero]; Frederick B. Tolles, "William Penn on Public and Private Affairs, 1686: An Important New Letter," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 80 (April 1956): 244, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3UWWR8BE view on Zotero]; Albert Cook Myers, ed., ''Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, 1630-1707, Original Narratives of Early American History'' (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912), 13: 227-28n, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UD4DZNCM view on Zotero]; J. Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott, ''History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884'', 3 vols. (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co., 1884), 3: 2281-2282, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8RJIVE6G view on Zotero]. </ref> Wine production proved unsuccessful and, just prior to his death in 1718, [[William Penn|Penn]] gave a large tract of Springettsbury land that included Vineyard Hill to [[Jonathan Dickinson]]. <ref> Scharf and Westcott, 1884, 3: 2282, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8RJIVE6G view on Zotero]. </ref> [[William Penn|Penn]]’s family later gave another portion of the estate to their legal counselor, Andrew Hamilton (c.1676–1741), which he enlarged through subsequent purchases to form the country seat [[Bush Hill]]. <ref> John Fanning Watson and Willis P. Hazard, ''Annals of Philadelphia, and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time'', 3 vols. (Philadelphia: Edwin S. Stuart, 1884), 3: 493, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GNIVQS8S view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:2005_detail.jpg|thumb|right|252px|Fig. 1, John Hills, "Plan of the City of Philadelphia and Its Environs shewing the improved parts," 1796 [detail], 1796]]
[[William Penn|Penn]]’s son Thomas (1702-1775) arrived in Philadelphia in 1732 and assumed the role of Proprietor. Although he persisted in his father’s attempt to create a wine-producing vineyard at Springettsbury, <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Richard Hockley, "Selected Letters from the Letter-Book of Richard Hockley, of Philadelphia, 1739-1742 (Concluded)," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 28 (1904): 435, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2HQX4C7S view on Zotero]; Richard Hockley, "Selected Letters from the Letter-Book of Richard Hockley, of Philadelphia, 1739-1742 (Continued)," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 27 (1903): 421–35 428, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IDIFQ59I view on Zotero]. </ref> Thomas Penn did not conceive of the estate as predominantly a working farm. Rather, he developed it as a weekend and summer retreat in the manner of an English suburban villa. <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 34-35,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]. </ref> His modest brick house, erected between 1737 and 1740, appears in a map of 1796 [Fig. 1]. It stood at the center of an extensive landscape composed in the "[[ancient style]]" that was just passing out of fashion in England, including long, gravel [[walk]]s lined with trees or [[hedge]]s. There was also a [[wilderness]], a [[labyrinth]] (the earliest known in the colony) fashioned of hornbeam, a fishpond, and a garden, divided in two by a privet [[hedge]]. Enclosed by a board [[fence]] with ornamental [[gate]]s, the garden (commonly known as "The Proprietor's Garden") boasted gravel [[walk]]s, [[parterre]]s, spruce topiary, and painted wooden [[seat]]s. <ref> Sharon White, ''Vanished Gardens: Finding Nature in Philadelphia'' (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2008), 19 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS view on Zotero]; McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 37-40, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Hockley, 1903, 428, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IDIFQ59I view on Zotero]; Thomas Penn, "Letters of Thomas Penn to Richard Hockley, 1746-1748," ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 40 (1916): 225, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JQMD99FQ view on Zotero]; Daniel Fisher, "Extracts from the Diary of Daniel Fisher, 1755," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 17 (1893): 267-268, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FV6JSTI view on Zotero]; "Ezra Stiles in Philadelphia, 1754," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 16 (1892): 375, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T7C8P48I view on Zotero]; Watson and Hazard, 1884, 3: 400, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GNIVQS8S view on Zotero]. </ref> Penn’s sister Margaret Freame (1704-1751) described the gardens at Springettsbury as her “Chief amusement” in November 1735, <ref> Howard M. Jenkins, ''The Family of William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania, Ancestors and Descendants'' (Philadelphia: The author, 1899), 240, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9DXNG396 view on Zotero]. </ref> and around 1740 she erected a “pretty bricked [[greenhouse|Green House]]”—one of the first in Pennsylvania—to replace the “small room in the garden [with] a German stove” in which oranges imported from England had previously been wintered. <ref> White, 2008, 19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]; McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 42,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Carmen Weber, "The Greenhouse Effect: Gender-Related Tradition in Eighteenth-Century Gardening," in ''Landscape Archaeology: Reading and Interpreting the American Historical Landscape'', ed. by Rebecca Yamin and Karen Bescherer Metheny (Knoxville: The University of Tennesee Press, 1996), 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/92DA3QAZ view on Zotero]; Reinberger and McLean, 1997, 262, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RCDDA6MM view on Zotero]; Fisher, 1893, 267, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FV6JSTI view on Zotero]. </ref> During the warmer months, lime trees were displayed in a quincunx pattern in the garden, where lemons and citrons also flourished. <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 42, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Hockley, 1903, 428, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IDIFQ59I view on Zotero]; Myers, 1904, 71-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UD4DZNCM view on Zotero]; "Ezra Stiles in Philadelphia," 1892, 375, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T7C8P48I view on Zotero]; Fisher, 1893, 267-268, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FV6JSTI view on Zotero]. </ref> Other fruit (including apples, pears, peaches, cherries, figs, and grapes) grew in the [[orchard]] and vineyard. <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 41, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Peter Collinson]] provided many of the imported plants, among them grape vines, jasmine, horse chestnuts, cornelian cherries, pyracantha, boxwood, and honeysuckle. <ref>John Bartram, ''The Correspondence of John Bartram 1734-1777'', ed. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1992), 64, 82, 108, 115, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero White, 2008, 14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]; McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 40-41,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1737 [[Peter Collinson|Collinson]] orchestrated an introduction between Thomas Penn and [[John Bartram]], who was developing a [[Bartram Botanic Garden and nursery|botanic garden and commercial nursery]] several miles away on the banks of the lower [[Schuylkill River]]. Penn loaned [[John Bartram|Bartram]] his copy of [[Mark Catesby]]'s ''The Natural History of South Carolina'', and some years later commissioned [[John Bartram|Bartram]] "to procure some Curiosities for him" on his travels. <ref>Bartram, 64, 94, 152, 219, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref>

One of the more fashionable elements of the Springettsbury landscape was the [[deer park]] (again, the first known example in the colony), which Penn filled with deer imported from England, as well as with wild turkey and pheasants. <ref> White, 2008, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]; Lorett Treese, ''Storm Gathering: The Penn Family and the American Revolution'' (University Park, Pa.: Penn State Press, 1992), 23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RV94U384 view on Zotero]; Penn, 1916, 238, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JQMD99FQ view on Zotero]; Fisher, 1893, 268, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FV6JSTI view on Zotero]. </ref> Following his return to England in 1741, Penn expressed a desire to introduce changes at Springettsbury in keeping with the rising English taste for a naturalistic "[[modern style]]" in garden design. These included creating a number of framed [[vista]]s, replacing the “palisadoe” at the end of a [[walk]] with a [[ha-ha]], and removing the quickset [[hedge]] to open up the fields. <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 39, 44, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> Nothing seems to have come of [[John Bartram|Bartram's]] proposal in 1743 that Penn provide him with an "annual salary worth while to furnish his [[walk]]s with all ye natural production of trees shrubs & plants which grow in our four governments."<ref> Bartram, 1992, 217.</ref> Concerned by the theft of fruit from Springettsbury in 1746, Penn made plans to erect a [[wall]] separating his property from [[Bush Hill]], noting: “When the rest of the Ground is well paled round I shal [''sic''] hope to be secure.” <ref> Penn, 1916, 224, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JQMD99FQ view on Zotero].</ref>

James Alexander (d. 1778) served as Penn’s head gardener at Springettsbury. The first professional gardener in Pennsylvania who can be identified, he is best known for discovering the so-called “Alexander grape” (a naturally produced American-European hybrid) around 1740 in the [[wood]]s near Vineyard Hill. <ref> Pinney, 1989, 84-85, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HHVCQQVU view on Zotero]. </ref> Long after Thomas Penn’s return to England in 1741, Alexander continued to maintain the property, often sending American fruits, nuts, seeds, and plants (including magnolia, azalea, laurel, and rhododendron) for Penn to share with friends or keep for his English estate, Stoke Park. <ref> Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., ''Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society'', 3 vols. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997), 1: 476-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9E85G8QX, view on Zotero]. </ref> Alexander also operated a commercial business exporting seeds and plants to clients in England, rivaling even his principal competitor, [[John Bartram]], in his ability to meet the demand for increasingly rare and unusual specimens.<ref>Bartram, 1992, 407, 410, 430, 513, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero]; see also Mark Laird, ''The Flowering of the Landscape Garden: English Pleasure Grounds, 1720-1800'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 396-397, 78n, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VHZIWTH3 view on Zotero]; Bell, 1997, 1: 478, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9E85G8QX, view on Zotero]; Joseph Ewan, "Philadelphia Heritage: Plants and People," in ''America’s Garden Legacy: A Taste for Pleasure'', ed. George H. M. Lawrence (Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1978), 3, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/8PS285CI view on Zotero].</ref> At the American Philosophical Society (which elected him a member in 1768 and a curator in 1772 and 1773), Alexander demonstrated some of his botanical experiments and served on committees dealing with subjects ranging from astronomy, to natural history, to husbandry. <ref> Bell, 1997, 1: 476-477, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9E85G8QX, view on Zotero]. </ref> Visitors to Springettsbury noted the many scientific instruments he employed there, including an orrery, a solar microscope, a telescope, and “a curious thermometer of spirits and mercury.” <ref> White, 2008, 22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]; "Ezra Stiles in Philadelphia," 1892, 375, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T7C8P48I view on Zotero]; R. Morris Smith, ''The Burlington Smiths: A Family History'' (Philadelphia: Printed for the Author, 1877), 160, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/I6HCUQQK view on Zotero]. </ref>

Both [[Deborah Norris Logan]] and [[Elizabeth Drinker]] recalled the “curious aloe” (originally planted by James Alexander and subsequently cultivated by his successor, the enslaved African American gardener [[Virgil Warder]]) that attracted curious crowds to Springettsbury when it finally bloomed in August 1778 ([[#logan_aloe|view text]]).<ref> Elizabeth Drinker, ''Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, from 1759 to 1807 A.D.'', ed. Henry D. Biddle (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company , 1889), 109-09, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero]; White, 2008, 18-19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero].</ref> Although Springettsbury by that time had become a favorite destination for Philadelphia pleasure-seekers, the Penn family took minimal interest in the estate. Thomas Penn’s nephew, John Penn (1729-1795), settled in Philadelphia in 1765 but preferred to live at his new Palladian manor house, Landsdowne, on the opposite side of the river. Thomas’s son, also named [[John Penn]] (1760-1834), followed suit, building his house, [[The Solitude]], across the river in 1785. As the Penn family sold off portions of the Springettsbury estate, many lots were purchased by the financier and land speculator [[Robert Morris]] who was consolidating his landholdings in the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia. In 1770 he acquired Vineyard Hill, which he redeveloped as [[The Hills]]. In 1780 he leased the old brick house at Springettsbury as a summer retreat. <ref> William Graham Sumner, ''Robert Morris: The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution'', 2 vols. (New York: Cosimo, Inc., 1891), 1: 303 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XT3TB8WB view on Zotero]; Robert Morris, ''The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784'', ed. by Elmer James Ferguson, 9 vols. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973), 1: 113-14,192 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BMGT5Q7N view on Zotero]; Watson and Hazard, 1884, 2: 479, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W893QT6D view on Zotero]. </ref> According to John Jay's sister-in-law, Catherine Livingston, a frequent guest of the family, [[Robert Morris|Morris]] "repaired and enlarged the buildings and converted the greenhouse into a dining room which far exceeds their expectations in beauty and convenience." <ref> Kitty Livingston to Mrs. John Jay, July 10, 1780, quoted in John Jay, ''The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay'', ed. Henry P. Johnston, 4 vols. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1890-93), 1: 376, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/B374Q4HB view on Zotero]. </ref> Although a fire in 1784 apparently rendered the house uninhabitable, <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, 45 n. 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]; Drinker, 1889, 152, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero]; Jacob Hiltzheimer, ''Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer of Philadelphia, 1765-1798'', ed. Jacob Cox Parsons (Philadelphia: William F. Fell & Co., 1893), 62 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7NU9RN8C view on Zotero]; White, 2008, 19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Robert Morris|Morris]] purchased the property in 1787 and five years later had a [[canal]] dug along the southern and western border of the original Springettsbury estate. A fire in 1807 entirely consumed the old brick house, and in 1815 [[Deborah Norris Logan|Deborah Logan]] described the [[greenhouse]] as a “ruin” and the garden as overgrown. <ref> Drinker, 1889, 410, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero]; White, 2008, 18-19, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 1700, ''Circumstantial Geographical Description of Pennsylvania,'' (quoted in Myers, 1912, 13: 398) <ref name="Myers_1912"> Myers, 1912, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UD4DZNCM view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "As I on August 25 [1684] was dining with [[William Penn]], a single root of barley was brought in which had grown in a garden here and had fifty grains upon it. The abovementioned William Penn has a fine vineyard of French vines planted; its growth is a pleasure to behold and brought into my reflections, as I looked upon it, the fifteenth chapter of John."

* Lloyd, David, October 2, 1686 (quoted in Myers, 1912, 13: 291) <ref name="Myers_1912"> </ref>
: "The Governours Vineyard goes on very well, the Grapes I have tasted of; which in fifteen Months are come to maturity."

* Hockley, Richard, May 27, 1742, letter to Thomas Penn (1903: 428) <ref name="Hockley_1903"> Hockley, 1903, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IDIFQ59I view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "I have accepted of your kind offer of Lodging with Mr Lardner as it will save me some expence, and have been twice at Springetsbury, but both Places appear not to me as usual and instead of affording me any real satisfaction rather damps my Spirits, both ye Gardens & Vineyard are I think in tolerable good order but still there wants a superior Eye over it, your directions to Jacob & James [Alexander] will be complyed with, and there's a fine show of Grapes, the Orange trees flourish most delightfully, but am afraid the Quicksett [[hedge]] will not answer your expectation....
: "James desires you wou’d be pleased to send over two Stone rowlers [rollers] for the Garden those made in this place will not do neither answer the expence and imagines they will come cheaper from London they must be two feet 8 inches in length one 18 ye 15 in diameter, all the Flowers I brought with me flourish exceedingly but ye Hautboy Strawberries are al [''sic''] dead and ‘tis very difficult I believe to get them safe here, they were in the same box and had ye same Care taken of them and what is the reason they don’t do I cant account for."

* Hockley, Richard, June 27, 1742, letter to Thomas Penn (1903: 435) <ref name="Hockley_1903"> </ref>
: "Mr [[William Peters|Peters]] has bought Mr Taylor's scantling and 'tis carried to ye Hill and put under a Shedd, he has a notion you intend to build a house there for your self to live in before that at Springettsbury is built I believe he is mistaken and told him so, as you propose to build soon it wou'd be proper I believe that Bricks shoud be made against you come but Mr [[William Peters|Peters]] knows nothing about it and there's no orders given to make any nor won't be untill he hears from you, and the Ground all round Springettsbury has been tryed but not fitt to make bricks with this was done before Mr Steels death and nothing has been thought on it since. I wrote you sometime ago that there was a fine shew of Grapes at Springettsbury and the bunches hang very thick but there's either a blight or some Insect that destroys some one third others one half of the Clusters and yet the leaves and shoots looks as fresh and flourishing as may be, this being Sunday I propose to walk out by my self to Springettsbury and see if I can with all the reflection that I am Master of compose my mind a little if I shoud it will be something new to me."

* Hockley, Richard, July 14, 1742, letter to Thomas Penn (1904: 30) <ref name="Hockley_1904"> Hockley, 1904, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2HQX4C7S view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "[T]he Grapes at Springetsbury is intirely demolished and can't conceive the meaning of it, the Orange trees some of them are full of little flatt Insects, and James does not know what to do with them, ye trees on each side ye long [[walk]] wants to be shrowded very much, and hope you'l order it to be done in ye fall."

* Hockley, Richard, September 18, 1742, letter to Thomas Penn (1904: 37) <ref name="Hockley_1904"> </ref>
: "I have sent you 3 dozn of oranges & Leamons from Springetttsbury pack’d up in a Box directed for you. Mr Lardner & James [Alexander] were afraid they wou’d not keep, however I have run the risque, the Governour has had a dozn Already & am afraid the Trees have been Pilfer’d. They are in very good order, & every thing Else except the [[fence]]s round Springettsbury & am Sorry to find James not the Person I cou’d wish & think him blame worthy in Several respects."

* Smith, John, November 3, 1745, diary entry (1877: 131) <ref> Smith, 1877, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/I6HCUQQK view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "On our way thither we stopped to view the proprietor's [[Greenhouse|green-house]], which at this season is a very agreeable sight; the oranges, lemons and citrons were, some green, some ripe, some in blossom."

* Penn, Thomas, September 18, 1746, letter to Richard Hockley (1916: 224-25)<ref> Penn, 1916 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JQMD99FQ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "I received a Box of Fruit from Springetsberry, but they were not so good as the others sent in the Fall; as they were ripened chiefly by the Summers Sun. I am sorry the people are so Licentious as to break into the Garden at Springetsberry, and believe when I come over I shal build a [[Wall]] between that and [[Bush Hill|Mr Hamiltons Land]] from Mr Jones's, which will make it very inconvenient for them to visit us, and when the rest of the Ground is well paled round I shal hope to be secure. I ordered Mr Lardner to Let only my own twelve Acres of [[Meadow]], which was let before my departure to a Dutchman, the piece of [[Meadow]] belonging to us in Mr Turners Road is sufficient for Springetsberry and I think I gave no orders to let that. I am quite weary of the Vineyard for which only Jacob is kept at £35 a year but your last Letter gives mee some hopes that it may produce some thing, if that does not succeed when I come over. I shal much lessen it. I shal consent to their cutting down the [[Wood]] between the Vineyard and the Field, but not that on the west side of it yet, that may be thinned, and would have any that is fit split into rough pales and laid by. [T]he privit [[hedge]] that grows between the two Gardens may be taken upp if it grows into the [[Walk]]s."

* Thomas Penn, January 29, 1754, letter to [[John Penn]] (quoted in McLean and Reinberger, 1999: 36) <ref> McLean and Reinberger, 1999, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/SS4N3EJ8 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "I desire to know whether you often visit Springettsbury, or amuse yourself with gardening, which is a pleasing employment, when it does not interrupt the more weighty concerns in which a man is engaged, and which I found an agreeable recreation after perhaps disagreeable business."

* [[Ezra Stiles|Stiles, Ezra]], September 30, 1754, diary entry ("Ezra Stiles in Philadelphia, 1754," 375) <ref> "Ezra Stiles in Philadelphia, 1754," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T7C8P48I view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "After breakfast Messrs Jos. & Wm Shippen accompanied us to Springsbury, where passing a long spacious [[walk]], set on each side with trees, on the summit of a gradual ascent, we saw the proprietor's house, & walkt in the gardens, where besides the beautiful [[walk]], ornamented with evergreens, we saw fruit trees with plenty of fruit, some green, some ripe, & some in the blossom on the same trees. The fruit was oranges, limes, limons, & citrons. In the [[Hothouse|hot house]] was a curious thermometer of spirits & mercury. Spruce [[hedge]]s cut into beautiful figures, &c., all forming the most agreeable variety, & even regular confusion & disorder.
: "We then walk thro' a spacious way into the wood behind & adjoyning to the gardens, the whole scene most happily accommodated for solitude and rural contemplation."

* [[Daniel Fisher|Fisher, Daniel]], May 25, 1755 (1893: 267-68) <ref> Fisher, 1893, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9FV6JSTI view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "I walked about Two miles out of Town in the "Proprietors' Garden,"…. The proprietors' tho' much smaller [than [[Bush Hill]]], was laid out with more judgment, tho' it seemed to have been pretty much neglected. A pretty [[pleasure garden]], the trees of which now hardly visible, a small [[wilderness]], and other shades, shows that the contriver was not without judgment; but what to me surpassed everything of the kind I had seen in America was a pretty bricked [[Greenhouse|Green House]], out of which was disposed (now) very properly in the [[Pleasure Garden]] a good many Orange, Lemon, and Citron Trees in great (268) perfection loaded with abundance of Fruit and some of each sort seemingly then ripe.
: The House here is but small, built of Brick, with a small Kitchen, etc, justly contrived rather for a small than a numerous Family. It is pleasantly situated on an [[eminence]] with a gradual descent — over a small Valley — to a handsome level Road cut through a [[wood]], affording an agreeable [[vista]] of near Two miles. On the left hand the [[terrace/slope|slope]], descending from the house, is a neat little [[Park]], tho' I am told there are no Deer in it."

* [[Elizabeth Drinker|Drinker, Elizabeth]], September 7, 1778, diary entry (1994: 80)<ref>Elizabeth Drinker, ''The Diary of Elizabeth Drinker: The Life Cycle of an Eighteenth-Century Woman'', ed. Elaine Forman Crane, abridged with a new preface (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5U8TTT2F view on Zotero].</ref>
: "[We] took a walk this Afternoon to Springsbury [sic] to see the Aloes Tree— stop’d in our return at [[Bush Hill|Bush-Hill]] and walk’d in the Garden,— came home after Sun Set, very much tired."

* Livingston, Kitty, July 10, 1780, letter to Mrs. John Jay (Jay, 1890-93, 1: 376) <ref> Jay, 1890-93,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/B374Q4HB view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "In our last distresses from the invasion of the British troops [during the winter of 1779-80], Mr. and Mrs. [[Robert Morris|Morris]] sent for me to come and reside with them.... They have at present a delightful situation at Springsberry [''sic'']. Mr. [[Robert Morris|Morris]] has repaired and enlarged the buildings and converted the [[greenhouse]] into a dining room which far exceeds their expectations in beauty and convenience."

* Hiltzheimer, Jacob, March 20, 1784, diary entry (1898: 62) <ref> Hiltzheimer, 1893, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7NU9RN8C view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Sent my man with three horses up to the Honorable Robert Morris' country [[seat]], Springettsbury, to bring back the fire engine belonging to the Amicable Fire Company, which was taken there yesterday, when the house was on fire."

* [[Elizabeth Drinker|Drinker, Elizabeth]], October 15, 1807, diary entry (1889: 410) <ref> Drinker, 1889,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5S3QMIAX view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The House at Springettsbury formerly belonging to the Penn family Was last night consumed by fire."

* [[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], September 27, 1815, diary entry (quoted in White, 2008: 18-19) <ref name="White_2008"> White, 2008, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/22U3PGWS, view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Passing one day by the old manor of Springetsbury [sic], I greatly desired to stop and look at the remains of the garden.... The little [[greenhouse]] is now a ruin. In my youth an aloe was in flower, and crowds flocked out of town every fine day for many weeks to see the curiosity. Some of the fine [[labyrinth]]s and [[hedge]]s broke loose from the restraint of the sheers, and grown up behind the [[greenhouse]], form a dark [[grove]] of evergreens. Broom and some other European plants still grow wild.... (and I think it was the prettiest old-fashioned garden that I was ever in)."

* <div id="logan_aloe"></div>[[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], October 10, 1826, diary entry (quoted in White, 2008: 19) <ref name="White_2008"> </ref>[[#logan_aloe_cite|back up to history]]
: "The Gardens of Springetsbury [sic] were in full beauty in my youth, and were really very agreeable after the old fashion, with [[Parterre]]s, Gravelled [[Walk]]s, a [[Labyrinth]] of Horn-beam and a little [[wilderness]] — And the [[Grenhouse|Green house]], under the Superintendence of Old Virgil the Gardener, produced a flowering Aloe which almost half the town went to see, produced a comfortable Revenue to the old man — Soon after the house was burned down by accident; and now quantities of the yellow Blossoms of Broom in spring time mark the place...'where once the garden smiled'.”

* [[Deborah Norris Logan|Logan, Deborah Norris]], February 13, 1832, diary entry (quoted in Weber, 1996: 45) <ref> Weber, 1996, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/92DA3QAZ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "There is a Report of the Committee of the Horticultural Society in the 'Register' for last week in which is displayed a great ignorance of the former taste for Gardening amongst us when it states, that Mr. Pepper’s [[Greenhouse|Green house]], originally built by Dr. Barbon, was the first [[Greenhouse|Green house]] built in Pennsylvania; this is not so. — The [[Greenhouse]] at Springetsbury, built by Margaret Freame daughter of [[William Penn]], was the first."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2005.jpg|John Hill, "Plan of the City of Philadelphia and Its Environs shewing the improved parts," 1796.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]

Richard Peters

2016-01-21T11:51:36Z

R-asleson:

'''Richard Peters''' (June 22, 1744 – August 22, 1828), a federal judge and Revolutionary War patriot, devoted himself to agricultural experiments at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], his family's estate outside of Philadelphia, where he operated a model farm. Peters published extensively and became a leading authority on best practices for American agriculture.

==History==

Richard Peters was born at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], the estate on the [[Schuylkill River]] that his father, [[William Peters]], was then in the process of developing as a suburban villa and [[pleasure garden]]. Following [[William Peters|William’s]] return to England in 1768, Peters assumed responsibility for the property, which served as his primary residence for the next sixty years. He made significant changes to the house and gardens, adding wings to the north and south sides of the building and a [[piazza]] across the front, and substantially reducing the size of the ornamental gardens in order to devote more land to practical farming. <ref> Mark Reinberger, “Belmont: The Bourgeois Villa in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” ''Arris: Journal of the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians'', 9 (1998): 22, 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. </ref> In contrast to his Loyalist father, Richard Peters was an ardent supporter of American independence. He served as secretary of the Board of War, working closely with [[Robert Morris]] to raise money and supplies for the Continental Army. <ref> Royce Shingleton, ''Richard Peters: Champion of the New South'' (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1985), 6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WN5FMNI2 view on Zotero]; Samuel Breck, ''Address Delivered before the Blockley and Merion Agricultural Society, on Saturday, September 29th, 1828, on the Death on [sic] Their Late President, The Hon. Richard Peters'' (Philadelphia: Lydia R. Bailey, 1828), 6-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INU66QCU view on Zotero]; Richard Peters, Jr., “Belmont Mansion,” ''Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia'', 30 (1925): 85-86, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NFTXIF6S view on Zotero]. </ref> He also represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress (1782-83) and served as a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly from 1787 to 1792. Renowned for his lively wit and generous hospitality, Peters hosted many prominent Americans and foreign visitors at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], particularly during the years that Philadelphia served as the seat of the federal government (1790-1800). <ref> Richard Peters and Samuel Breck, “A Collection of Puns and Witticisms of Judge Richard Peters,” ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 253 (1901): 366-69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6ZDNIWV3 view on Zotero]; Rufus Wilmot Griswold, ''The Republican Court: Or American Society in the Days of Washington'' (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1855), 264-65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2FR244CI view on Zotero]. </ref> Among those who strolled [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont's]] gardens and discussed agriculture and politics with Peters were [[George Washington]], [[John Quincy Adams]], [[James Madison]], John Jay, and the [[Marquis de Lafayette]]. <ref> Nellie Peters Black, ''Richard Peters, His Ancestors and Descendents: 1810-1889'' (Atlanta: Foote & Davies, 1904), 92, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TM8MFVBZ view on Zotero]; Peters, 1925: 88-89, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NFTXIF6S view on Zotero]. </ref>

Peters actively experimented with new scientific methods of agriculture and animal husbandry intended to improve the productivity of American farms. The use of plaster of Paris as a fertilizing agent, which he recommended in a widely circulated pamphlet published in 1797 (with a dedication to his friend [[George Washington]]), influenced the methods of other gentlemen farmers, including [[George Washington|Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], with whom he frequently corresponded on agricultural matters. <ref> Benjamin R. Cohen, ''Notes from the Ground: Science, Soil, and Society in the American Countryside'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 38-40, 97, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MGKGZIKZ view on Zotero]. See also Richard Peters, ''Agricultural Enquiries on Plaister of Paris: Also Facts, Observations and Conjectures on That Sub[s]tance, When Applied as Manure: Collected, Chiefly from the Practice of Farmers in Pennsylvania, and Published as Much with a View to Invite, as to Give Information'' (Philadelphia: Charles Cist and John Markland, 1797), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/P3C9I8MC view on Zotero].</ref> Peters went on to promote scientific methods of agriculture in ''A Discourse on Agriculture: Its Antiquity and Importance to Every Member of the Community'' (1816) and in over 100 reports published under the auspices of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture (founded in 1785), of which he was a charter member, and president from 1805 to 1828. Under his leadership, the Society gained new momentum, organizing exhibitions of farm products and labor-saving machinery, analyzing seeds and plant specimens, and distributing foreign seeds to American farmers. <ref> Simon Baatz, ''"Venerate the Plough"; A History of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 1785-1985'' (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 1985), ___, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W3KPMSDN view on Zotero]; Shingleton, 1985, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WN5FMNI2 view on Zotero]; Breck, 1828: 23-26, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6ZDNIWV3 view on Zotero]. </ref> Peters also founded the Merion Society for Promoting Agriculture and Rural Economy in 1790, serving as its president for 38 years, and as a judge of the U.S. District Court of Pennsylvania from 1792 until his death in 1828.

In the late 1790s Peters spearheaded the planning and construction of a permanent [[bridge]] over the [[Schuylkill River]] (opened in 1805) which made it possible to commute to Philadelphia from country houses such as [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], rendering the west side of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]] truly suburban. <ref> Frank Griggs, Jr., “The Permanent Bridge,” ''Structure Magazine'' (October 2013): http://www.structuremag.org/?p=817; Peters, 1825: 86-87 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NFTXIF6S view on Zotero]; Reinberger, 1998: 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UWBTRV23 view on Zotero]. See also Richard Peters, ''A Statistical Account of the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge: Communicated to the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture, 1806'' (Philadelphia: Johnson & Warner, 1815), https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JCCE54JT view on Zotero]. </ref> In recognition of his service, one of the [[bridge]] posts was decorated with a portrait of Peters in a bronze medallion. <ref> Breck, 1828: 19-20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INU66QCU view on Zotero]. </ref> Along with [[Benjamin Franklin]], he was one of the first non-Quakers to join the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. Peters also served for several years as president of the American Convention of Antislavery Societies, corresponded with many British abolitionists, and campaigned against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.<ref>Kathryn Kish Sklar and James Brewer Stewart, ''Women’s Rights and Transatlantic Antislavery in the Era of Emancipation'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 146, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IDUZ3ADU view on Zotero]; Edward Needles, ''An Historical Memoir of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery'' (Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thompson, 1848), 29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N6FFE2GZ view on Zotero].</ref> His multifarious activities reportedly caused Peters to neglect [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], which some described as presenting a shabby appearance. When taken to task for the derelict appearance of his fields, the judge reportedly delivered the riposte, “How can you expect me...to attend to all these things when my time is so taken up in telling others how to farm?” <ref> Harold Donaldson Eberlein and Horace Mather Lippincott, ''The Colonial Homes of Philadelphia and Its Neighbourhood'' (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1912), 149, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H8PJNXCV view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* [[François Jean, Marquis de Chastellux|Chastellux, François Jean, Marquis de]], c. 1780-82, ''Travels in North America'' (1787: 1: 304) <ref name="Chastellux_1787"> Chastellux, 1787, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ITD6E8FB view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Nothing can equal the beauties of the coup d'oeil which the banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]] present, in descending towards the south to return to Philadelphia. 
: "I found a pretty numerous company assembled at dinner at the Chevalier de la Luzerne's, which was augmented by the arrival of the Comte de Custine and the M. de Laval. In the evening we took them to see the President of the Congress, who was not at home, and then to Mr. Peters, the Secretary to the Board of War, to whom it was my first visit. His house is not large, nor his office of great importance."

* Anonymous English translator of [[François Jean, Marquis de Chastellux|Marquis De Chastellux]], c. 1787, ''Travels in North America, 1780-81-82'' (1787: 1: 301) <ref name ="Chastellux_1787"> Chastellux, 1787, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ITD6E8FB view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The beautiful banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]] are every where covered with elegant country houses; among others, those of [[Springettsbury|Mr. Penn]], the late proprietor, [[Alexander Hamilton|Mr. Hamilton]], and Mr. Peters, late Secretary to the Board of War, are on the most delightful situations. The tasty little box of the last gentleman is on the most enchanting spot that nature can embellish, and besides the variegated beauties of the rural banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], commands the Delaware, and the shipping mounting and descending it, where it is joined at right angles by the former. From hence is the most romantic ride up the river to the Falls, in which the opposite bank is likewise seen beautifully interspersed with the country houses of the opulent citizens of the capital. On your arrival at the Falls, every little knoll or [[eminence]] is occupied by one of these charming retreats."

*[[Joshua Rowley Watson|Watson, Joshua Rowley]], June 17, 1816, diary entry describing a visit to [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]] (quoted in Foster 1997: 292-93) <ref> Kathleen A. Foster, ''Captain Watson’s Travels in America: The Sketchbooks and Diary of Joshua Rowley Watson, 1772-1818'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/J6Q29IVS view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the evening I accompanied my Uncle over to [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Bellmont]] to pay my respects to Judge Peters — the House is finely situated and looks down on the River Schuylkill command[ing] a view of the grounds of Lansdown, Eaglesfield and the distance closed by the City & Jersies. He show'd me his Gardens and [[Orchards]] in the latter of which was a variety of Grasses, but I saw none of that sort which in England is commonly called ''Heaver''. In the Garden he show'd me a Chesnut Tree which General Washington planted, the day he came out to take leave of his old friend.... He has promised me some fruit from it, & a young tree of the same....
: "I was also shown a [[grove]] of Pines in which the General used frequently to walk in and converse with the Judge.... 
: "[[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Bellmont]] house is old, but is well built of stone and like all the Country houses, has a [[Piazza]] in front. I don't see why those in England should not have the same, which would secure a fine airy walk in all weathers, besides being ornamental to the building." 

* Breck, Samuel, September 29, 1828, ''Address Delivered before the Blockley and Merion Agricultural Society'' (1828: 78-79) <ref> Breck, 1828, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INU66QCU view on Zotero]. </ref>
: “The [[George Washington|President]] who placed him on the bench, knew him [Richard Peters] well, and took great delight in his society. When a morning of leisure permitted that great man to drive to [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], the birth-place and country residence of Judge Peters, it was his constant habit so to do. There, sequestered from the world, — the torments and cares of business, [[George Washington|Washington]] would enjoy a vivacious, recreative, and wholly unceremonious intercourse with the Judge; walking for hours, side by side, in the beautiful gardens of [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], beneath the dark shade of lofty hemlocks, placed there by his ancestors, nearly a century ago. In those romantic grounds, there stands a chestnut tree, reared from a Spanish nut, planted by the hand of [[George Washington|Washington]]. Large, healthy, and fruitful, it is cherished at [[Belmont (Philadelphia)|Belmont]], as a precious evidence of the intimacy that subsisted between those distinguished men. The stranger who visits these umbrageous [[walk]]s, trimmed and decorated in the style of the seventeenth century, pauses amid ‘clipt [[hedge]]s of pyramids, [[obelisk]]s, and balls,’ formed by the evergreen and compact spruce, to contemplate this thriving tree, and carry back his memory to the glorious virtuous career of him who placed it there.”

* [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1844, (1844: 31-32, 33) <ref> Andrew Jackson Downing, ''A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America'', 2nd edn (New York and London: Wiley and Putnam, 1844), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/X7DED2X9 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "The [[seat]] of the late Judge Peters [[Belmont Philadelphia)|[Belmont]]], about five miles from Philadelphia, was, 30 years ago, a noted specimen of the [[ancient style|ancient]] school of [[landscape gardening]]. Its proprietor had a most extended reputation as a scientific agriculturist, and his place was also no less remarkable for the design and culture of its [[pleasure grounds|pleasure-grounds]], than for the excellence of its farm. Long and stately [[avenue]]s, with [[vista]]s terminated by [[obelisk]]s, a garden adorned with marble [[urn/vase|vases]], busts and [[statue]]s, and [[pleasure grounds]] filled with the rarest trees and shrubs, were conspicuous features here. Some of the latter are now so remarkable as to attract strongly the attention of the visitor. Among them, is the chestnut planted by [[George Washington|Washington]] which produces the largest and finest fruit; very large hollies; and a curious old box tree much higher than the mansion near which it stands. But the most striking feature now, is the still remaining grand old [[avenue ]]of hemlocks, (''Abies canadensis''.) Many of these trees, which were planted 100 years ago, are now venerable specimens, ninety feet high, whose huge trunks and wide spread branches, are in many cases densely wreathed and draped with masses of English Ivy, forming the most [[picturesque]], sylvan objects we ever beheld...." 
: "Judge Peters' [[seat]], [[Lemon Hill]], and [[Clermont]] were of the [[ancient style]], in the earliest period of the history of [[Landscape Gardening]] among us." 

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">

Image:0301.jpg|[[William Russell Birch]], "View from Belmont Pennsyla. the Seat of Judge Peters," 1808, in Emily T. Cooperman, ''The Country Seats of the United States'' (2009), p. 73, pl. 16.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85363458.html Library of Congress Authorities]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peters_(Continental_Congress) Wikipedia]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:People|Peters, Richard]]

Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery

2016-01-21T11:51:08Z

R-asleson:

'''The Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery''', located on the west bank of the [[Schuylkill River]] in Philadelphia, was developed by [[John Bartram]] for scientific and commercial purposes and maintained by three generations of his family. The encyclopedic range of plants was comprised of native examples discovered on botanical expeditions made by [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and his son, [[William Bartram|William]], as well as exotic specimens sent to him from other parts of the world.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' John Bartram & Sons; Bartram's Garden; Bartram House and Garden; Kingsess Gardens

'''Site Dates:''' 1730s

'''Site Owner(s):''' John Bartram; John Bartram, Jr.; Ann Carr; City of Philadelphia

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[John Bartram]]

'''Location:''' Philadelphia, PA 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bartram%27s+Garden/@39.931814,-75.211663,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x6bdeffbb106d9eb4 View on Google maps]

[[File:0056.jpg|thumb|252.px|Fig. 1, John or William Bartram, "A Draught of John Bartram's House and Garden as it appears from the River," 1758.]]

Through a number of property transactions made between 1728 and 1740, [[John Bartram]] acquired over 287 acres of rich, well-watered farmland on the Schuylkill River at Kingsessing, about three miles from the center of Philadelphia. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] was the son of a Quaker farmer in rural Pennsylvania, and he devoted most of his new property to agriculture. In addition to cultivating grains and raising livestock, he planted a [[kitchen garden]] in 1729 and built a stone farmhouse in 1731.<ref>Joel T. Fry, ''John Bartram’s House and Garden (Bartram's Garden)'', Historic American Landscape Survey, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2004), 4, 7, 15-18, 22, 27-30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; James A. Jacobs, ''John Bartram House and Garden, Greenhouse (Seed House)'', Historic American Landscapes Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2001), 1-2 </ref> Around the same time, he developed a garden on six or seven acres of ground sloping from the house down to the river.<ref>Fry, 2004, 4, 7, 18, 22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> A drawing of 1758 that [[John Bartram|Bartram]] sent to his English friend and business associate [[Peter Collinson]] in London identifies no specific plant materials, but clearly indicates a terraced garden divided into four well-defined zones. [Fig. 1] The area directly behind the house is labeled "Common [[Flower Garden]]," with an "Upper [[Kitchen Garden]]" to its north and "A new flower Garden" (measuring twenty-six by ten yards) to the south. Board [[fence]]s enclose each of these areas. A stone retaining [[wall]] punctuated by steps marks the transition from the upper gardens down to the much larger “Lower [[Kitchen Garden]]," laid out on a slope that ended at the banks of Schuylkill River. An oval-shaped [[pond]] at the center of the lower garden connects to the “spring or milk House,” located in the shade of a large tree near the garden’s northern [[fence]]. Plantings interspersed along this [[fence]] may represent espaliered trees.<ref>Fry, 2004, 43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]</ref> Three long [[alley]]s of trees running the full length of the garden are labeled "[[Walk]]s 150 yards long of a moderate descent." Following his visit to the property in 1787, [[Manasseh Cutler]] described this feature as “a [[walk]] to the river, between two rows of large, lofty trees,” adding that the trees were of “all of different kinds." According to [[Manasseh Cutler|Cutler]], the walk terminated in a [[summerhouse]] on the river bank ([[#Cutler|view text]]).

[[John Bartram|Bartram]] initially gathered plants for his garden from the countryside near his house. Over time, he ventured farther afield, eventually exploring remote wilderness areas from New York to Florida. [[John Bartram|Bartram's]] extensive field experience distinguished him from most of the gardeners and botanists of his day. Informed by personal knowledge of the natural habitats of the plants in his collection, he transplanted new finds to those sections of his property that most closely approximated the environmental conditions and terrain in which he had first encountered them.<ref>For a discussion, see Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in the Design of Botanic Gardens, 1730-1830," in ''Garden History: Issues and Approaches'', ed. John Dixon Hunt, (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992), 282, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NQV3X8M7 view on Zotero].</ref> [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] insatiable botanical curiosity and far-ranging expeditions placed a premium on comprehensiveness, as did the function of his garden as a supplier of plants for sale and exchange. Initiating a trading relationship with J. Slingsby Cressy, a physician and botanist in Antigua, [[John Bartram|Bartram]] emphasized the breadth of his interests: “Whatsoever whether great or small ugly or handsom sweet or stinking…every thing in the universe in their own nature appears beautiful to mee,”<ref>John Bartram to J. Slingsby Cressy, c. 1740, in John Bartram, ''The Correspondence of John Bartram, 1734-1777'', ed. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), 131, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref> Twenty years later, in a letter to [[Peter Collinson]], he crowed, “I can challenge any garden in America for variety.”<ref>John Bartram to Peter Collinson, July 19, 1761, in Bartram, 1992: 529, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref> A few plants from Bartram’s garden survive in European herbaria.<ref>For examples, see Joel T. Fry, "John Bartram and His Garden: Would John Bartram Recognize His Garden Today?," in ''America’s Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram, 1699-1777'', ed. Nancy Everill Hoffmann and John C. Van Horne (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 2004), 159, n.10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/95CXP28C view on Zotero].</ref>

Despite his love of variety, [[John Bartram|Bartram]] was initially reluctant to cultivate delicate plants that required inordinate care to survive Philadelphia’s climate. “I don’t greatly like tender plants what wont bear our severe winters,” he remarked to Philip Miller (1791-1771), curator of the Chelsea Physick Garden, in a letter of June 20, 1757 ([[#Tender|view text]]). This position changed somewhat in 1760, the year of [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] first visit to South Carolina, when he decided to build a [[greenhouse]]. As he explained to [[Peter Collinson]], his plan was to construct the building of stone and to grow “some pretty flowering winter shrubs, and plants for winter’s diversion,” rather than the exotic orange trees and tropical plants that several of his neighbors cultivated in their more opulent [[greenhouses]]. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] erected a modest, one-and-a-half story building of stone with an east facing window, which was completed by December 1762 when he informed Collinson that he had included an external fireplace and two flues in the back wall for heat.<ref>James A. Jacobs, John Bartram House and Garden, Greenhouse (Seed House), Historic American Landscapes Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service, 2001), 2, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TZG4ANHU view on Zotero].</ref> From the 1760s on, the addition of warm-weather Carolina plants transformed Bartram’s garden, enlivening it with brilliantly colored flowers that he delighted in.<ref>See, for example, Bartram, 1992, 495, 529, 668-69, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref>

From an early date Bartram provided trees, shrubs, bulbs, roots, and seeds to many of his neighbors in Philadelphia, including [[William Hamilton]] of [[The Woodlands]], [[Charles Willson Peale]] of Belfield, and Thomas Penn of [[Springettsbury]]. His business expanded exponentially after he entered into an informal partnership with the London merchant [[Peter Collinson]] who was his faithful correspondent and advocate for over thirty years. With the encouragement of [[Peter Collinson|Collinson]] and a growing British and European clientele, [[John Bartram|Bartram]] traveled to most of the American colonies, collecting unusual plants and seeds to transplant and cultivate at his garden. During Bartram’s frequent absences from home on botanical expeditions, the garden was managed by his wife, Ann Mendenhall Bartram (1703–1789). Despite the disruption in trade caused by the American Revolution, the commercial nursery business continued to flourish through to the end of the eighteenth century, as a burgeoning domestic market joined the overseas trade. Bartram's business was still thriving as it approached its third decade. “I must inlarge my nursery garden,” he informed a friend in August 1769.<ref>John Bartram to John Fothergill, August 12, 1769, quoted in Fry, 2004, 37,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref>

Following the death of [[John Bartram]] in 1777, the nursery business continued under the supervision of John Bartram, Jr. (1743-1812) with assistance from his elder brother, the natural history explorer and illustrator [[William Bartram]]. Under their watch, the garden became an outdoor classroom. Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815), the first professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania, brought his students to the garden to study live plants in situ, and the Bartrams noted with pride that their family’s [[botanic garden]] “may with propriety and truth be called the Botanical Academy of Pennsylvania, since…the Professors of Botany, Chemistry, and Materia Medica, attended by their youthful train of pupils, annually assemble here during the Floral season."<ref>William Bartram, ''William Bartram: Travels and Other Writings'', ed. Thomas P. Slaughter (New York: The Library of America, 1996), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3XMTDFZR view on Zotero], 587.</ref> [[John Bartram]]’s children continued to expand the business, adding a second [[greenhouse]] around 1790, and another in 1817. <ref>Fry, 2004, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero]; Benjamin Hays Smith, “Some Letters from William Hamilton of the Woodlands to his Private Secretary,” ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 29 (1905), 258-59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MW5WVDUF view on Zotero].</ref> The fame of the garden attracted many distinguished visitors. [[George Washington]] paid a visit on June 10 and September 2, 1787 while in Philadelphia for the Continental Convention.<ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington'', ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979), 5: 166, 183, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XXSQS73D view on Zotero].</ref> Although he disparaged the garden in his diary, describing it as “not laid off with much taste, nor was it large,” he was impressed by the many “curious pl[an]ts. Shrubs & trees, many of which are exotics” ([[#Washington|view text]]). Two years later he requested a catalog from the Bartrams ([[#Washington_2|view text]]) and in 1792 ordered at least 106 varieties of plants. Three hundred trees and shrubs from Bartram's Garden were planted in ornamental ovals at [[Mount Vernon]] that spring.<ref>See "List of Plants from John Bartram’s Nursery, March 1792," and George Augustine Washington to George Washington, April 15-16, 1792, in George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington'', Presidential Series, ed. by Robert F. Haggard and Mark A. Mastromarino (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2002), 10: 175-83, 272-73, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/T247JI6J view on Zotero].</ref>

In 1807 the Bartrams distributed ''A Catalog of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants Indigenous to the United States of America, cultivated and Disposed of by John Bartram and Son at their Botanical Garden at Kingessing, near Philadelphia. To which is added a Catalog of Foreign Plants Collected from Various Parts of the Globe''. By that time, John Jr. had brought in his son, James Howell Bartram (1783-1818), to assist in managing the garden. After 1812, the daughter of John Bartram, Jr., Ann Bartram Carr (1779-1858), was responsible for maintaining the garden and operating the business. She had learned the science of botany and the art of botanical illustration from her uncle [[William Bartram|William]] and together with her husband Colonel Robert Carr (1778-1866) and his son John Bartram Carr (1804-1839), she enlarged the commercial [[nursery]] and continued the international trade in seeds and plants. At its peak the enterprise operated ten [[greenhouse]]s and maintained a collection of over 1400 native and 1000 exotic plant species.<ref>Fry, 2004, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> In 1838 the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail Road laid out the first route south of Philadelphia, cutting through the west side of the Bartram-Carr property. Later in the century, the single track was expanded to two tracks. Having continued to grow and thrive through three generations of the Bartram family, Bartram's Botanic Garden and Nursery began to experience financial difficulties and was sold out of the family in 1850. The historic garden was purchased by the wealthy railroad industrialist Andrew M. Eastwick (1811-1879), who maintained it as a private park. <ref>Fry, 2004, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R9R5T6QS view on Zotero].</ref> Today it is a 45-acre National Historic Landmark, operated by the John Bartram Association in cooperation with Philadelphia Parks and Recreation

==Texts==
*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], 1740/41, letter to Peter Bayard describing hedges (1992: 174-75)<ref name="Bartram_1992">Bartram, 1992, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NZGMIACI view on Zotero].</ref>
: “As to the evergreens for pyramids that which is called in Europe the silver fir in new England hemlock & our people spruice is esteemed one of the most beautiful evergreens for showey pyramids & yew & holy is also much esteemed…for [[hedge]]s in A garden I like our red cedar or Juniper for tall natural pyramids the white or Lord weymouth pine & balm of gilead fir the larix & spruce fir & abor vita.”

* Bartram, John, June 11, 1743, letter to [[Peter Collinson]], describing the garden of Dr. Christopher Witt (1675-1765) in Germantown, Pa. (1992: 215-16)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "I have lately been to visit our friend Doctor wit [Witt] where I spent 4 of 5 very agreeable sometimes in his garden wehre I viewed every kind of plant I believe that grew therin.... I observed particularly the Doctors famous Lychnis which thee hath dignified so highly, is I think unworthy of that Character our swamps & low grounds is full of them I had so contemptible an opinion of it as not to think it worthy sending nor afford it room in my garden."

* [[Pehr Kalm|Kalm, Peter [Pehr]]], September 25, 1748, ''Travels into North America'' (1770, 1: 112-13) <ref> Peter [Pehr] Kalm, ''Travels into North America: Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects'', trans. John Reinhold Forster, 3 vols. (London: John Reinhold Forster, 1770), 1, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W7RZN46S view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Mr. ''John Bartram'' is an ''Englishman'', who lives in the country about four miles from ''Philadelphia''. He has acquired a great knowledge of natural philosophy and history, and seems to be born with a peculiar genius for these sciences.... He has in several successive years made frequent excursions into different distant parts of ''North America'', with an intention of gathering all sorts of plants which are scarce and little known. Those which he found he has planted in his own [[botanic garden|botanical garden]], and likewise sent over their seeds or fresh roots to ''England''. We owe to him the knowledge of many scarce plants, which he first found, and which were never known before."

* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], February 12, 1753, letter to Jared Eliot describing hedges (1992: 342)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: “About 16 years past I planted a [[hedge]] of red Cedars one foot long on a small bank About 2 foot asunder[.] they growed so well that in 3 or 4 years I had a A fine [[hedge]] 4 foot high 2 foot thick, & so close that A bird could not fly thro it.”

* [[Alexander Garden|Garden, Alexander]], November 4, 1754 to [[Cadwallader Colden]] (quoted in Colden, 1920: 471-72). <ref>Cadwallader Colden, "The Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden", vol. 4 (1748-1754), ''Collections of the New-York Historical Society'' (1920): 471-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AWRMN2FD view on Zotero].</ref>
:"I have met wt very Little new in the Botanic way unless Your acquaintance Bartram....
:"His garden is a perfect portraiture of himself, here you meet wt a row of rare plants almost covered over wt weeds, here with a Beautiful Shrub, even Luxuriant Amongst Briars, and in another corner an Elegant & Lofty tree lost in common [[thicket]] — on our way from town to his house he carried me to severall rocks & Dens where he shewed me some of his rare plants, which he had brought from the Mountains &c. In a word he disdains to have a garden less than Pensylvania [''sic''] & Every den is an [[Arbor|Arbour]], Every run of water, a [[Canal]], & every small level Spot a [[Parterre]], where he nurses up some of his Idol Flowers & cultivates his darling productions."

* <div id="Tender"></div>[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 20, 1757, letter to Philip Miller (1992: 423-24)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref> [[#Tender_cite|back up to history]]
: “I dont greatly like tender plants what wont bear our severe winters but perhaps annual plants that would perfect thair seeds with you without the help of A hot bed in the spring will do with us in the open ground.... Two roots of a sort is enough. I don’t want much of any one species but variety pleaseth me.”

*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], February 18, 1758, letter to Philip Miller in London (1992: 456-58)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "At present my fancy runs all upon the living curious seeds cuttings of bulbous roots[.] fibrous roots is difficult to send… for now every few nights I dream of seeing & gathering the finest flowers & roots to plant in my garden[.] pray my dear friend oblige me with one or two of thy best sorts[.] I want but one of A sort but I love variety [.] pray don’t let our dutch outdo me."

*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 24, 1760, in a letter to [[Peter Collinson]], describing his plans for the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in Darlington 1849: 224) <ref name="Darlington_1849">William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Dear friend, I am going to build a [[greenhouse]]. Stone is got; and hope as soon as harvest is over to begin to build it, to put some pretty flowering winter shrubs, and plants for winter’s diversion; not to be crowded with orange trees, or those natural to the Torrid Zone, but such as will do, being protected from frost."

* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], July 19, 1761, letter to Peter [[Peter Collinson]] (1992: 529)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "I have now A glorious appearance of Carnations from thy seed—the brightest color that ever eyes beheld now, what with thine dr. Witts & others I can challenge any garden in America for variety."

* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], May 1763, letter to [[Peter Collinson]] (1992: 594)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "My garden now makes A glorious appearance I have A fine anonis with A large spike of blew flowers in full bloom which I gathered in Potemack 3 years ago…my great carolina saracena is in bloom…it is a glorious odd flower A goldish color & striped."

*[[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], May 1, 1764, letter to [[Peter Collinson]] (1992: 627-28)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: “I have many Carolina seeds come up this spring in the [[bed]] I sowed when I cam home…. Doctor Shippen gave me some seed last summer which he brought from the south of Europe one fine sumach grew 18 inches… I sheltered them with boards & thay are now very fresh the first I transplanted to one side of my [[walks]].... Last summer there came up in my [[greenhouse]] from east India seed formerly sowed there an odd kind of Sumach (as I take it to be)[.] it growed in A few months near 4 foot high & continued green & growing all winter & this spring I planted it it out to take its chance it shoots vigorously & almost as red as crimson how it will stand next winter I cant say but I intend to cover the ground well above its root.... Last summer there came up in my greenhouse from east India seed formerly sowed there an odd kind of Sumach (as I take it to be)[.] it fgrowd in A few months near 4 foot high & continued green & growing all winter & this spring I planted it it out to take its chance it shoots vigorously & almost as red as crimson how it will stand next winter I cant say but I intend to cover the ground well above its root.”

* [[John Bartram|Bartram, John]], June 1766, to [[Peter Collinson]](London 1992: 668-69)<ref name="Bartram_1992"></ref>
: "I have brought home with me A fine Collection of strange florida plants."

*[[Iwan Alexiowitz|Alexiowitz, Iwan]], 1769, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in Darlington 1849: 50) <ref name="Darlington_1849"></ref>
:“The whole store of nature’s kind luxuriance seemed to have been exhausted on these beautiful [[meadow]]s; he made me count the amazing number of cattle and horses now feeding on solid bottoms, which but a few years before had been covered with water. Thence we rambled through his fields, where the rightangular [[fence]]s, the heaps of pitched stones, the flourishing clover, announced the best husbandry, as well as the most assiduous attention....He next showed me his [[orchard]], formerly planted on a barren, sandy soil, but long since converted into one of the richest spots in that vicinage.”

* Mr. Iw--n Al--z, c. 1770, describing John Bartram and the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in [[J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur|St. John de Crèvecœur, J. Hector]], ''Letters from an American Farmer'', 1783: 248, 254) <ref> "A Russian Gentleman, Describing the Visit He Paid at My Request To Mr. John Bertram, The Celebrated Pennsylvanian Botanist," quoted in J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, ''Letters from an American Farmer: Describing Certain Provincial Situations, Manners, and Customs Not Generally Known'' (London: Thomas Davies and Lockyer Davis, 1783), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JIVSDQ3K view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Let us... pay a visit to Mr. John Bertram [''sic''], the first botanist, in this new hemisphere.... It is to this simple man that America is indebted for several useful discoveries, and the knowledge of many new plants.... 
: "Every disposition of the fields, [[fence]]s, and trees, seemed to bear the marks of perfect order and regularity, which in rural affairs, always indicate a prosperous industry... 
: "From his study we went into the garden, which contained a great variety of curious plants and shrubs; some grew in a [[greenhouse|green-house]], over the door of which were written these lines, 
::" Slave to no sect, who takes no private road,
::" But looks through nature, up to nature's God!"

* <div id="Washington"></div>[[George Washington|Washington, George]], June 10, 1787, describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1979: 5: 166) <ref>George Washington, ''The Diaries of George Washington'', ed. by Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XXSQS73D view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Washington_cite|back up to history]]
: "[We] rid to see the [[botanic garden|Botanical garden]] of Mr. Bartram; which, tho’ Stored with many curious plts. Shrubs & trees, many of which are exotics was not laid off with much taste, nor was it large."

* <div id="Cutler"></div>[[Rev. Manasseh Cutler|Cutler, Rev. Manasseh]], July 14, 1787, describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1888: 1:272-74) <ref name="Cutler_1888">Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, L.L.D.'', ed. by William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, vol. 1 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Cutler_cite|back up to history]]
: "We crossed the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], at what is called the lower ferry, over the floating [[bridge]], to [[Gray's Garden|Gray's tavern]], and, in about two miles, came to Mr. Bartram's [[seat]]. We alighted from our carriages, and found our company were : Mr. [Caleb] Strong, Governor [Alexander] Martin, [[George Mason|Mr. [George] Mason]] and son, Mr. [Hugh] Williamson, [[James Madison|Mr. [James] Madison]], Mr. [John] Rutledge, and [[Alexander Hamilton|Mr. [Alexander] Hamilton]], all members of Convention, [[Samuel Vaughan|Mr. Vaughan]], and Dr. [Gerardus] Clarkson and son. Mr. Bartram lives in an ancient Fabric, built with stone, and very large, which was the seat of his father. His house is on an [[eminence]] fronting to the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], and his garden is on the declivity of the hill between his house and the river. We found him, with another man, hoeing in his garden, in a short jacket and trowsers, and without shoes or stockings. He at first stared at us, and seemed to be somewhat embarrassed at seeing so large and gay a company so early in the morning. Dr. Clarkson was the only person he knew, who introduced me to him, and informed him that I wished to converse with him on botanical subjects, and, as I lived in one of the Northern States, would probably inform him of trees and plants which he had not yet in his collection; that the other gentlemen wished for the pleasure of a walk in his garden. I instantly entered on the subject of botany with as much familiarity as possible, and inquired after some rare plants which I had heard that he had. He presently got rid of his embarrassment, and soon became very sociable, which was more than I expected, from the character I had heard of the man. I found him to be a practical botanist, though he seemed to understand little of the theory. We ranged the several [[alley]]s, and he gave me the generic and specific names, place of growth, properties, etc., so far as he knew them. This is a very ancient garden, and the collection is large indeed, but is made principally from the Middle and Southern States. It is finely situated, as it partakes of every kind of soil, has a fine stream of water, and an artificial [[lake/pond|pond]], where he has a good collection of aquatic plants. There is no situation in which plants or trees are found but that they may be propagated here in one that is similar. But every thing is very badly arranged, for they are neither placed ornamentally nor botanically, but seem to be jumbled together in heaps. The other gentlemen were very free and sociable with him, particularly Governor Martin, who has a smattering of botany and a fine taste for natural history. There are in this garden some very large trees that are exotic, particularly an English oak, which he assured me was the only one in America. He had the Pawpaw tree, or Custard apple. It is small, though it bears fruit ; but the fruit is very small. He has also a large number of aromatics, some of them trees, and some plants. One plant I thought equal to cinnamon. The Franklin tree is very curious. It has been found only on one particular spot in Georgia.... From the house is a [[walk]] to the river, between two rows of large, lofty trees, all of different kinds, at the bottom of which is a [[summerhouse|summer-house]] on the bank, which here is a ledge of rocks, and so situated as to be convenient for fishing in the river, where a plenty of several kinds of fish may be caught. Mr. Bartram showed us several natural curiosities in the place where he keeps his seeds; they were principally fossils. He appeared fond of exchanging a number of his trees and plants for those which are peculiar to the Northern States. We proposed a correspondence, by which we could more minutely describe the productions peculiar to the Southern and Northern States.
: "About nine, we took our leave of Mr. Bartram, who appeared to be well pleased with his visitors, and returned to [[Gray's Garden|Gray's tavern]], where we breakfasted."

* <div id="Washington_2"></div>Lear, Tobias to Clement Biddle, October 7, 1789 (1993: 4: 124-25)<ref>George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington'', Presidential Series, ed. Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/HI3EUPA2 view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Washington_2_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[George Washington|The President]] will thank you to get from Mr Bartram a list of the plants & shrubs which he has for sale, with the price affixed to each, and also a note to each of the time proper for transplanting them, as he is desireous of having some sent to [[Mount Vernon]] this fall if it is proper.
: "It is customary for those persons who publish lists of their plants &c. to insert many which they have had, but which have been all disposed of— [[George Washington|the President]] will therefore wish to have a list only of what he actually has in his Gardon."

* [[Alexander Wilson|Wilson, Alexander]], August 10, 1804, "A Rural Walk. The Scenery drawn from Nature," Gray's Ferry (1876: 359, 361-64) <ref> Alexander Wilson, ''The Poems and Literary Prose of Alexander Wilson, the American Ornithologist'', ed. Alexander B. Grosart, 2 vols. (Paisley: Alex. Gardner, 1876), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VK9Q28VZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: “The Summer sun was riding high,
:: “The [[wood]] in deepest verdure drest;
: “From care and clouds of dust to fly,
:: “Across yon bubbling brook I past;

: “And up the hill, with cedars spread,
:: “Where vines through spice-[[wood]] [[thicket]]s roam;
: “I took the woodland path, that led
:: “To [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] hospitable dome….
 
: “The squirrel chipp’d, the tree-frog whirr’d,
:: “The dove bemoan’d in shadiest [[bower|bow’r]]….
 
: “A wide extended waste of [[wood]],
:: “Beyond in distant [[prospect]] lay;
: “Where Delaware’s majestic flood
:: “Shone like the radiant orb of day….
 
: “There market-maids, in lovely rows,
:: “With wallets white, were riding home;
: “And thund’ring gigs, with powder’d beauxs [''sic''],
:: “Through [[Gray’s Garden|Gray’s]] green festive shade to roam.
 
: “There Bacchus fills his flowing cup,
:: “There Venus’ lovely train are seen;
: “There lovers sigh, and gluttons sup,
:: “By [[shrubbery|shrubb’ry]] [[walks]], in [[arbor|arbours]] green.
 
: “But dearer pleasures warm my heart,
:: “And fairer scenes salute my eye;
: “As thro’ these cherry-rows I dart
:: “Where [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] fairy landscapes lie.
 
: “Sweet flows the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill’s]] winding tide,
:: “By [[John Bartram|Bartram’s]] emblossomed [[bower|bow’rs]];
: “Where nature sports, in all her pride
:: “Of choicest plants, and fruits, and flow’rs.

: "These sheltering pines that shade the path, —
:: "That tow'ring cypress moving slow, —
: "Survey a thousand sweets beneath,
:: "And smile upon the [[groves]] below....
 
: "From pathless [[woods]], from Indian plains,
:: "From shores where exil'd Britons rove;
: "Arabia's rich luxuriant scene,
:: "And Otaheite's ambrosial [[grove]].
 
: "Unnumber'd plants and [[shrubbery|shrubb'ry]] sweet,
:: "Adorning still the circling year;
: "Whose names the Muse can ne'er repeat,
:: "Display their mingling blossoms here....
 
: "For them thro' Georgia's sultry clime,
:: "And Florida's sequester'd shore;
: "Their streams, dark [[woods]], and cliffs sublime,
:: "His dangerous way he did explore.
 
: "And here their blooming tribes he tends,
:: "And tho' revolving Winters reign,
: "Still Spring returns him back his friends,
:: "His shades and blossom'd [[bowers]] again."

* [[William Bartram|Bartram, William]], 1807, Preface to ''A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, Indigenous to the United States of America'' (1996: 586-87)<ref>Bartram, 1996, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3XMTDFZR view on Zotero].</ref>
: "KINGSESS GARDENS were begun about 80 years since by [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]] the elder.... They are situated on the west banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], four miles from Philadelphia, and contain about eight acres of land. The mansion and [[greenhouse|green houses]] stand on an [[eminence]] from which the garden descends by gentle [[terrace/slope|slopes]] to the edge of the river, and on either side the ground rises into hills of moderate elevation to the summits of which its [[borders]] extend. From this scite [''sic''] are distinctly seen the winding course of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], its broad-spread [[meadow]]s and cultivated farms, for many miles up and down.... The whole comprehends an extensive [[prospect]], rich in the beauty of its scenery and endless in diversity.
: "His [Bartram's] view in the establishment [of the garden] was to make it a deposite [''sic''] of the vegetables of these United States, (then British Colonies), as well as those of Europe and other parts of the earth, that they might be the more convenient for investigation. He soon furnished his grounds with the curious and beautiful vegetables in the environs, and by degrees those more distant, which were arranged according to their natural soil and situation, either in the garden, or on his [[plantation]], which consisted of between 200 and 300 acres of land, the whole of which he termed his garden....
: "Thus these extensive gardens became the Seminary of American vegetables, from whence they were distributed to Europe, and other regions of the civilized world. They may with propriety and truth be called the ''Botanical Academy of Pennsylvania'', since, being near Philadelphia, the Professors of Botany, Chemistry, and Materia Medica, attended by their youthful train of pupils, annually assemble here during the Floral season.
: "The revered founder lived to see his garden flourish beyond him most sanguine expectations, and extend its reputation both at home and abroad, as the [[Botanic Garden]] of America. In this condition it descended to his son, whose care it has been to preserve its well-earned fame, as well by continuing the collection already there, as by making annual excursions to increase the variety. Finding old age coming on, he has lately associated his son with him in the concern, and hopes by their untied exertions the gardens will continue to be worthy of the attention of the lovers of science and the admirers of nature."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Near Philadelphia I found the [[botanic garden]] of Messrs. John and [[William Bartram]]. This is likewise an old establishment, founded under the patronage of the late Dr. Fothergill, by the father of the now living Bartrams. This place, delightfully situated on the banks of the Delaware, is kept up by the present proprietors, and probably will increase under the care of the son of [[John Bartram]], a young gentleman of classical education, and highly attached to the study of botany. Mr. [[William Bartram]], the well known author of “Travels through North and South Carolina,” I found a very intelligent, agreeable, and communicative gentleman; and from him I received considerable information about the plants of that country, particularly respecting the habitats of a number of rare and interesting trees. It is with the liveliest emotions of pleasure I call to mind the happy hours I spent in this worthy man’s company, during the period I lived in his neighbourhood.

* Baldwin, William, August 14, 1818, letter from Philadelphia to [[William Darlington]] (Darlington 1843: 277-78)<ref>William Baldwin, ''Reliquiae Baldwinianae: Selections from the Correspondence of the Late William Baldwin with Occasional Notes, and a Short Biographical Memoir'', ed. William Darlington (Philadelphia: Kimber and Sharpless, 1843), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZCT2UNV view on Zotero].</ref>
: " I spent several hours yesterday with our worthy old friend BARTRAM; and have made an arrangement with Col. [[Robert Carr|ROBERT CARR]], who has the management of the garden, to cultivate my S. American plants. He has now the ''Lantana Bratrami'' [''sic''] (for the first time) in flower in his garden…. [[Ann Carr|Mrs. CARR]] (daughter of the late [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]],) draws elegantly,— and has engaged to execute as many drawings for me as I want…..
: “I found yesterday…a new species of ''Prunella''….On showing a specimen of it to Mr. BARTRAM, he thought he had seen it, — and considered it a new species. He will search for it, and let me know."

*[[James Thacher|Thacher, James]], 1828, describing history of Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1828: 1: 67)<ref>James Thacher, ''American Medical Biography: Or, Memoirs of Eminent Physicians Who Have Flourished in America'', 2 vols (Boston: Richardson & Lord and Cottons & Barnard, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A6TFSIKP view on Zotero].</ref>
: "[[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]] was the first native American who conceived and carried into effect the plan of a [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] for the reception and cultivation of indigenous as well as exotic plants, and of travelling for the purpose of accomplishing this plan. He purchased a situation on the banks of Schuylkill, and enriched it with every variety of the most curious and beautiful vegetables, collected in his excursions, which his sons have since continued to cultivate."

*Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1830, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (quoted in Boyd 1929: 428) <ref>James Boyd, ''A History of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1827-1927'' (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1929), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UN9TRH8T view on Zotero].</ref>
:“Mr. Carr’s fruit [[nursery]] has been greatly improved, and will be enlarged next spring to twelve acres—its present size is eight. The trees are arranged in systematical order, and the [[walk]]s well gravelled. The whole is abundantly stocked, from the seed bed to the tree. Here are to be found 113 varieties of apples, 72 of pears, 22 of cherries, 17 of apricots, 45 of plums, 39 of peaches, 5 of nectarines, 3 of almonds, 6 of quinces, 5 of mulberries, 6 of raspberries, 6 of currants, 5 of filberts, 8 of walnuts, 6 of strawberries, and 2 of medlars. The stock, considered according to its growth, has in the first class of ornamental trees, esteemed for their foliage, flowers, or fruit, 76 sorts; of the second class 56 sorts; of the third class 120 sorts; of ornamental evergreens 52 sorts; of vines and creepers, for covering [[wall]]s and [[arbor|arbours]], 35 sorts; of honey suckle 30 sorts, and of roses 80 varieties.”

*[[William Wynne|Wynne, William]], 1832, “Some Account of the Nursery Gardens and the State of Horticulture in the Neighbourhood of Philadelphia,” describing the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (''Gardener’s Magazine'' 8: 272–73)
:“I shall begin with Bartram’s Botanic Garden; the precedence being due to it, both for antiquity (it having been established 100 years), and from its containing the best collection of American plants in the United States. There are above 2000 species (natives) contained in a space of six acres, not including the fruit [[nursery]] and vineyard, which comprise eight acres. . . . Indeed, the most remarkable feature in this [[nursery]], and that which renders it superior to most of its class, is the advantage of possessing large specimens of all the rare American trees and [[shrubs]]; which are not only highly ornamental, but likewise very valuable, from the great quantities of seed they afford for exportation to London, Paris, Petersburgh, Calcutta, and several other parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This garden is the regular resort of the learned and scientific gentlemen of Philadelphia.”

*[[C. M. Hovery|Hovey, C. M.]], June 1837, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (''Magazine of Horticulture'' 3: 210)
:“In the [[orangery]] attached to the large [[greenhouse]] are a great number of very old orange and lemon trees.”

* [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing, Andrew Jackson]], March 1837, "Notes on Some of the Nurseries and Private Gardens in the Neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia" (June 1837: 211)<ref>Andrew Jackson Downing, "Notes on Some of the Nurseries and Private Gardens in the Neighborhood of New York and Philadelphia, Visited in the Early Part of the Month of March, 1837," ''The Magazine of Horticulture'', 3 (June 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/32HMSJRW view on Zotero].</ref>
: “It is with deep regret that we learn that one of the principal rail roads in the State of Pennsylvania, now constructing, will run to the city directly through the [[nursery]] of Col. Carr, and will cut up the grounds in such a manner as to entirely destroy their beauty; but what is a source of yet deeper regret, is the destruction which it will cause of some of the old and still beautiful specimens of trees which ornament the place; several of these, which have long served as a memento of the zealous labors of the elder [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and [[William Bartram|his sons]], will fall by the woodman’s axe. It is a melancholy scene to the American horticulturist to see the few beautiful private residences and [[nursery|nurseries]] of which our country can boast, one by one, purchased by individuals or companies, to be cut up into building lots, or otherwise destroyed, by rail roads running directly through them. [[David Hosack|Dr. Hosack’s]], at [[Hyde Park]], N.Y., the best specimens of gardening in this country, was the first; [[Henry Pratt|Mr. Pratt’s]], [[Lemon Hill|Laurel [Lemon]] Hill]], but little inferior in its style, next; and now one of the oldest [[nursery|nurseries]], bounded by one of the best naturalists this country ever produced, is to follow, though not the same, a similar fate.”

[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|Fig. 2, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 from François André Michaux, ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
* [[François André Michaux|Michaux, François André]], 1841, describing the Bartram Oak at the Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (1: 37) <ref>François André Michaux, ''The North American Sylva; Or, A Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and North America...Translated from the French of F. Andrew Michaux...Illustrated by 122 Finely Colored Plates by Thomas Nuttall'', trans. by Augustus L. Hillhouse, 6 vols (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1841), 1, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BTCGCMGG view on Zotero].</ref>
: "Every botanist who has visited different regions of the globe must have remarked certain species of vegetables which are so little multiplied that they seem likely at no distant period to disappear from the earth. To this class belongs the Bartram Oak. Several English and American naturalists who, like my father and myself, have spent years in exploring the United States, and who have obligingly communicated to us the result of their observations, have like us, found no traces of this species except a single stock in a field belonging to [[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]], on the banks of the [[Schuylkill River|Schuylkill]], 4 miles from Philadelphia…. [Fig. 2]
: "Several young plants, which I received from [[John Bartram|Mr. Bartram]] himself, have been placed in our public gardens to insure the preservation of the species."

*[[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery (pp. 18–19) <ref name="Darlington_1849"></ref>
:“He [John Bartram] was, perhaps, the first Anglo-American who conceived the idea of establishing a [[botanic garden|BOTANIC GARDEN]] for the reception and cultivation of the various vegetables, natives of the country, as well as exotics, and of travelling for the discovery and acquisition of them.

:“* The BARTRAM BOTANIC GARDEN, (established in or about the year 1730,) is most eligibly and beautifully situated, on the right bank of the river Schuylkill, a short distance below the city of Philadelphia. Being the oldest establishment of the kind in this western world, and exceedingly interesting, from its history and associations,—one might almost hope, even in this utilitarian age, that, if no motive more commendable could avail, a feeling of state or city pride, would be sufficient to ensure its preservation, in its original character, and for the sake of its original objects. But, alas! there seems to be too much reason to apprehend that it will scarcely survive the immediate family of its noble-hearted founder,—and that even the present generation may live to see the accumulated treasures of a century laid waste—with all the once gay [[parterre]]s and lovely [[border]]s converted into lumberyards and coal-landings.”

*[[J. C. Loudon|Loudon, J. C.]], 1850, describing [[nursery|nurseries]] in America (p. 339) <ref>J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero].</ref>
:“884. ''At and near Philadelphia'' are Bartram’s botanic garden, now the nursery of Colonel Carr, and accurately described by his foreman, Mr. Wynne (''Gard. Mag''., vol. viii. p. 272.); Messrs. Landreth and Co.’s [[nursery]]; and that of Messrs. Hibbert and Buist; besides some commercial gardens in which, to a small [[nursery]] with [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse|hot-houses]], are added the appendages of a tavern. These tavern gardens, Mr. Wynne informs us, are the resort of many of the citizens of Philadelphia, more especially the gardens of M. Arran, and M. d’Arras; the first having a very good museum, and the latter a beautiful collection of large orange and lemon trees."

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0056.jpg|John or William Bartram, "A Draught of John Bartram's House and Garden as it appears from the River," 1758.

Image:2074.jpg|Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 from François André Michaux, ''North American Sylva'' (1841).

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon

2016-01-21T11:49:27Z

R-asleson:

'''John Claudius Loudon''' (8 April 1783 – 14 December 1843) was a Scottish botanist, landscape architect, cemetery designer, and author, as well as the most influential horticultural journalist of his time. Through an extraordinarily prolific publishing career, Loudon raised popular knowledge of and interest in botany, horticulture, and agriculture while shaping contemporary taste in gardens, public parks, and domestic architecture throughout Britain, America, and much of the Western world. <ref> Paul Elliott, Charles Watkins, and Stephen Daniels, “‘Combining Science with Recreation and Pleasure’: Cultural Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Arboretums,” ''Garden History'', 35 [Supplement: Cultural and Historical Geographies of the Arboretum] (2007): 9-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QVC4V4ZP view on Zotero]; Colleen Morris, “The Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: John Claudius Loudon and His Influence in the Australian Colonies,” ''Garden History'', 32, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 101-23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FXHIH2XU view on Zotero]; Margaretta J. Darnall, “The American Cemetery as Picturesque Landscape: Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis,” ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 18, no. 4 (Winter 1983): 264-65, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2GRTD7, view on Zotero]. </ref>

==History==

As a young man, Loudon worked part-time for nurserymen and landscape gardeners near Edinburgh while pursuing the study of animal husbandry, gardening, and agriculture. On moving to London in 1803, he swiftly established his authority as a practitioner and theorist of landscape gardening, and even dabbled in landscape painting, exhibiting five works at the Royal Academy of Arts between 1804 and 1817. <ref> Melanie Louise Simo, ''Loudon and the Landscape: From Country Seat to Metropolis, 1783-1843'' (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988), 1-7, 28-29, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero.] </ref> In addition to the study of art, his taste owed much to the reading of classical and modern writers, particularly English poets and aesthetic theorists. [[Uvedale Price]], one of the principal theorists of the picturesque, was especially influential; Loudon later observed, “I believe that I am the first who has set out as a landscape gardener, professing to follow Mr. [[Uvedale Price|Price]]’s principles.” <ref> Laurence Frickler, “John Claudius Loudon: The Plane Truth?,” in ''Furor Hortensis: Essays on the History of the English Landscape Garden in Memory of H.F. Clark'', ed. Peter Willis (Edinburgh: Elysium Press Limited, 1974), 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TMA2ZEXX view on Zotero]; see also Simo, 1988, 38-45, 52-56, 93-95, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN, view on Zotero]. </ref> Loudon’s plan for improving the public squares of London through picturesque plantings of trees and shrubs, published in the ''Literary Journal'' in 1803, initiated a voluminous outpouring of articles, books, and pamphlets that would occupy him for the rest of his life. <ref> Frickler, 1974, 76-88, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TMA2ZEXX view on Zotero]. </ref>

<div id="Fig_1"></div>[[File:1825.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, "Greenhouse or conservatory for a flower-garden, with a span roof," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 811, fig. 568. [[#Fig_1_cite|Back to texts]]]]
Loudon traveled extensively in order to familiarize himself with the ornamental and agricultural use of land in Britain and continental Europe. Impressed by the productivity of Russian [[hothouse]]s during a trip to Scandinavia and Eastern Europe (1813-14), he began experimenting with the use of curved iron and glass in innovative [[hothouse]] structures that could be adjusted to the changing angle of the sun’s rays [Fig. 1]. <ref> John Claudius Loudon, ''Remarks on the Construction of Hothouses, Pointing out the Most Advantageous Forms, Materials, and Contrivances to Be Used in Their Construction; Also, A Review of The Various Methods of Building Them in Foreign Countries as Well as in England'' (London: J. Taylor, 1817) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/D3NP8DJ3, view on Zotero]; Georg Kohlmaier and Barna von Sartory, ''Houses of Glass: A Nineteenth-Century Building Type'' (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2EFN32HR view on Zotero]; Simo, 1988, 7-9, 110-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1819 he visited France, Italy, Switzerland, and the Low Countries to gather material for ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening: Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture and Landscape-gardening'' (1822)— by far the most comprehensive and systematic compendium of gardening information that had been published at the time. In contrast to many of Loudon’s previous publications, which were expensively produced and richly illustrated, the ''Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' was a practical guide intended for professional gardeners and middle-class amateurs rather than elite readers. As such, it established a new direction in garden literature that Loudon continued to develop in subsequent publications, such as ''Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture'' (1833) and ''The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion'' (1838). <ref> Andrea Henderson, “Mastery and Melancholy in Suburbia,” ''The Eighteenth Century'', 50, no. 2/3 (Summer-Autumn 2009): 227-31, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W97KWDHD view on Zotero]; Simo, 1988, 9, 147-48,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN, view on Zotero]; see also Sarah Dewis, ''The Loudons and the Gardening Press: A Victorian Cultural Industry'' (Farnham, Surrey, and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UFVDZ2JM view on Zotero]. </ref>

<div id="Fig_2"></div>[[File:1756.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, “View at Hendon Rectory,” Middlesex, England, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 483, fig. 175. [[#Fig_2_cite|Back to texts]]]]
Landowners throughout England and Scotland sought Loudon’s advice on improving the grounds of their estates. <ref> Simo, 1988, passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero]. </ref> Following his marriage in 1830, he was greatly assisted by his wife, [[Jane Loudon|Jane Webb Loudon]], who became an important gardening authority in her own right. <ref> John Claudius Loudon, ''In Search of English Gardens: The Gravels of John Claudius Loudon and His Wife Jane,''ed. Priscilla Boniface (Wheathampstead: Lennard Publishing, 1987), 10-16 and passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EDXJZ5I view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1826 Loudon launched ''The Gardener's Magazine'' — the first periodical devoted solely to horticulture—which aimed “to disseminate new and important information on all topics connected with horticulture and to raise the intellect and the character of those engaged in this art.” <ref> Charles Quest-Ritson, ''The English Garden: A Social History'' (London: Viking Press, 2001), 177, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9S7WBZPM view on Zotero] </ref> Addressed to an expanding middle-class audience, the magazine became an international forum for the exchange of specialized information on scientific discoveries, technological improvements, aesthetic theories, and working designs. <ref> Simo, 1988, 153-62, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero]; Ray Desmond, “Loudon and Nineteenth-Century Horticultural Journalism” in ''John Claudius Loudon and the Early Nineteenth Century in Great Britain'', ed. Elisabeth MacDougall (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1980), 79-82, 94-96 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/R6S53QAD view on Zotero]. </ref> An article Loudon published in the magazine in 1832 established the term “[[Gardenesque]]” to denote a deliberately artificial style of garden layout that lent itself to botanical study of individual plant specimens, revealing the art of the gardener as well as the beauty of nature [Fig. 2]. <ref> Simo, 1988, 171-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/CH73TQUN view on Zotero]. </ref> Whereas earlier landscape artists had “looked on garden scenery entirely with the eye of a painter and a poet,” Loudon believed that “the modern artist adds to these the eye of the botanist and the cultivator." <ref> John Claudius Loudon, ''The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion'' (London: Longman et al., 1838), 638, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BQVBJ48F view on Zotero]; see also Heath Schenker, “Women, Gardens, and the English Middle Class in the Early Nineteenth Century” in ''Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550-1850'', ed. Michel Conan (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002), 338n, 343-47, 356-60, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIB8RSSR view on Zotero]. </ref>
Loudon’s most important work in the [[Gardenesque]] style is the Derby Arboretum (1839-41) — generally considered England’s first public park — which he designed with over one thousand different varieties of trees and shrubs. <ref> Beryl Hartley, “Sites of Knowledge and Instruction: Arboretums and the ‘Arboretum et Futicetum Britannicum,’” ''Garden History'' (2007), 35 (Supplement: Cultural and Historical Geographies of the Arboretum): 35-36, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UNJX4TDH view on Zotero]; Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels, 2007, 20-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QVC4V4ZP view on Zotero]; Hilary A. Taylor, “Urban Public Parks, 1840-1900: Design and Meaning,” ''Garden History'' 23, no. 2 (Winter 1995): 203-06, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/INQQXBEF view on Zotero]; John Claudius Loudon, ''The Derby Arboretum: Containing a Catalogue of the Trees and Shrubs Included in It, A Description of the Grounds and Directions for Their Management, A Copy of the Address Delivered When It Was Presented to the Town of Derby...on Sept. 16, 1840'' (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1840), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/A3TZEC3G view on Zotero]. </ref> Among Loudon’s numerous horticultural publications, the most ambitious was his copiously illustrated (and financially ruinous) eight-volume “paper arboretum," the ''Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum'' (1835-1838): a survey of all the trees and shrubs then growing in Britain, which he hoped would spur a taste for arboriculture and the cultivation of a greater variety of trees. <ref> Hartley, 2007, 28-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/UNJX4TDH view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
===Books===
====''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826, 4th Edition)====

'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al, 1826) <ref name="Loudon_1826">J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al, 1826). [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KNKTCA4W View on Zotero]</ref>'''

* Part I, Book I, Chapter III (pp. 26-27)
:“115. ''The [[Dutch style|Dutch]] are generally considered as having a particular taste'' in gardening, yet their gardens, Hirschfeld observes, appear to differ little in design from those of the [[French style|French]]. The characteristics of both are symmetry and abundance of ornaments. The only difference to be remarked is, that the gardens of Holland are more confined, more covered with frivolous ornaments, and intersected with still, and often muddy pieces of water. . . .

:“116. ''Grassy [[terrace/slope|slope]]s and green [[terrace]]s and [[walk]]s'' are more common in Holland than in any other country of the continent, because the climate and soil are favourable for turf; and these verdant [[terrace/slope|slope]]s and [[mound]]s may be said to form, with their oblong [[canal]]s, the characteristics of the [[Dutch style]] of laying out grounds.”

[[File:1795.jpg|thumb|200px|Fig. 3, "A plan of a Chinese garden and dwelling," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 103, fig. 37.]]

* Part I, Book I, Chapter V (pp. 103, 105, 106)
:“478. ''A plan of a [[Chinese manner|Chinese garden]] and dwelling''. . . . If this plan . . . is really correct, it seems to countenance the idea of the [[modern style]] being taken from that of the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]]. . . . [Fig. 3]

:“482. . . .

:“''The first work after a settlement'' [in North America] is to plant a peach and apple [[orchard]], placing the trees alternately. The peach, being short-lived, is soon removed, and its place covered by the branches of the apple-trees."

:“486. ''Forest trees''. . . . From the Transactions of the Society of Agriculture of New York, we learn, that hawthorn [[hedge]]s and other live [[fence]]s are generally adopted in the cultivated districts; but the time is not yet arrived for forming timber-[[plantations]]."

[[File:1311.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 4, Plant boxes, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 285, figs. 177-179.]]
* Part II, Book III, Chapter I (pp. 284, 285, 296)
:“1407. Of ''flower-[[pot]]s'' there are several species and many varieties.
:“''The common flower-[[pot]]'' is a cylindrical tapering vessel of burnt clay, with a perforated bottom, and of which there are ten British sorts, distinguished by their sizes thus. . . .

:“''Common flower-[[pot]]s are sold by the cast'', and the price is generally the same for all the 10 sorts; two [[pot]]s or a cast of No. 1, costing the same price as eight [[pot]]s, or a cast of No. 11.

:“''The store-[[pot]]'' is a broad flat-bottomed [[pot]], used for striking cuttings or raising seedlings.

:“''The [[pot]] for bulbous roots'' is narrower and deeper than usual.

:“''The [[pot]] for aquatics'' should have no holes in the bottom or sides.

:“''The [[pot]] for marsh-plants'' should have three or four small holes in the sides about one third of the depth from its bottom. This third being filled with gravel, and the remainder with soil, the imitation of a marsh will be attended with success.

:“''The stone-ware [[pot]]'' may be of any of the above shapes, but being made of clay, mixed with powdered stone of a certain quality, is much more durable.

:“''The glazed [[pot]]'' is chiefly used for ornament; they are generally glazed green, but, for superior occasions, are sculptured and painted, or incrusted, &c.

:“1408. ''The propagation-[[pot]]'' . . . has a slit in the side, from the rim to the hole in the bottom, the use of which is to admit a shoot of a tree for propagation by ringing in the [[Chinese manner]]. . . .

:“''The square [[pot]]'' is preferred by some for the three smallest sizes of [[pot]]s, as containing more earth in a given surface of shelf or basis; but they are more expensive at first, less convenient for shifting, and, not admitting of such perfection of form as the circle, do not, in our opinion, merit adoption. They are used in different parts of Lombardy and at Paris.

:“''The classic [[pot]]'' is the common material formed into [[vase]]s, or particular shapes, for aloes and other plants which seldom require shifting, and which are destined to occupy particular spots in gardens or [[conservatory|conservatories]], or on the [[terrace|terraces]] and parapets of mansions in the summer season.

:“''The Chinese [[pot]]'' is generally glazed, and wide in proportion to its depth; but some are widest below, with the saucer attached to the bottom of the [[pot]], and the slits on the side of the pot for the exit or absorption of the water. Some ornamental Chinese [[pot]]s are squared at top and bottom, and bellied out in the middle.

:''“The French [[pot]]'', instead of one hole in the centre of the bottom to admit water, has several small holes about one eighth of an inch in diameter, by which worms are excluded. . . .

:“1412. ''The plant-box'' . . . is a substitute for a large [[pot]]; it is of a cubical figure, and generally formed of wood, though in some cases the frame is formed of cast-iron, and the sides of slates cut to fit, and moveable at pleasure. Such boxes are chiefly used for orange-trees.” [Fig. 4]

:“1500. ''Moveable [[edging]]s'' to [[border]]s, [[bed]]s, or patches of flowers, are of different species.

:“1501. ''The basket-[[edging]]'' (''fig''. 219.) is a rim or fret of iron-wire, and sometimes of laths; formed, when small, in entire pieces, and when large, in segments. Its use is to enclose dug spots on lawns, so that when the flowers and [[shrubs]] cover the surface, they appear to grow from, or give some allusion to, a basket. These articles are also formed in cast-iron, and used as [[edging]]s to [[bed]]s and [[plot]]s, in plant-stoves and [[conservatory|conservatories]].

:“1502. ''The earthenware [[border]]'' (''fig''. 220.) is composed of long narrow plates of common tile-clay, with the upper edge cut into such shapes as may be deemed ornamental. They form neat and permanent [[edging]]s to [[parterre]]s; and are used more especially in Holland, as casings, or borderings to [[bed]]s of florists’ flowers. [Fig. 5]

:“1503. ''[[Edging]]s of various sorts'' are formed of wire, basket-willows, laths, boards, plate-iron, and cast-iron; the last is much the best material."
[[File:1312.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 5, Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.]]

[[File:1313.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 6, "The flued wall, or hot-wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 304, figs. 236 and 237.]]
* Part II, Book III, Chapter II (pp. 303-06, 307-09, 310, 311-12, 314, 315, 322, 323, 328)
:“1555. ''Fixed structures'' consist chiefly of erections for the purpose of improving the climate of plants by shelter, by supplying heat, and by exposing them to the influence of the sun. The genera are [[wall]]s and [[espalier]] rails, of each of which the species are numerous.

:“1556. ''Garden-[[wall]]s'' are formed either of brick, wood, stone, or earth, or brick and stone together; and they are either solid, flued, or cellular, upright or sloping, straight or angular.

:“1557. ''Brick, stone, or mud [[wall]]s'' consist of three parts, the foundation, the body of the wall, and the coping. . . .

:“1558. ''The brick and stone [[wall]]'' is a stone [[wall]] faced with four inches of brick-work, or what is called ''brick and bed'', on the side most exposed to the sun, as on the south sides of east and west [[wall]]s, and on the insides for the sake of appearance of the two end, or north and south [[wall]]s of enclosed gardens. . . .

:“1559. ''The solid brick [[wall]]'' is the simplest of all garden-[[wall]]s, and where the height does not exceed 6 feet, 9 inches in thickness will suffice; when above that to 13 feet, 14 inches, and when from 13 to 20 feet, 18 inches in width are requisite. . . .

:“1560. ''The flued [[wall]], or hot-[[wall]]'' (''figs''. 236, & 237.) is generally built entirely of brick, though where stone is abundant and more economical, the back or north side may be of that material. A flued [[wall]] may be termed a hollow [[wall]], in which the vacuity is thrown into compartments (''a, a, a, a''), to facilitate the circulation of smoke and heat, from the base or surface of the ground to within one or two feet of the coping. . . . A wooden or wire [[trellis]] is also occasionally placed before flued [[wall]]s. . . .[Fig. 6]

[[File:1982.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 7, "The cellular wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 305, fig. 238.]]
:“1561. ''The cellular wall'' (''fig''. 238.) is a recent invention (''Hort. Trans''. vol. iv), the essential part of the construction of which is, that the [[wall]] is built hollow, or at least with communicating vacuities, equally distributed from the surface of the ground to the coping. . . . The advantages of this [[wall]] are obviously considerable in the saving of material, and in the simple and efficacious mode of heating; but the bricks and mortar must be of the best quality. . . . [Fig. 7]

:“1562. ''Hollow [[wall]]s'' may also be formed by using English instead of Flemish bond: that is, laying one course of bricks along each face of the [[wall]] on edge, and then bonding them by a course laid across and flat. . . .

:“1563. ''Where [[wall]]-fruit is an object of consideration'', the whole of the [[wall]]s should be flued or cellular, in order that in any wet or cold autumn, the fruit and wood may be ripened by the application of gentle fires, night and day, in the month of September. . . .

[[File:1820.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 8, "The mud or earth-wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 306, fig. 239.]]
:“1564. ''The mud or earth-[[wall]]'' (''fig''. 239.) is formed of clay, or better of brick earth in a state between moist and dry, compactly rammed and pressed together between two moveable boarded sides . . . retained in their position by a frame of timber . . . which form, between them the section of the [[wall]] . . . these boarded sides are placed, inclining to each other, so as to form the [[wall]] tapering as it ascends. . . .[Fig. 8]

:“1565. ''Boarded or wooden [[wall]]s'' . . . are variously constructed. One general rule is, that the boards of which they are composed, should either be imbricated or close-jointed, in order to prevent a current of air from passing through the seams; and in either case well nailed to the battens behind, in order to prevent warping from the sun. When well tarred and afterwards pitched, such [[wall]]s may last many years. They must be set on stone posts, or the main parts or supports formed of cast-iron. . . .\

[[File:1315.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 9, "The wavy or serpentine wall" and "the angular wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 307, figs. 241 and 242.]]
:“1567. ''The wavy or serpentine [[wall]]'' (''fig''. 241.) has two avowed objects; first, the saving of bricks, as a [[wall]] in which the centres of the segments composing the line are fifteen feet apart, may be safely carried fifteen feet high, and only nine inches in thickness from the foundations; and a four-inch [[wall]] may be built seven feet high on the same plan. The next proposed advantage is, shelter from all winds in the direction of the [[wall]]; but this advantage seems generally denied by practical men. . . .

:“1568. ''The angular [[wall]]'' (''fig''. 242.) is recommended on the same general principles of shelter and economy as above; it has been tried nearly as frequently, and as generally condemned on the same grounds. [Fig. 9]

:“1569. ''The zig-zag [[wall]]'' . . . is an angular [[wall]] in which the angles are all right angles, and the length of their external sides one brick or nine inches. This [[wall]] is built on a solid foundation, one foot six inches high, and fourteen inches wide. It is then commenced in zig-zag, and may be carried up to the height of fifteen or sixteen feet of one brick in thickness, and additional height may be given by adding three or four feet of brick on edge. . . .

:“1570. ''The square fret [[wall]]'' . . . is a four-inch [[wall]] like the former, and the ground-plan is formed by joining a series of half-squares, the sides of which are each of the proper length for training one tree during two or three years.

[[File:1821.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 10, "The nurseryman's, or self-supported four-inch wall" and "The piered wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 308, figs. 245 and 246.]]
:“1571. ''The nurseryman’s, or self-supported four-inch [[wall]]'' . . . is formed in lengths of from five to eight feet, and of one brick in breadth, in alternate planes, so that the points of junction form in effect piers nine by four and a half inches. . . .

:“1572. ''The piered [[wall]]'' . . . may be of any thickness with piers generally of double that thickness, placed at regular distances, and seldom exceeding the [[wall]] in height, unless for ornament. . . .[Fig. 10]

:“1575. ''[[trellis|Trellised]] [[wall]]s'' are sometimes formed when the material of the [[wall]] is soft, as in mud [[walls]]; rough, as in rubble-stone [[wall]]s, or when it is desired not to injure the face of neatly finished brick-work. Wooden [[trellis|trellises]] have been adopted in several places, especially when the [[wall]]s are flued. . . .

:“1576. ''[[Espalier]] rails'' are substitutes for [[wall]]s, and which they so far resemble, that trees are regularly spread and trained along them, are fully exposed to the light, and having their branches fixed are less liable to be injured by high winds. They are formed of wood, cast-iron, or wire and wood.

:“1577. ''The wooden [[espalier]]'', of the simplest kind, is merely a straight row of stakes driven in the ground at six or eight inches asunder, and four or five feet high, and joined and kept in a line at top by a rail of wood, or iron hoop, through which one nail is driven into the heart of each stake. . . .

:“1578. ''The framed wooden [[espalier]] rail'' is composed of frames fitted with vertical bars at six or eight inches asunder, which are nailed on in preference to mortising, in order to preserve entire the strength of the upper and lower rails. . . .

[[File:1318.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 11, “The cast-iron espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 309, fig. 248.]]
:“1579. ''The cast-iron [[espalier]] rail'' (''fig''. 248.) resembles a common street railing, but it is made lighter. . . . [Fig. 11]

[[File:1319.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 12, “The horizontal espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 309, figs. 249 and 250.]]
:“1580. ''The horizontal [[espalier]] rail'' (''figs''.249, &250.) is a frame of wood or iron, of any form or magnitude, and either detached or united, fitted in with bars, and placed horizontally, at any convenient distance from the ground. . . . [Fig. 12]

:“1581. ''The oblique [[espalier]] rail'' is composed of bars, wires, or lattice-work, placed obliquely.”

:“1582. Of ''fixed structures'', the brick [[wall]], both as a [[fence]], and retainer of heat, may be reckoned essential to every [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]; and in many cases the mode of building them hollow may be advantageously adopted. . . .

:“1584. ''[[greenhouse|Green-houses]] were known in this country in the seventeenth century''. They were then, and continued to be, in all probability, till the beginning of the 18th century, mere chambers distinguished by more glass windows in front than were usual in dwelling-rooms. Such was the [[greenhouse|green-house]] in the apothecaries’ garden at Chelsea. . . .

:“1585. ''The first æra of improvement'' may be dated 1717, when Switzer published a plan for a forcing-house, suggested by the Duke of Rutland’s graperies at Belvoir Castle. Miller, Bradley, and others, now published designs, in which glass roofs were introduced. . . .

:“1586. ''A second æra of improvement'' may be dated from the time when Dr. Anderson published a treatise on his patent [[hothouse|hot-house]], and from the publication of Knight’s papers in the ''Horticultural Society’s Transactions'', both of which happened about 1809. Not that the scheme of Dr. Anderson ever succeeded, or is at all likely to answer to the extent imagined by its inventor; but the philosophical discussion connected with its description and uses, excited the attention of some gardeners, as did the remarks of Knight on the proper [[terrace/slope|slope]] of glass roofs (''Hort. Trans.'' vol. i.); and both contributed, there can be no doubt, to produce the patent [[hothouse|hot-houses]] of Stewart and Jorden, and other less known improvements. These, though they may now be considered as reduced ''au merite historique'', yet were really beneficial in their day. Knight’s improvements chiefly respected the angle of the glass roof; a subject first taken up by Boerhaave about a century before, adopted by Linnaeus (''Amen. Acad.'' i. 44.), and subsequently enlarged on by Faccio in 1699, Adanson (''Familles des Plantes'', tom, i.) in 1763, Miller in 1768, Speechley in 1789, John Williams of New York (''Tr. Ag. Soc. New York'', 2d edit.) in 1801, Knight in 1806, and by some intermediate authors whom it is needless to name.

:“1587. ''The last and most important æra'' is marked by the fortunate discovery of Sir G. Mackenzie in 1815, ‘that the form of glass roofs best calculated for the admission of the sun’s rays is a hemispherical figure.’. . .

:“1591. . . . The object or end of [[hothouse|hot-houses]] is to form habitations for vegetables, and either for such exotic plants as will not grow in the open air of the country where the habitation is to be erected; or for such indigenous or acclimated plants as it is desired to force or excite into a state of vegetation, or accelerate their maturation at extraordinary seasons. The former description are generally denominated [[greenhouse|green-houses]] or botanic stoves, in which the object is to imitate the native climate and soil of the plants cultivated; the latter comprehend forcing-houses and culinary stoves, in which the object is, in the first case, to form an exciting climate and soil, on general principles; and in the second, to imitate particular climates. . . .

:“1595. ''The introduction and management of light is the most important point to attend to in the construction of [[hothouse|hot-houses]]''. . . .

:“1602. ''The general form and appearance of roofs of [[hothouse|hot-houses]]'', was, till very lately, that of a glazed shed or lean-to; differing only in the display of lighter or heavier frame-work or sashes. But Sir George Mackenzie’s paper on this subject, and his plan and elevation of a semi-dome (''Hort. Trans.'' vol. ii. p. 175.), have materially altered the opinion of scientific gardeners. . . .

:“1603. ''Some forms of [[hothouse|hot-houses]] on the curvilinear principle'' shall now be submitted, and afterwards some specimens of the forms in common use; for common forms, it is to be observed, are not recommended to be laid aside in cases where ordinary objects are to be attained in the easiest manner; and they are, besides the forms of roofs, the most convenient for pits, frames, and glass tents, as already exemplified in treating of these structures. . . .

:“1640. ''Walls'' of some sort are necessary for almost every description of [[hothouse|hot-house]], for even those which are formed of glass on all sides are generally placed on a basis of masonry. But as by far the greater number are erected for culinary purposes, they are placed in the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], with the upper part of their roof leaning against a [[wall]], which forms their northern side or boundary, and is commonly called the back [[wall]], and the lower part resting on a low range of supports of iron or masonry, commonly called the front [[wall]]. . . .

:“1647. ''The most general mode of heating [[hothouse|hot-houses]] is by fires and smoke-flues'', and on a small scale, this will probably long remain so. Heat is the same material, however produced; and a given quantity of fuel will produce no more heat when burning under a boiler than when burning in a common furnace. Hence, with good air-tight flues, formed of well burnt bricks and tiles accurately cemented with lime-putty, and arranged so as the smoke and hot air may circulate freely, every thing in culture, as far as respects heat, may be perfectly accomplished. . . .

[[File:1979.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 13, "The fixed rafter-trellis," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 329, fig. 277.]]
:“1671. ''[[trellis|Trellises]]'' are of the greatest use in forcing-houses and houses for fruiting the trees of hot climates. On these the branches are readily spread out to the sun, of whose influence every branch, and every twig and single leaf partake alike, whereas, were they left to grow as standards, unless the house were glass on all sides, only the extremities of the shoots would enjoy sufficient light. The advantages in point of air, water, pruning, and other parts of culture, are equally in favor of [[trellis|trellises]], independently altogether of the tendency which proper training has on woody fruit-trees, to induce fruitfulness.

:“1672. ''The material of the [[trellis]]'' is'' either wood or metal; its situation in culinary [[hothouse|hot-houses]] is against the back [[wall]], close under the glass roof, or in the middle part of the house, or in all these modes. . . .

:“1673. ''The back [[wall]] [[trellis]]''. . . .

:“1674. ''The middle [[trellis]]''. . . .

:“1675. ''The front or roof [[trellis]]''. . . .

:“1676. ''The fixed rafter-[[trellis]]''. . . .[Fig. 13]

:“1677. ''The moveable rafter-[[trellis]]''. . . .

:“1678. ''The secondary [[trellis]]''. . . .

:“1679. ''The cross [[trellis]]''.”

* Part II, Book III, Chapter III (pp. 337, 339, 340, 341-342, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 354–55, 355-57, 358-59, 360, 361)
:“1712. ''Entrance lodges and [[gate]]s'' more properly belong to architecture than gardening. But, as in small places, they are sometimes designed by the garden-architect, or landscape-gardener, a few remarks may be of use. . . . A handsome architectural entrance is but a poor compensation for its want of harmony with the mansion. . . .

[[File:1321.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 14, "Ponds or large basins" and "Tanks or cisterns," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 339, figs. 286-288.]]
:“1718. ''Reservoirs'' may be either tanks, cisterns, [[basin]]s, or [[pond]]s. . . .

:“1719. ''[[Pond]]s or large [[basin]]s'' (''fig''. 286) are reservoirs formed in excavations, either in soils retentive of water, or rendered so by the use of clay. . . . Sometimes these [[basin]]s are lined with pavement, tiles, or even lead, and the last material is the best, where complete dryness is an object around the margin. . . .[Fig. 14]

:“1722. ''Collecting and preserving ice, rearing bees'', &c. however, unsuitable or discordant it may appear, it has long been the custom to delegate to the care of the gardener. In some cases also he has the care of the [[dovecote|dove-house]], fish-ponds, [[aviary]], a menagerie of wild beasts, and places for snails, frogs, dormice, rabbits, &c. but we shall only consider the [[icehouse|ice-house]], [[beehive|apiary]], and [[aviary]], as legitimately belonging to gardening, leaving the others to the care of the gamekeeper, or to constitute a particular department in domestic or rural economy. . . .

[[File:1323.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 15, The form of Ice Houses and excavation of Ice-Wells, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 340, fig. 290.]]
:“1725. ''The form of [[icehouse|ice-houses]]'' commonly adopted at country-[[seat]]s, both in Britain and in France, is generally that of an inverted cone, or rather hen’s egg, with the broad end uppermost. . . .[Fig. 15]

:“1733. ''The care of bees'' seems more naturally to belong to gardening than the keeping of ice; because their situation is naturally in the garden, and their produce is a vegetable salt. The garden-bee is found in a wild state in most parts of the globe, in swarms or governments; but never in groups of governments so near together as in a [[beehive|bee-house]], which is an artificial and unnatural contrivance to save trouble, and injurious to the insect directly as the number placed together. . . . Hence, independently of other considerations, one disadvantage of congregating hives in [[beehive|bee-houses]] or [[beehive|apiaries]]. The advantages are, greater facility in protecting from heats, colds, or thieves, and greater facilities of examining their condition and progress. Independently of their honey, bees are considered as useful in gardens, by aiding in the impregnation of flowers. For this purpose, a [[beehive|hive]] is sometimes placed in a cherry-house, and sometimes in peach-houses; or the position of the [[beehive|hive]] is in the front or end [[wall]] of such houses, so as the body of the [[beehive|hive]] may be half in the house and half in the [[wall]], with two outlets for the bees, one into the house, and the other into the open air. By this arrangement, the bees can be admitted to the house and open air alternately, and excluded from either at pleasure.

:“1734. ''The [[beehive|apiary]], or [[beehive|bee-house]]''. The simplest form of a [[beehive|bee-house]] consists of a few shelves in a recess of a [[wall]] or other building . . . exposed to the south, and with or without shutters, to exclude the sun in summer, and, in part, the frost in winter. The scientific or experimental [[beehive|bee-house]] is a detached building of boards, differing from the former in having doors behind, which may be opened at any time during day to inspect the [[beehive|hives]]. . . . [[beehive|Bee-houses]] may always be rendered agreeable, and often ornamental objects: they are particularly suitable for [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]; and one may occur in a recess in a [[wood]] or [[copse]], accompanied by a [[picturesque]] cottage and [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. They enliven a [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], and communicate particular impressions of industry and usefulness. . . .

:“1761. ''The canary or singing-bird [[aviary]]'' used not unfrequently to be formed in the opaque-roofed [[greenhouse|green-house]] or [[conservatory]], by enclosing one or both ends with a partition of wire; and furnishing them with dead or living trees, or spray and branches suspended from the roof for the birds to perch on. Such are chiefly used for the canary, bullfinch, linnet, &c.

:“1762. ''The parrot [[aviary]]'' is generally a building formed on purpose, with a glass roof, front, and ends; with shades and curtains to protect it from the sun and frost, and a flue for winter heating. In these, artificial or dead trees with glazed foliage are fixed in the floor, and sometimes cages hung on them; and at other times the birds allowed to fly loose. . . .

:“1763. ''The verdant [[aviary]]'' is that in which, in addition to houses for the different sorts of birds, a net or wire curtain is thrown over the tops of trees, and supported by light posts or hollow rods, so as to enclose a few poles, or even acres of ground, and water in various forms. In this the birds in fine weather sing on the trees, the aquatic birds sail on the water, or the gold-pheasants stroll over the [[lawn]], and in severe seasons they betake themselves to their respective houses or cages. Such an enclosed space will of course contain evergreen, as well as deciduous trees, rocks, reeds, aquatics, long grass for larks and partridges, spruce firs for pheasants, furzebushes for linnets, &c. . . .

:“1764. ''Gallinaceous [[aviary]]''. At Chiswick, portable netted enclosures, from ten to twenty feet square, are distributed over a part of the [[lawn]], and display a curious collection of domestic fowls. In each enclosure is a small wooden box or house for sheltering the animals during the night, or in severe weather, and for breeding. Each cage or enclosure is contrived to contain one or more trees or [[shrubs]]; and water and food are supplied in small basins and appropriate vessels. Curious varieties of aquatic fowls might be placed on floating [[aviary|aviaries]] on a [[lake]] or [[pond]]. . . .

[[File:1328.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 16, "The Swiss bridge," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 350, fig. 312.]]
:“1769. ''Useful decorations'' are such as while they serve as ornaments, or to heighten the effect of a scene, are also applied to some real use, as in the case of cottages and [[bridge]]s. They are the class of decorative buildings most general and least liable to objection. . . .

:“1782. ''The [[bridge]]'' is one of the grandest decorations of garden-scenery, where really useful. None require so little architectural elaboration, because every mind recognises the object in view, and most minds are pleased with the means employed to attain that object in proportion to their simplicity. There are an immense variety of [[bridge]]s, which may be classed according to the mechanical principles of their structure; the style of architecture, or the materials used. . . .

:“1783. ''The fallen tree'' is the original form, and may sometimes be admitted in garden-scenery, with such additions as will render it safe, and somewhat commodious.

:“1784. ''The foot-plank'' is the next form, and may or may not be supported in the middle, or at different distances by posts.

[[File:1329.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 17, "The Swiss bridge," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 351, fig. 313.]]
:“1785. ''The Swiss [[bridge]]'' (''figs'''. 312, 313.) is a rude composition of trees unbarked, and not hewn or polished. . . . [Figs. 16 and 17]

:“1787. ''A very light and strong [[bridge]]'' may be formed by screwing together thin boards in the form of a segment, or by screwing together a system of triangles of timber. . . .

:“1788. ''[[Bridge]]s of common carpentry'' . . . admit of every variety of form, and either of rustic workmanship or with unpolished materials, or of polished timber alone, or of dressed timber and abutments of masonry.

:“1789. ''[[Bridge]]s of masonry'' . . . may either have raised or flat roads; but in all cases those are the most beautiful (because most consistent with utility) in which the road on the [[arch]] rises as little above the level of the road on the shores as possible. . . .

:“1790. ''Cast-iron [[bridges]]'' are necessarily curved; but that curvature, and the lines which enter into the architecture of their rails, may be varied according to taste or local indications. . . .

[[File:1330.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 18, Examples of gates, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 353, figs. 319-321.]]
:“1794. ''The [[gate]]'' is of various forms and materials, according to those of the barrier of which it constitutes a part. In all [[gate]]s, the essential part of the construction, or those lines which maintain its strength and position, and facilitate its motion, are to be distinguished from such (''a'', ''a'', ''fig''. 319; ''fig''. 320.) as serve chiefly to render it a barrier, or as decorations. Thus a [[gate]] with a raised top or head (''fig''. 321.) is almost always in bad taste, because at variance with strength; while the contrary form (''fig''. 320.) is generally in good taste, for the contrary reason. In regard to strength, the nearer the arrangement of rails and bars approaches in effect to one solid lamina, or plate of wood or iron, of the [[gate|gate’s]] dimensions, the greater will be the force required to tear or break it in pieces. But this would not be consistent with lightness and economy, and, therefore, the skeleton of a lamina is resorted to, by the employment of slips or rails joined together on mechanical principles; that is, on principles derived from a mechanical analysis of strong bodies. . . . [Fig. 18]

:“1800. ''[[Gate]]s, as decorations'', may be classed according to the prevailing lines, and the materials used. Horizontal, perpendicular, diagonal, and curved lines, comprehend all [[gate]]s, whether of iron or of timber, and each of these may be distinguished more or less by ornamental parts, which may either be taken from any of the known styles of architecture, or from heraldry or fancy.

:“1801. ''The published designs for [[gate]]s are numerous'', especially those for iron [[gate]]s; for executing which, the improvements made in casting that metal in moulds afford great facilities. By a judicious junction of cast and wrought iron, the ancient mode of enriching [[gate]]s with flowers and other carved-like ornaments might be happily reintroduced.

[[File:1811.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 19, A gate in a simple or rustic structure, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 354, fig. 326.]]
:“1802. ''[[Gate]]s in garden-scenery'', where architectural elegance is not required to support character, simple or rustic structures (''fig''. 326.), wickets, turn-stiles, and even moveable or suspended rails, like the German schlagbaum . . . may be introduced according to the character of the scene. . . .[Fig. 19]

:“1804. ''[[Wall]]s'' are unquestionably the grandest [[fence]]s for [[park]]s; and arched portals, the noblest entrances; between these and the [[hedge]] or pale, and rustic [[gate]], designs in every degree of gradation, both for lodges, [[gate]]s, and [[fence]]s, will be found in the works of Wright, Gandy, Robertson, Aikin, Pocock, and other architects who have published on the rural department of their art. The pattern books of manufacturers of iron [[gate]]s and hurdles, and of wire workers, may also be advantageously consulted. . . .

:“1805. ''Of convenient decorations'' the variety is almost endless, from the [[prospect tower|prospect-tower]] to the [[rustic style|rustic]] [[seat]]; besides aquatic decorations, agreeable to the eye and convenient for the purposes of recreations or culture. Their emplacement, as in the former section, belongs to gardening, and their construction to architecture and engineering. . . .

[[File:1332.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 20, "Porches and porticoes," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 330.]]
:“1808. ''[[Temple]]s'', either models or imitations of the religious buildings of the Greeks and heathen Romans, are sometimes introduced in garden-scenery to give dignity and beauty. In residences of a certain extent and character, they may be admissible as imitations, as resting-places, and as repositories of sculptures or antiquities. Though their introduction had been brought into contempt by its frequency, and by bad imitations in perishable materials, yet they are not for that reason to be rejected by good taste. They may often add dignity and a classic air to a scene; and when erected of durable materials, and copied from good models, will, like their originals, please as independent objects. . . .

[[File:1702.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 21, "Alcoves," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 331.]]
:“1809. ''[[porch|Porches]] and [[portico|porticoes]]'' (''fig''. 330.) are sometimes employed as decorative marks to the entrances of scenes; and sometimes merely as roofs to shelter [[seat]]s or resting benches.” [Fig. 20]

:"1810. [[Alcove]]s (''fig''. 331.) are used as winter resting places, as being fully exposed to the sun. . . .[Fig. 21]

:“1811. ''[[arbor|Arbors]]'' are used as summer seats and resting-places: they may be shaded with fruit-trees, as the vine, currant, cherry; climbing ornamental [[shrubs]], as ivy, clematis, &c.; or herbaceous, as everlasting pea, gourd, &c. They are generally formed of timber lattice-work, sometimes of woven rods, or wicker-work, and occasionally of wire.

[[File:1333.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 22, "The Italian Arbor" and "The French Arbor," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, figs. 332 and 333.]]
:“1812. ''The Italian [[arbor]]'' (''fig''. 332.) is generally covered with a dome, often framed of thick iron or copper wire painted, and covered with vines or honeysuckles.

:“1813. ''The French [[arbor]]'' (''fig''. 333.) is characterised by the various lines and surfaces, which enter into the composition of the roof. . . .[Fig. 22]

:“1815. ''[[grotto|Grottoes]]'' are resting-places in recluse situations, rudely covered externally, and within finished with shells, corals, spars, crystallisations, and other marine and mineral productions, according to fancy. To add to the effect, pieces of looking-glass are inserted in different places and positions.

:“1816. ''Roofed [[seat]]s, boat-houses, moss houses, flint houses, bark huts'', and similar constructions, are different modes of forming resting-places containing [[seat]]s, and sometimes other furniture or conveniences in or near them. . . .[Fig. 23]
[[File:1334.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 23, Covered seats of the rustic kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 357, figs. 334-336.]]

:“1817. ''Roofed [[seat]]s of a more polished description'' are boarded structures generally semi-octagonal, and placed so as to be open to the south. Sometimes they are portable, moving on wheels, so as to be placed in different positions, according to the hour of the day, or season of the year, which, in confined spots, is a desirable circumstance. Sometimes they turn on rollers, or on a central pivot, for the same object, and this is very common in what are called barrel-[[seat]]s. In general they are opaque, but occasionally their sides are glazed, to admit the sun to the interior in winter.

:“1818. ''Folding chairs''. A sort of medium [[seat]], between the roofed and the exposed, is formed by constructing the backs of chairs, benches, or sofas with hinges, so as they may fold down over the [[seat]], and so protect it from rain. . . .

[[File:1335.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 24, Elegant structures of the seat kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 357, figs. 337 and 338.]]
:“1819. ''Elegant structures'' of the [[seat]] kind for summer use, may be constructed of iron rods and wires, and painted canvas; the iron forming the supporting skeleton, and the canvass the protecting tegument. . . .[Fig. 24]

:“1820. ''Exposed [[seat]]s'' include a great variety, rising in gradation from the turf bank to the carved couch. Intermediate forms are stone benches, root stools, sections of trunks of trees, wooden, stone, or cast-iron mushrooms painted or covered with moss, or mat, or heath; the Chinese barrel-[[seat]], the [[rustic style|rustic]] stool, chair, tripod, sofa, the cast-iron couch or sofa, the wheeling-chair, and many sub-varieties. . . .

:“1822. ''Of constructions for displaying water'', as an artificial decoration, the principal are [[cascade]]s, [[waterfall]]s, [[jet]]s, and [[fountain]]s. . . .

:“1826. ''The construction of the [[waterfall]], where avowedly artificial'', is nothing more than a strong-built [[wall]] across the stream, perfectly level at top, and with a strong, smooth, accurately fitted, and well jointed coping. . . . Where a natural [[waterfall]] is to be imitated, the upright [[wall]] must be built of huge irregular blocks; the horizontal lamina of water broken in the same way by placing fragments of rocks grouped here and there so as to throw the whole into parts; and as nature is never methodical, to form it as if in part a [[cascade]]. . . .

:“1827. ''In imitating a natural [[cascade]]'' in garden-scenery, the horizontal line must here also be perfect, to prevent waste of water in dry seasons, and from this to the base of the lower [[terrace/slope|slope]] the surface must be paved by irregular blocks, observing to group the prominent fragments, and not distribute them regularly over the surface. . . .

:“1828. ''The greatest danger in imitating'' [[cascade]]s and [[waterfall]]s, consisting in attempting too much, a very few blocks, disposed with a painter’s eye, will effect all that can be in good taste in most garden-scenes; and in forming or improving them in natural rivers, there will generally be found indications both as to situation and style, especially if the country be uneven, or stony, or rocky. . . .

:“1829. ''[[Jet]]s and other hydraulic devices'', though now in less repute than formerly, are not to be rejected in confined artificial scenes, and form an essential decoration where the [[ancient style]] of landscape is introduced in any degree of perfection.

:“1830. ''The first requisite for [[jet]]s or projected spouts, or threads of water'', by atmospheric pressure, is a sufficiently elevated source or reservoir of supply. This being obtained, pipes are to be conducted from it to the situations for the [[jet]]s. . . .

:“1831. ''Adjutages'' are of various sorts. Some are contrived so as to throw up the water in the form of sheaves, fans, showers, to support balls, &c.; others to throw it out horizontally, or in curved lines, according to the taste of the designer; but the most usual form is a simple opening to throw the spout or [[jet]] upright. The grandest [[jet]] of any is a perpendicular [[column]] issuing from a rocky base, on which the water falling, produces a double effect both of sound and visual display. A [[jet]] rising from a naked tube in the middle of a [[basin]] or [[canal]], and the waters falling on its smooth surface, is unnatural, without being artificially grand.

[[File:1336.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 25, "Drooping fountains," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 359, figs. 341-343.]]
:“1832. ''Drooping [[fountain]]s'' (''figs''. 341, 342, 343.), overflowing [[vase]]s, shells (as the chama gigas), cisterns, sarcophagi, dripping rocks, and [[rockwork]]s, are easily formed, requiring only the reservoir to be as high as the orifice whence the dip or descent proceeds. This description of [[fountain]]s, with a surrounding [[basin]], are peculiarly adapted for the growth of aquatic plants. . . .[Fig. 25]

:“1834. ''[[Sundial|Sun-dials]]'' are venerable and pleasing garden-decorations; and should be placed in conspicuous frequented parts, as in the intersection of principal [[walk]]s, where the ‘note which they give of time’ may be readily recognised by the passenger. Elegant and cheap forms are now to be procured in cast-iron, which, it is to be hoped, will render their use more frequent. . . .

:“1838. ''[[Rockwork]]s for effect or character'' require more consideration than most gardeners are aware of. The first thing is to study the character of the country, and of the strata of earthy materials, whether earth, gravel, sand, or rock, or a mere nucleus of either of these, such as they actually exist, so as to decide whether rocks may, with propriety, be introduced at all; or, if to be introduced, of what kind, and to what extent. The design being thus finally fixed on, the execution is more a matter of labor than of skill. . . .

:“1842. ''Monumental objects'', as [[obelisk]]s, [[column]]s, pyramids, may occasionally be introduced with grand effect, both in a [[picturesque]] and historical view, of which Blenheim, Stow, Castle Howard, &c., afford fine examples; but their introduction is easily carried to the extreme, and then it defeats itself, as at Stow. . . .

:“1843. ''Sculptures''. Of [[statue]]s, therms, busts, pedestals, altars, [[urn]]s, and similar sculptures, nearly the same remark may be made. Used sparingly, they excite interest, often produce character, and are always individually beautiful, as in the [[pleasure ground|pleasure-grounds]] of Blenheim, where a few are judiciously introduced; but profusely scattered about, they distract attention."

[[File:1796.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 26, "Intricate and fanciful figures of parterres," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.]]
* Part II, Book IV, Chapter II (pp. 375, 377)
:“1924. ''Intricate and fanciful figures of [[parterre]]s'' are most correctly transferred to ground, as they are copied on paper, by covering the figure to be copied with squares (''fig''. 363. ''a'') formed by temporary lines intersecting each other at equal distances and right angles, and by tracing on the ground similar squares, but much larger, according to the scale (''fig''. 363. ''b''). Sometimes the figure is drawn on paper in black, and the squares in red, while the squares on the ground are formed as sawyers mark the intended path of the saw before sawing up a log of timber; that is, by stretching cords rubbed with chalk, which, by being struck on the ground (previously made perfectly smooth), leave white lines. With the plan in one hand and a pointed rod in the other, the design is thus readily traced across these indications. The [[French style|French]] and Italians lay out their most curious [[parterre]]s . . . in this way. . . .[Fig. 26]

[[File:1339.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 27, "Levelling for [[terrace/slope|terrace-slopes]]," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 377, fig. 369.]]
:“1933. ''Levelling for [[terrace]]-slopes'' (''fig''. 369.), or for geometrical surfaces, however varied, is performed by the union of both modes, and requires no explanation to those who have acquired the rudiments of geometry, or understand what has been described." [Fig. 27]

* Part II, Book IV, Chapter IV (p. 451)
:“2355. ''To unite the agreeable with the useful'' is an object common to all the departments of gardening. The [[kitchen garden|kitchen garden]], the [[orchard]], the [[nursery]], and the forest, are all intended as scenes of recreation and visual enjoyment, as well as of useful culture; and enjoyment is the avowed object of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], [[shrubbery]], and [[pleasure ground|pleasure ground]]."

* Part III, Book I, Chapter I (pp. 455, 456, 457-58, 464, 465)
:“2382. ''The situation of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], considered artificially or relatively to the other parts of a residence'', should be as near the mansion and the stable-offices, as is consistent with beauty, convenience, and other arrangements. Nicol observes, ‘In a great place, the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] should be so situated as to be convenient, and, at the same time, be concealed from the house. . . .’

:“2383. ''Sometimes we find the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] placed immediately in front of the house'', which Nicol ‘considers the most awkward situation of any. . . . Generally speaking, it should be placed in the rear or flank of the house, by which means the [[lawn]] may not be broken and rendered unshapely where it is required to be most complete. The necessary traffic with this garden, if placed in front, is always offensive. . . .’

:“2388. ''Main entrance to the garden''. Whatever be the situation of a [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], whether in reference to the mansion or the variations of the surface, it is an important object to have the main entrance on the south side, and next to that, on the east or west. The object of this is to produce a favorable first impression on the spectator, by his viewing the highest and best [[wall]] (that on the north side) in front; and which is of still greater consequence, all the [[hothouse|hot-houses]], pits, and frames in that direction. . . .

:“2389. ''Bird’s-eye view of the garden''. When the grounds of a residence are much varied, the general view of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] will unavoidably be looked down on or up to from some of the [[walk]]s or [[drive]]s, or from open glades in the [[lawn]] or [[park]]. Some arrangement will therefore be requisite to place the garden, or so to dispose of [[plantation]]s that only favorable [[view]]s can be obtained of its area. To get a bird’s-eye view of it from the north, or from a point in a line with the north [[wall]], will have as bad an effect as the [[view]] of its north elevation, in which all its ‘baser parts’ are rendered conspicuous. . . .

:“2396. ''The extent of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]'' must be regulated by that of the place, of the family, and of their style of living. In general, it may be observed, that few country-[[seat]]s have less than an acre, or more than twelve acres in regular cultivation as [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], exclusive of the [[orchard]] and [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. From one and a half to five acres may be considered as the common quantities enclosed by [[wall]]s. . . .

:“2401. ''The [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] should be sheltered by [[plantation]]s''; but should by no means be shaded, or be crowded by them. If walled round, it should be open and free on all sides, or at least to the south-east and west, that the walls may be clothed with fruit-trees on both sides. . . .

:“2431. In regard to ''form'', almost all the authors above quoted [London, Wise, Evelyn, Hitt, Lawrence] agree in recommending a square . . . or oblong, as the most convenient for a [[kitchen garden|[kitchen] garden]]; but Abercrombie proposes a long octagon, in common language, an oblong with the angles cut off. . . .

:“2436. ''Walls'' are built round a garden chiefly for the production of fruits. A [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], Nicol observes, considered merely as such, may be as completely fenced and sheltered by [[hedge]]s as by [[wall]]s, as indeed they were in former times, and examples of that mode of fencing are still to be met with. But in order to obtain the finer fruits, it becomes necessary to build [[wall]]s, or to erect pales and railings."

* Part III, Book I, Chapter III (p. 482)
:“2527. ''An [[orchard]], or separate [[plantation]] of the hardier fruit-trees'' is a common appendage to the [[kitchen garden|kitchen garden]], where that department is small, or does not contain an adequate number of fruit-trees to supply the contemplated demand of the family. Sometimes this scene adjoins the garden, and forms a part of the slip; at other times it forms a detached, and, perhaps, distant enclosure, and not unfrequently, in countries where the soil is propitious to fruit-trees, they are distributed in the [[lawn]], or in a scene, or field kept in pasture. Sometimes the same object is effected by mixing fruit-trees in the [[plantation]]s near the garden and house.”

* Part III, Book II, Chapter I (pp. 789-91, 792-93, 794, 796-797)
:“6075. ''Floriculture''. . . . The culture of flowers was long carried on with that of culinary vegetables, in the [[border]]s of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], or in [[parterre]]s or groups of [[bed]]s, which commonly connected the culinary compartments with the house. In places of moderate extent, this mixed style is still continued; but in residences which aim at any degree of distinction, the space within the walled garden is confined to the production of objects of domestic utility, while the culture of plants of ornament is displayed in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] and the [[shrubbery]]. These, under the general term of [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]], encircle the house in small [[seat]]s, and on a larger scale embrace it in one or more sides; the remaining part being under the character of [[park]]-scenery. . . .

:“6076. ''The situation'' of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], as of every department of floriculture, should be near the house, for ready access at all times, and especially during winter and spring, when the beauties of this scene are felt with peculiar force. . . .

:“6079. ''To place the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] south-east or south-west of the house'', and between it and the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], is in general a desirable circumstance. . . .

:“6080. ''In exposure and aspect'', the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] should be laid out as much as possible on the same principles as the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. . . .

:“6081. ''The extent'' of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] depends jointly on the general scale of the residence, and the particular taste of the owner. If any proportion may be mentioned, perhaps, a fifth part of the contents of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]] will come near the general average; but there is no impropriety in having a large [[flower garden|flower-garden]] to a small [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. . . . As moderation, however, is generally found best in the end, we concur with the author of the ''Florist’s Manual'', when she states, that ‘. . . If the form of ground, where a [[parterre]] is to be situated, is sloping, the size should be larger than when a flat surface, and the [[border]]s of various shapes, and on a bolder scale, and intermingled with grass; but such a [[flower garden|flower-garden]] partakes more of the nature of [[pleasure garden|pleasure-ground]] than of the common [[parterre]], and will admit of a judicious introduction of flowering [[shrubs]].’ . . .

[[File:1346.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 28, Plan of a flower garden with irregular borders, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 791, fig. 540.]]
:“6082. ''Shelter'' is equally requisite for the [[flower garden|flower]] as for the [[kitchen garden]], and, where naturally wanting, is to be produced by the same means, viz. planting. . . . Sometimes an evergreen [[hedge]] will produce all the shelter requisite, as in small gardens composed of earth and gravel only . . . but where the scene is large (''fig''. 540), and composed of dug compartments (''a''), placed on [[lawn]] (''b'') the whole may be surrounded by an irregular [[border]] (''c'') of flowers, [[shrubbery]], and trees. . . . [Fig. 28]

:“6086. ''Water''. This material, in some form or other, is as essential to the [[flower garden|flower]] as to the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. Besides the use of the element in common culture, a [[pond]] or [[basin]] affords an opportunity of growing some of the more showy aquatics, while [[jet]]s, dropping-[[fountains]], and other forms of displaying water, serve to decorate and give interest to the scene. . . .

:“6087. ''The form'' of a small garden . . . will be found most pleasing when some regular figure is adopted, as a circle, oval, octagon, crescent, &c.: but where the extent is so great as not readily to be caught by a single glance of the eye, an irregular shape is generally more convenient, and it may be thrown into agreeable figures, or component scenes, by the introduction of [[shrubs]] so as to subdivide the space. . . .

:“6090. ''Boundary [[fence]], or screen''. [[Parterre]]s on a small scale may be enclosed by an evergreen [[hedge]] of holly, box, laurel, privet, juniper, laurustinus, or Irish whin . . . but irregular figures, especially if of some extent, can only be surrounded by a [[shrubbery]], such as we have already hinted at (6082.) as forming a proper shelter for [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]. . . .

[[File:1347.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 29, "Rustic fences," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 792, fig. 542.]]
:“6092. ''[[rustic style|Rustic]] [[fence]]s'' formed of shoots of the oak, hazel, or larch, may often be introduced with good effect both as interior and surrounding barriers. (''fig''. 542.) [Fig. 29]

[[File:1348.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 30, ''Plans of the surfaces of flower gardens, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 793, figs. 543 and 544.]]
:“6093. ''Laying out the area''. . . . In laying out the area of the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], its destination being utility, affords in all cases a safe and fixed guide; but the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] is a matter of fancy and taste, and where these are wavering and unsettled, the work will be found to go on at random. As [[flower garden|flower-gardens]] are objects of pleasure, that principle which must serve as a guide in laying them out, must be taste. Now, in [[flower garden|flower-gardens]], as in other objects, there are different kinds of tastes; these embodied are called styles or characters; and the great art of the designer is, having fixed on a style, to follow it out unmixed with other styles, or with any deviation which would interfere with the kind of taste or impression which that style is calculated to produce. Style, therefore, is the leading principle in laying out [[flower garden|flower-gardens]], as utility is in laying out the culinary-garden. As subjects of fancy and taste, the styles of [[flower garden|flower-gardens]] are various. The [[modern style]] is a collection of irregular groups and masses, placed about the house as a medium, uniting it with the open lawn. The [[ancient style|ancient]] [[geometric style]], in place of irregular groups, employed symmetrical forms; in France, adding [[statue]]s and [[fountain]]s; in Holland, cut trees and grassy [[terrace/slope|slope]]s; and in Italy, stone [[wall]]s, walled [[terrace]]s, and flights of steps. In some situations, these characteristics of [[parterre]]s may with propriety be added to, or used instead of the modern sort, especially in flat situations, such as are enclosed by high [[wall]]s in towns, or where the principal building or object is in a style of architecture which will not render these appendages incongruous. There are other characters of gardens, such as [[Chinese manner|Chinese]], which are not widely different from the [[modern style|modern]]; the Indian, which consists chiefly of [[walk]]s under shade, in [[square]]s of grass, &c.; the Turkish, which abounds in shady retreats, boudoirs of roses and aromatic herbs; and the Spanish, which is distinguished by [[trellis]]-work and [[fountain]]s: but these gardens are not generally adapted to this climate, though from contemplating and selecting what is beautiful or suitable in each, a style of decoration for the immediate vicinity of mansions might be composed, greatly preferable to any thing now in use. . . .

[[File:1349.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 31, Plan of a flower garden in the old French style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 794, fig. 545.]]
:“6097. ''The materials which form the surface of [[flower garden|flower-gardens]]'' (''figs''. 543, 544.) are gravel (''a''), turf (''b''), and dug [[border]]s, (''c''), patches (''d''), or compartments (''e''), and water (''f''); but a variety of other objects and materials may be introduced as receptacles for plants, or on the surfaces of [[walk]]s; as grotesque roots, rocks, flints, spar, shells, scoriae in conglomerated lumps, sand and gravel of different colors; besides works of art introduced as decorations, or tonsile performances, when the old [[French style]] (''fig''. 545.) is imitated.” [Figs. 30 and 31]

:“6099. ''The [[greenhouse|green-house]] or [[conservatory]] is generally placed in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', provided these structures are not appended to the house. . . .

[[File:1350.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 32, Plan of walks, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 796, fig. 549.]]
:“6105. ''[[Walk]]s''. In most styles of [[parterre]]s these are formed of gravel; but in the modern sort (''fig''. 549), which consist of turf, varied by wavy dug [[bed]]s (1 and 2), and surrounded by [[shrubbery]]. . . . [Fig. 32]

:“6106. ''In extensive and irregular [[parterre]]s'', one gravel-[[walk]], accompanied by broad margins of turf, to serve as [[walk]]s by such as prefer that material, should be so contrived as to form a tour for the display of the whole garden. There should also be other secondary interesting [[walk]]s of the same width, of gravel and smaller [[walk]]s for displaying particular details. The main [[walk]], however, ought to be easily distinguishable from the others by its broad margins of fine turf. In general the gravel is of uniform breadth throughout the whole length of the [[walk]]; but in that sort of French [[parterre]]s which they call [[parterre]]s of embroidery (''fig''. 550.), the breadth of the gravelled part (''a'') varies like that of the turf. Such figures, when correctly executed, carefully planted, judiciously intermixed with basket-work, shells, party-colored gravels, &c. and kept in perfect order, are highly ornamental; but very few gardeners enter into the spirit of this department of their art. The French and Dutch have long greatly excelled us in the formation of small gardens, and the display of flowers; and whoever wishes to succeed in this department ought to visit Amsterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, and Paris; and consult the old French works of Mallet, Boyceau, Le Blond, &c. [Fig. 33]
[[File:1351.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 33, Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550.]]

:“6107. ''[[Edging]]s''. In [[parterre]]s where turf is not used as a ground or basis out of which to cut the [[bed]]s and [[walk]]s, the gravel of the latter is disparted from the dug ground of the former by [[edging]]s or rows of low-growing plants, as in the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]. Various plants have been used for this purpose; but, as Neill observes, the best for extensive use is the dwarfish Dutch box, kept low and free from blanks. Abercrombie says, ‘Thrift is the neatest small evergreen next to box. In other parts, the daisy, pink, London-pride, primrose, violet, and periwinkle, may be employed as [[edging]]s. The strawberry, with the runners cut in close during summer, will also have a good effect; the wood-strawberry is suitable under the spreading shade of trees. Lastly, the limits between the gravel-[[walk]]s and the dug-work may sometimes be marked by running verges of grass kept close and neat. Whatever [[edging]]s are employed, they should be formed previous to laying the gravel.’

:“6108. ''Basket-[[edging]]s''. Small groups near the eye, and whether on grass or gravel, may be very neatly enclosed by a worked fence of basket-willows from six inches to a foot high. These wicker-work frames may be used with or without verdant [[edging]]s; they give a finished and enriched appearance to highly polished scenery; enhance the value of what is within, and help to keep off small dogs, children, &c."

* Part III, Book II, Chapter II (pp. 797-98, 800-01)
:“6110. ''The manner of planting the herbaceous plants and [[shrubs]] in a [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'' depends jointly on the style and extent of the scene. With a [[view]] to planting, they may be divided into three classes, which classes are independently altogether of the style in which they are laid out. The first class is ''the general or mingled [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', in which is displayed a mixture of flowers with or without flowering-[[shrubs]] according to its size. The object in this class is to mix the plants, as that every part of the garden may present a gay assemblage of flowers of different colors during the whole season. The second class is ''the select [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', in which the object is limited to the cultivation of particular kinds of plants; as, florists’ flowers, American plants, annuals, bulbs, &c. Sometimes two or more classes are included in one garden, as bulbs and annuals; but, in general, the best effect is produced by limiting the object to one class only. The third class is ''the changeable [[flower garden]]'', in which all the plants are kept in [[pot]]s, and reared in a flower-[[nursery]] or reserve-ground. As soon as they begin to flower, they are plunged in the [[border]]s of the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], and, whenever they show symptoms of decay, removed, to be replaced by others from the same source. This is obviously the most complete mode of any for a display of flowers, as the beauties of both the ''general'' and ''particular'' gardens may be combined without presenting blanks, or losing the fine effect of assemblages of varieties of the same species; as of hyacinth, pink, dahlia, chrysanthemum, &c. The fourth class is ''the [[botanic garden|botanic]] [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', in which the plants are arranged with reference to botanical study, or at least not in any way that has for its main object a rich display of blossoms. . . .

[[File:1352.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 34, Plan of botanic flower garden with a circular walk, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 801, fig. 553.]]
:“6126. ''The [[botanical garden|botanic]] [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'' being intended to display something of the extent and variety of the vegetable kingdom, as well as its resemblances and differences, should obviously be arranged according to some system or method of study. In modern times, the choice is almost limited to the artificial system of Linnaeus, and the natural method of Jussieu, though Adanson has given above fifty-six different methods by which plants may be arranged. . . . Whatever method is adopted, the plants may either be placed in regular rows, or each order may be grouped apart, and surrounded by turf or gravel. For a private [[botanic garden]], the mode of grouping on turf is much the most elegant. . . .A gravel walk may be so contrived as to form a tour of all the groups [of species] (''fig.'' 553.), displaying them on both sides; in the centre, or in any fitting part of the scene, the botanic [[hothouse|hot-houses]] may be placed; and the whole might be surrounded with a sloping phalanx of evergreen plants, [[shrubs]], and trees. . . . It is hardly necessary to observe that the above modes, or others that we have mentioned of planting a [[flower garden|flower-garden]] are alike applicable to every form or style of laying out the garden or [[parterre]]. . . . [Fig. 34]

:“6127. ''Decorations''. Even the [[beehive|apiary]] and [[aviary]], or, at least, here and there a [[beehive]], or a cage suspended from a tree, will form very appropriate ornaments.”

[[File:1353.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 35, “The select or grouped manner of planting a shrubbery,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 806, fig. 559.]]
* Part III, Book II, Chapter III (pp. 802–3)
:“6130. ''By a [[shrubbery]], or [[shrub]]-garden'', we understand a scene for the display of [[shrubs]] valued for their beauty or fragrance, combining such trees as are considered chiefly ornamental, and some herbaceous flowers. The form or plan of the modern [[shrubbery]] is generally a winding [[border]], or strip of irregular width, accompanied by a [[walk]], near to which it commences with the herbaceous plants and lowest [[shrubs]], and as it falls back, the [[shrubs]] rise in gradation and terminate in the ornamental trees, also similarly graduated. Sometimes a [[border]] of [[shrubbery]] accompanies the [[walk]] on both sides; at other times only one side, while the other side is, in some cases, a [[border]] for culinary vegetables surrounding the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], but most generally it is an accompanying breadth of turf, varied by occasional groups of trees and plants, or decorations, and with the [[border]], forms what is called [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]].

:“6131. ''The sort of [[shrubbery]] formed under the [[geometric style]] of gardening'' . . . was more compact; it was called a ''bosque'', [[thicket]] or [[wood]], and contained various compartments of turf or gravel branching from the [[walk]]s, and very generally a [[labyrinth]]. The species of [[shrubs]] in those times being very limited, the object was more [[walk]]s for recreation, shelter, shade, and verdure, than a display of flowering [[shrub]]s. . . .

:“6132. ''In respect to situation'', it is essential that the [[shrubbery]] should commence either immediately at the house, or be joined to it by the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]; a secondary requisite is, that however far, or in whatever direction it be continued, the [[walk]] be so contrived as to prevent the necessity of going to and returning from the principal points to which it leads over the same ground."

[[File:1847.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 36, Ground-plan for “systematic or methodical planting in shrubberies,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 807, fig. 560.]]
* Part III, Book II, Chapter IV (pp. 804, 806, 807, 809, 810)
:“6138. ''On planting the [[shrubbery]]'' the same general remarks, submitted as introductory to ''planting the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'', are applicable; and [[shrubs]] may be arranged in as many different manners as flowers. Trees, however, are permanent and conspicuous objects, and consequently produce an effect during winter, when the greater number of herbaceous plants are scarcely visible. This is more especially the case with that class called evergreens, which, according as they are employed or omitted, produce the greatest difference in the winter aspect of the [[shrubbery]]. We shall here describe four leading modes for the arrangement of the [[shrubbery]], distinguishing them by the names of the mingled or common, the select or grouped manner, and the systematic or methodical style of planting. Before proceeding farther it is requisite to observe, that the proportion of evergreen trees to deciduous trees in cultivation in this country, is as 1 to 12; of evergreen [[shrubs]] to deciduous [[shrubs]], exclusive of climbers and creepers but including roses, as 4 to 8; that the time of the flowering of trees and [[shrubs]] is from March to August inclusive, and that the colors of the flowers are the same as in herbaceous plants. These data will serve as guides for the selection of species and varieties for the different modes of arrangement, but more especially for the mingled manner. . . .

[[File:1354.jpg|thumb|Fig. 37, Rough bench in rustic hut decorated in shrubberies, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 561.]]
:“6141. ''The select or grouped manner'' of planting a [[shrubbery]] (''fig''. 559.) is analogous to the select manner of planting a [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. Here one genus, species, or even variety, is planted by itself in considerable numbers, so as to produce a powerful effect. Thus the pine tribe, as trees, may be alone planted in one part of the [[shrubbery]], and the holly, in its numerous varieties, as [[shrubs]]. After an extent of several yards, or hundreds of yards, have been occupied with these two genera, a third and fourth, say the evergreen fir tribe and the yew, may succeed, being gradually blended with them, and so on. A similar grouping is observed in the herbaceous plants inserted in the front of the [[plantation]]; and the arrangement of the whole as to height, is the same as in the mingled [[shrubbery]]. . . .[Fig. 35]

:“6144. ''Systematic or methodical planting in [[shrubbery|shrubberies]]'' consists, as in flower-planting, in adopting the Linnaean or Jussieuean arrangement as a foundation, and combining at the same time a due attention to gradation of heights. . . . But much the most interesting mode of arrangement would be that of Jussieu, by which a small villa of two or three acres might be raised, as far as gardening is concerned, to the ''ne plus ultra'' of interest and beauty. To aid in the formation of such scenes the tables . . . exhibiting the genera contained in each Linnaean or Jussieuean order, and also the number of species distributed according to their places in the garden, will be found of the greatest use. . . .[Fig. 36]

[[File:1355.jpg|thumb|Fig. 38, "Grecian temple," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 562.]]
:“6156. ''Decorations in [[shrubbery|shrubberies]]''. Those of the [[shrubbery]] should in general be of a more useful and imposing character than such as are adopted in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. The [[greenhouse|green-house]] and [[aviary]] are sometimes introduced, but not, as we think, with propriety, owing to the unsuitableness of the scene for the requisite culture and attention. Open and covered [[seat]]s are necessary, or, at least, useful decorations, and may occur here and there in the course of the [[walk]], in various styles of decoration, from the rough bench to the [[rustic style|rustic]] hut (''fig''. 561) and Grecian [[temple]] (''fig''. 562) Great care, however, must be taken not to crowd these nor any other species of decorations. Buildings being more conspicuous than either [[statue]]s [[urn]]s, or inscriptions, require to be introduced more sparingly, and with greater caution. In garden or ornamented scenery they should seldom obtrude themselves by their magnitude or glaring color; and rarely be erected but for some obvious purpose of utility. [Figs. 37 and 38]
[[File:1831a.jpg|thumb|Fig. 39, Statue of classical interest, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 810, fig. 564.]]

:“6157. . . . Light [[bower]]s formed of lattice-work, and covered with climbers, are in general most suitable to [[parterre]]s; plain covered [[seat]]s suit the general [[walk]]s of the [[shrubbery]]. . . .

[[File:1831b.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 40, Statue of geographical interest, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 810, fig. 565.]]
:“6158. ''[[Statue]]s, whether of classical or geographical interest'' (''figs''. 564. and 565.), ''[[urn]]s, inscriptions, busts, monuments'', &c. are materials which should be introduced with caution. None of the others require so much taste and judgement to manage them with propriety. The introduction of [[statue]]s, except among works of the most artificial kind, such as fine architecture, is seldom or never allowable; for when they obtrude themselves among natural beauties, they always disturb the train of ideas which ought to be excited in the mind, and generally counteract the character of the scenery. In the same way, busts, [[urn]]s, monuments, &c. in [[flower gardens|flower-gardens]], are most generally misplaced. The obvious intention of these appendages is to recall to mind the virtues, qualities, or actions of those for whom they were erected: now this requires time, seclusion, and undisturbed attention, which must either render all the flowers and other decoration of the ornamental garden of no effect; or, if they have effect, it can only be to interrupt the train of ideas excited by the other. As the garden, and the productions of nature, are what are intended to interest the spectator, it is plain that the others should not be introduced.” [Figs. 39 and 40]

[[File:1357.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 41, Plan, view, and section of green-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 811, fig. 567.]]
* Part III, Book II, Chapter V (pp. 811, 812, 813, 814)
:“6161. ''The [[hothouse|hot-houses]] of floriculture'' are the frame, glass case, [[greenhouse|green-house]], [[orangery]], [[conservatory]], dry-stove, the bark or moist stove, in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]]; and the pit and hot-bed in the reserve-garden. In the construction of all of these the great object is, or ought to be, the admission of light and the power of applying artificial heat with the least labor and expense. . . .

:“6164. ''The [[greenhouse|green-house]]'' may be designed in any form, and placed in almost any situation as far as respects aspect. Even a house looking due north, if glazed on three sides of the roof, will preserve plants in a healthy vigorous state. A detached [[greenhouse|green-house]], even in the old style, may be rendered an agreeable object in a [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] . . . but the curvilinear principle applied to this class of structures, admits of every combination of form, and without militating against the admission of light and air. Though we are decidedly of opinion, however, that as iron roofs on the curvilinear principle become known, the clumsy shed-like wooden or mixed roofs now in use will be erected only in [[nursery]] and market-gardens. . . .[Fig. 41]

[[File:1770.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 42, Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 813, fig. 570.]]
:“6165. ''The most suitable description of [[greenhouse]] or [[conservatory]] for the [[flower garden|flower-garden]]'' is that with span roof (''fig''. 568), because such a house has no visible ‘hinder parts,’ back sheds, stock-holes, or other points of ugliness, with which it is difficult to avoid associating all the shed, or lean-to forms of glazed buildings with back walls. . . .[[[#Fig_1|Fig. 1]]]

:“6166. ''In the interior of the [[greenhouse|green-house]]'' the principle object demanding attention is the stage, or platform for the plants. . . .

[[File:1309.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 43, Elevation of the rock-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 884, fig. 619.]]
:“6171. ''The [[orangery]]'' is the [[greenhouse|green-house]] of the last century, the object of which was to preserve large plants of exotic evergreens during winter, such as the orange tribe, myrtles, sweet bays, pomegranates, and a few others. . . . The [[orangery]] was generally placed near to or adjoining the house, and its elevation corresponded in architectural design with that of the mansion. From this last circumstance has arisen a prejudice highly unfavorable to the culture of ornamental exotics, namely, that every plant-habitation attached to a mansion should be an architectural object, and consist of windows between stone piers or [[column]]s, with a regular cornice and entablature. By this mode of design, these buildings are rendered so gloomy as never to present a vigorous vegetation, and vivid glowing colors within; and as they are thus unfit for the purpose for which they are intended, it does not appear to us, as we have already observed at length (1590.), that they can possibly be in good taste. Perhaps the only way of reconciling the adoption of such apartments with good sense, is to consider them as lounges or promenade scenes for recreation in unfavorable weather, or for use during fêtes, in either of which cases they may be decorated with a few scattered tubs of orange-trees, camellias, or other evergreen coriaceous-leaved plants from a proper [[greenhouse|green-house]], and which will not be much injured by a temporary residence in such places, which, as Nicol has observed, ‘often look more like tombs or places of worship, than compartments for the reception of plants; and, we may add that the more modern sort look like a combination of shop-fronts, of which that at Claremont is a notable example.’ Sometimes structures of this sort are erected to conceal some local deformity, of which, as an instance, we may refer to that (''fig''. 570) erected by Todd, for J. Elliot, Esq., at Pimlico. ‘This building was constructed for the purpose of preventing the [[prospect]] of some offices from the dwelling-house. The architectural ornaments, and the roof, not being of glass, are points in the construction not generally to be recommended; but, as it was built for the purpose above mentioned, the objections were overruled. There are three circular stages to this house, which are made to take out at pleasure. The ceiling forms part of a circle, and the floor is paved with Yorkshire stone. It is fifty feet long, and thirteen feet six inches wide, and heated by one fire, the flue from which makes the circuit of the house under the floor.’ (''Plans of Green-Houses'', &c. p. 10)”. . . .[Fig. 42]

[[File:1180.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 44, Assemblage of trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 942, fig. 628a-e.]]
:“6174. ''The [[conservatory]]'' is a term generally applied by gardeners to plant-houses, in which the plants are grown in a [[bed]] or [[border]] without the use of [[pot]]s. They are sometimes placed in the [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] along with the other [[hothouse|hot-houses]]; but more frequently attached to the mansion. The principles of their construction is in all respects the same as for the [[greenhouse|green-house]], with the single difference of a pit or [[bed]] of earth being substituted for the stage, and a narrow [[border]] instead of surrounding flues. The power of admitting abundance of air, both by the sides and roof, is highly requisite both for the [[greenhouse|green-house]] and [[conservatory]]; but for the latter, it is desirable, in almost every case, that the roof, and even the glazed sides, should be removable in summer.”

* Part III, Book II, Chapter VIII (p. 884)
:“6525. ''The ground-plan and figure of the elevation of the [[rockwork|rock-work]]'' must, as in the case of the aquarium, be made to harmonise with surrounding objects. Simple outlines and surfaces, not too much broken, show the plants to most advantage, and are not so liable to ridicule as imitations of hills or mountains, or high narrow cones, or peaks of scoriæ in the [[Chinese manner]], which are to be seen in some places, A ground-plan, in the form of a crescent, or of any wavy figure widest towards the middle part of its length, and with the surface not steeper than forty-five degrees (''fig''. 619) will be found well suited to the less durable materials, such as bricks, pudding-stone, scoriæ, &c. which are found in flat countries. Sometimes one side of such [[rockwork|rock-works]] may be nearly perpendicular, in which case, if facing the north, it affords an excellent situation for ferns and mosses.” [Fig. 43]

[[File:1834.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 45, The disposition of the trees within the plantation, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 629a-d.]]
* Part III, Book III, Chapter II (pp. 942–43)
:"6810.''Assemblage of trees'', whether natural or artifical, differe in extent, outline, disposition of the trees and kind of trees.

:“6811. In regard to ''extent'', the least is a group (''fig''. 628. ''e'' and ''d''), which must consist at least of two plants; larger, it is called a [[thicket]] (''b c''); round and compact, it is called a [[clump]] (''a''); still larger, a mass; and all above a mass is denominated a [[wood]] or forest, and characterised by comparative degrees of largeness. The term ''[[wood]]'' may be applied to a large assemblage of trees, either natural or artificial; ''forest'', exclusively to the most extensive or natural assemblages. . . .[Fig. 44]

[[File:1186.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 46, Avenues, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 630a-f.]]
:“6813. ''With respect to the disposition of the trees within the [[plantation]]'', they may be placed regularly in rows, squares, parallelograms, or quincunx; irregularly in the manner of groups; without undergrowths, as in ''[[grove]]s'' (''fig''. 629. ''a'', ''b''); with undergrowths, as in ''[[woods]]'' (''c''); all undergrowths, as in ''copse-[[woods]]'' (''d''). Or they may form ''[[avenue]]s'' (''fig''. 630. ''a''); double [[avenue]]s (''b''); [[avenue]]s intersecting in the manner of a Greek cross (''c''); of a martyr’s cross (''d''); of a star (''e'') or of a cross patée, or duck’s foot (''patée d’oye'') (''f'')." [Figs. 45 and 46]

[[File:1361.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 47, The placement of groups and thickets in plantations, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 954, fig. 649.]]
* Part III, Book III, Chapter IV (pp. 950, 952, 954)
:“6853. ''The situations'' [of [[plantation]]s] to be planted, with a view to effect, necessarily depends on the kind of effect intended; these may reduced to three—to give beauty and variety to general scenery, as in forming [[plantation]]s here and there throughout a demesne; to give form and character to a country-residence, as in planting a [[park]] and [[pleasure ground|pleasure-grounds]]; and to create a particular and independent beauty or effect, as in planting an extensive area or [[wood]], unconnected with any other object, and disposing of the interior in [[avenue]]s, glades, and other forms. . . .

:“6855. The outline of [[plantation]]s, made with a view to the composition of a country-residence, is guided by the same general principles; whether the trees are to be disposed in regular forms, avowedly artificial; or in irregular forms, in imitation of nature. . . . The first thing is, in both modes, to compose a principal mass, from which the rest may appear to proceed; or be, or seem to be, connected. . . .

[[File:1364.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 48, Clump of Scotch pines, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 965, fig. 663.]]
:“6861. ''Placing the groups''. Another practice in the employment of groups, almost equally reprehensible with that of indiscriminate distribution, is that of placing the groups and [[thicket]]s in the recesses, instead of chiefly employing them opposite the salient points. The effect of this mode is the very reverse of what is intended; for, instead of varying the outline, it tends to render it more uniform by diminishing the depth of recesses, and approximating the whole more nearly to an even line. The way to vary an even or straight line or lines, is here and there to place constellations of groups against it (''fig''. 649); and a line already varied is to be rendered more so, by placing large groups against the prominences (''a'') to render them more prominent; and small groups (''b''), here and there in the recesses, to vary their forms and conceal their real depths.” [Fig. 47]

* Part III, Book III, Chapter V (p. 965)
:“6923. ''Ornamental plantations'' are no less frequently neglected than such as are considered chiefly useful. [[Clump]]s, belts, and screens which have become thin, because they have not been thinned, are almost every where to be met with. ‘In those neglected [[plantation]]s,’ says Lord Meadowbank, ‘where daylight may be seen for miles, through, naked stems, chilled and contracted by the cold, the mischief might, perhaps, be partially remedied, by planting young trees round the extremities, which, having room to spread luxuriantly, would exclude the winds, and the internal spaces might be thickened up with oak, silver firs, beeches, and such other trees as thrive with a small portion of light. When once the wind is excluded, the weakest of the old trees might be taken out, and the others left to profit by the shelter and space that is afforded.’ (''Life of Lord Kaimes, by Tytler''.) One of the most hopeless cases of improvement in this department is that of an old [[clump]] of Scotch pines (''fig''. 663), from which scarcely any trees can be taken without risking the failure of the remainder. The only way is to add to it, either by some scattered groups in one direction, or in various directions. Where a [[clump]] consists of a hard [[wood]], either entirely or in part, it may sometimes, if effect permits, be reduced to a group, by gradually reducing the number of the trees. The group left should be composed of two or three trees of at least two species, different in bulk, and some what in habit, in order that the combined mass may not have the formality of the [[clump]].” [Fig. 48]

* Part III, Book III, Chapter VII (pp. 973, 974)
:“6973. ''[[nursery|Nurseries]] for rearing trees'' are commonly left to commercial gardeners, as the [[plantation]]s of few private landowners are so extensive, or continued through a sufficient number of years to render it worth their while to originate and nurse up their own tree and [[hedge]] plants. Exceptions, however, occur in the case of remote situations, and where there are tracts so extensive as to require many years in planting. . . .

:“6982. ''The principal objects of culture'' in a private tree-[[nursery]] are the hardy trees and [[shrubs]] of the country, which produce seeds; and the great object of the private [[nursery]]-gardener must be to collect or procure these seeds, prepare them for sowing, sow them in their proper seasons, and transplant and nurse them till fit for final planting."

* Part III, Book IV, Chapter I (pp. 994, 996, 1000)
:“7156. ''In [[landscape gardening]]'', the art of the gardener is directed to different objects, and some of them of a higher kind than any belonging to gardening as an art of culture. In the three branches [of gardening] hitherto considered, art is chiefly employed in the cultivation of plants, with a view of obtaining their products; but in the branch now under consideration, art is exercised in disposing of ground, buildings, and water, as well as the vegetating materials which enter into the composition of verdant landscape. This is, in a strict sense, what is called [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], or the art of creating or improving landscapes; but as landscapes are seldom required to be created for their own sakes, [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], as actually practised, may be defined, ‘the art of arranging the different parts which compose the external scenery of a country-residence, so as to produce the different beauties and conveniences of which that scene of domestic life is susceptible.’ . . .

:“7161. With respect to ''the modern style'', considered as including what belongs to the conveniences of a country-residence, as well as the art of creating landscapes, Pope has included the principles under, 1st, The study and display of natural beauties; 2d, The concealment of defects; and 3d, Never to lose sight of common sense. Wheatley concurs in these principles, stating the business of a gardener to be ‘to select and to apply whatever is great, elegant, or characteristic’ in the scenery of nature or art; ‘to discover and to show all the advantages of the place upon which he is employed; to supply its defects, to correct its faults, and to improve its beauties.’ Repton, whose observations on [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] bear on the title-page, to be ‘written with a view to establish fixed principles in these arts,’ enumerates congruity, utility, order, symmetry, scale, proportion, and appropriation, as principles, ‘if,’ as he observes, in one place, ‘there are any principles.’ Mason places the secret of the art in the ‘nice distinction between contrast and incongruity;’ Mason, the poet, invokes ‘simplicity,’ probably intending that this beauty should distinguish the [[English style|English]] from the [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] style: simplicity is also the ruling principle of Lord Kames; Girardin includes every beauty under ‘truth and nature,’ and every rule ‘under the unity of the whole, and the connection of the parts;’ and Shenstone states, ‘[[landscape gardening|landscape]] or [[picturesque]] gardening’ to ‘consist in pleasing the imagination,’ by scenes of grandeur, beauty, and variety. Convenience merely has no share there, any farther than as it pleases the imagination. Congruity and the principles of painting are those of Price and Knight; and nature, utility, and taste, those of Marshall. From these different theories [of [[landscape gardening]]], as well as from the general objects or end of gardening, there appear to be two principles which enter into its composition; those which regard it as a mixed art, or an art of design, and which are called the principles of relative beauty; and those which regard it as an imitative art, and are called the principles of natural or universal beauty. The [[ancient style|ancient]] or [[geometric style|geometric]] gardening is guided wholly by the former principles; [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], as an imitative art, wholly by the latter; but as the art of forming a country-residence, its arrangements are influenced by both principles. In conformity with these ideas, and with our plan of treating both styles, we shall first consider its principles as an inventive or mixed, and secondly as an imitative art. . . .

:“7180. ''As an illustration of the theory of [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]]'', which we have adopted, we subjoin a slight analysis of the principles of a composition, expressive of [[picturesque]] and natural beauty. For this purpose, it is a matter of indifference, as far as respects [[picturesque]] beauty, whether we choose a real or painted landscape; but, as we mean also to investigate its poetic or general beauty, we shall prefer a reality. We choose then a perfect flat, varied by [[wood]], say elms, with a piece of water, and a high [[wall]], forming the angle of a ruined building; it is animated by cows and sheep; its expression is that of melancholy grandeur; and, independently of this beauty, it is [[picturesque]] in expression; that is, if painted it would form a tolerable picture.”

[[File:1365.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 49, The operations on ground under the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1002, fig. 683.]]
* Part III, Book IV, Chapter II (p. 1002, 1005-06, 1007, 1008–09, 1010-11, 1012)
:“7196. . . . If a deformed space has been restored to natural beauty, we are delighted with the effect, whilst we recollect the difference between the present and the former surface; but when this is forgotten, though the beauty remains, the credit for having produced it is lost. In this respect, the operations on ground under the [[ancient style]], have a great and striking advantage; for an absolute perfection is to be attained in the formation of geometrical forms, and the beauty created is so entirely artificial (''fig''. 683.) as never to admit a doubt of its origin. . . .[Fig. 49]

:"7203. ''[[Wood]]'' produces almost all the grand effects in both styles of improvement; for trees, whether in scattered forests, [[thicket]]s, or groups, or in compact geometric [[square]]s, [[avenue]]s, or rows, constitute the greatest charm of every country. Trees improve the most varied outlines of buildings . . . and without them the grounds of a residence . . . would often be nothing more than an unmeaning profusion of winding roads or [[walk]]s. A tree in itself is, indeed, the noblest object of inanimate nature; combines ever species of beauty, from its sublime effect as a whole, to the individual beauty of its leaves; exhibits that majestic uniformity and infinite variety which constitute the essence of relative beauty; and the natural expressions of individual species are as various as are their forms and magnitude, their utility to man, and the situations, soils, climates, and other general and accidental circumstances of which they are indications.

:7204. ''The effect or expression of trees'', individually and in masses, has been entered on at length in the preceding book; we shall here, therefore, confine ourselves to a few general observations on the effect of planting in the [[geometric style|geometric]] and [[modern style|modern]] manners.

:“7205. ''In planting in the [[geometric style]]'', the first consideration is the nature of the whole or general design; and here, as in the ground, [[geometric style|geometric]] forms will still prevail, and while the masses reflect forms from the house, or represent squares, triangles, or trapeziums, the more minute parts, characterised by lines rather than forms, such as [[avenue]]s, rows, [[clump]]s, and stars, &c. are contained in parallelograms, squares, or circles. In regard to the parts, masses and [[avenue]]s should extend from the house in all directions, so far as to diffuse around the character of design; and as much farther in particular directions as the nature of the surface admits of, the distant beauties suggest, and the character of the mansion requires. In disposing these masses, whether on a flat or irregular surface, regard will be had to leave uncovered such a quantity of [[lawn]] or turf as shall, at all events, admit a free circulation of air, give breadth of light, and display the form of the large masses of [[wood]]. Uniformity and variety as a whole, and use as well as beauty in the parts, must be kept constantly in view. [[Avenue]]s, [[alley]]s, and [[vista]]s, should serve as much as possible as roads, [[walk]]s, lines of [[fence]]s, or screens of shelter or shade; but where this is not the case, they should point to some distant beauties, or near artificial objects, to be seen at or beyond their termination. The outer extremities of artificial [[plantation]]s may either join natural [[woods]], other artificial scenes, cultivated lands, or barren heaths or [[common]]s. . . .

[[File:1366.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 50, Landscape gardening for a residence in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1007, fig. 690.]]
:7210. Whether ''the new varieties of American and other trees'', obtained since the introduction of [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], are to be admitted under this style of improvement may be questioned by some. We answer, certainly, unless where the object is the imitation of an ancient residence (''fig''. 690); and there can be no doubt that where such is the object, exotic trees will destroy part of the allusion; but we do not contend for the revival of the [[ancient style]] solely as producing imitation and allusive characters, or an account of its antiquity, but as a distinct mode of gardening. We would therefore not copy its faults or study its defects, but add to its beauties from all the resources furnished by the present improved state of the arts of design, as well as by the continued accession to our stock of trees and [[shrubs]]. If however a positive imitation of an ancient residence is intended, then the species of tree should be limited to those used in ancient times, as well as the forms and lines of their disposition. . . .[Fig. 50]

[[File:1367.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 51, In planting with a view to natural beauty, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1008, fig. 691.]]
:7214. ''In planting with a view to natural beauty'', the effect of the whole is here also the first and the grand consideration. All planting, as respects the formation of a country-residence, must necessarily be materially influenced by the character and situation of the house, as the capital feature in the composition. To this feature, the leading masses of [[wood]] and [[lawn]], answering the end of light and shade in painting, must invite and direct the eye in the general view of the place. (''fig''. 691) Each must embrace it on one or on more sides, and diverge from it in masses suitable to its magnitude and the extent of the grounds, and in forms and characters of woody surface, suitable to the natural situation and the expression to be created. If the mansion is on a declivity, the principal light should embrace the front which looks down, rather than those which look up, or on either side. The [[view]]s from the windows suggest this arrangement, and will point out in every other situation, whether a flat, a hill, or an irregular surface, on which side or sides the leading masses are to have their origin. To determine their magnitude, form, and number, would be impossible, without a particular case to refer to. To point out their style is sufficient, which must always be irregular like nature; generally stretch along such rising ground as the situation affords; and like her, always combine a certain degree of uniformity or recognizable shape, even amidst the greatest seeming deviations from this quality of figures. As the house indicates the commencement of masses, the character of country surrounding the scene of improvement must determine the limits and style of their termination. If the lands are laid out in regular enclosures, bounded by [[hedge]]s and [[hedge]]-rows, fragments of these . . . must prevail in the margin of the [[park]]; at least in as many places, and to such a degree, as will produce connection; and, if possible, as much farther as will harmonise the scene within, with the country without. If it is entirely or in part surrounded by forest scenery, the termination is easily and completely effected, by attending to the style of wood and species of tree prevailing without, for a moderate distance within the boundary. If bounded by the sea, or a large [[lake]], an abrupt termination will be as natural as it would be formal on the margin of a cultivated surface. Abrupt termination, however, are often unavoidable, as in examples of villas, where the owner having no demesne, has no control beyond his boundary [[fence]]. All that can be done, therefore, in such cases, is, to create as much beauty and interest as possible within the given limits. Where on villa joins another, this sort of isolated abruptness is avoided or lessened; and, in the case of suburban villas . . . it is seldom felt as an deformity, though, even here, connection and general harmony with what is exterior, will add beauty to what is within. . . .[Fig. 51]

:“7217. ''To imitate [[lake]]s, rivers, or rills'', and their accompaniments, is the object of [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]]; and of each of these natural characters we shall remark the leading circumstances in the originals and the imitations. . . .

:“7219. ''[[Pond]]s'' in different levels, seen in the same view, are very objectionable on this principle. The little beauty they display as spots, ill compensates for the want of propriety; and the leading idea which they suggest, is a question between their present situation and their non-existence. The choice, therefore, as to the situation of water, must ever depend more on natural circumstances than proximity to the mansion. Is then all water to be excluded that is not in the lower grounds? We have no hesitation in answering this question in the affirmative, so far as respects the principal [[view]]s, and when a lower level than that in which the water is proposed to be placed is seen in the same [[view]]. But in respect to recluse scenes, which Addison compares to episodes to the general design, we would admit, and even copy the [[pond]]s on the sides or even tops of hills, which may be designated accidental beauties of nature. In confined spots they are often a very great ornament . . . as a proof of which, we have only to observe some of the suburban villas round the metropolis, where a small piece of water often comes in between the house and the public road with the happiest effect.

[[File:1369.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 52, The imitation of a lake, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1010, fig. 696.]]
:“7220. ''A beautiful [[lake]]'', or part of a circuitous body of water, considered as a whole, will be found to exhibit a form, characterised by breadth rather than length; by that degree of regularity in its outline as a whole, which confers that, which, in common language, is called shape; and by that irregularity in the parts of this outline, which produces variety and intricacy. Supposing the situation to be fixed on for the imitation of a [[lake]] (''fig''. 696) the artist is to consider the broadest and most circuitous hollow as his principal mass or breadth of water, and which he will extend or diminish according to the extent of aquatic views the place may require. From this he may continue a chain of connected masses of water, or [[lake]]s of different magnitudes and shapes, in part suggested by the character of the ground, in part by the facilities of planting near them, and in part by his own views of propriety and beauty. The outline of the plan of the [[lake]] is to be varied by the contrasted position of bays, inlets, and smaller indentations, on the same principles which we suggested for varying a mass of [[wood]].” [Fig. 52]

[[File:1370.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 53, "A waterfall, or cascade," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1012, fig. 700.]]
:“7225. ''A [[waterfall]]'', or ''[[cascade]]'', is an obvious improvement where a running stream passes through a demesne (''fig''. 700.), and is to be formed by first constructing a bank of masonry, presenting an inclined plane (''a'') to the currents, and rendering it impervious to water by puddling (1720.) or the use of proper cements, and next varying the ridge (''b'') and under side (''c''), with fragments of rock, so chosen and placed, as not to present a character foreign to what nature may be supposed to have produced there. The adjoining ground generally requires to be raised at such scenes, but may generally be harmonised by [[plantation]]. [Fig. 53]

:“7226. ''Where running water is conducted in forms belonging to the geometric style of gardening'', [[waterfall]]s and [[cascade]]s are constructed in the form of crescents, flights of steps, or wavy [[terrace/slope|slope]]s.”

[[File:1789.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 54, Aviary designed by Humphry Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1020, fig. 718.]]
* Part III, Book IV, Chapter III (pp. 1020, 1021)
:“7256. ''[[Terrace]] and [[conservatory]]''. We observed, when treating of ground, and under the [[ancient style]], that the design of the [[terrace]] must be jointly influenced by the magnitude and style of the house, the views from its windows, (that is, from the eye of a person seated in the middle of the principal rooms,) and the views of the house from a distance. In almost every case, more or less of architectural form will enter into these compositions. The level or levels will be supported partly by grassy [[terrace/slope|slope]]s, but chiefly by stone [[wall]]s, harmonising with the lines and forms of the house. These, in the Gothic style, may be furnished by battlements, [[gateway]]s, oriels, pinnacles, &c.; or, on a very great scale, watch-towers may form very [[picturesque]], characteristic, and useful additions. . . .

:“7257. ''The breadth of [[terrace]]s'', and their height relatively to the level of the floor of the living-rooms, must depend jointly on the height of the floor of the living-rooms and the surface of the grounds or country to be seen over them. Too broad or too high a [[terrace]] will both have the effect of foreshortening a [[lawn]] with a declining surface, or concealing a near valley. The safest mode in doubtful cases is, not to form this appendage till after the principal floor is laid, and then to determine the details of the [[terrace]] by trial and correction.

:“7258. ''Narrow [[terrace]]s'' are entirely occupied as [[promenade]]s, and may be either gravelled or paved: and different levels, when they exist, connected by inclined planes or flights of steps. Where the breadth is more than is requisite for [[walk]]s, the borders may be kept in turf with groups or marginal strips of flowers and low [[shrubs]]. In some cases, the [[terrace]]-walls may be so extended as to enclose ground sufficient for a level [[plot]] to be used as a [[bowling green|bowling-green]] or a [[flower garden|flower-garden]]. These are generally connected with one of the living-rooms or the [[conservatory]], and to the latter is frequently joined an [[aviary]] and the entire range of botanic stoves. Or, the [[aviary]] may be made an elegant detached building, so placed as to group with the house and other surrounding objects. An elegant structure of this sort (''fig''. 718.) was designed by Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton. . . .[Fig. 54]

:“7259. The [[flower garden|flower-garden]] should join both the [[conservatory]] and [[terrace]]; and, where the botanic stoves do not join the [[conservatory]] and the house, they, and also the [[aviary]] and other appropriate buildings and decorations, should be placed here.

:“7260. ''The [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]]'' should be placed near to, and connected with the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], with concealed entrances and roads leading to the domestic offices for culinary purposes, and to the stables and farm-buildings for manure. . . .

:“7262. ''The [[lawn]]'', or that breadth of mown turf formed in front of, or extending in different directions from, the garden-front of the house, is, in the [[geometric style]], varied by architectural forms, levels, and [[terrace/slope|slope]]s; and in the modern by a [[picturesque]] or painter-like disposition of groups, placed so as to connect with the leading masses, and throw the [[lawn]] into an agreeable shape or shapes. In very small villas the [[lawn]] may embrace the garden or principal front of the house, without the intervention of terrace-scenery, and may be separated from the [[park]], or [[park]]-like field, by a light wire [[fence]]; but in more extensive scenes it should embrace a [[terrace]], or some avowedly artificial architectural basis to the mansion, and a sunk [[wall]], as a distant separation, will be more dignified and permanent than any iron [[fence]]. The [[park]] may come close up to the [[terrace]]-garden, especially in a flat situation, or where the breadth of the [[terrace]] is considerable. . . .

[[File:1371.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 55, Plan of a pleasure-ground with labyrinth, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1021, fig. 719.]]
:“7264. ''The [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]]'' is a term applied generally to the kept ground and [[walk]]s of a residence. Sometimes the [[walk]] merely passes, in a winding direction, through glades and groups of common scenery, kept polished by the scythe, and from whence cattle, &c. are excluded. At other times it includes a part of, or all the scenes above mentioned; and may include several others, as verdant amphitheaters, [[labyrinth]]s, (''fig''. 719.) a Linnaean, Jussieuean, American, French, or Dutch [[flower garden|flower-garden]], a garden of native, rock, mountain, or aquatic plants, [[picturesque]] [[flower garden|flower-garden]], or a [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] garden, exhibiting only plants in flower, inserted in the ground, and removed to make room for others when the blossom begins to fade, &c.” [Fig. 55]

:“7265. ''The [[park]]'' is a space devoted to the growth of timber, pasturage for deer, cattle, and sheep, and for adding grandeur and dignity to the mansion. On its extent and beauty, and on the magnitude and architectural design of the house, chiefly depend the reputation and character of the residence. In the [[geometric style]], the more distant or concealed parts were subdivided into fields, surrounded by broad stripes or double rows, enclosed in [[wall]]s or [[hedge]]s, and the nearer parts were chiefly covered with [[wood]], enclosing regular surfaces of pasturage. In the [[modern style]], the scenery of a [[park]] is intended to resemble that of a scattered forest, the more polished glades and regular shapes of [[lawn]] being near the house, and the rougher parts towards the extremities. . . .

:“7267. ''The riding'', or [[drive]], is a road indicated rather than formed, which passes through the most interesting and distant parts of a residence not seen in detail from the [[walk]]s, and as far into the adjoining lands of wildness or cultivation, as the property of the owner extends. It is also frequently conducted as much farther as the disposition of adjoining proprietors permits, or the general face of the country renders desirable.”

[[File:1372.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 56, Plan of a ferme ornée with wild and irregular hedges, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1023, fig. 722.]]
* Part III, Book IV, Chapter IV (pp. 1023, 1028, 1029-30, 1033-34)
:“7280. ''The [[ferme ornée]]'' differs from a common farm in having a better dwelling-house, neater approach, and one partly or entirely distinct from that which leads to the offices. It also differs as to the [[hedge]]s, which are allowed to grow wild and irregular (''fig''. 722.), and are bordered on each side by a broad green [[drive]], and sometimes by a gravel-[[walk]] and [[shrubs]]. It differs from a villa farm in having no [[park]]. . . .[Fig. 56]

:“7313. ''Public [[park]]s, or equestrian [[promenade]]s'', are valuable appendages to large cities. Extent and a free air are the principle requisites, and the roads should be arranged so as to produce few intersections; but at the same time so as carriages may make either the tour of the whole scene, or adopt a shorter tour at pleasure. In the course of long roads, there ought to be occasional bays or side expansions to admit of carriages separating from the course, halting or turning. Where such [[promenade]]s are very extensive, they are furnished with places of accommodation and refreshment, both for men and horses; this is a valued part of their arrangement for occasional visitors from a distance, or in hired vehicles. . . .

[[File:1817.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 57, Plan of a large public square, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1030, fig. 733.]]
:“7319. ''Public [[square]]s'', of such magnitude as to admit of being laid out in ample [[walk]]s, open and shady, are almost peculiar to Britain. The grand object is to get as extended a line of uninterrupted [[promenade]] as is possible within the given limits. A [[walk]] parallel to the boundary [[fence]], and at a short distance within it, evidently includes the maximum of extent; but if the enclosure is small, the rapid succession of angles and turns becomes extremely disagreeable, and continually breaks in upon the ''pas des promeneurs'', the conversation of a party, or individual contemplation. The angles, therefore, must be avoided, by rounding them off in a large [[square]]; in a small one, by forming the [[walk]] into a circle; and in a small parallelogram, by adopting an oval form. In laying out a large [[square]] . . . four objects ought to be kept in view. 1. Sufficient open space (''a''), both of [[lawn]] and [[walk]], so as the parents, looking from the windows of the houses which surround the [[square]], may not long at a time lose sight of their children: 2. An open [[walk]], exposed to the sun, for winter and spring (''b''): 3. A [[walk]] shaded by trees, but airy for summer (''c''): 4. Resting-places (''d''); and a centrical covered [[seat]] and retreat (e), which, being nearly equidistant from every point may be readily gained in case of a sudden shower, &c. The [[statue]]s of eminent public men are obvious and appropriate decorations for [[square]]s. . . .[Fig. 57]

:“7323. ''[[botanic garden|Botanic gardens]]''. The primary object of [[botanic garden]]s is to exhibit a collection of plants for the improvement of botanical science; a secondary object to exhibit living specimens of such plants as are useful in medicine, agriculture, and other arts; and a third is, or ought to be, the acclimating of foreign plants, and their dissemination over the country. In choosing a situation for a [[botanic garden]], the leading object must be proximity to the town, city, or university to which it is to belong; and the next, if attainable, a variety of surface and soil, to aid the necessary formation of composts and aspects for different plants. . . . As the leading object or feature in the view of a [[botanic garden]] is the range of [[hothouse|hot-houses]]; and as these must always face the south, it is generally desirable that ground on the north side of the principal public street or road by which it is to be approached, should be preferred to ground on the south side.

:“7325. ''The form'' of a [[botanic garden]] is a matter of very little consequence: where the extent is small, a square or parallelogram may undoubtedly be made to contain most plants; but where it exceeds four or five acres, any form will answer; and, indeed, if there is a sufficient quantity of ground, the more irregular the form, so much the more variety will there be in the circumferential [[walk]]s of the garden. . . .

:“7337. ''In laying out a [[nursery]]''. . . . The following seem objects desirable for a ''complete'' [[nursery]]:

:“7338. ''The dwellinghouse'' of the master. . . .

:“7339. ''A seed-shop''. . . .

:“7340. ''A journeyman’s living-room'', and a number of sleeping-rooms for the whole or a part of the journeymen employed by the year. . . .

:“7341. ''A tool-house''. . . .

:“7342. ''A museum and herbarium-room'', in which models . . . of all the fruits, and dried specimens of all or most of the plants grown in the [[nursery]], should be kept. . . .

:“7343. ''Packing-sheds''. . . .

:“7344. ''A stable, cart-shed, cowhouse, and pigsty''. . . .

:“7345. ''A store-ground, or laying-in-ground''. . . .

:“7346. ''A [[plot]] for the [[hothouse|hot-houses]]''. . . .

:“7347. ''A compost-ground''. . . .

:“7348. ''A rotting-ground''. . . .

:“7349. ''A [[parterre]]''. . . .

:“7350. ''The main area of the [[nursery]]'' should be laid out, as nearly as the circumstances will admit, in parallelograms, of any convenient dimensions, but not wider than the ordinary length of a garden-line.”

 

====''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834, New ed., considerably improved and enlarged)====
'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', 4th ed. (London: Longman et al, 1826) <ref name="Loudon_1834">J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening'', new ed., considerably improved and enlarged (London: Longman et al., 1834) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TGQ5WTNR view on Zotero]</ref>'''

[[File:1699.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 57, "An Octagon Pagoda," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 333, fig. 233.]]
* Part I, Book I, Chapter IV (p. 334)
:“The [octagon] pagoda (''fig''. 233) was intended to be eighty-eight feet high. It is placed on an island, in the centre of a small [[pond]], and was to have been approached by a [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] [[bridge]] richly ornamented. The diameter of the base of the pagoda is forty feet, and there were to have been six stories, the lower one of stone, and the others of cast iron. From the angles were to have been suspended forty highly enriched [[Chinese manner|Chinese]] lamps, and these were to be lighted by a gasometer fixed in the lower story. Besides the lamps, there were to have been grotesque figures of monsters projecting over the angles of the canopies, which were to spout water from their eyes, nostrils, fins, tails, &c.; a column of water was also to have been projected perpendicularly from the terminating ornament on the summit of the structure, which, from the loftiness of the source of supply, would have risen to the height of seventy or eighty feet.” [Fig. 57]

* Part II, Book III, Chapter III (p. 616)
:“2619. ''The [[prospect tower|prospect-tower]]'' is a noble object to look at, and a gratifying and instructive position to look from. It should be placed on the highest grounds of a residence, in order to command as wide a prospect as possible, to serve as a fixed recognised point to strangers in making a tour of the grounds. It may very properly be accompanied by a cottage; or the lower part of it may be occupied by the family of a forester, gamekeeper, or any rural pensioner, to keep it in order, &c.”

* Part III, Book I, Chapter I (p. 728)
:“3257. ''[[Wall]]s'' are built round a garden chiefly for the production of fruits. A [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], Nicol observes, considered merely as such, may be as completely fenced and sheltered by [[hedge]]s as by [[wall]]s, as indeed they were in former times, and examples of that mode of fencing are still to be met with. But in order to obtain the finer fruits, it becomes necessary to build [[wall]]s, or to erect pales and railings. . . .

* Part III, Book III, Chapter IV (p. 1131)
:“6380. ''[[Fence]]s''. Masses, in the [[ancient style]] of planting, were generally surrounded by [[wall]]s or other durable [[fence]]s. Here the barrier was considered as an object or permanent part of the scene, and for that reason was executed substantially, and even ornamentally. They were generally [[wall]]s substantially coped, and furnished with handsome [[gate]]s and piers. The rows of [[avenue]]s and small [[clump]]s, or platoons intended to be finally thrown open, were enclosed by the most convenient temporary [[fence]].”

* Part III, Book IV, Chapter I (pp. 1162, 1163–64, 1167, 1168, 1170)
:“BOOK IV. [[landscape gardening|LANDSCAPE-GARDENING]]. . . .

:“CHAP. I. ''Principles of [[landscape gardening|Landscape-Gardening]]''.

:“6691. ''The principles of [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]]'', like those of every other art, are founded on the end in view. ‘Gardens and buildings,’ Lord Kaimes observes, ‘may be destined solely for use, or solely for beauty or for both. Such variety of destination bestows upon these arts a great command of beauties, complex not less than various. Hence the difficulty of forming an accurate taste in gardening and architecture; and hence, the difference or wavering of taste in these arts, is greater than in any art that has but a single destination.’ (''Elements of Criticism'', 4th edit. vol. ii. p. 431) Not to consider [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] with a view to these different beauties, but to treat it merely as ‘the art of creating landscape,’ would embrace only a small part of the art of laying out grounds, and leave incomplete a subject which contributes to the immediate comfort and happiness of a great body of the enlightened and opulent in this and in every country;—an art, as the poet Mason observes,

:“_____ ‘which teaches wealth and pride

:“‘How to obtain their wish—the world’s applause.’

:“6693. . . . The [[ancient style|ancient]] or [[geometric style|geometric]] gardening is guided wholly by the former principles; and [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], as an imitative art, wholly by the latter; but when [[landscape gardening|landscape gardening]] is considered as the art of forming a country residence, its arrangements are influenced by both principles. In conformity with these ideas, and with our plan of treating of both styles, we shall first consider its principles as an inventive or mixed, and secondly as an imitative art. . . .

:“Sec. II. ''Beauties of [[landscape gardening|Landscape-Gardening]], considered as an imitative Art, and Principles of their Production''.

:“6708. ''The chief object of all the imitative arts is the production of natural or universal beauty''. Music, poetry, and painting, are the principal imitative arts; to these has been lately added [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]], an art which has for its object the production of landscape by combinations of the actual materials of nature, as landscape-painting has for its object their imitation by combinations of colours. [[landscape gardening|Landscape-gardening]] has been said ‘to realize whatever the fancy of the painter has imagined’ (''Girardin''); and, ‘to create a scenery more pure, more harmonious, and more expressive, than any that is to be found in nature herself.’ (''Alison''.) . . . A more correct idea of its capacities, in our opinion, is suggested by the remark of Horace Walpole, when he represents it as ‘proud of no other art than that of softening nature’s harshness, and copying her graceful touch.’ . . .

:“6709. ''To what kind or degree of beauty, then, can [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] aspire?'' To this we answer, that, abstracted from all relations of utility and design, it can seldom succeed in producing any thing higher than [[picturesque]] beauty; what we shall call [[gardenesque]] beauty, or such a harmonious mixture of forms, colours, lights, and shades, as will be grateful to the sight of men in general; and more particularly to such as have made this beauty in some degree their study. . . .

:“6710. ''By [[gardenesque]] beauty'' is to be understood a kind of scenery, the creation of which is peculiar to gardening. For example, the disposition of the trees of a residence in lines, in geometrical forms, in a country where all the trees around are as nature has disposed them in natural forest scenery, produces that distinctive character of art, which we have called the [[gardenesque]]. In like manner, when all the trees of the general face of the country, not laid out in [[park]]s or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-grounds]], are in geometrical forms or straight lines, then, by planting the trees of a residence in that irregular manner which is characteristic of natural scenery, as distinctive a character is produced as in the former case, and this also we call [[gardenesque]]. Suppose a third case, in which, it was desired to produce the [[gardenesque]] and yet to preserve the same disposition of [[gardenesque]] the trees that prevailed in the surrounding scenery; in that case, trees not in use in the surrounding scenery are to be employed, by which as distinctive a character is produced as in the two former instances, and this also we call [[gardenesque]]. . . .

:“6712. ''The principles of imitative [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]]'', in that view of this term which limits it to ‘the art of creating landscape of [[picturesque]] beauty,’ we consider, with Girardin, Price, Knight, and other authors, to be those of painting; and in viewing it as adding to [[picturesque]] beauty some other natural expression, as of grandeur, decay, melancholy &c., we consider it, with Pope, Warton, Gray, and Eustace, as requiring; both in the designer and observer, the aid of a poetic mind; that is, of a mind conversant with all those different emotions or pleasures of imagination, which are called up by certain signs of affecting or interesting qualities, furnished by sounds, motion, buildings, and other objects. . . .

:“6728. ''A very common error, since the introduction of the [[modern style]]'', has been to suppose that [[picturesque]] beauty is the only beauty to be aimed at in laying out grounds: but, so far from this being the case, it will often happen that the alterations required for the purposes of convenience and character, will lessen that beauty, while it increases that of dignity, refinement, and appropriation to man.”

[[File:1788.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 58, One of the "Accidental Accompaniments to the Materials of Landscape," for birds and animals, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1183, fig. 947.]]
* Part III, Book IV, Chapter II (p. 1183)
:“6781. ''Animated nature''. Deer, wild and tame hares, cattle, sheep, game, singing birds, all belong to a residence, and are necessary to complete its beauty. Pheasants and other game, ranging undismayed by man, in garden-scenes, give a high idea of seclusion and removal from common nature; the finer sorts may be retained in appropriate structures (''fig''. 947) and the common left to themselves, but liberally supplied with food. The cawing of rooks, the shrieking of the owl, the screams of peacocks, the notes of birds, are all desirable circumstances in certain situations, and ought to be attended to, by introducing such trees or plants as are favourable to their increase.” [Fig. 58]

* Part III, Book IV, Chapter IV (p. 1206)
:“6861. ''[[Public garden]]s'' are designed for recreation, instruction, or commercial purposes. The first include equestrian and pedestrian [[promenade]]s; the second, [[botanic garden|botanic]] and experimental gardens; the third, public [[nursery|nurseries]], market-gardens, florists’ gardens, [[orchard]]s, seed-gardens, and herb-gardens.”

 
====''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838)====
'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion'' (London: Longman et al, 1838) <ref name="Loudon_1838">Loudon, 1838 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BQVBJ48F view on Zotero]</ref>'''

* Chapter III, Section II (pp. 160-61, 162, 164-66, 167-68, 169)
:“''The prevailing Style of laying out Grounds in England'' is what is emphatically called [[English style|English gardening]]; to which epithet a vague general idea is attached, of grounds and [[plantation]]s formed in flowing lines, in imitation of nature; as contradistinguished from ground formed into regular [[terrace/slope|slope]]s and levels, or [[plantation]]s in straight lines, or included in [[plot]]s, bounded by lines always decidedly artificial. What is called the [[English style|English]], or [[natural style|natural]], style of gardening, however, may be divided into three kinds: the [[picturesque]], the [[gardenesque]], and the [[rustic style|rustic]]. By [picturesque] gardening is to be understood the production, in country residences, of that kind of scenery which, from its strongly marked features, is considered as particularly suitable for being represented by painting; while by the [[gardenesque]] style is to be understood the production of that kind of scenery which is best calculated to display the individual beauty of trees, [[shrubs]], and plants in a state of culture; the smoothness and greenness of [[lawns]]; and the smooth surfaces, curved directions, dryness, and firmness of gravel [[walks]]: in short, the [[gardenesque]] style has a constant reference to what would look well in a picture; and the [[rustic style]] to what is commonly found accompanying the rudest description of labourers’ cottages in the country. The object of this last-mentioned style, or rather manner, is also to produce such fac-simile imitations of common nature, as to deceive the spectator into an idea that they are real or fortuitous. . . .

:“''The Irregular, Natural, or [[English style|English, Style]]''. As the lands devoted to agriculture in England were, sooner than in any other country in Europe, generally enclosed with [[hedge]]s and hedgerow trees, so the face of the country in England, sooner than in any other part of Europe, produced an appearance which bore a closer resemblance to country [[seat]]s laid out in the [[geometric style|geometrical style]]; and, for this reason, an attempt to imitate the irregularity of nature, in laying out [[pleasure ground|pleasure-grounds]], was made in England, with some trifling exceptions, sooner than in any other part of the world; and hence the style became generally known as [[English style|English gardening]]. The [[English style|English]], or [[natural style]] of gardening was first called [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] by Shenstone; it was also called [[natural style|natural gardening]] by Bosc, [[Chinese manner|Chinese gardening]] by Sir W. Chambers, and [[picturesque]] gardening by Gabriel Thouin; though none of these authors, unless we except Chambers, attempted to give a correct definition of what they meant by the terms they used. . . .

:“''[[Picturesque]] Imitation''. To design and execute a scene in either of these styles of imitative art, the artist would require to have the eye of a landscape-painter; to a certain extent, the science of an architect and of a botanist; and the knowledge of a horticulturist. Every part of nature, whether rude or refined, may be imitated according to art. For example, an old gravel pit, which had become covered with bushes and indigenous trees, and contained a hovel or rude cottage in the bottom, with a natural path worn in the grass by the occupants, would be improved according to imitative art, if foreign trees, [[shrubs]], and plants, even to the grasses, were introduced instead of indigenous ones; and a Swiss cottage, or an architectural cottage of any kind that would not be recognised as the common cottage of the country, substituted for the hovel. To complete the character of art, the [[walk]] should be formed and gravelled, at least, to such an extent as to prevent its being mistaken for a natural path. Rocky scenery, aquatic scenery,dale or dingle scenery, forest scenery, [[copse]] scenery, and open glade scenery, may all be imitated on the same principle; viz. that of substituting foreign for indigenous vegetation, and laying out artificial [[walk]]s. This is sufficient to constitute a [[picturesque]] imitation of natural scenery.

[[File:1760.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 59, Trees arranged in the gardenesque manner, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 165, fig. 47.]]
:“''[[Gardenesque]] Imitation''. Where the [[gardenesque]] style of imitating nature is to be employed, the trees, [[shrubs]], and herbaceous plants must be separated; and, instead of being grouped together as in forest scenery (where two trees, or a tree and a shrub, often appear to spring from the same root, and this root is accompanied by large rampant herbs), every [[gardenesque]] group must consist of trees which do not touch each other, and which only become groups by being as near together as is practicable without touching, and by being apart from larger masses, or from single trees or rows of trees. It is not meant by this, that in the [[gardenesque]] style the trees composing a group should all be equally distant from one another; for in that case they would not form a whole, which the word group always implies. On the contrary, though all the trees in a [[gardenesque]] group ought to be so far separated from each other as not to touch, yet the degrees of separation may be as different as the designer chooses, provided the idea of a group is not lost sight of.

[[File:1761.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 60, Trees arranged in the picturesque style, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 165, fig. 48.]]
:“In ''fig''. 47, the trees are arranged in the [[gardenesque]] manner; and in ''fig''. 48, in the picturesque style. The same character is also communicated to the [[walk]]s; that in the [[gardenesque]] style having the margins definite and smooth, while the [[picturesque]] [[walk]] has the edge indefinite and rough. Utility requires that the gravel, in both styles of [[walk]], should be smooth, firm, and dry; for it must always be borne in mind, that, as [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] is a useful as well as an agreeable art, no beauty must ever be allowed to interfere with the former quality. [Figs. 54 and 55]

:“In laying out grounds, or in criticising such as are already formed by eminent artists, it is necessary always to bear in mind the difference between the [[gardenesque]] and the [[picturesque]]; that is, between a [[plantation]] made merely for [[picturesque]] effect, and another made for [[gardenesque]] effect. [[Gardenesque]] effect in [[plantation]]s is far too little attended to for the beauty of the trees and [[shrubs]], whether individually or collectively; and [[picturesque]] effect is not generally understood by gardeners: so that the scenery of suburban residences is often neutralised in character by the ignorance of professional [landscape-gardeners of the [[gardenesque]], and of professional horticulturists and nurserymen of the [[picturesque]]. To make the most of any place however small, all the styles of art ought to be familiar to the artist; because there are few places in which, though one style prevails, some traits of other styles may not be advantageously introduced.

[[File:1764.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 61, A rustic seat, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 467, fig. 173.]]
:“In planting, thinning, and pruning, in order to produce [[gardenesque]] effect, the beauty of every individual tree and shrub, as a single object, is to be taken into consideration, as well as the beauty of the mass: while in planting, thinning, and pruning for [[picturesque]] effect, the beauty of individual trees and [[shrubs]] is of little consequence; because no tree or shrub, in [[picturesque]] [[plantation]] or scene, should stand isolated, and each should be considered as merely forming part of a group or mass. In a [[picturesque]] imitation of nature, the trees and [[shrubs]], when planted, should be scattered over the ground in the most irregular manner; both in their disposition with reference to their immediate effect as plants, and with reference to their future effect as trees and [[shrubs]]. In some places trees should prevail, in others [[shrubs]]; in some parts the [[plantation]] should be thick, in others it should be thin; two or three trees, or a tree and shrub, ought often to be planted in one hole, and this more especially on [[lawn]]s. Where, on the contrary, trees and [[shrubs]] are to be scattered in the [[gardenesque]] manner, every one should stand singly; as in the [[geometric style|geometrical manner]] they should stand in regular lines, or in some regular figure. In the [[gardenesque]], there may be single trees and single [[shrubs]]; but there can be no such thing as a single tree in the [[picturesque]]. Every tree, in the [[picturesque]] style of laying out grounds, must always be grouped with something else, if it should be merely a shrub, a twiner, or a tuft of grass or other plants at its root. In the [[gardenesque]], the beauty of the tree consists in its own individual perfections, which are fully developed in consequence of the isolated manner in which it has been grown; in the picturesque, the beauty of a tree or shrub, as of every other object in the landscape, consists in its fitness to group with other objects. Now, the fitness of one object to group with another evidently does not consist in the perfection of the form of that object, but rather in that imperfection which requires another object to render it complete.

:“''In [[rustic style|Rustic]], Indigenous, or Fac-simile Imitations of Natural Scenery''. . . . Such scenes differ from those of the [[geometric style]], and also from those of artistical imitation, in this, that the same person who contrives them must also execute them. They can have no merit in design, and only mechanical merit in the execution. They scarcely require the aid of either a professional landscape-gardener, or a professional horticulturist; but, at the same time, they could not be executed by every common labourer. The imitation of such scenes must be made by a sort of self-taught artist, or a regularly instructed artist who will condescend to accept of this kind of employment. . . .

:". . . .there are often clay pits or gravel pits on the ground which is to be let for building on; as in other situations there are old chalk pits or stone quarries. . . . As a first example, we shall suppose that the pit is a clay pit, and not fit for a human habitation at the bottom. In this case, let the bottom of the pit be covered with turf, smooth in some places, and in others mixed with nettles, thistles, and other weeds, and varied by thorns, briars, brambles, elder bushes, and other trees and [[shrubs]] that generally spring up on waste ground. In one or two parts of the bottom of the pit let there be pools of water, with rushes and other aquatic plants, and some alders and willows of the commonest kind for shade. These and other details being executed in the bottom of the pit, surround it on the outside by a thick [[plantation]] of one or two kinds of trees and [[shrubs]], such as are generally found in [[copse]]-wood; and let there be a winding straggling path through this [[copse]]-wood, of such a length as to obliterate for the moment the impression of the artificial scenery of the other parts of the [[pleasure ground|pleasure-grounds]] on the mind of the spectator while he is pursuing the winding slightly marked path among the bushes to the bottom of the pit. If the [[plantation]] were surrounded by a [[hedge]] or other [[fence]], and the entrance to the path were through a gap in this [[fence]], the deception would be the more complete.

[[File:1753.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 62, “A Villa Residence of Two Acres, within a regular Boundary, laid out in the Geometrical Style,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 530, fig. 200.]]
:“The second example we shall suppose to be a dry gravel pit, and that in the bottom of it a dwelling-place might be formed for a workman and his wife, with a hovel to serve as a cow-shed, in which cows might be kept for the family, and in which also an ass might be kept for the use of the gardener, in rolling his [[walk]]s, carting manure and weeds, and for other purposes. Instead of a crooked footpath entering through a gap in a [[hedge]], as in the first example, a rough winding road might be formed, by which it might be supposed that the gravel had been carted out of the pit, but which, owing to the lapse of time, had become principally covered with grass; and this might be entered through an old rickety [[gate]]; while in the bottom of the pit there might be the cottage dwelling, and the hovels, which, though comfortable within, ought to appear in a half-ruined state without; and a hayrick rudely fenced round, with a small stack of fagots for fuel, &c. The reader can easily supply the rest.

:“Both these examples would be fac-simile imitations, which might easily be mistaken for nature itself, or what we call [[rustic style|rustic]] scenery; and though they might, and doubtless would, afford pleasure in themselves, and as contrasted with the scenery around them, yet that pleasure could in no respect be considered as resulting from them as works of art, unless we were told that they were artificial creations. . . .

[[File:1758.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 63, Rustic arch and vase, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 581, fig. 231.]]
:“With respect to those modifications of the irregular style which we have described as the [[picturesque]], [[gardenesque]], and [[rustic style|rustic]] or rural, the first, as it requires least labour in the management, is best adapted for grounds of considerable extent; the second is more suitable for those persons who are botanists rather than general admirers of scenery, because it is best calculated for displaying the individual beauty of trees and plants, and the high order and keeping of [[lawn]]s, [[walk]]s, &c.; and the third for persons of a romantic or sentimental turn of mind, who delight in surrounding themselves with scenery associated with a station in life strongly opposed to that in which they are really placed; or to attract attention by producing a striking contrast to refined and artistical scenery, whether in the irregular or [[geometric style|geometric]] styles."

* Chapter III, Section II (pp. 467, 482, 483, 529-31, 581, 582, 583-84, 662–663)
:“''Fig''. 173. is another design for a [[rustic style|rustic]] [[seat]] of the same general character, but on a smaller scale, and more elaborately finished. The lower part of the bonnet roof, instead of being of thatch, is of strips of wood with the bark on, closely joined, so as to exclude rain. The [[seat]] is also more elaborately finished. . . .[Fig. 61]

[[File:1826.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 64, Fountain supplied from a cistern, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 582, fig. 233.]]
:“Mr. Williams, considering that, in all works of art, and in all natural objects which are to be examined singly, one of the greatest beauties is symmetry, has those trees and [[shrubs]] which he manages in a [[gardenesque]] manner brought into the most perfectly symmetrical forms, by tying the branches up or down, inwards or outwards, as may be necessary, with small almost invisible copper wire; by which means, no only every plant in a tub or a [[pot]] is perfectly symmetrical, whatsoever be its form but those trees and shrubs which stand singly on the [[lawn]], or compose [[gardenesque]] masses, are individually so treated; and, standing as they do a few inches apart from each other, the separate shape of each plant is seen by the spectator. The same care is bestowed on the dahlias, which are here grown in large quantities, and of sorts most of which were raised under the direction of Mr. Williams, from seeds saved in his own garden. . . .

[[File:1823.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 65, View of the rockwork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 584, fig. 237.]]
:“A point, where the spectator, having his back to the house, sees before him a narrow strip of [[lawn]], with a handsome symmetrical plants of the following kinds:—Next [to the] entrance door, Taxòdium dístichum nùtnas, Dáhlia, Pìnus rígida, Taxòdium dístichum pàtens. Beyond this, there is a row of dwarf hybrid rhododendrons, as a margin to a bank of common laurel, cut smooth above, with standard roses, and other trees, all cut into symmetrical roundish forms, rising through it . . . which forms a very singular phalanx of objects, and serves to occupy the minds of the spectator, and prevent his recollecting that he is so very near the boundary and the public road. . . . [[[#Fig_2|Fig. 2]]]

[[File:1766.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 66, Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 585, fig. 238.]]
:“''A Villa Residence of Two Acres, within a regular Boundary, laid out in the [[geometric style|Geometrical Style]]''.— The object in this case is to produce a splendid effect at a moderate expense of annual keeping, but with no regard to profit. The general form of the ground is that of a parallelogram, and its disposition is so clearly shown in the isometrical view (''fig''. 200) that it will require little or no description. The entrance is through a straight [[avenue]] to a flight of steps, which leads to a raised platform on which the house stands. To the right and left of the [[avenue]] are double rows of trees, which may be fruit-bearing kinds, such as the apple, pear, cherry, and plum. Beyond these, on each side, are two small [[kitchen garden|kitchen-gardens]], intended for gooseberries, strawberries, and other small fruits, and for pot-herbs, tart rhubarb, spinach, kidneybeans, and a few such vegetables as are desirable to have always at hand. The house and these [[kitchen garden|kitchen-gardens]] occupy about half the entire residence. The other half is laid out in the form of a sunk [[flower garden|flower-garden]], consisting of a variety of curvilinear [[bed]]s, bordered by a kerb of stone, and surrounded by turf. From the terrace [[walk]]s there are four descents to this garden, each consisting of a double flight of steps. Each [[bed]] is supposed to be planted with one kind of herbaceous plant, so as to produce large masses of colour. The mode of selecting plants for this purpose, as well as lists of suitable plants, have been already given (p. 217 to p. 226), and further resources will be found in our catalogue. The sloping [[border]] between the sunk area and the [[flower garden|flower-garden]] may either be planted with low evergreen [[shrubs]], with roses kept low, or it may be in turf, or in [[rockwork]]: in the latter case, it may be covered with a collection of rock plants. Perhaps the most appropriate disposition of this sloping border would be to vary it with ornaments of box, on a ground of turf, so as to give it the appearance of an architectural moulding. In the centre there is a [[fountain]]. In situations where so much turf was not desirable, the [[walk]]s between the [[bed]]s might be of gravel or paved; but they will produce the best effect in turf. . . .[Fig. 62]

[[File:1767.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 67, A walk covered with trelliswork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 664, fig. 280.]]
:“The next scene of interest is the Italian [[walk]], arrived at the point 8, in which, and looking back towards the paddock, we have, as a termination to one end of that walk, the rustic [[arch]] and [[vase]] ''fig''. 231. . . .[Fig. 63]

:“At the point 15, we are immediately in front of the [[fountain]] ''fig''. 233., supplied from a cistern which forms a small tower on the top of the tool-house; and beyond that is a [[walk]] to the stone cistern at 16, which supplies water for watering the garden. The water is raised to these cisterns by a forcing pump in the stable-yard. . . . [Fig. 64]

:“Proceeding toward the house, a [[view]] of a handsome weeping ash (20) is obtained from the point 19: and, at the farther extremity of the [[walk]], the [[vase]]s placed at 1, 2, 3 on the plan have an excellent effect, backed by the marginal [[plantation]] of evergreens. Leaving the [[walk]] at 19, and passing the weeping ash at 20, if we advance on the [[lawn]] to 21, and look towards the south, we have the pollard [[vista]] . . . and, changing the position to 22, we have the [[view]] of the [[rockwork]], [[statue]] of Fame, &c., shown in ''fig'' 237. [Fig. 65]

:“On the right and left . . . are two groups of [[rockwork]], with concealed springs, which drop from rock to rock, and from stone to stone, and form curious little moist places for aquatic plants. Advancing to 24, and looking northwards, we have the [[statue]] of Mercury in the foreground, and behind it the camellia-house, the [[wall]] on each side of which is heightened with [[trellis]]work for creepers, as shown in ''fig''. 238. . . .[Fig. 62]

[[File:1754.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 68, A bee-canopy covering one of Mr. Nutt’s hives, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 713, fig. 306.]]
:“The impression is not lessened when we come within sight of the house . . . or when, passing through a [[walk]] covered with '''trellis'''work, in the [[flower garden|flower-garden]], to the [[lawn]] front, we look down the declivity to the water, at the foot of the rising [[wood|woods]] on the opposite bank, as shown in ''fig''. 280.” [Fig. 67]

[[File:1755.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 69, Nutt’s hive placed in the front of a veranda, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 714, fig. 307.]]
* Chapter IV, Section II (pp. 710, 711, 713-14)
:“''The [[pigeon house|Pigeon-house]], or [[dovecote|Dovecot]]''.—The common pigeon, of which there are many varieties, may be kept in a small house, in a manner similar to common fowls; but it succeeds better in buildings somewhat elevated, or in low buildings in which the place of entrance is made in the roof; because pigeons fly higher than any other domesticated birds. A very convenient situation is a loft over some other building, or when there are various out-buildings, a turret may be added where it will have a good effect in an architectural point of view, and the interior turned into a place for pigeons. . . .

:“''The [[Aviary]]'' is an enclosure which should always, if possible, be of considerable extent, containing houses for different kinds of birds. These houses may be small [[rustic style|rustic]] structures, each with an enclosed court, and covered with netting or wirework, to prevent the birds from flying away, as well as to prevent the intrusion of other birds in a wild state. . . .

:“''The [[beehive|Apiary]]'' is another source of interest to all who live in the country, and fortunately it may be indulged in by the humblest labourer, no less than by the wealthiest citizen, provided there are fields and gardens in the neighbourhood containing flowers. A [[beehive]], when there is not room for it any where else, may, like a [[pigeon house|pigeon-house]], or even a garden of [[pot]]s, be placed on the roof of the house. Much has been, and continues to be, written on the subject of bees; and the kinds of [[beehive|hives]] are proportionately numerous. Instead of pointing out what we consider to be the merits and defects of the principal of these, we shall limit ourselves to observing that, where little or no attention can be paid to the bees, except perhaps at the swarming season, the common [[beehive|hive]] of the country, whatever that may be, for example the straw [[beehive|hive]] in Britain and on the Continent generally, the trunk or pipe [[beehive|hive]] in Poland, and the cork [[beehive|hive]] in Spain and the Canaries, will in our opinion be found the best, because every body understands it; but that, where there is leisure, and a disposition to attend to bee culture, Nutt’s [[beehive|hives]] are by far the best that have been yet invented. It has been a great object with the inventors of [[beehive|hives]] to devise means for taking the honey without killing the bees; and Mr. Nutt not only effects this, but what is of incomparably more importance, he prevents young bees from being generated, except when they are wanted, and consequently prevents swarming with all its attendant troubles. The principle upon which all Mr. Nutt’s improvements are founded, is that of regulating the temperature of the [[beehive|hives]], so that the bees may breed in one temperature, and make their honey in another. Under a certain degree of heat, the queen bee will not lay eggs, nor will these eggs be hatched; while the process of collecting and storing up honey goes on without much reference to temperature, provided the sun shines. Nutt’s [[beehive|hive]] requires to be placed under some description of cover or [[beehive|bee-house]]. This should, in general, be so contrived as to leave free access to the [[beehive|hive]] behind, and hence it can never be placed against a [[wall]] or against a house. It may be in a detached building, consisting of a [[rustic style|rustic]] structure covered with bark; or it may be placed under a roof open on every side, the props being rustic [[pillar]]s, and the roof being covered with thatch, reeds, woodman’s chips, spray, bark, health, or similar materials. ''Fig''. 306. Shows a handsome bee-canopy of this kind, covering one of Nutt’s [[beehive|hives]], which stands in a recess in the [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] at Chipstead Place, in Kent. At Bayswater, our Nutt’s [[beehive|hive]] is placed in the front of a [[veranda]] (see ''fig''. 307), in a line with its [[pillar]]s, and is consequently protected from perpendicular rain; but as the excessive heat of summer is equally injurious with rain, it is protected from that, and from the sudden influence of either heat or cold in winter, by a casing of broom and heath. The back of the [[beehive|hive]], where the doors are, on opening which the bees may be seen at work, is most conveniently examined from the [[veranda]].” [Figs. 68 and 69]

 
====''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850, A new ed., cor. and improved)====
'''J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening,'' a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850) <ref name="Loudon_1850">J. C. (John Claudius) Loudon, ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening; Comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape-Gardening,'' a new ed., corr. and improved (London: Longman et al., 1850) [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W8EQFZUG view on Zotero]</ref>'''

* Part I, Book I, Chapter V (pp. 329, 330, 331-33, 334, 335, 339)
:“841. ''[[landscape gardening|Landscape-Gardening]]'' is practised in the United States on a comparatively limited scale; because, in a country where all men have equal rights, and where every man, however humble, has a house and garden of his own, it is not likely that there should be many large [[park]]s. The only splendid examples of [[park]] and [[hothouse]] gardening that, we trust, will ever be found in the United States, and ultimately in every other country, are such as will be formed by towns and villages, or other communities, for the joint use and enjoyment of all the inhabitants or members. . . .

:“844. ''Waltham House''. . . . There is an extensive [[deer park|park]], containing about forty deer, principally of the Bengal breed; to the left and rear of the house are the [[kitchen garden|kitchen-garden]], grapery, [[greenhouse]], [[hothouse]], [[wall]] for fruit, &c. . . .(''Downing’s Landscape Gardening''.). . .

:“849. ''[[Monticello]]'', the [[seat]] of [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], is situated on the summit of an [[eminence]] commanding extensive [[prospect]]s on all sides. . . .

:“850. ''[[Lemon Hill]], near Philadelphia''. . . .[Downing observes:] ‘. . . An extensive range of [[hothouse|hothouses]], curious [[grotto|grottoes]] and spring-houses, as well as every other [[gardenesque]] structure, gave variety and interest to this celebrated spot, which we regret the rapidly extending trees, and the mania for improvement there, as in some of our other cities, have now nearly destroyed and obliterated.’ (''Downing’s Landscape Gardening adapted to North America''.). . .

:“853. ''At Charleston''. . . . The greater part of the habitations have [[piazza]]s and spacious balconies. Upon the [[wall]]s and [[column]]s are creeping vines, and a great number of passion flowers. (''Flint’s Geography and History of the United States'', vol. ii. p. 4). . . .

[[File:0961.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 70, Perspective view of a house in the village of Riceborough, Ga., in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850), p. 332, fig. 231.]]
:“854. . . . The village of Riceborough . . . is very [[picturesque]]. Most of the houses have [[veranda]]s. . . . (''Hall’s Sketches, &c., and Three Years in North America, &c.''). . . .[Fig. 70]

:“856. ''Public Gardens''. . . .

:“''At New York''. . . . St. John’s [[Park]] is of considerable extent, and has lately been thrown open to the inhabitants: it is tastefully and very judiciously planted, with the ornamental trees and [[shrubs]] indigenous to the country. (''Gard. Mag''., vol. iii. p. 347.). . . .

:“''Hoboken'', on the North River, about three miles from New York, is a public [[walk]] of great beauty and attraction. . . . Through this beautiful little [[wood]], a broad well-gravelled [[terrace]] is led by every point which can exhibit the scenery to advantage; narrower and wilder paths diverge at intervals, some into the deeper shadow of the [[woods]], and some shelving gradually to the pretty coves below. . . . (''D. M., &c.'', vol. ii. p. 170)

:“''[[Promenade]] at Philadelphia''. There is a very pretty enclosure before the walnut tree entrance to the state-house, with good well-kept gravel [[walk]]s, and many beautiful flowering trees. It is laid down in grass, not in turf; which indeed, Mrs. Trollope observes, ‘is a luxury she never saw in America.’ Near this enclosure is another of a similar description, called [[Washington Square]], which has numerous trees, with commodious seats placed beneath their shade.’ (''Ibid''. [D. M. &c.] vol. ii. p. 48.). . . .

:“''Waterworks at [[Fairmount Waterworks|Fair Mount]], near Philadelphia''. ‘[[Fairmount Waterworks|Fair Mount]] is one of the prettiest spots the eye can look upon. A broad wear is thrown across the river Schuylkill, which produces the sound and look of a [[cascade]]. On the farther side of the river is a gentleman’s [[seat]], the beautiful [[lawn]] of which [[terrace/slope|slope]]s down to the water’s edge; and groups of weeping willows and other trees throw their shadows on the stream. The works themselves are enclosed in a simple but very handsome building of freestone, . . . behind the building, and divided from it only by a [[lawn]], rises a lofty wall of solid limestone rock. . . .(''Domestic Manners of the Americans'', vol. ii. p. 44.). . . .

:“''At Baltimore'', the public [[walk]] is along a fine [[terrace]] belonging to a fort nobly situated on the Patapsco, and commanding the approach from Chesapeake Bay, and a magnificent [[view]] of the city and river. . . . (''Ibid''. [''Domestic Manners of the Americans''], vol. ii., p. 303.). . . .

:“''At Boston'' there are extensive public [[pleasure ground|pleasure-grounds]] called the [[Boston common|Common]], consisting of seventy-five acres, in the very heart of the city. This piece of ground is well laid out, and contains many fine trees. The state-house, and the handsome houses of the city, surround it on three sides.

:“857. ''[[cemetery|Cemeteries]]''. . . .

:“''A public [[cemetery]]'' was formed in 1831 at Mount Auburn, about three miles from Boston, and is easily approached either by the road, or the river which washes its borders. . . . ‘This romantic and [[picturesque]] [[cemetery]],’ says Dr. [[James Mease|Mease]], ‘is the fashionable place of interment with the people of Boston.’ . . .

:“''[[cemetery|Cemeteries]] at Philadelphia''. ‘[[Laurel Hill]] is about three miles and a half north of the city, on the river Schuylkill. The part devoted to interments embraces about twenty acres, and is laid out in the most tasteful manner. The entrance is a specimen of Doric architecture, through which is a pleasing [[vista]], and on each side are lodges for the accommodation of the gravedigger and gardener; and within is a neat cottage for the superintendent, a Gothic chapel for funeral service, a large dwelling-house for visiters [''sic''], a handsome receiving tomb, stabling for forty carriages, and a [[greenhouse]]. Besides the native forest trees on the place, several hundred more, and many ornamental [[shrubs]], have been planted. The lots are enclosed by iron railings.’ . . . (''Dr. Mease in the Gard. Mag''., for 1843, p. 666.) . . .

:“''The [[cemetery]] of the Episcopal church of the town of Guildford'' is in a public [[square]], and uninclosed. The graves are, therefore, trampled upon, and the monuments injured, both by men and cattle. . . .

:“858. ''The American government'' has shown itself not insensible to the advantages of encouraging among its subjects a feeling for other pursuits than those connected with mere mercantile speculations. Seated in a country rich beyond all others in stores of botanical wealth, it would have been indeed surprising if the study of botany had not been among the first of those objects which the American government felt itself bound to patronise. Accordingly, we find [[botanic garden]]s and professorships attached to the American universities, and expeditions fitted out for the purpose of making scientific discoveries. . . . (''Gard. Mag''., vol. i. p. 52.) . . .

:“859. . . . There were in America, at an early period, men who recommended the necessity of instituting [[botanic garden]]s, as Lieutenant-Governor [[Cadwallader Colden|Colden]] and Dr. [[Peter Middleton|Middleton]] of New York, in 1769; and, upon the revival of the medical school in Columbia College, in 1792, a chair of botany was established, and Dr. Mitchel was appointed professor. Dr. [[David Hosack|Hosack]] succeeded Dr. Mitchel; and the result was, first, the latter professor’s establishing a [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] at his own expense, and afterwards government purchasing it of him for the benefit of the medical schools of New York; and it is now known as the New York [[Botanic Garden]].

:“860. ''The [[Botanic Garden]] of New York'' contains twenty acres: the first catalogue was published in 1806, and the second in 1811, containing nearly 4000 species. (''Statement, &c., as to the Elgin Botanical Garden, by Dr. [[David Hosack|Hosack]]''. New York, 1811.) . . .

:“862. ''The [[botanic garden|Botanical Garden]] at Cambridge'', in the state of Massachusetts, was commenced, in 1801, by subscription. The object of the establishment is the promotion of knowledge in native and foreign plants useful in agriculture, horticulture, and medicine, as well as the encouragement of the sciences of botany and entomology. There being no competent knowledge in the country as to what were the wants of a [[botanic garden]], the professor, Peck, was sent to Europe, and returned with plans, and a collection of books. This garden suffered for some time from want of funds, and would long since have followed the fate of the Charleston public garden, founded by Dr. [[David Hosack|Hosack]] (which was purchased by the state at the price of 70,000 dollars), and would, like it, have been converted into a [[wilderness]], had not the visitors applied for and obtained the aid of the legislature. . . . (''New York Farmer'', vol. i., p. 185.) . . .

:“863. ''A [[botanic garden]] at Baltimore'' was commenced in 1830; and an extensive correspondence with the nurserymen and curators of [[botanic garden]]s in Europe will, it is hoped, soon procure for it a respectable collection. (''Gard. Mag''., vol. vii. p. 668.) . . .

:“864. ''Horticulture'', Judge Buel observes, received but little attention in the United States until quite a recent period. . . . Four or five public [[nursery|nurseries]] are all that are recollected of any note, which existed in the United States in 1810, and these were by no means profitable establishments. About the year 1815, a spirit of improvement in horticulture as well as agriculture began to pervade the country, and the sphere of its influence has been enlarging, and the force of example increasing, down to the present time. (''Gard. Mag''., vol. iv. p. 193.) . . .

:“882. ''[[Nursery]] establishments in America'', Mr. Buel observes, are increasing in number, respectability, and patronage. Selections of native fruits are made with better judgement and more care than they formerly were. Most of the esteemed European varieties have been added to our catalogues. The cultivation of indigenous forest trees and [[shrubs]], esteemed for utility, or as ornamental, has been extending; and the study of botany is becoming more general, as well for practical uses as on account of the high intellectual gratification which it affords to the man of leisure or of opulence. . . .

:“883. ''Near New York'' is Prince’s Linnaean Garden at Flushing, according to Mr. Buel, the oldest, and according to Mr. Gordon, taking it altogether, one of the best, in the United States. Mr. Stuart says, ‘the variety of magnolias in Prince’s [[nursery]] is prodigious.’ In 1840, however, the [[hothouse]]s and [[greenhouse]]s belonging to this [[nursery]] appear to have been given up, and the plants sold off. There are numerous other [[nursery|nurseries]] in the neighbourhood, and, among others, that of Messrs. Downing and Co. at Newburgh. In the city are the extensive seed establishments of Messrs. Thorburn and others.

:“884. ''At and near Philadelphia'' are Bartram’s [[botanic garden]], now the [[nursery]] of Colonel Carr, and accurately described by his foreman, Mr. Wynne (''Gard. Mag''., vol. viii. p. 272.); Messrs. Landreth and Co.’s [[nursery]]; and that of Messrs. Hibbert and Buist; besides some commercial gardens in which, to a small [[nursery]] with [[greenhouse|green]] and [[hothouse|hot-houses]], are added the appendages of a tavern. These tavern gardens, Mr. Wynne informs us, are the resort of many of the citizens of Philadelphia, more especially the gardens of M. Arran, and M. d’Arras; the first having a very good museum, and the latter a beautiful collection of large orange and lemon trees.

:“885. ''Among other [[nursery|nurseries]]'', in different parts of America, are the Albany [[nursery]], at Albany, established by Judge Buel; the Burlington [[nursery]], at New Jersey; Kenrick’s [[nursery]], at Newtown in the vicinity of Boston; the Baltimore [[nursery]]; and M. Noisette’s [[nursery]], at Charleston.”

===Journals===

====''The Gardener's Magazine''====
* 1832, “Practical Hints on Landscape Gardening” (''Gardener’s Magazine'' 8: 701–2)
:“In our opinion, a landscape-gardener knows but a part of his profession, who is not conversant with the numerous families of American and other trees which will thrive in the open air in Britain. Mere [[picturesque]] improvement is not enough in these enlightened times: it is necessary to understand that there is such a character of art as the [[gardenesque]], as well as the [[picturesque]]. The very term [[gardenesque]], perhaps, will startle some readers; but we are convinced, nevertheless, that it is a term which will soon find a place in the language of rural art. [[landscape gardening|Landscape-gardening]], it will be allowed, is, to a certain extent, an art of imitation. Now, an imitative art is not one which produces fac similes of the things to be imitated; but one which produces imitations, or resemblances, according to the manner of that art. Thus, sculpture does not attempt colour, nor painting to raise surfaces in relief; and neither attempt to deceive. In the like manner, the imitator, in a [[park]] or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]], of a landscape composed of ground, [[wood]], and water, does not produce fac similes of the grounds, [[wood]], and water, which he sees around him on every side; but, of ground, [[wood]] and water, arranged in imitation of nature, according to the principles of his particular art. The character of this art has varied from the earliest times to the present day; but profoundly examined, the principle which guided the artist remains the same; and the successive fashions that have prevailed will be found to confirm our views of the subject, viz., that all imitations of nature worthy of being characterized as belonging to the fine arts art not fac-simile imitations, but imitations of manner. To apply this principle to the planting of trees in [[park]] or [[pleasure ground|pleasure-ground]] scenery nature, in any given locality, makes use of a certain number of trees found indigenous there; but the garden imitator of natural [[woods]] introduces either other forms and dispositions of the same kinds of trees, as in the [[geometric style]]; or the same disposition of other species of trees, as in the most improved practice of the [[modern style]]. In neither case does the artist produce a correct fac simile of nature; for, if he did, however beautiful the scene copied, the beauty produced would be merely that of repetition. But we have neither room nor time at present fully to illustrate this theory. Let it suffice for us to state, for the consideration of those of our readers who have reflected on the subject, that there is as certainly, in gardening, as an art of imitation, the [[gardenesque]], as there is, in painting and sculpture, the [[picturesque]] and sculpturesque.”

==Images==
===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826, 4th Edition)===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1795.jpg|"A plan of a Chinese garden and dwelling," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 103, fig. 37.

Image:1311.jpg|Plant boxes, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 285, figs. 177-179.

Image:1312.jpg|Moveable edgings: basket edging and the earthenware border, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 296, figs. 219 and 220.

Image:1313.jpg|"The flued wall, or hot-wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 304, figs. 236 and 237.

Image:1982.jpg|"The cellular wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 305, fig. 238.

Image:1820.jpg|"The mud or earth-wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 306, fig. 239.

Image:1315.jpg|"The wavy or serpentine wall" and "the angular wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 307, figs. 241 and 242.

Image:1821.jpg|"The nurseryman's, or self-supported four-inch wall" and "The piered wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 308, figs. 245 and 246.

Image:1318.jpg|“The cast-iron espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 309, fig. 248.

Image:1319.jpg|“The horizontal espalier rail,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 309, figs. 249 and 250.

Image:1320.jpg|"The acuminated semi-globe" hot-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 315, fig. 254.

Image:1321.jpg|"Ponds or large basins" and "Tanks or cisterns," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 339, figs. 286-288.

Image:1322.jpg|Elevated circular platform to keep ice in stacks in Ice Houses, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 340, fig. 289.

Image:1323.jpg|The form of Ice Houses and excavation of Ice-Wells, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 340, fig. 290.

Image:1324.jpg|The construction of an Ice House, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 341, fig. 291.

Image:1326.jpg|Beehive, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 344, fig. 295.

Image:1327.jpg|"Wire-cages," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 347, fig. 301.

Image:1328.jpg|"The Swiss bridge," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 350, fig. 312.

Image:1329.jpg|"The Swiss bridge," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 351, fig. 313.

Image:1330.jpg|Examples of gates, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 353, figs. 319-321.

Image:1811.jpg|A gate in a simple or rustic structure, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 354, fig. 326.

Image:1331.jpg|Examples of Treillage-Work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 355, fig. 328.

Image:1332.jpg|"Porches and porticoes," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 330.

Image:1702.jpg|"Alcoves," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, fig. 331.

Image:1333.jpg|"The Italian Arbor" and "The French Arbor," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 356, figs. 332 and 333.

Image:1334.jpg|Covered seats of the rustic kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 357, figs. 334-336.

Image:1335.jpg|Elegant structures of the seat kind, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 357, figs. 337 and 338.

Image:1336.jpg|"Drooping fountains," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 359, figs. 341-343.

Image:1337.jpg| "Antiquities," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 360, fig. 344.

Image:1338.jpg|Ground-lines of gardens and parterres, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 361 and 362.

Image:1796.jpg|"Intricate and fanciful figures of parterres," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 375, figs. 363a, 363b and 364.

Image:1339.jpg|"Levelling for [[terrace/slope|terrace-slopes]]," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 377, fig. 369.

Image:1340.jpg|"Cross walls," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 471, fig. 427.

Image:1344.jpg|"Peach-houses and vineries," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 509, fig. 450a-c.

Image:1345.jpg|Culinary hot-houses placed in a range, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 510, fig. 451.

Image:1346.jpg|Plan of a flower garden with irregular borders, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 791, fig. 540.

Image:1347.jpg|"Rustic fences," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 792, fig. 542.

Image:1348.jpg|Plans of the surfaces of flower gardens, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 793, figs. 543 and 544.

Image:1349.jpg|Plan of a flower garden in the old French style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 794, fig. 545.

Image:1350.jpg|Plan of walks, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 796, fig. 549.

Image:1351.jpg|Plan of French parterre of embroidery, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 797, fig. 550.

Image:1352.jpg|Plan of botanic flower garden with a circular walk, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 801, fig. 553.

Image:1848.jpg|Shrubbery formed in the geometric style of gardening, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 804, fig. 557.

Image:1353.jpg|“The select or grouped manner of planting a shrubbery,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 806, fig. 559.

Image:1847.jpg|Ground-plan for “systematic or methodical planting in shrubberies,” in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 807, fig. 560.

Image:1354.jpg|Rough bench in rustic hut decorated in shrubberies, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 561.

Image:1355.jpg|"Grecian temple," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 562.

Image:1356.jpg|Bower formed of lattice-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 809, fig. 563.

Image:1831a.jpg|Statue of classical interest, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 810, fig. 564.

Image:1831b.jpg|Statue of geographical interest, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 810, fig. 565.

Image:1357.jpg|Plan, view, and section of green-house, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 811, fig. 567.

Image:1825.jpg|Greenhouse or conservatory for a flower-garden, with a span roof, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 811, fig. 568.

Image:1770.jpg|Orangery at Pimlico, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 813, fig. 570.

Image:1309.jpg|Elevation of the rock-work, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 884, fig. 619.

Image:1180.jpg|Assemblage of trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 942, fig. 628a-e.

Image:1183.jpg|Groves, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, figs. 629a and b.

Image:1184.jpg|Woods, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 629c.

Image:1185.jpg|Copse-woods, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 629d.

Image:1186.jpg|Avenues, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 943, fig. 630a-f.

Image:1361.jpg|The placement of groups and thickets in plantations, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 954, fig. 649.

Image:1364.jpg|Clump of Scotch pines, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 965, fig. 663.

Image:1365.jpg|The operations on ground under the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1002, fig. 683.

Image:1366.jpg|Landscape gardening for a residence in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1007, fig. 690.

Image:1367.jpg|In planting with a view to natural beauty, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1008, fig. 691.

Image:1368.jpg|A garden in the ancient style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1009, fig. 694.

Image:1369.jpg|The imitation of a lake, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1010, fig. 696.

Image:1370.jpg|"A waterfall, or cascade," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1012, fig. 700.

Image:1789.jpg|Aviary designed by Humphry Repton for the grounds of the Pavilion at Brighton, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1020, fig. 718.

Image:1371.jpg|Plan of a pleasure-ground with labyrinth, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1021, fig. 719.

Image:1372.jpg|Plan of a ferme ornée with wild and irregular hedges, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1023, fig. 722.

Image:1373.jpg|"The house and flower-garden entrance," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1026, fig. 729.

Image:1374.jpg|"The house and French parterre," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1026, fig. 730.

Image:1817.jpg|Plan of a large public square, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1826), p. 1030, fig. 733.

</gallery>

===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834, New ed., considerably improved and enlarged)===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1778.jpg|A grotto scene from Monza, Italy, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 36, fig. 20.

Image:1695.jpg|Twelve designs in the Dutch style, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 62, figs. 41 and 42.

Image:1696.jpg|Rustic Dutch fountain, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 63, fig. 43.

Image:1779.jpg|Orangery at Baden Gardens, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 174, fig. 130.

Image:1698.jpg|Rustic shed, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 227, fig. 163.

Image:1775.jpg|"A lofty prospect tower," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 328, fig. 224.

Image:1699.jpg|"An Octagon Pagoda," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 333, fig. 233.

Image:1701.jpg|Diagram of worm fence, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 412, fig. 276.

Image:1310.jpg|"The propagation-pot" and "carnation-saucer," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 540, figs. 444 and 445.

Image:1316a.jpg|"The zig-zag wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 578, fig. 568.

Image:1316b.jpg|"The square fret wall," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 579, fig. 569.

Image:1325.jpg|"The apiary, or bee-house," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 613, fig. 620.

Image:1705.jpg|Kitchen garden, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 721, fig. 696.

Image:1773.jpg|Section and plan for a building to house orange trees, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 974, fig. 785a and b.

Image:1798.jpg|A clump, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1118, fig. 874a.

Image:1788.jpg|One of the "Accidental Accompaniments to the Materials of Landscape," for birds and animals, in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1183, fig. 947.

Image:1707.jpg|"Seat formed of moss and hazel rods" and "Trellised arches for climbers," in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1834), p. 1196, figs. 960-962

</gallery>

===''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838)===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1760.jpg|Trees arranged in the gardenesque manner, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 165, fig. 47.

Image:1761.jpg|Trees arranged in the picturesque style, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 165, fig. 48.

Image:1763.jpg|A rustic thatched structure, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 466, fig. 172.

Image:1764.jpg|A rustic seat, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 467, fig. 173.

Image:1756.jpg|“View at Hendon Rectory,” Middlesex, England, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 483, fig. 175.

Image:1753.jpg|“A Villa Residence of Two Acres, within a regular Boundary, laid out in the Geometrical Style,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 530, fig. 200.

Image:1758.jpg|Rustic arch and vase, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 581, fig. 231.

Image:1826.jpg|Fountain supplied from a cistern, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 582, fig. 233.

Image:1765.jpg|“View of the French parterre,” in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 583, fig. 235.

Image:1823.jpg|View of the rockwork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 584, fig. 237.

Image:1766.jpg|Statue of Mercury in front of trelliswork for creepers, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 585, fig. 238.

Image:1757.jpg|View of the rustic arch, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 586, fig. 240.

Image:1759.jpg|"Entrance to the Flower-garden at Wimbledon House," in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 641, fig. 267.

Image:1767.jpg|A walk covered with trelliswork, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 664, fig. 280.

Image:1754.jpg|A bee-canopy covering one of Mr. Nutt’s hives, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 713, fig. 306.

Image:1755.jpg|Nutt’s hive placed in the front of a veranda, in ''The Suburban Gardener'' (1838), p. 714, fig. 307.

</gallery>

===''The Gardener's Magazine'' (December 1839)===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1894.jpg|"Cheshunt Cottage, from the Road," in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 633, fig. 154.

Image:1689.jpg|"View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Left," in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 634, fig. 155.

Image:1895.jpg|"View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Right," in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 636, fig. 156.

Image:1896.jpg|"Ground Plan of Cheshunt Cottage," in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 636, fig. 157.

Image:1897.jpg|"View from the Library Porch," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 640, fig. 158.

Image:1898a.jpg|Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage (left side of plan), in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 642, fig. 159.

Image:1898b.jpg|Plan of farmyard, garden offices and hot-houses at Cheshunt Cottage (right side of plan), in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 643, fig. 159.

Image:1899.jpg|"Rustic Alcove," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 644, fig. 160.

Image:1900.jpg|"General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 646, fig. 161.

Image:1418.jpg|"View from the Chinese Temple," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 651, fig. 162.

Image:1901.jpg|"Distant View of the House and Tent, across the Pond," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 653, fig. 163.

Image:1419.jpg|"Grotto, with Umbrella Tent over," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 654, fig. 164.

Image:1902a.jpg|Vertical profile of the gardens and the pleasure-ground, Cheshunt Cottage (left side), in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 656, fig. 165.

Image:1902b.jpg|Vertical profile of the gardens and the pleasure-ground, Cheshunt Cottage (right side), in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 657, fig. 165.

Image:1420.jpg|"Covered Seat, of grotesque and rustic Masonry," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 656, fig. 168.

Image:1904.jpg|Elevation of the Back Woodwork of a Rustic Covered Seat, Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 660, fig. 168.

Image:1827.jpg|"Hermit's Seat, and Classical Vase," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 664, fig. 172.

Image:1905.jpg|"Boat-house and Agave Mount," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 667, fig. 173.

Image:1840.jpg|"Garden Front of Cheshunt Cottage," in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 669, fig. 174.

Image:1906.jpg|"View across the Water, looking towards the House," Cheshunt Cottage, in ''The Gardener's Magazine'' 15, no. 117 (December 1839): p. 673, fig. 175.

</gallery>

===''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850, A new ed., cor. and improved)===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0961.jpg|Perspective view of a house in the village of Riceborough, Ga., in ''An Encyclopaedia of Gardening'' (1850), p. 332, fig. 231.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People|Loudon, J.C. (John Claudius)]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T11:48:38Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831). <ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1996, 218-20; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Schlereth, 2007, 211-13; Savage, 2005, 70-73; O’Malley, 1991, 65-72; O'Malley, 1989, 196- </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

** 196**
Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s. <Savage, 2005, 75; Streatfield, 1991, 117-18; O’Malley, 1991, 72> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century. <Penczer, 2007, 21-121; Kohler and Scott, 2006, passim; Savage, 2005, 147-313; O’Malley, 2002, ix-xii>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Other Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

Robert Morris

2016-01-21T11:47:51Z

R-asleson:

'''Robert Morris''' (January 20, 1734 – May 8, 1806), a merchant, financier, and land speculator, developed buildings and gardens in and around Philadelphia. He held important political offices before and after the revolution; was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution; and earned the nickname “Financier of the American Revolution” through his contributions to the Continental Army and fledgling American economy.

==History==
At the age of thirteen, Morris emigrated from his native England to Maryland, where his father worked as a tobacco factor. <ref> Charles Rappleye, ''Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 7-9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> He later relocated to Philadelphia, eventually becoming a partner in a mercantile firm specializing in import and export trade with Europe, the West Indies, the Levant, and Africa. Some of the firm’s profits were made through the slave trade. <ref> Rappleye, 2010, 9-14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> With his fortunes on the rise, Morris established a country estate known as [[The Hills]] on the [[Schuylkill]] River and gained a reputation for lavish hospitality, hosting such prominent guests as [[George Washington]], whom he met in 1773 and entertained on numerous occasions. <ref> Rappleye, 2010, 93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> British troops demolished Morris’s country estate in November 1777, but otherwise his wealth seemed to increase during the war, leading to persistent accusations of profiteering. <ref> Ryan K. Smith, ''Robert Morris’s Folly: The Architectural and Financial Failures of an American Founder'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 22, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZKNMARKC, view on Zotero]; Rappleye, 2010, 202, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> Congress nevertheless appointed Morris superintendent of finance in 1781, a position second only to the President’s in terms of national importance.

Morris purchased millions of acres in various states as speculative investments and acquired several properties in Philadelphia as family residences. <ref> Robert Morris, ''Account of Robert Morris’ Property'' (Philadelphia: King & Baird Printers, 18--), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7U6SFDE3 view on Zotero]; Edward Lawler, Jr., “The President’s House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark,” ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 126, no. 1 (January 2002): 19, 22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]; Barbara A. Chernow, “Robert Morris: Genesee Land Speculator,” ''New York'' 58, no. 2 (April 1977): 197, 200-211, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U7BVI5RV view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1781 he bought one of the grandest houses in Philadelphia, centrally located on Market Street near the [[State House Yard]]. <ref> Lawler, 2002, 9-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> Built in the late 1760s, the house had been damaged by fire in 1780 and Morris immediately began renovations, adding innovative modern luxuries, such as a two-story bathhouse, [[hothouse|hothouses]], and an [[ice house]]. <ref> Lawler, 2002, 20-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> The latter so impressed [[George Washington]] that in 1784 he asked Morris for detailed instructions as the basis for an [[icehouse]] at [[Mount Vernon]]. <ref> George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington,'' Confederation Series, 6 vols., ed. William Wright Abbot and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), 1: 421, 451-452, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G2R8EXJI view on Zotero]. </ref> Through the acquisition of several lots adjacent to his Market Street house, Morris created a garden of about half an acre where he hosted an aeronautic experiment in the spring of 1784, gathering spectators to witness the launch of an “Air Balloon made of Paper.” <ref> Francis Hopkinson to Thomas Jefferson, May 12, 1784, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' Main Series, ed. Julian P. Boyd, 41+ vols.(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 7: 246, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9HSMRI7H view on Zotero]; see also Lawler, 2002, 18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> Morris co-founded the Society for the Improvement of Roads and Inland Navigation in 1789 and thereafter served as president of several pioneering [[canal]] companies. <ref> Smith, 2014, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]; Ronald E. Shaw, ''Canals For A Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790-1860'' (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 3-6, 20, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BDMA3SVQ view on Zotero]; John Lauritz Larson, ''Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States'' (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 23-25, 30, 32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RFZI3Z8X view on Zotero]; Chernow, 1977, 212-220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U7BVI5RV view on Zotero]; John F. Bell, "Robert Fulton and the Pennsylvania Canals," ''Pennsylvania History'' 9 (1942), 191, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GRXII2HX view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:1983.jpg|thumb|left|frameless|Fig. 1, [[Jeremiah Paul]], “Robert Morris’ Seat on Schuylkill,” July 20, 1794.]]
Meanwhile, Morris was re-establishing [[The Hills]] as a showplace, creating a monumental [[greenhouse]] complex and extensive gardens known for citrus fruit and other exotic plants. A founding member of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, <ref> ''Minutes of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture: From Its Institution in February, 1785, to March, 1810'' (Philadelphia: John C. Clark & Son, 1854), 1, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NABNPUQF view on Zotero]. </ref> Morris experimented with the introduction of non-indigenous plant specimens and livestock at [[The Hills]], including “a little pig imported by Mr. Morris from the East Indies” in 1789; a pair of Merino sheep imported from Spain in 1792 (one of which he gave to [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1795); and “Clover seed, Rye Grass, Beans and Peas …imported from Liverpool” in 1793. <ref> Thomas Jefferson, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' Main Series, ed. John Catanzariti, 41+ vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 28: 375-376, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H24SX77T view on Zotero]; Owen Tasker Robbins, “Toward a Preservation of the Grounds of Lemon Hill in Light of Their Past and Present Significance for Philadelphians.” Masters of Science Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1978, 137, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]; Jacob Hiltzheimer, ''Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer of Philadelphia, 1765-1798,'' ed. Jacob Cox Parsons (Philadelphia: William F. Fell & Co., 1893), 153, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7NU9RN8C view on Zotero]. </ref> Morris cultivated prestige at [[The Hills]] along with plants and animals. While in New York in May 1789, he asked his wife, Mary White Morris, to entertain some important new acquaintances embarking for Philadelphia. “I wish the Gentlmn. to see [[the Hills]] & the Ladies too if they are so inclined.” <ref> Smith, 2014, 47, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> In August, Mary sent him a box of pineapples and other fruits from [[The Hills]], which he distributed to his associates in New York. “The raising of this very fine fruit makes me feel not a little proud,” he confessed. <ref> Smith, 2014, 47, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref>

In 1790, having persuaded Congress to make Philadelphia the temporary seat of the federal government until a new capital city could be erected on the banks of Potomac River, Morris volunteered his Market Street house to serve as the President’s official residence. <ref> Smith, 2014, 10-20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]; Lawler, 2002, 23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> Three years later, Morris made the fateful decision to commission the expatriate French engineer [[Pierre-Charles L'Enfant]] to design and build a magnificent new town house in Philadelphia. By 1796 the spiraling cost of [[Pierre-Charles L'Enfant | L’Enfant’s]] increasingly extravagant plans forced construction to halt, earning the half-finished palace the nickname “Morris’s Folly.” <ref> Smith, 2014, 59-127, 164-182, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> This expensive misadventure coincided with a mountain of failed land speculations and other entrepreneurial schemes and investments. <ref> Larson, 2001, 23-25, 30, 32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RFZI3Z8X view on Zotero]; Chernow, 1977, 212-220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U7BVI5RV view on Zotero]; Hiltzheimer, 1893, 192-194, 204, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7NU9RN8C view on Zotero]. </ref> In defiance of his creditors, Morris holed up at [[The Hills]] from July 1797 to February 1798, before finally surrendering to a prison term of nearly four years. <ref> Smith, 2014, 158-163, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]; Robbins, 1987, 153, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]. </ref> His extensive landholdings, including [[The Hills]], were sold piece by piece at a great loss in order to settle his debts. <ref> Smith, 2014, 181-184, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Morris, Robert, 15 June 1784, in a letter to [[George Washington]], describing his residence in Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. <ref> Washington, 1992, 1: 451-452, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G2R8EXJI view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "My [[icehouse|Ice House]] is about 18 feet deep and 16 square, the bottom is a Coarse Gravell & the Water which drains from the Ice soaks into it as fast as the Ice melts, this prevents the necessity of a Drain which if the bottom was Clay or Stiff Loam would be necessary and for this reason the side of a Hill is preferred generally for digging an [[icehouse|Ice House]], as if needful a drain can easily be cut from the bottom of it, through the side of the Hill to let the Water run out. The Walls of my [[icehouse|Ice House]] are built of Stone without Mortar (which is called Dry Wall) untill within a foot and a half of the Surface of the Earth when Mortar was used from thence to the Surface to make the top more binding and Solid. When this Wall was brought up even with the Surface of the Earth I stopped there and then dug the foundation for another Wall, two foot back from the first and about two foot deep, this done the foundation was laid so as to enclose the whole of the Walls built on the inside of the Hole where the Ice is put and on this foundation is built the Walls which appear above ground and in mine they are about ten foot high. On these the Roof is fixed, these Walls are very thick, built of Stone and Mortar, afterwards rough Cast on the outside. I nailed a Cieling of Boards under the Roof flat from Wall to Wall, and filled all the Space between that Cieling and the Shingling of the Roof with Straw so that the Heat of the Sun Cannot possibly have any Effect.

:"In the Bottom of the [[icehouse|Ice House]] I placed some Blocks of Wood about two foot long and on these I laid a Plat form of Common [[Fence]] Rails Close enough to hold the Ice & open enough to let the Water pass through; thus the Ice lays two foot from the Gravel and of Course gives room for the Water to soak away gradually without being in contact with the Ice, which if it was for any time would waste it amazingly. . . .

:"I find it best to fill with Ice which as it is put in should be broke into small pieces and pounded down with heavy Clubs or Battons such as Pavers use, if well beat it will after a while consolidate into one solid mass and require to be cut out with a Chizell or Axe. I tryed Snow one year and lost it in June. The Ice keeps until October or November and I believe if the Hole was larger so as [to h]old more it would keep untill Christmass, the closer it is packed the bet[ter i]t keeps and I believe if the Walls were lined with Straw between the Ice [and] Stone it would preserve it much, the melting begins next the Walls and Continues round the Edge of the Body of Ice throughout the Season."

* George Grieve (1748-1809), describing Robert Morris's residence in Market Street, Philadelphia, in a note to his translation of Chastellux’s ''Travels in North America,'' 1787 <ref> François Jean Chastellux, Marquis de Chastellux, ''Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781, and 1782,'' 2 vols. (London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1787), 1: 203. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ITD6E8FB view on Zotero]. </ref>
:The house the Marquis speaks of, in which Mr. Morris lives, belonged formerly to Mr. Richard Penn; the Financier has made great additions to it, and is the first who has introduced the luxury of [[hot house|hot-houses]] and [[ice house|ice-houses]] on the continent.

* [[Rev. Manasseh Cutler|Cutler, Rev. Manasseh]], 13 July 1787, describing [[The Hills]], estate of Robert Morris, Philadelphia, Pa. <ref> Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler,'' ed. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, 2 vols. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1987), 1: 256-57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“We continued our route, in view of the [[Schuylkill]], and up the river several miles, and took a view of a number of Country-[[seat]]s, one belonging to Mr. R. Morris, the American financier, and who is said to be possessed of the greatest fortune in America. His country-[[seat]] is not yet completed, but it will be superb. It is planned on a large scale, the gardens and [[walk]]s are extensive, and the villa, situated on an [[eminence]], has a commanding [[prospect]] down the [[Schuylkill]] to the Delaware.”

* [[M. L. E. Moreau de St.-Méry|Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de St.-Méry]], March 26, 1797 (quoted in Roberts 1947: 240) <ref>Kenneth Roberts, and Anna M. Roberts, eds., ''Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, [1793-1798]'' (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5TDSZ2UB view on Zotero]</ref>
:"I went... to visit Robert Morris’s [[greenhouse]] [''serre chaud''] near Philadelphia. It had very beautiful specimens of orange trees, lemon trees, and pineapples."

==Resources==
President’s House (Philadelphia) website: http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/index.htm

Ice House: http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/icehouse.htm

The Papers of George Washington (concerning ice house correspondence with Robert Morris): http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/george-washington-to-robert-morris/

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1984.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''Mary White Morris'', c. 1782.

Image:1983.jpg|[[Jeremiah Paul]], “Robert Morris’ Seat on Schuylkill,” July 20, 1794.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People|Morris, Robert]]

Robert Morris

2016-01-21T11:46:29Z

R-asleson:

'''Robert Morris''' (January 20, 1734 – May 8, 1806), a merchant, financier, and land speculator, developed buildings and gardens in and around Philadelphia. He held important political offices before and after the revolution; was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution; and earned the nickname “Financier of the American Revolution” through his contributions to the Continental Army and fledgling American economy.

==History==
At the age of thirteen, Morris emigrated from his native England to Maryland, where his father worked as a tobacco factor. <ref> Charles Rappleye, ''Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 7-9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> He later relocated to Philadelphia, eventually becoming a partner in a mercantile firm specializing in import and export trade with Europe, the West Indies, the Levant, and Africa. Some of the firm’s profits were made through the slave trade. <ref> Rappleye, 2010, 9-14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> With his fortunes on the rise, Morris established a country estate known as [[The Hills]] on the [[Schuylkill]] River and gained a reputation for lavish hospitality, hosting such prominent guests as [[George Washington]], whom he met in 1773 and entertained on numerous occasions. <ref> Rappleye, 2010, 93, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> British troops demolished Morris’s country estate in November 1777, but otherwise his wealth seemed to increase during the war, leading to persistent accusations of profiteering. <ref> Ryan K. Smith, ''Robert Morris’s Folly: The Architectural and Financial Failures of an American Founder'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 22, 25, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZKNMARKC, view on Zotero]; Rappleye, 2010, 202, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> Congress nevertheless appointed Morris superintendent of finance in 1781, a position second only to the President’s in terms of national importance.

Morris purchased millions of acres in various states as speculative investments and acquired several properties in Philadelphia as family residences. <ref> Robert Morris, ''Account of Robert Morris’ Property'' (Philadelphia: King & Baird Printers, 18--), passim, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7U6SFDE3 view on Zotero]; Edward Lawler, Jr., “The President’s House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark,” ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 126, no. 1 (January 2002): 19, 22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]; Barbara A. Chernow, “Robert Morris: Genesee Land Speculator,” ''New York'' 58, no. 2 (April 1977): 197, 200-211, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U7BVI5RV view on Zotero]. </ref> In 1781 he bought one of the grandest houses in Philadelphia, centrally located on Market Street near the [[State House Yard]]. <ref> Lawler, 2002, 9-18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> Built in the late 1760s, the house had been damaged by fire in 1780 and Morris immediately began renovations, adding innovative modern luxuries, such as a two-story bathhouse, [[hothouse|hothouses]], and an [[ice house]]. <ref> Lawler, 2002, 20-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> The latter so impressed [[George Washington]] that in 1784 he asked Morris for detailed instructions as the basis for an [[icehouse]] at [[Mount Vernon]]. <ref> George Washington, ''The Papers of George Washington,'' Confederation Series, 6 vols., ed. William Wright Abbot and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), 1: 421, 451-452, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G2R8EXJI view on Zotero]. </ref> Through the acquisition of several lots adjacent to his Market Street house, Morris created a garden of about half an acre where he hosted an aeronautic experiment in the spring of 1784, gathering spectators to witness the launch of an “Air Balloon made of Paper.” <ref> Francis Hopkinson to Thomas Jefferson, May 12, 1784, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' Main Series, ed. Julian P. Boyd, 41+ vols.(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 7: 246, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9HSMRI7H view on Zotero]; see also Lawler, 2002, 18, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> Morris co-founded the Society for the Improvement of Roads and Inland Navigation in 1789 and thereafter served as president of several pioneering [[canal]] companies. <ref> Smith, 2014, 56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]; Ronald E. Shaw, ''Canals For A Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790-1860'' (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 3-6, 20, 59, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/BDMA3SVQ view on Zotero]; John Lauritz Larson, ''Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States'' (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 23-25, 30, 32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RFZI3Z8X view on Zotero]; Chernow, 1977, 212-220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U7BVI5RV view on Zotero]; John F. Bell, "Robert Fulton and the Pennsylvania Canals," ''Pennsylvania History'' 9 (1942), 191, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GRXII2HX view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:1983.jpg|thumb|left|frameless|Fig. 1, [[Jeremiah Paul]], “Robert Morris’ Seat on Schuylkill,” July 20, 1794.]]
Meanwhile, Morris was re-establishing [[The Hills]] as a showplace, creating a monumental [[greenhouse]] complex and extensive gardens known for citrus fruit and other exotic plants. A founding member of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, <ref> ''Minutes of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture: From Its Institution in February, 1785, to March, 1810'' (Philadelphia: John C. Clark & Son, 1854), 1, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NABNPUQF view on Zotero]. </ref> Morris experimented with the introduction of non-indigenous plant specimens and livestock at [[The Hills]], including “a little pig imported by Mr. Morris from the East Indies” in 1789; a pair of Merino sheep imported from Spain in 1792 (one of which he gave to [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1795); and “Clover seed, Rye Grass, Beans and Peas …imported from Liverpool” in 1793. <ref> Thomas Jefferson, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' Main Series, ed. John Catanzariti, 41+ vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 28: 375-376, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/H24SX77T view on Zotero]; Owen Tasker Robbins, “Toward a Preservation of the Grounds of Lemon Hill in Light of Their Past and Present Significance for Philadelphians.” Masters of Science Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1978, 137, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]; Jacob Hiltzheimer, ''Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer of Philadelphia, 1765-1798,'' ed. Jacob Cox Parsons (Philadelphia: William F. Fell & Co., 1893), 153, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7NU9RN8C view on Zotero]. </ref> Morris cultivated prestige at [[The Hills]] along with plants and animals. While in New York in May 1789, he asked his wife, Mary White Morris, to entertain some important new acquaintances embarking for Philadelphia. “I wish the Gentlmn. to see [[the Hills]] & the Ladies too if they are so inclined.” <ref> Smith, 2014, 47, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> In August, Mary sent him a box of pineapples and other fruits from [[The Hills]], which he distributed to his associates in New York. “The raising of this very fine fruit makes me feel not a little proud,” he confessed. <ref> Smith, 2014, 47, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref>

In 1790, having persuaded Congress to make Philadelphia the temporary seat of the federal government until a new capital city could be erected on the banks of Potomac River, Morris volunteered his Market Street house to serve as the President’s official residence. <ref> Smith, 2014, 10-20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]; Lawler, 2002, 23, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KJIF2I33 view on Zotero]. </ref> Three years later, Morris made the fateful decision to commission the expatriate French engineer [[Pierre-Charles L'Enfant]] to design and build a magnificent new town house in Philadelphia. By 1796 the spiraling cost of [[Pierre-Charles L'Enfant | L’Enfant’s]] increasingly extravagant plans forced construction to halt, earning the half-finished palace the nickname “Morris’s Folly.” <ref> Smith, 2014, 59-127, 164-182, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref> This expensive misadventure coincided with a mountain of failed land speculations and other entrepreneurial schemes and investments. <ref> Larson, 2001, 23-25, 30, 32, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RFZI3Z8X view on Zotero]; Chernow, 1977, 212-220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/U7BVI5RV view on Zotero]; Hiltzheimer, 1893, 192-194, 204, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/7NU9RN8C view on Zotero]. </ref> In defiance of his creditors, Morris holed up at [[The Hills]] from July 1797 to February 1798, before finally surrendering to a prison term of nearly four years. <ref> Smith, 2014, 158-163, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]; Robbins, 1987, 153, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2MIWTC48 view on Zotero]. </ref> His extensive landholdings, including [[The Hills]], were sold piece by piece at a great loss in order to settle his debts. <ref> Smith, 2014, 181-184, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4MAMWNRA view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* Morris, Robert, 15 June 1784, in a letter to [[George Washington]], describing his residence in Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. <ref> Washington, 1992, 1: 451-452, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/G2R8EXJI view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "My [[icehouse|Ice House]] is about 18 feet deep and 16 square, the bottom is a Coarse Gravell & the Water which drains from the Ice soaks into it as fast as the Ice melts, this prevents the necessity of a Drain which if the bottom was Clay or Stiff Loam would be necessary and for this reason the side of a Hill is preferred generally for digging an [[icehouse|Ice House]], as if needful a drain can easily be cut from the bottom of it, through the side of the Hill to let the Water run out. The Walls of my [[icehouse|Ice House]] are built of Stone without Mortar (which is called Dry Wall) untill within a foot and a half of the Surface of the Earth when Mortar was used from thence to the Surface to make the top more binding and Solid. When this Wall was brought up even with the Surface of the Earth I stopped there and then dug the foundation for another Wall, two foot back from the first and about two foot deep, this done the foundation was laid so as to enclose the whole of the Walls built on the inside of the Hole where the Ice is put and on this foundation is built the Walls which appear above ground and in mine they are about ten foot high. On these the Roof is fixed, these Walls are very thick, built of Stone and Mortar, afterwards rough Cast on the outside. I nailed a Cieling of Boards under the Roof flat from Wall to Wall, and filled all the Space between that Cieling and the Shingling of the Roof with Straw so that the Heat of the Sun Cannot possibly have any Effect.

:"In the Bottom of the [[icehouse|Ice House]] I placed some Blocks of Wood about two foot long and on these I laid a Plat form of Common [[Fence]] Rails Close enough to hold the Ice & open enough to let the Water pass through; thus the Ice lays two foot from the Gravel and of Course gives room for the Water to soak away gradually without being in contact with the Ice, which if it was for any time would waste it amazingly. . . .

:"I find it best to fill with Ice which as it is put in should be broke into small pieces and pounded down with heavy Clubs or Battons such as Pavers use, if well beat it will after a while consolidate into one solid mass and require to be cut out with a Chizell or Axe. I tryed Snow one year and lost it in June. The Ice keeps until October or November and I believe if the Hole was larger so as [to h]old more it would keep untill Christmass, the closer it is packed the bet[ter i]t keeps and I believe if the Walls were lined with Straw between the Ice [and] Stone it would preserve it much, the melting begins next the Walls and Continues round the Edge of the Body of Ice throughout the Season."

* George Grieve (1748-1809), describing Robert Morris's residence in Market Street, Philadelphia, in a note to his translation of Chastellux’s ''Travels in North America,'' 1787 <ref> François Jean Chastellux, Marquis de Chastellux, ''Travels in North America in the Years 1780, 1781, and 1782,'' 2 vols. (London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1787), 1: 203. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ITD6E8FB view on Zotero]. </ref>
:The house the Marquis speaks of, in which Mr. Morris lives, belonged formerly to Mr. Richard Penn; the Financier has made great additions to it, and is the first who has introduced the luxury of [[hot house|hot-houses]] and [[ice house|ice-houses]] on the continent.

* [[Rev. Manasseh Cutler|Cutler, Rev. Manasseh]], 13 July 1787, describing [[The Hills]], estate of Robert Morris, Philadelphia, Pa. <ref> Manasseh Cutler, ''Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler,'' ed. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkin Cutler, 2 vols. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1987), 1: 256-57, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ASAS6SD5 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“We continued our route, in view of the [[Schuylkill]], and up the river several miles, and took a view of a number of Country-[[seat]]s, one belonging to Mr. R. Morris, the American financier, and who is said to be possessed of the greatest fortune in America. His country-[[seat]] is not yet completed, but it will be superb. It is planned on a large scale, the gardens and [[walk]]s are extensive, and the villa, situated on an [[eminence]], has a commanding [[prospect]] down the [[Schuylkill]] to the Delaware.”

* [[M. L. E. Moreau de St.-Méry|Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de St.-Méry]], March 26, 1797 (quoted in Roberts 1947: 240) <ref>Kenneth Roberts, and Anna M. Roberts, eds., ''Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, [1793-1798]'' (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/5TDSZ2UB view on Zotero]</ref>
:"I went... to visit Robert Morris’s [[greenhouse]] [''serre chaud''] near Philadelphia. It had very beautiful specimens of orange trees, lemon trees, and pineapples."

==Resources==
President’s House (Philadelphia) website: http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/index.htm

Ice House: http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/history/icehouse.htm

The Papers of George Washington (concerning ice house correspondence with Robert Morris): http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/george-washington-to-robert-morris/

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:1984.jpg|[[Charles Willson Peale]], ''Mary White Morris'', c. 1782.

Image:1983.jpg|[[Jeremiah Paul]], “Robert Morris’ Seat on Schuylkill,” July 20, 1794.

</gallery>

==Related Resources==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: People|Morris, Robert]]

National Mall

2016-01-21T11:43:47Z

R-asleson:

The '''National Mall''' is a broad, tree-lined [[green]] in Washington, D.C. that extends from the foot of Capitol Hill to the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]]. It is a public space used for recreational activities, cultural events, and democratic discourse. Museums and gardens flank the north and south sides. The [[United States Capitol]] building lies to the east and the monuments of West Potomac Park lie to the west. Both as a national icon and a civic space, the Mall is a key landmark of the nation’s capital.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names:''' Public Grounds

'''Site Dates:''' 1791-present

'''Site Owner(s):''' U.S. National Park Service

'''Site Designer(s):''' [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], [[Robert Mills]], [[Andrew Jackson Downing]]

'''Location:''' 
Washington, D.C. 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/National+Mall/@38.88962,-77.022977,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b7b79b5aff3d31:0x3a08ab4ca2062741 View on Google maps]

==History==

The origins of the National Mall can be traced to a preliminary plan for the city of Washington sketched by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in March 1791. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] laid out the city in a gridiron formation, envisioning the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] building and the [[President’s House]] as opposite ends of a prominent east-west axis connected by “public [[walk]]s.” <ref> Richard W. Stephenson, ''"A Plan Whol[l]y New": Pierre Charles L’Enfant's Plan of the City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993), 17-19, see also 38-43, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/Q3WX7W32 view on Zotero]; Therese O’Malley, "Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C. 1791-1852," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1989, 15-21, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> Over the next several months, the military engineer [[Pierre-Charles L’Enfant]] expanded upon [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]’s ideas in his official plan for the city, which adapted abstract geometry to the natural topography of the site, which featured a [[park]]-like setting of rolling hills, a wooded terrain, and proximity to the Potomac River. Influenced by recent developments in French urban planning, [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant's]] ambitious design called for a “Grand [[Avenue]], 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length” leading from “the Congress Garden” on Jenkins Hill (now Capitol Hill) to the “President’s [[park]]” and a “well-improved field” near the banks of the Potomac, which would be the site of a projected equestrian [[statue]] of [[George Washington]]. The [[view/vista|view]] from that point back to the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]] would feature a [[cascade]] falling from a height of forty feet down to a [[canal]] running alongside the Mall to the Potomac. [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]] conceived of the wide urban [[avenue]] as a social as well as a scenic space: a “place of general resort,” bordered by gardens and the stately residences of the city’s elite, as well as playhouses, assembly rooms, academies, “and all such sort of places as may be attractive to the l[e]arned and afford diver[s]ion to the idle.” <ref> Michael J. Lewis, "The Idea of the American Mall," in ''The National Mall: Rethinking Washington’s Monumental Core'', ed. Nathan Glazer and Cynthia R. Field (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 13-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/96G2E377 view on Zotero]; Pamela Scott,"'“This Vast Empire': The Iconography of the Mall, 1791-1848," in ''The Mall in Washington'', ed. Richard Longstreth, Studies in the History of Art, Center for Advanced Studies in the Visual Arts, Symposium Papers, XIV (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), 39-40 and 55, n.20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 26-48, 95-97,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]; H. Paul Caemmerer, ''The Life of Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Planner of the City Beautiful, The City of Washington'' (Washington, D.C.: National Republic Publishing Company, 1950), 151-53, 157-59; 163-65 [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/PHWTAERT view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L'Enfant]] would later remark that he "changed the whole face of the city ground, from a savage wilderness into a compleat heden [''sic'']] garden." <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref>

[[File:0414.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.]]
Development of the Mall stalled over the next several decades while a variety of alternative plans were advanced. [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], then Supervising Architect of the [[United States Capitol]], proposed a design in 1815 that called for a [[canal]] originating in a circular basin at the foot of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and running the full length of the Mall to a cascade and lagoon at the opposite end. [Fig. 1] Nothing came of this proposal, nor of others advanced by the architects [[Charles Bulfinch]] (in 1822) and [[Robert Mills]] (in 1831). <ref> Scott, 1991, 46-50, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]. </ref> Sections of the Mall were cultivated on a piecemeal basis; for example, in 1821 the [[Columbian Institute]] began carrying out improvements on five acres at the Mall’s east end for a [[botanical garden]], which included cultivating a [[hedge]] enclosure, excavating an elliptical [[pond]] with an island, laying out gravel [[walks]], and planting [[border]]s with specimens of native and exotic trees and shrubs. <ref> Scott, 1991, 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O’Malley, 1996, 218-20; O'Malley, 1989, 122-36,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero] </ref>

[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.]]
In 1841, as part of his design for the building that would ultimately house the [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Robert Mills]] submitted a comprehensive plan for a great public [[park]] extending from the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. As conceived by [[Robert Mills|Mills]], the Mall would be laid out as a [[picturesque]] assemblage of gardens of contrasting styles: informal plantings and serpentine paths in the [[English style]] surrounding the [[Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.)|Washington Monument]] and botanic gardens would be contrasted with more formal, [[geometric]] plantings near the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 150-51, 158-61, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> [Fig. 2] [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] design was novel for its holistic integration of architecture and landscape, as well as for its botanical emphasis, which reflected the influence of the contemporary English theory of the [[gardenesque]] formulated by [[J.C. Loudon.]] <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 169-72, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero]. </ref> At the same time, [Robert Mills|Mills's] design was consistent with the long-held objective of locating a publicly accessible [[botanic garden]] in the nation’s capital — an idea first broached in the 1790s by influential advocates including [[George Washington]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. <ref> O’Malley, 1996, 213-26; Scott, 1991, 48-49, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/N4WS8QU7 view on Zotero]; O'Malley, 1989, 98-105, 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [[Robert Mills|Mills's]] plan had little immediate impact on the landscaping of the Mall, which remained in a undeveloped state in 1845, when a member of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] Building Committee "urged the expediency and policy of rescuing the Mall from its present state of degradation and of ornamenting it at least with the different trees of this country, and protecting it with a decent enclosure." <ref> Quoted in O'Malley, 1989, 181, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> That same year, 2000 indigenous trees (representing 200 species and varieties) were planted on the Mall, and additional plantings and enclosures were added in the years that followed. <ref> O'Malley, 1989, 180-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TQVME883 view on Zotero].</ref> [Robert Mills]]'s conception of the Mall as a locus for scientific inquiry and display, and his adoption of the romantic aesthetic of [[modern style/natural style|naturalism]] set the tone for future landscaping of the area.

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 3, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]] Botanical interests informed the landscape plan designed in 1851 by the architect and horticulturalist [[Andrew Jackson Downing]], who conceived of the Mall as “a national [[park]]” and a “public museum of living trees and shrubs” that would both influence taste by providing an example of the natural style of landscape gardening (illustrated by a sequence of contrasting landscape “scenes”), and educate visitors to the popular and scientific names, habits, and growth of botanical specimens suited to Washington’s climate. <ref> Schlereth, 2007, 211-13; Savage, 2005, 70-73; O’Malley, 1991, 65-72; O'Malley, 1989, 196- </ref> [Fig. 3] Downing designed a triumphal arch of marble to mark the entrance to the grounds,

** 196**
Rather than carry out [[Andrew Jackson Downing|Downing]]’s plan systematically, individual federal agencies developed portions of the Mall on an ad hoc basis, creating a loosely connected network of meandering [[walk]]s, gardens, and [[grove]]s. <Savage, 2005, 75; Streatfield, 1991, 117-18; O’Malley, 1991, 72> Under the McMillan Plan of 1902, the existing landscape was cleared and leveled in order to create a more unified, open space with unobstructed [[vista]]s in keeping with the spirit of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|L’Enfant]]’s original plan. Landscape and hardscape construction projects continue to re-shape the Mall and its surroundings into the 21st century. <Penczer, 2007, 21-121; Kohler and Scott, 2006, passim; Savage, 2005, 147-313; O’Malley, 2002, ix-xii>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Images==

<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:0414.jpg|[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall: as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university, 1816.

Image:0033.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," Washington, D.C., 1841.

Image:1835.jpg|[[Robert Mills]], "Sketch of the Washington Nat'l. Monumt.," 1845.

Image:0110.jpg|[[Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]] (artist), Edward Weber & Co. (lithographer), "Elements of National Thrift and Empire," c. 1847.

Image:0428.jpg|[[Edward Weber]], ''View of Washington City and Georgetown'' [detail], 1849.

Image:0025.jpg|[[Robert P. Smith]], "View of Washington," c. 1850.

Image:0111.jpg|[[Seth Eastman]], Washington's Monument, Under Construction, 1851.

Image:0023.jpg|[[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.

Image:0042.jpg|[[Benjamin Franklin Smith, Jr.]], "Washington, D.C. with projected improvements," c. 1852.

</gallery>

==Texts==

* [[Robert Mills]], c. 1804, describing the National Mall (quoted in Gallagher 1935: 1927)<ref> H. M. Pierce Gallagher, ''Robert Mills, Architect of the Washington Monument, 1781-1855'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GC3NPRZJ view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "It is a most commanding and beautiful [[prospect]], variegated with [[wood]]s, cleared land, gentle [[mount/mount|mounts]] and vales, and the waters of the Potomac and Tiber Rivers in the distant [[view]]; while there is revealed a glimpse of hte [[navy yard]] where eight frigates of the United States Navy lie in mooring."

* Anonymous, 2 January 1808, describing in the ''Washington Expositor'' the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 99–100)<ref name="OMalley_1989">O’Malley, Therese. 1989. “Art and Science in American Landscape Architecture: The National Mall, Washington, D.C., 1791-1852." Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IJ3JTTJB view on Zotero]</ref>
:“At present these large appropriations afford an increase to the pasturage of the city, more beneficial to the poor citizens, than their culture in the ordinary courses. . . . by laying off those in their occupancy so as to afford ample [[walk]]s open at seasonable hours and under proper regulations to the public, it will give to the city, much earlier than there is otherwise reasonable cause to hope for, agreeable [[promenade]]s, as conducive to the health of the inhabitants, as to the beauty of the places.”

* [[Henry Hunt|Hunt, Henry]], [[Wm. P. Elliot]], and [[William Thornton]], 1826, describing the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 19th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, doc. 123, book 138)
:“That, with a view to promote the public good, and to ornament and improve the [[public ground|public grounds]], they would recommend that the water of Tiber Creek be brought to the Capitol [[Square]]; and, after forming a reservoir, be carried in pipes to the [[Botanic Garden]], and thrown up in a [[jet|jet d’eau]] of 30 or 40 feet high, and then be used in watering the surrounding grounds. That a [[wall]] five feet high, with a stone coping, be put round the ground appropriated for a [[Botanic Garden]]; and that suitable buildings be erected, and the Garden be properly laid out, and cultivated as a National Garden; to effect which important national objects, a sum not exceeding 30,000 dollars will be required.”

* Commissioner of Public Buildings, 9 June 1827, describing the [[Columbian Institute]], Washington, D.C. (quoted in O’Malley 1989: 133) <ref name="OMalley_1989"></ref>
:“The new section of the Washington [[Canal]] was laid out along a line drawn through the middle of the Capitol and of the [[Mall]]. The pathway, [[canal]] and [[plantation]] in the garden do not coincide with this line, but diverge from it at an acute angle.”

* [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch, Charles]], 21 January 1829, proposal to the House Committee on Public Buildings regarding the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (quoted in Rathburn 1917: 49) <ref>Rathburn, Richard. 1917. “The Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.” ''United States National Museum’s Bulletin'' 101: 45–46. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VKURU987 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“The [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] being now finished with the exception of these particular objects, I beg leave to suggest that the [[public ground|public grounds]] immediately adjacent should conform in some degree to the importance and high finish of the building.”

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], c. 1841, in a letter to [[Robert Dale Owen]], describing the proposed [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990">Scott, Pamela, ed. 1990. ''The Papers of Robert Mills''. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9CEBJWW8 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“Three spacious [[avenue]]s (of the city) center within these grounds, which at some future day when improved will form three interesting [[vista]]s.”
[[File:0033.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 1, [[Robert Mills]], "Plan of the Mall," 1841.]]

* [[Robert Mills|Mills, Robert]], 23? February 1841, in a letter to Joel R. Poinsett, describing his design for the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (Scott, ed., 1990: n.p.) <ref name="Scott_1990"></ref>
:“Agreeably to your requisition to prepare a plan of improvement to that part of the [[Mall]] lying between 7th and 12th Street West for a [[botanic garden]] . . . I have the honor to submit the following Report. . . .

:"Drawing No. 1 presents a general plan of the entire [[Mall]], including that annexed to the [[White House|President's house]], with the particular improvement proposed of that part intended for the Institution and its objects....[Fig. 1]

:"The relative position of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], [[White House|President's House]], and other public buildings are laid down, as also the position of the proposed buildings for the Institution; the adjacent streets and [[avenue]]s are also shown, with the line of the [[Canal]] which courses through the City, at the foot of the Capitol hill to the Eastern Branch near the [[Navy Yard]], thus making of the south western section, a complete island....

:“The principle upon which this plan is founded is two fold, one is to provide suitable space for a [[Botanic garden]], the other to provide locations for subjects allied to agriculture, the propagation of useful and ornamental trees native and foreign, the provision of sites for the erection of suitable buildings to accommodate the various subjects to be lectured on and taught in the Institution. . . .

:“The [[Botanic garden]] is laid out in the centre fronting and opening to the south. On each side of this the grounds are laid out in serpentine [[walk]]s and in [[picturesque]] divisions forming [[plat]]s for grouping the various trees to be introduced and creating shady [[walk]]s for those visiting the establishments. . . .

:"A range of trees is proposed to surround three sides of the [[square]] which is intended to be laid open by an iron or other railing, the north side to be enclosed with a high brick wall to serve as a shelter and to secure the various [[hothouse|hot houses]] and other buildings of inferior character."

:“The main building for the Institution is located about 300 feet south of the [[wall]] fronting the [[Botanic garden]], from which it is separated by a circular road, in the centre of which is a [[fountain]] of water from the [[basin]] of which pipes are led underground thro’ the [[walk]]s of the garden, for irrigating the same at pleasure, the [[fountain]]s may be supplied from the [[canal]] flowing near the north [[wall]] of inclosure....

:"By means of Groups and [[vista]]s of trees, [[picturesque]] [[view]]s may be obtained of the various buildings and other such objects as may be of a monumental character and thus there would be an attraction produced which would draw many of our citizens and strangers to partake of the pleasure of promenading here."

* [[Ignatius Mudd|Mudd, Ignatius]], 1849, describing the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]] and the reconstruction of the National Mall, Washington, D.C. (U.S. Congress, 31st Congress, 1st Session, doc. 30)
:“A disposition on the part of Congress to make the [[public ground|public grounds]] what they were originally designed to be. . . . An ornament and attraction to the capital of the nation.”

* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], December, 1851, “State and Prosperity of Horticulture” (''Horticulturist'' 6: 540–41)
:“The plan [for a [[public ground]] in Washington] embraces four or five miles of carriage-[[drive]]—[[walk]]s for pedestrians—[[pond]]s of water, [[fountain]]s and [[statue]]s—[[picturesque]] groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the popular taste in [[landscape gardening|landscape-gardening]] and the culture of ornamental trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted to this purpose—this national [[park]] may be made a sylvan museum such as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any part of the world.”

[[File:0023.jpg|thumb|150px|Fig. 2, [[A. J. Downing]], N. Michler (copied by), "Plan Showing Proposed Method of Laying Out the Public Grounds at Washington." Manuscript copy of Andrew Jackson Downing's plan for the Mall of 1851, 1867.]]
* [[A. J. Downing|Downing, A. J.]], 1851, describing plans for improving the [[public ground|public grounds]] in Washington, D.C. (quoted in Washburn 1967: 54) <ref>Washburn, Wilcomb E. 1967. “Vision of Life for the Mall.” ''AIA Journal'' 47, no. 3 (March): 52–59. [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TA59MHC7 view on Zotero]</ref>
:“My object in this Plan has been three-fold:

:“1st: To form a national [[Park]], which should be an ornament to the Capital of the United States; 2nd: To give an example of the [[natural style]] of [[Landscape Gardening]] which may have an influence on the general taste of the Country. . . .[Fig. 2]

:“The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] now to be improved I have arranged so as to form six different and distinct scenes: viz.

:"1st: The President's [[Park]] or Parade.

:“This comprises the open Ground directly south of the [[White House|President’s House]]. Adopting suggestions made me at Washington I propose to keep the large area of this ground open, as a place for parade or military reviews, as well as public festivities or celebrations. A circular carriage [[drive]] 40 feet wide and nearly a mile long shaded by an [[avenue]] of Elms, surrounds the Parade, while a series of foot-paths, 10 feet wide, winding through [[thicket]]s of trees and shrubs, forms the boundary to this [[park]], and would make an agreeable shaded [[promenade]] for pedestrians.

:“I propose to take down the present small stone [[gate]]s to the President’s Grounds, and place at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue a large and handsome [[arch|Archway]] of marble, which shall not only form the main entrance from the City to the whole of the proposed new Grounds, but shall also be one of the principal Architectural ornaments of the city; inside of this [[arch]]-way is a semicircle with three [[gate]]s commanding three carriage roads. Two of these lead into the Parade or President’s [[Park]], the third is a private carriage-[[drive]] into the President’s grounds; this [[gate]] should be protected by a Porter’s lodge, and should only be open on reception days, thus making the President’s grounds on this side of the house quite private at all other times. . . .

:“2nd: Monument [[Park]].

:“This comprises the fine [[plot]] of ground surrounding the [[Washington monument]] and bordered by the Potomac. To reach it from the President’s [[Park]] I propose to cross the [[canal]] by a wire suspension [[bridge]], sufficiently strong for carriages, which would permit vessels of moderate size to pass under it, and would be an ornamental feature in the grounds. I propose to plant Monument [[Park]] wholly with ''American'' trees, of large growth, disposed in open groups, so as to al[l]ow of fine [[vista]]s of the Potomac river. . . .

:“4th: [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[Park]] or [[pleasure ground|Pleasure Grounds]].

:“An arrangement of choice trees in the [[natural style]], the plots near the [[Smithsonian Institution|Institution]] would be thickly planted with the rarest trees and shrubs, to give greater seclusion and beauty to its immediate precincts.

:“5th: [[Fountain]] [[Park]].

:"This [[Park]] would be chiefly remarkable for its water features. The [[Fountain]] would be supplied from a [[basin]] in the Capitol. The [[pond]] or [[lake]] might either be formed from the overflow of this [[fountain]], or from a filtering drain from the [[canal]]. The earth that would be excavated to form this [[pond]] is needed to fill up low places now existing in this portion of the grounds.

:“6th: The [[Botanic Garden]].

:“This is the spot already selected for this purpose and containing three [[greenhouse|green-houses]]. It will probably at some future time, be filled with a collection of hardy plants. I have only shown how the carriage-[[drive]] should pass through it (Crossing the [[canal]] again here) and making the exit by a large [[gateway]] opposite the middle [[gate]] of the Capitol Grounds. . . .

:“The pleasing natural undulations of surface, where they occur, I propose to retain, instead of expending money in reducing them to a level. The surface of the [[Park]]s, generally, should be kept in grass or [[lawn]], and mown by the ''mowing machine'' used in England, by which, with a man and horse, the labor of six men can be done in one day. . . .

:“A national [[Park]] like this, laid out and planted in a thorough manner, would exercise as much influence on the public taste as [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] near Boston, has done. Though only twenty years have elapsed since that spot was laid out, the lesson there taught has been so largely influential that at the present moment the United States, while they have no public [[park]]s, are acknowledged to possess the finest rural [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in the world. The [[public ground|Public Grounds]] at Washington treated in the manner I have here suggested, would undoubtedly become a Public School of Instruction in every thing that relates to the tasteful arrangement of [[park]]s and grounds, and the growth and culture of trees, while they would serve, more than anything else that could be devised, to embellish and give interest to the Capital. The straight lines and broad [[Avenue]]s of the streets of Washington would be pleasantly relieved and contrasted by the beauty of curved lines and natural groups of trees in the various [[park]]s. By its numerous public buildings and broad [[Avenue]]s, Washington will one day command the attention of every stranger, and if its un-improved [[public ground|public grounds]] are tastefully improved they will form the most perfect background or setting to the City, concealing many of its defects and heightening all its beauties.”

==Related Resources==

[http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/History.html National Mall Plan (National Park Service)]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T03:17:51Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03)<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 1988, 119)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804 (pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name ="Darlington"> </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

Image:2074.jpg|Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0290/ Humphry Marshall House, Historic American Buildings Survey/Engineering Record/Landscape Survey]

[http://landmarkhunter.com/162579-humphry-marshall-house/ Historic and Notable Landmarks of the U.S.]

==Notes==
<References/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T03:14:15Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name ="Darlington"> </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

Image:2074.jpg|Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]

</gallery>

==Other Resources==

[http://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa0290/ Humphry Marshall House, Historic American Buildings Survey/Engineering Record/Landscape Survey]

[http://landmarkhunter.com/162579-humphry-marshall-house/ Historic and Notable Landmarks of the U.S.]

==Notes==
<References/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:58:44Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name ="Darlington"> </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

Image:2074.jpg|Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:57:07Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name ="Darlington"> </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:56:30Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name ="Darlington"> </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:55:25Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, </ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name ="Darlington"> </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:53:25Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 495, 497, 502, 513, https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, </ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref>Darlington </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, </ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:50:37Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, Darlington, 1849, 495, 497, 502, 513</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 1988, 13, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, 1988, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 1888, 4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; see also Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 112, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 1-5, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 109, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero]. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009): 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sun" was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, 1988, 7-8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, </ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref>Darlington </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, </ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:38:21Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps]

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Gutowski, 13</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, Darlington, 1849, 495, 497, 502, 513</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 13, </ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, </ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 4; see also Belden, 1965, 112.</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1-5; Belden, 109; Darlington, 1849, 487.</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 8. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009), 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sum was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, , 7-8</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, </ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref>Darlington </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, </ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:37:36Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania [https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps] 

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Gutowski, 13</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, Darlington, 1849, 495, 497, 502, 513</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 13, </ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, </ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 4; see also Belden, 1965, 112.</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1-5; Belden, 109; Darlington, 1849, 487.</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 8. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009), 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sum was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, , 7-8</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, </ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref>Darlington </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, </ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden

2015-12-23T02:36:40Z

R-asleson:

'''Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden''', located in Chester County, Pennsylvania near the present town of Marshallton, was one of the earliest botanical gardens in America and the site of extensive plant and seed exchanges among the American colonies and between America and Europe.

==Overview==
'''Alternate Names''': Marshall's Garden; Marshall's Arboretum; Botany Farm; Marshallton 
'''Site Dates''': 1773-1813 
'''Site Owners''': [[Humphry Marshall]]; [[Moses Marshall]]; Chester County Historical Society 
'''Site Designer(s)''': [[Humphry Marshall]] 
'''Location''': Marshallton, Pennsylvania[https://www.google.com/maps/place/1443+W+Strasburg+Rd,+West+Chester,+PA+19382/@39.9502904,-75.6874359,810m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89c6f64c27047829:0x6fe1dbf2454641f8 View on Google maps] 

==History==
[[File:2074.jpg|thumb|252.px|left|Fig. 1, Louise Françoise Jacquinot after Pancrace Bessa, "Bartram's Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'')," 1841, plate 18 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1841)]]
The first [[botanic garden]] developed by [[Humphry Marshall]] was located on his father's property near the fork of the Brandywine creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania. That garden was laid out in the mid-eighteenth century with seeds and plants Marshall gathered during expeditions into the surrounding countryside or received from friends and correspondents in America and Europe.<ref>Gutowski, 13</ref> Along with his cousin [[John Bartram]], Marshall was an active dealer in plants and seeds in America and many of the plants he cultivated were for commercial export to overseas customers. One of Marshall's most dedicated correspondents, the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), repeatedly urged him to set aside a portion of the garden for nursing plants prior to sending them across the Atlantic.<ref>See Fothergill to Marshall, March 2, 1767, Darlington, 1849, 495, 497, 502, 513</ref> Marshall continually sought to expand his foreign client base, and it may have been with the expectation of an enlarged trade that he purchased, in December 1772, thirty acres of land near his father's farm. Soon thereafter he began laying out a second [[botanic garden]], more extensive than the first, on two to three of acres of the property.<ref>For the argument that Marshall's garden dates from 1773, see Gutowski, 13, </ref> Part of the garden functioned as a nursery for the cultivation of plants and seeds intended for commercial botanical exchange. Historical analysis has determined that the property also contained a kitchen garden, pleasure ground, and greenhouse, and that Marshall cultivated trees and shrubs, herbaceous perennials (both indigenous and exotic), and plants valuable for their medicinal or economic utility.<ref>For a partial catalog of 136 plants that have survived and/or were part of the original plantings at Marshall’s botanic garden, see Gutowski, Chapter 2 and passim. See also x, 5</ref>

[[File:2080.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 2, Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," plate 41 in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''North American Sylva'' (1819).]]
Marshall expanded the range of trees, shrubs, and plants in his garden through a variety of means: personal exploration of surrounding areas, by commissioning friends and relatives (particularly his nephew Moses Marshall) to collect plants and seeds on their travels, and through exchange with other gardeners. From the [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|botanic garden]] of his cousin John Bartram, Marshall acquired Bartram Yellow Oak (''Quercus heterophilla'') [Fig. 1] and Winter Aconite.<ref>Gutowski, 7</ref> Many of the plants in Marshall's garden were first cultivated there, and some were described for the first time in Marshall's pioneering catalog of indigenous forest trees and shrubs, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove'', published in 1785.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include Sugar Maple, identified by Marshall as ''Acer saccharum'',<ref>Marshall, 1785, 4, </ref> and despite subsequent variation and confusion in the nomenclature by others (including François André Michaux; [Fig. 2]), known today as "''Acer saccharum'' Marsh."<ref>For the taxonomic history of ''Acer saccharum'' Marsh., see Frank Santamour, Jr. and Alice Jacot McArdle, "Checklist of Cultivated Maples II. Acer Saccharum Marshall," ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 8 (June 1982), 164–67, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NN3VVXUU view on Zotero]; M. L. Fernald, "Botanical Specialties of the Seward Forest And Adjacent Areas of Southeastern Virginia," ''Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University'', 156 (1945), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RQ2XERJ5 view on Zotero].</ref> Sugar Maples were among the original plantings identified on the premises of Marshall's garden in the late 1980s, along with Yellow Buckeye (''Aesculus flava''), Cucumber Magnolia (''Magnolia acuminata''), Winter Aconite (''Eranthus hyemalis''), and three varieties of boxwood, constituting the "largest surviving original colonial American [[botanic garden]] planting."<ref>Gutowski, 4; see also Belden, 1965, 112.</ref>

[[File:2073.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," engraved plate from William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall'', 1849.]]
Having trained as a stone mason, Marshall began constructing a two-and-a-half story house on his new property in the summer of 1773, moving his family there in 1774. [Fig. 3] The house included a small hothouse warmed by a fireplace, where he cultivated delicate plants, and a botanical laboratory on the second floor where specimens were pressed, sketched, mounted, and classified in Latin descriptions.<ref>Gutowski, 1-5; Belden, 109; Darlington, 1849, 487.</ref> The William Darlington Herbarium at West Chester State University reportedly contains many specimens from Marshall's garden.<ref>Gutowski, 8. See also William M. Schneider and Martha A. Potvin, "The Historic Bartram’s (Carr's) Garden Collection in West Chester University's William Darlington Herbarium (DWC)," ''Bartonia'', 64 (2009), 45–54, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/V9ZUG3PA view on Zotero]; Robert B. Gordon, "The 'Darlington Herbarium' at West Chester," ''Bartonia'', 22 (1942): 6–9</ref> The second floor of Marshall's house included a small observatory for his astronomical studies.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 487, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W46BUV7K view on Zotero].</ref> His "Observations on the Spots of the Sum was presented to the Royal Society in London by Marshall's friend [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1773.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), 20: 71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref> Examples include

After Marshall's death in 1801, the property passed to his wife for the remainder of her life, and then to Moses Marshall, who continued to supply requests for plants but apparently without maintaining the garden to a high standard. Frederick Pursh, whom the elderly Humphry Marshall had conducted through the garden in 1799, reported in 1814 that it was "now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]" ([[#Pursh|view text]]). The grounds were harvested for the benefit of other gardens in the vicinity. By 1830 [[Samuel Peirce]] was making annual collections of seeds and plants (including horsechestnuts and magnolia seeds) to cultivate at [[Peirces Park]] in nearby Marshallton ([[#Peirce|view text]]). Throughout the nineteenth century, Marshall's garden was steadily overtaken by trees and shrubs. That change, together with his association with ''Arbustum Americanum'', resulted in the altered perception of his property as an [[arboretum]] rather than a [[botanic garden]].<ref>Gutowski, , 7-8</ref> In 1982 the property was acquired by the Chester County Historical Society.

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==
* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, </ref>
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they falli n thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest."

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to Marshallton in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Pursh"></div> [[#Pursh_cite|back up to history]]
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (May 10, 1828), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor Moses Marshall, in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall."

* Marshall, Mary, 1830, letter from written Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden (Gutowski, 119) <div id="Peirce"></div> [[#Peirce_cite|back up to history]]
: "[[Samuel Peirce]] was here last week, making his usual fall collection of seeds & plants; he gathered Horse-chestnuts, Magnolia Seeds & c."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, describing visits to Pennsylvania gardens during the summers of 1802 and 1804(pp. 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus'' or ''Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (pp. 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, describing Marshallton, estate of Humphry Marshall, West Chester, Pa. (pp. 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref>Darlington </ref>
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. 
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, Dr. Moses Marshall, he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers ; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], September 10 1849, letter to John Bohlen (quoted in Belden, 1965: 111-12)<ref>MS. letter, Chester County Historical Society, quoted in Belden, 1965, </ref>
: "The Garden, as I have told you, was established in the year 1773—Seventy six years ago; and some of the trees have, in that time, attained to a most majestic size— especially some of the Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias. The following are the scientific names of such as I can call to mind:
:: "Quercos Phellos, L. [Willow Oadk]
:: "Q----imbricaria, Mx. [Shingle Oak]
:: "Q----heterophylla, Ms. f [Bartram's Oak]
:: "(and perhaps some others)
:: "Several species of Pinus, Abies, and Larix. [pine, fir, larch]
:: "Magnolia acuminate, L. [Cucumber Tree Magnolia]
:: "M----Umbrella, Lam. [tripetala]
:: "M----Fraseri, Walt. [Fraser Magnolia]
:: "M----cordata, Mx. (I think). [Yellow Cucumber Tree]
:: "Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. [Kentucky Coffee Tree]
:: "Aesculus flava, Ait. [Yellow Buckeye or Horsechestnut]
:: "Ae---- Pavia, L. [Red Buckeye]
:: "Cercis Canadensis, L. [Eastern Redbud]
:: "Gleditschia triacanthos, L. [common Honeylocust]
:: "Halesia tetraptera [Carolina Silverbell]
:: "Stuartia Virginica, Ca. DC.
:: "Carya olivoformis, Nutt. [Hickory]
:: "Philadelphia grandiflora, Wild. [Big Scentless Mockorange]
:: "Staphylea trifolia, L. [American Bladdernut]
:: "Tilia Americana, L. [American Linden]
:: "Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. [Common Pricklyash]
:: "Taxus Canadensis, L. [Canada Yew]
:: "Styrax Grandifolium [Bigleaf Snowball]
:: "Liquidamber styraciflua, L. [American Sweetgum]
: "and a number of others which I cannot now recollect— beside a large number of herbaceous plants & undershrubs."

* Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], December 1850, “Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania,” (1851: 69-71)<ref>Anonymous [“B. — A Massachusetts Subscriber”], "Trees and Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," ''The Horticulturalist, And Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste'', 6 (February 1851): 69–71, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/98PGEBFC view on Zotero].</ref>
: "The grounds which I described in a former number of the Horticulturist, were not only planted by the hand of taste, but had been kept with care; to the one of which I shall now speak, time had added new beauty in its stately trees, but his destroying finger was visible in all else. As we approached the former residence of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY [sic] MARSHALL]], (near the village of Marshallton,) the massive foliage of a variety of trees rising above a dilapidated [[fence]], gave us a foretaste of what awaited us. We were directed to an old [[gate]] as the nearest entrance, but found, when it was with difficulty opened, that a huge Tecoma, or trumpet creeper, and Aristolochias twining their cordage like branches from tree to tree, barred the passage— the gentlemen of the party effected an entrance for us through the luxuriant vines, and we stood in what was once the pride and delight of one of the earliest arboriculturists. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] was first cousin to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], and from him he probably derived much of his knowledge of plants, for in 1773 he followed his cousin's example, and commenced this [[botanic garden]], where he gathered together the most interesting trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our country, with many curious exotics.
: "In 1785, he published an account of our native trees and shrubs, entitled ''Arbustum Americanum'', the first work of the kind printed in this country. It received little attention here, as it was half a century in advance of the age— it was, however, quickly appreciated abroad, and translated into most of the languages of modern Europe. He was in correspondence with many eminent men, and sent large quantities of American seeds and plants to England. When the infirmities of age and a cataract had rendered him nearly blind, he could still recognise his favorite trees and [[walk]]s, and delighted to welcome his friends in the garden he had planted.
: "Many of the trees have now, at the end of 77 years, attained a large size; the sovereign of the place is a ''Magnolia accuminata'', which lifts up its ‘leafy crown’ to the height of ''one hundred feet'', in form perfectly symmetrical, giving out branches from its stout trunk at regular intervals; it must be a glorious sight to see it in the spring, covered with its large, white [pale buff, Ed.] blossoms. Near by flourishes the ''Gymnocladus canadensis'', or Kentucky coffee, whose broad green pods and divided leaves have a grotesque and foreign appearance. This tree would probably thrive well in New-England, as it grows in Canada. There were also fine specimens of the ''Carya olivaeformis'', or peecan [''sic''] tree, the Illinois hickory as it is sometimes called; this tree fruits sparingly in the climate of Pennsylvania, yet it grows well, and is an ornamental tree.
: "I noticed nearly the same variety of oaks as in [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], especially one of the Quercus heterophylla of a remarkably fine shape. This variety of oak I have never seen growing in Massachusetts, but it is worthy of a place in every [[pleasure ground]], as its foliage has all the beauty of the willow, while the tree has the distinguishing characteristics of the oak. A few herbaceous plants still send up some pale flowers from amid the rank grass, which has overgrown both [[border]]s and [[walk]]s. Some of the hardy and vigorous sorts have eradicated the native claimant of the soil, and grow luxuriantly, — as the ''Vinca'' or Periwinkle, whose brilliant dark leaves formed a [[bed]] many yards square.
: "After examining the trees for some time, the grand nephew of [[Humphry Marshall|HUMPHREY MARSHALL]], who inherited the place, invited us into the house built by the botanist, where we were shown the telescope sent him by D. FOTHERGILL, of London, whose name is engraved upon it; he pointed out also, the place in the closet where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] concealed it by a false back, during the time that the British army were in the neighborhood, for [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] added to his love of the flowers of earth, a taste for studying the stars.... We noticed the little [[observatory]] which he built in one corner of the house, where it was his delight to watch the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was with regret that I looked again upon the tangled [[wilderness]], ‘where once a garden smiled, and now where many a garden flower grows wild,’ and walked towards the [[cemetery|burial place]] of Bradford meeting, in which the remains of [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] were interred nearly fifty years ago. We crossed a stile shaded by magnificent oaks, which must have been spared from the primeval forests. They formed a pretty group near the old fashioned meeting-house, their gnarled and [[picturesque]] appearance presenting a strong contrast to the usually plain and exposed state of the Friends' houses of worship. The [[cemetery|grave-yard]] was a wide field, unvaried by shrub or stone, the undulating hillocks only marking the ‘furrows where human harvests grow.’ This neglect of the Friends to ornament the last resting places of their kindred, appears strange to one of a different faith, since there seems to be an innate desire in the breast of every human being, that some memorial should recall his name to survivors. Trees and shrubs at least, might relieve the monotony of these cheerless fields, for in such monuments there can be no ostentation; the poorest laborer can plant a seed, or set a tree. We were shown as nearly as possible, the place where [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL’S]] grave is supposed to be, but tradition rarely speaks with certainty at the end of half a century. I sought for some memento of the spot to take to my distant home; the only blossom I could find in the rank grass, was a pale white ''Spiranthes'', which I carried away from this desolate habitation of the dead. 
: "It is pleasant to trace out how much the taste of one person influences and improves that of a whole neighborhood. [[John Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM]], by his love of collecting and planting rare and curious trees, inspirited his cousin to follow in his footsteps. [[Humphry Marshall|MARSHALL]] embellished his paternal farm in Marlborough, the township where [[Pierce’s Park|PIERCE’S [''sic''] Arboretum]] now flourishes. And [[The Woodlands|the Woodlands]], a visit to which I shall next describe, are in close proximity to [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM’S garden]], whose owner was a constant friend and assistant of [[William Hamilton|HAMILTON]]."

==Images==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="7">

Image:2073.jpg|W. B. Gihon after W. Townsend, "Residence of Humphry Marshall," 1849, engraved plate in William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall''.

Image:2080.jpg|Gabriel after Henri-Joseph Redouté, "Sugar Maple. ''Acer saccharinum''," 1819, engraved plate in F. Andrew Michaux [[François André Michaux|[François André Michaux]]], ''The North American Sylva'', vol. 1.

</gallery>

==References==

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Sites]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:____}}

Hallowell, ME

2015-12-05T19:55:50Z

R-asleson:

The village of '''Hallowell''' was built on steeply terraced land along the Kennebec River in what is now the state of Maine. The name of the village derived from the Boston merchant and Kennebec Proprietor Benjamin Hallowell, who owned large swathes of property in the area. Several of his heirs emigrated from England in the late eighteenth century for the purpose of settling Hallowell. <ref> Craig Compton Murray, "Benjamin Vaughan (1751-1835): The Life of an Anglo-American Intellectual" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1989), 204-05, 381-82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]; Samuel L. Boardman, "A General View of the Agriculture and Industry of the County of Kennebec, with Notes upon Its History and Natural History," in ''Tenth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture'' (Augusta, ME: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State, 1865), 10: 130, 187, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TV2AZBT3 view on Zotero]. </ref> In addition to building basic infrastructure such as roads and stone walls, they dabbled in myriad ventures to attract settlers, improve agriculture, and create economic opportunity. <ref> Emma Huntington Nason, ''Old Hallowell on the Kennebec'' (Augusta, ME: Press of Burleigh & Flynt, 1909), 30, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USP2T2FM view on Zotero]; Boardman, 1865), 10: 190,[https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TV2AZBT3 view on Zotero]. </ref>

==Overview==

'''Site Dates:'''

'''Site Owner(s):'''

'''Site Designer(s):'''

'''Location:''' 
[https://www.google.com/maps/place/2+Litchfield+Rd/@44.2772556,-69.7944786,490m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m3!3m2!1s0x4cb206f65dc9debb:0x5e38b0a46992cb6d!4b1 View on Google Earth]

==History==

In 1794 Benjamin Hallowell’s grandson, Charles Vaughan (1759-1839), built a large, two-story house fronted by a [[piazza]] on a high plateau overlooking the Kennebec River in Hallowell. <ref> John H. Sheppard, ''Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family, and More Particularly of Benjamin Vaughan, LL. D.'' (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1865), 10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero]. </ref> John Hannibal Sheppard (1791-1873), who moved to Hallowell as a child in 1793, later recalled the striking appearance of “the White House on the hill”: “False taste had planted no trees on the summit to hide it from the distant [[view]], and it stood out in bold relief to the eye; for sufficient was the back ground of a mountain forest to make a finish in the rural picture.” <ref> Sheppard, 1865, 16, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero]. </ref> The house was subsequently occupied and much improved by Charles Vaughan’s elder brother, [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Benjamin Vaughan]], who immigrated to America in 1797 with the aim of living in rustic simplicity at Hallowell. <ref> Murray, 1989, 384, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]. </ref> After surveying the family homestead, however, he confessed himself “agrieved and ashamed that what was designed and ought to have been the model of the country has long been one of its reproaches. I find...the whole domain looking like a wretched piece of English [[common]].” <ref> Murray, 1989, 384, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]. </ref> By 1799 [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Vaughan]] had hired the British gardener John Hesketh, who had previously served as head gardener at Lord Derby’s estate, Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool. <ref> Samuel Lane Boardman, "Appendix to Report on Kennebec County," in ''Twelfth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture'' (Augusta, ME: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State, 1867), 220, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6R33CCIB view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Capability Brown]] had designed Knowsley’s [[kitchen garden]] and [[park]] in the mid-1770s, and his ideas appear to have influenced Hesketh’s landscape work at Hallowell. [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Vaughan’s]] house became renowned for the striking manner in which cultivated [[flower garden]]s and [[orchard]]s near the house were juxtaposed against the seemingly untamed [[wilderness]] of the woodland [[park]]. Following a visit to Hallowell in 1807, [[Timothy Dwight]] praised the “romantic” setting of [[Benjamin Vaughan|Vaughan’s]] house, especially the [[wilderness]], which had been “left absolutely in the state of nature,” with paths “appearing to have been trodden out by the feet of wild animals, [rather] than to have been contrived, and [[bridge]]s, so rude and inartificial, as to seem the result of accident, rather than the effect of labour.” All this reflected “the best taste,” leading to [[Timothy Dwight|Dwight]]’s conclusion, “I know not so handsome an appendage of nature to any gentleman's [[seat]] in this country” ([[#Dwight_Hallowell|view text]]). <ref> Dwight, 1821, 2: 218, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W4USVF49 view on Zotero]. </ref>

The gardens at [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Vaughan’s]] house were extensive, occupying several acres. Samuel Lane Boardman (1836-1914), a journalist who grew up near Hallowell, recalled that “Some ten or twelve men were constantly employed in it during the season of growth and besides containing all the most common varieties of vegetables the new sorts imported from Europe were here tested and if they proved valuable disseminated throughout the State.” <ref> Boardman, 1865, 189-90, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TV2AZBT3 view on Zotero]. </ref> The [[flower garden]] featured “numerous [[alley]]s” and “wide [[walk]]s...between slightly raised [[bed]]s of flowers, interspersed with apple and other fruit trees.” <ref> William Warren Vaughan, ''Hallowell Memories'' (Hallowell, Me.: Privately printed, 1931), 46-40, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEN2E98M view on Zotero]; Sheppard, 1865, 14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Vaughan’s]] grandson, William Manning Vaughan (1807-1891), recalled that in the early nineteenth century his aunts grew foxglove, narcissus, and roses in the portion of the garden nearest the house, while his grandmother grew herbs (such as peppermint and chamomile), which she distributed for medicinal purposes. <ref> William Warren Vaughan interview of 1891 quoted on Vaughan Homestead Foundation website; http://vaughanhomestead.org/the-search-for-benjamins-garden-a-history-mystery/. </ref> An ascending path led to a [[summerhouse]] that afforded panoramic [[views]] of the village and riverine landscape. <ref> Sheppard, 1865, 14, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero]. </ref> Adjoining the gardens was a fruit and nut [[orchard]], and [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Vaughan]] also operated a flourishing commercial [[nursery]]. He and his wife were known for their generosity in sharing seeds and cuttings from the garden with the numerous neighbors and international visitors who came to see it. <ref> Boardman, 1865, 190, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TV2AZBT3 view on Zotero]. </ref> [[Benjamin Vaughan|Vaughan’s]] aesthetic approach to developing the family property evidently riled his brother Charles, who in 1800 chided that he should focus more exclusively on preparing the land for cultivation — “the more that can be prepared the better, and whether it looks well or ill is no object.” <ref> Murray, 1989, 387, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KUPH6CQ8 view on Zotero]. </ref>

--''Robyn Asleson''

==Texts==

* <div id="Dwight_Hallowell"></div>[[Timothy Dwight|Dwight, Timothy]], 1807, ''Travels; in New-England and New York'' (1821-22: 2: 218-19) <ref> Dwight, 1821-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/W4USVF49 view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Hallowell is a very pretty town, built on an irregular, or rather steep, descent. This [[terrace/slope|slope]], though interrupted, is handsome, and furnishes more good building spots, than if it had been an uniform declivity, and at the same time equally steep. Then all the grounds would have descended too rapidly. Now they furnish a succession of level surfaces for gardens, house-[[plot/plat|plats]] and court [[yard]]s; and are thus very convenient, as well as sometimes very handsome. The streets are both parallel, and right-angled to the river; but, like those of all other towns throughout this country, are irregular. The houses, being generally new and decent, have the same cheerful appearance, which has been so often remarked. Several of them are handsome, and surrounded by very neat appendages. All the situations on the higher grounds are fine. A more romantic spot is not often found, than that on which stands the house of [[Benjamin Vaughan|Mr. [Benjamin] V[aughan].]] a descendant of Mr. Hallowell, from whom this town took its name; inheriting from him, it is said, a large landed estate in this country.... His house stands on one of the elevated levels, mentioned above, where the hill, bends from its general Southern direction toward the West, and, forming an obtuse, circular point, furnishes a beautiful Southern, as well as Northern and Eastern, [[prospect]]. The river, here lying almost immediately below the eye, is a noble object.

: "In the rear, as you recede from the river, but at the side of the house, (the front being Southward, and looking down the river;) lies a handsome garden, furnishing even at this time of the year, ample proofs of the fertility of the soil. Behind the garden is a wild and solitary valley; at the bottom of which runs a small mill stream. Its bed is formed, universally, of rocks and stones. In three successive instances strata of rocks cross the stream obliquely; and present a face so nearly perpendicular, as to furnish in each instance, a charming [[cascade/cataract/waterfall|cascade]]. These succeed each other at distances conveniently near; and yet so great, that one of them only can be seen at a time. The remaining course of the stream is an alternation of currents, and handsome [[basin]]s. On either side, the banks, which are of considerable height, and sometimes steep, formed of rude forested grounds, and moss-grown rocks, are left absolutely in the state of nature. Along the brook [[Benjamin Vaughan|Mr. [Benjamin] V[aughan].]] has made a convenient foot- way, rather appearing to have been trodden out by the feet of wild animals, than to have been contrived by man, and winding over a succession of stone [[bridge]]s, so rude and inartificial, as to seem the result of accident, rather than the effect of human labour. With these little exceptions, the whole scene is left, with the best taste, as it was found. A charming change from the cheerfulness of the house, garden and town, and the splendour of the river and its shores, is here experienced in a moment. The first step out of the rear of the garden is into wildness, solitude, and gloom. I know not so handsome an appendage of nature to any gentleman's [[seat]] in this country."

* Sheppard, John H., 1865, ''Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family'' (1865: 14) <ref> Sheppard, 1865, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JUK7VZVU view on Zotero]. </ref>
: "Dr. [[Benjamin Vaughan|[Benjamin] Vaughan]] was fond of horticulture, and was one of the pioneers of New England in the improvement of fruits and cereals. He imported choice seeds, which he was ever ready to impart to his neighbors. He had a large garden of several acres tastily laid out, with broad paths and numerous [[alley]]s, whose [[border]]s were adorned with flowers or shaded with currant bushes, fruit trees and [[shrubbery]]. The whole was under the care of an English gardener. Every kind of culinary vegetable was raised abundantly....

:" I spoke of his garden; there may be many costly and more embellished, owned by millionaires, in the vicinity of our great cities; but this of [[Benjamin Vaughan|Dr. Vaughan]] had one charm, seldom found elsewhere. It lay in the midst of a landscape of surpassing beauty. It rose gradually from the entrance [[gate]] near the house, until in ascending the [[walk]] you found yourself on the height of a declivity at the verge of tall [[woods]] in a [[summerhouse|summer-house]]; from this airy resting-place there was a magnificent [[view/vista|view]] of the village, distant hills, and the gentle waters of the Kennebec winding "at their own sweet will." Near the spot were mowing fields, and pastures with cattle grazing and some shady oaks yet spared by the Goths in their clearings....
: "Behind the [[summerhouse|summer-house]] loomed up a steep mountain deeply wooded, and between them was a precipitous ravine or narrow glen through which a powerful stream rushed headlong from ledge to ledge, beneath a dark shadow of tall trees, until it leaped down like a miniature [[cascade/cataract/waterfall|cataract]] and formed a pretty[[ basin]], where we sometimes caught a small trout or two. After descending from rock to rock the stream at last subsided into a [[lake/pond|pond]], which supplied the large flour mill built by Mr. Charles Vaughan. This romantic [[cascade/cataract/waterfall|waterfall]] was called the "Cascade," accessible by a winding path down the steep, and its murmur could be heard from the [[summerhouse|summer-house]] in the stillness of the evening, where now the steam-whistle and the locomotive echo through the valley below. Perhaps the utilitarian, who only thinks what his berries may bring in the market, or how a cabbage shall add another dime to his dollars, may ridicule the idea of fine scenery surrounding a garden."

==References==

[http://vaughanhomestead.org/the-search-for-benjamins-garden-a-history-mystery/ “The Search for Benjamin’s Garden: A History Mystery,” Vaughan Homestead Foundation website]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category: Sites]]

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T17:20:00Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority in American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small [[botanic garden]] he developed on his father's property and to send to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). He study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers" ([[#glass|view text]]).<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic, however ([[#gentelman|view text]]), when Marshall wrote in November 1771 to ask that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. He continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal [[Botanic Garden]] in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall's assistance with a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Requests for American trees and plants came from the royal garden in Paris as well as Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the King's brother<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society in London, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal [[Botanic Garden]] at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall's shipments sustained the transatlantic vogue for creating discrete garden areas dedicated to American plants. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6JPE8DEU view on Zotero]; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 1935, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction: "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy." The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work in his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fothergill_1768"></div>[[#Fothergill_1768_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: <div id="gentelman"></div>"As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse." [[#gentelman_cite|[back up to history]]]

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of [[Humphry Marshall's botanic garden]], ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton]]: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|MARSHALL'S Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|Botanic Garden at Marshallton]], — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"></ref><div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|[back up to history]]]
:"The [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|Botanic Garden, at Marshallton]], was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T16:59:28Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority in American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small botanic garden he developed on his father's property and to send to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). He study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers" ([[#glass|view text]]).<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic ([[#gentelman|view text]]), however, when Marshall wrote in November 1771, that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. Marshall continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal Botanic Garden in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall to assist in a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia, ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the brother of the King,<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref> and Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). 

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Some of Marshall's correspondence was more personal in nature. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden similar to Fothergill's at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6JPE8DEU view on Zotero]; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 1935, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States." With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction to the ''Arbustum'': "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="glass"></div>[[#glass_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: <div id="gentleman"></div>"As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse." [[#gentelman_cite|[back up to history]]]

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"></ref><div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|[back up to history]]]
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T16:52:37Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneering authority in American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants and seeds for the small botanic garden he developed on his father's property and to send to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's garden. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> After moving from Chester County to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). He study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers" ([[#glass|view text]]).<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic ([[#gentelman|view text]]), however, when Marshall wrote in November 1771, asking that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. Marshall continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal Botanic Garden in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall to assist in a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia, ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the brother of the King,<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref> and Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). 

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Some of Marshall's correspondence was more personal in nature. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden similar to Fothergill's at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6JPE8DEU view on Zotero]; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 1935, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States." With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction to the ''Arbustum'': "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="glass"></div>[[#glass_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref><div id="gentelman: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: "As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse.""></div> [[#gentelman_cite|[back up to history]]]

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"></ref><div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|[back up to history]]]
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T05:36:23Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneer in the field of American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants for the small botanic garden he developed on his father's property and sent seeds to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's plantings. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> Having moved from Chester county to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). His study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers."<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic, however, when Marshall wrote in November 1771, asking that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. Marshall continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal Botanic Garden in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall to assist in a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia, ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the brother of the King,<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref> and Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). 

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Some of Marshall's correspondence was more personal in nature. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden similar to Fothergill's at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6JPE8DEU view on Zotero]; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 1935, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States." With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction to the ''Arbustum'': "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: "As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse."

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"></ref><div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|[back up to history]]]
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T05:35:01Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneer in the field of American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants for the small botanic garden he developed on his father's property and sent seeds to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's plantings. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> Having moved from Chester county to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). His study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers."<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic, however, when Marshall wrote in November 1771, asking that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. Marshall continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal Botanic Garden in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall to assist in a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia, ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the brother of the King,<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref> and Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). 

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Some of Marshall's correspondence was more personal in nature. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden similar to Fothergill's at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6JPE8DEU view on Zotero]; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 1935, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States." With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction to the ''Arbustum'': "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: "As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse."

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....</p<>
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"></ref><div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|[back up to history]]]
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T05:34:05Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneer in the field of American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants for the small botanic garden he developed on his father's property and sent seeds to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's plantings. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> Having moved from Chester county to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). His study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers."<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic, however, when Marshall wrote in November 1771, asking that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. Marshall continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal Botanic Garden in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall to assist in a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia, ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the brother of the King,<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref> and Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). 

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Some of Marshall's correspondence was more personal in nature. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden similar to Fothergill's at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/6JPE8DEU view on Zotero]; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 1935, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States." With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction to the ''Arbustum'': "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, letter to Moses Marshall, February 11, 1793, with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: "As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse."

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....</p<>
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> <div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|[back up to history]]]
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>

Humphry Marshall

2015-12-04T05:28:57Z

R-asleson:

Humphry Marshall (October 10, 1722-November 5, 1801), an American botanist and international exporter of plants, established a [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]] at his home in rural Pennsylvania and wrote ''Arbustum Americanum'' (1785), a catalog of indigenous American trees and shrubs.

==History==
[[File:2075.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 1, Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.]]
Through independent study and exploration, Humphry Marshall overcame his rudimentary childhood education to become a pioneer in the field of American botany. The eighth child of English Quaker immigrants who established a farm near the west branch of the Brandywine River in Chester County, Pennsylvania, Marshall spent his early life in agricultural labor and as an apprentice to a stone mason, before assuming responsibility for the family farm around 1848.<ref>William Darlington, ''Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall: With Notices of Their Botanical Contemporaries'' (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1849), 485-87, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Thereafter, according to [[William Darlington]], Marshall began "indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful ornamental plants" ([[#ornamental|view text]])<ref>"The Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," ''The Register of Pennsylvania'', 1 (1828), 302, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref> On foraging trips, Marshall gathered plants for the small botanic garden he developed on his father's property and sent seeds to his cousin [[John Bartram]] in Philadelphia.<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974), 18: 255-56, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref> Fellow Chester County Quakers who ventured into distant areas contributed to the diversification of Marshall's plantings. While managing a trading store in Pittsburgh, James Kenny collected botanical specimens in company with [[John Bartram|Bartram]] and sent seeds back to Marshall in November 1762.<ref>James Kenny, "Journal of James Kenny, 1761-1763 (con.)," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (April 1913): 174, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WP3KM6J5 view on Zotero]; see also (January 1913): 46, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QKQAF77E view on Zotero] and "James Kenny’s 'Journey to Ye Westward,' 1758-59," ed. John W. Jordan, ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 37 (October, 1913): 420, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/WIUF9MKS view on Zotero].</ref> Having moved from Chester county to North Carolina, the Irish Quaker William Millikan (c.1710/15-1795) sent Marshall pine cones and flowers in June 1765 ([[#Millikan|view text]]). His study of plants was aided by books on botany and material medica, such as John Gerard's ''The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes'' (1633) and John Quincy's ''Lexicon Physico-medicum'' (probably 6th edition, 1743).<ref>Darlington, 488, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; John Quincy, ''Lexicon Physico-Medicum: Or, A New Medicinal Dictionary'', 6th edn (London: T. Longman, 1743), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2AVPZP3T view on Zotero]. John Gerard, ''The Herball, Or, Generall Historie of Plantes'', 3rd edn (London: Adam Islip, Joyce Norton, and Richard Whitaker, 1636), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/39GUKA97 view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall erected a [[greenhouse]] in 1764 and made other improvements after inheriting a large section of his father's estate in 1767 ([[#greenhouse|view text]]).

[[File:2076.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig 2, Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller.'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).]]
It was also in 1767 that Marshall began a lively transatlantic correspondence with the English Quaker physician and plant collector John Fothergill (1712-1780), who was then laying out an American garden at his country house, Upton.<ref>Darlington, 1849, 495, 497-98,499, 501, 513-15, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 2] In the course of an eight-year correspondence, Marshall sent at least ten boxes of seeds and plants to Fothergill.<ref>Louise Conway Belden, "Humphry Marshall’s Trade in Plants of the New World for Gardens and Forests of the Old World," ''Winterthur Portfolio'', 2 (1965): 109-10, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> In return, Fothergill sent Marshall books on botany<ref>Darlington, 495, 497-98, 499-500, 504, 505, 509, 511, 512, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 110, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> and a number of scientific instruments, including a microscope, a thermometer, a reflecting telescope, and "a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers."<ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1973) 17: 110, 150-52, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]; Franklin, 1974, 18: 82, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero]; Darlington 1849: 497, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

Fothergill encouraged Marshall's plan to export seeds to Great Britain, assuring him in October 1768, "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them" ([[#Fothergill_1768|view text]]). [[Benjamin Franklin]] was less optimistic, however, when Marshall wrote in November 1771, asking that he "promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds man or Nursery Men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples" ([[#Franklin|view text]]). The Philadelphia Quaker Thomas Parke, pursuing his medical training in Britain, was equally discouraging, writing to Marshall in July 1772: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success" ([[#Parke|view text]]).

Undeterred, Marshall laid out an extensive [[botanic garden]] in 1773 on property he had purchased the previous year near his father's farm in Chester County. Marshall continued to add to his garden during the Revolutionary War, acquiring in May 1777, for example, a flowering shrub and other North Carolina specimens from Moses Mendenhall (1743-1805), a fellow Quaker with Chester County connections.<ref>Belden, 1965, 108, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Thomas Bond (1712-1784), a Quaker physician in Philadelphia who had studied under the French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) at the Royal Botanic Garden in Paris,<ref>Edmund Berkeley, "Benjamin Franklin and a 'Dear Ould Friend,'" ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 137 (September 1993): 402, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/QEKX3XD3 view on Zotero]; Darlington, 1849, 316-17, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> recruited Marshall to assist in a series of mutually beneficial botanical exchanges with French officials in Philadelphia, ([[#Bond|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 537-39, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Louis XVI reportedly "examined every article" in a box from Marshall that reached Paris in 1781 ([[#king|view text]]). Orders from several other French clients followed, including a request for nearly 200 plants in April 1789 from Jacques-Louis Descemet (1761-1839), nurseryman and florist to the brother of the King,<ref>Belden, 1965, 123, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; Buffington-Marshall Papers, Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045], item 1453, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero].</ref> and Louis de Noailles (1713-1793), who operated an experimental garden at Saint-Germain-en-Laye ([[#Noailles|view text]]). 

[[File:2079.jpg|thumb|left|252px|Fig. 3, George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.]]
Demand for America's flowering shrubs and useful trees increased throughout Europe following the Revolutionary War. In 1783 Marshall sent two boxes of American plants to the Italian physicist Abbé Felice Fontana (1730-1805), who was building the natural history collections of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History in Florence ([[#Fontana|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 550-552, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref> Through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, the contents of several boxes from Marshall were planted in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew ([[#Banks|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 560-63, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 115, 117, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref>
Aided by his nephew [[Moses Marshall]], who joined his household in 1784, Marshall provided seeds and plants to clients in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Brussels, Holland, and Germany.<ref>For Marshall's correspondents, see the list compiled from letters preserved in the Historic Society of Pennsylvania in John W. Harshberger, "Additional Letters of Humphry Marshall, Botanist and Nurseryman," ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', 53 (July 1929), 271-75, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero], and the finding aids for the Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers in the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text view website] and the Buffington-Marshall Papers (Scrapbook 4 [Manuscript 77045]), Chester County Historical Society, [http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_CCHS_CCHSMSColl168 view website]. See also Francis W. Pennell, "Humphry Marshall, Botanist," ''Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association'' 24 (Autumn 1935), 80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 114-15, 123-24, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Analysis of Marshall's correspondence reveals greatest demand for ''Liriodendron tulipfera'' (tulip tree), ''Kalmia latifolia'' (laurel), ''Magnolia'' of all varieties, and ''Taxodium distichum'' (deciduous cypress).<ref>Harshberger, 1929, 275-77, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> A single order from the London firm of Grimwood, Hudson, and Barret in 1787 called for 1,300 plants.<ref>Belden, 1965 107,119-22, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> Some of Marshall's correspondence was more personal in nature. The English Quaker physician John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815), who had purchased the [[greenhouse]] and [[hothouse]] plants of his deceased colleague John Fothergill, desired Marshall's help in developing an American garden similar to Fothergill's at his suburban London villa, Grove Hill ([[#Lettsom|view text]]). [Fig. 3] Like Fothergill, Lettsom provided Marshall with books on botany, such as Thomas Walter's ''Flora Caroliniana'' (1788), and assisted him with scientific instruments.<ref>Thomas Walter, ''Flora Caroliniana'' (London: J. Fraser, 1788), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/GM66U4TR view on Zotero]; Darlington, 530, 543, 549, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

[[File: 2077.jpg|thumb|252px|Fig. 4, Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).]]
Marshall also provided seeds and plants to Pennsylvania neighbors.<ref>In addition to the following examples, see Harshberger, 1929, 271-72, 275, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref> The clergyman and botanist Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815), who was creating an herbarium in Lancaster, offered seeds imported from Germany in exchange for the shrubs and roots Marshall sent him in 1789 ([[#Muhlenberg|view text]]).<ref>James A. Mears, "Some Sources of the Herbarium of Henry Muhlenberg (1753-1815)," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 122 (June 1978): 155–74, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/3D93XEPA view on Zotero]; Matthias Schönhofer, ''Letters from an American Botanist: The Correspondences of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Mühlenberg (1753–1815)'', Beiträge Zur Europäischen Überseegeschichte, 101 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2014), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/RKAC9I6K view on Zotero].</ref> Marshall provided maple and poplar trees to Frederick Eugene Francois, Baron de Beelen-Bertholff (1729-1805), former envoy from the Austrian Netherlands, who was laying out extensive gardens at his estate in Chester County.<ref>Robert R. Gutowski, "Humphry Marshall’s Botanic Garden: Living Collections 1773-1813" (unpublished Master of Science in Public Horticulture Administration, University of Delaware, 1988), 33, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref> [[William Hamilton]] sent Marshall long lists of plants he desired for his estate [[The Woodlands]] on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and frequently urged Marshall to visit him there ([[#Hamilton|view text]]).<ref>Darlington, 1849, 528-29, 577-80, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>

The boom in Marshall's botanical business owed much to his publication in 1785 of ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs''.<ref>Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs'' (Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1785), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [Fig. 1] The first American imprint on native trees and shrubs by an American author, the book contained the earliest scientific descriptions of several plants thereafter denoted by the suffix "Marsh.", among them ''Taxus canadensis Marsh.'' (ground hemlock) and ''Prunus Americana Marsh.'' (American plum). [Fig. 4] Although American sales were slow, the ''Arbustum'' sold well in England. German and French translations were published in 1788, the latter by Charles Lezermes, an assistant in the nurseries of the King of France.<ref>Joseph Ewan, "Fougeroux de Bondaroy (1732-1789) and His Projected Revision of Duhamel Du Monceau’s 'Traité' (1755) on Trees and Shrubs: I. An Analytical Guide to Persons, Gardens, and Works Mentioned in the Manuscripts," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 103 (December 1959): 814; Frans A. Stafleu, "Review: ''Arbustum Americanum''," ''Taxon'', 17 (August 1968), 427-28, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZURVF view on Zotero]; Harshberger, 1929, 27, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero]; Pennell, 81, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/EEJ26WSU view on Zotero]; Belden, 1965, 113, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero]; .</ref> The Moravian minister and botanist Samuel Kramsch (1758-1824) claimed that several of his botanical colleagues, including Jacob van Vleck (1751-1831) and Christian Frederick Kampf (1708-1808), each owned a copy of Marshall's ''Arbustum'', and that he used it as a textbook during the years 1786 to 1788 while a teacher at Nazareth Hall, where his students included the future botanists Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780-1834) and Christian Frederick Denke (1775-1838) ([[#Kramsch|view text]]).<ref>Levin Theodore Reichel, ''A History of Nazareth Hall, from 1755 to 1855; and of the Reunions of Its Former Pupils, in 1854 and 1855'' (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1855), 45, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JSWSGGS8 view on Zotero]; Francis W. Pennell, "The Botanist Schweinitz and His Herbarium," ''Bartonia'', 16 (1934): 1–8, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/JHR5UFIN view on Zotero]; James R. Troyer, "Early American Moravian Botanists in North Carolina and Elsewhere," ''Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science'', 125 (2009): 1–6, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AAB8SVN4 view on Zotero].</ref>

In addition to contributing to knowledge of American flora, Marshall intended ''Arbustum Americanum'' to serve as a commercial catalog. The book concluded with a full-page advertisement offering Marshall's "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States." With an eye on overseas customers, Marshall noted in his introduction to the ''Arbustum'': "The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy" ([[#1785|view text]]). Marshall gave copies of the ''Arbustum'' to several men of science, including [[Benjamin Franklin]] and Sir Joseph Banks, and sent copies to foreign businessmen, such as the nursery and seedsman Richard Burnett (fl. 1774-1803) in Richmond, Dublin<ref>Humphry Marshall to Richard Burnett ["Richard B."], December 8, 1788; see also Richard Burnett, February 11, 1793, letter to Moses Marshall with order for plants and seeds, items 144 and 1509, Scrapbook 5 [Manuscript 77046], Buffington–Marshall papers MS.Coll.168, Chester County Historical Society, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2DJ2ACX8 view on Zotero]. Burnett specialized in bulbs ("flower roots") from Holland, kitchen garden, flower, and grass seeds," and fruit trees at his gardens "opposite the waterfall" in Richmond; see his advertisements in ''Saunders's News-Letter'' (Dublin), 1774-1799. Burnett is listed as a subscriber to William Speechly's ''A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine: Exhibiting New and Advantageous Methods of Propagating, Cultivating, and Training That Plant, So as to Render It Abundantly Fruitful. Together with New Hints on the Formation of Vineyards in England'' (York, England: G. Peacock, 1790), xvii, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2J8G2NJ8 view on Zotero].</ref> and the London merchant Charles Eddy.<ref>Harshberger, 1929: 282; see also 274-75 for additional business correspondents in England, Germany, France, and Holland, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>

Although Marshall's eyesight failed late in life, he continued to work almost up to his death in 1801. His contributions to American horticulture and botany were recognized in 1848 when a public park located a few miles from his house in the village of Marshallton was named Marshall Square Park in his honor ([[#Marshall_Square |view text]]).<ref>A local nurseryman, Paschall Morris, was allowed to grow ornamental plants on the property, and the Chester County botanist Josiah Hoopes, proprietor of one of the nation's largest nurseries, landscaped the grounds, designed the benches and fountains, and established a small arboretum there. See James Jones, ''Made in West Chester: The History of Industry in West Chester, Pennsylvania, 1867 to 1945'' (West Chester, Pa.: Taggart Printing, 2003), 20, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FQS4XZRM view on Zotero]; Catherine Quillman, "West Chester: Home for Botanists and Gardeners," ''West Chester Patch'', September 8, 2011, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/XZIGN6IP view on Zotero].</ref> In 1913 the Chester County Historical Society held a program of "Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington" in the "beautful grove which his [Marshall's] hands planted."<ref>Irwin C. Williams, John Russell Hayes, and John W. Harshburger, ''Exercises in Memory of Humphry Marshall and William Darlington, at Marshallton, Pa.'' (West Chester, Pa.: F.S. Hickman, 1913), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/ZIVIV2PB view on Zotero].</ref> On that occasion a memorial stone was erected in front of the main entrance to the property, with an inscription reading in part, ''The Home and Arboretum of Humphry Marshall, Early American Botanist''.<ref>John W. Harshberger, "The Old Gardens of Pennsylvania, II.--Humphry Marshall’s," ''The Garden Magazine'', 32 (1920): 139, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/IS6WFTZI view on Zotero].</ref>

==Texts==
*<div id="Millikan"></div>Millikan, William, June 10, 1765, letter from New Marlborough, North Carolina, to Humphry Marshall (Ridlon 1907: 636) <ref>Gideon Tibbetts Ridlon, ''History of the Families Millingas and Millanges of Saxony and Normandy'' (Lewiston, Me.: The author, 1907), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/9W8PHBAX view on Zotero].</ref> [[#Millikan_cite|back up to history]]
: As to the pine Cones if any Comes to Perfection I shall I believe take Care to send some Or buy Other Seed or plant that I Can procure. As to the Carolina pines I remain at a Loss about it yet,— there is a flower that Resembles the Garding pink but I am Doubtfull Whether it is the Right."

* Fothergill, John, March 2, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 495)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/TKNVQG76 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received thy kind letter, as well as the box of seeds, and the duplicate it contained. I think myself much indebted to thee, and shall endeavour, as occasions may offer, to show that I am not insensible of thy kindness, nor ungrateful. I knew not whether anything would be more acceptable to a botanist, than [Philip] MILLER'S ''Gardeners Dictionary'', which I hope thou will receive with this; and if thou art possessed of one before, dispose of it, and accept the produce as an acknowledgment for thy kindness.
: "As it may suit thy other concerns, I should be glad if thou would proceed to collect the seeds of other American shrubs and plants, as they fall in thy way; and if thou meets with any curious plant or shrub, transplant it at a proper time into thy garden, let it grow there a year or two; it may then be taken up in autumn, its roots wrapped in a little moss, and laid in a coarse box, just made close enough to keep out mice, but not to exclude the air.
: "If thou knows of any plant possessed of particular virtues, and that is known by experience to be useful in the cure of diseases, this I should be glad to have in particular, both the parts used, and seeds of the same."

*Fothergill, John, May 18, 1767, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington, 1849: 497)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thou will see by the inclosed, that it was wrote a considerable time ago, to acknowledge the favour of thy collection of seeds. I was at that time prevented from sending it, and the more discouraged, as I could not get MILLER'S ''Gardener's Dictionary'', which is still out of print. I have sent, however, an abridgment of this work, not long since published, which I hope will prove acceptable; though this is not intended as a compensation for thy trouble, but merely as an acknowledgment.
: "If thou will continue thy farther care in collecting American seeds, and inform me in what manner I can, with most advantage to thyself, compensate thy care and labour, it will be an additional satisfaction."

* Fothergill, John, October 29, 1768, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 497-98)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am greatly obliged to thee for several parcels of curious seeds, birds, and insects. I...have been searching, in vain, for...the list of books thou mentioned as being acceptable to thee.
: "I have sent by our friend, John Hunt, who is returning to Pennsylvania, a small pocket-glass for viewing flowers, and ten guineas in consideration of thy time and trouble, in collecting these things for me.....
: "As it may fall in thy way, I should be glad thou would continue thy care in collecting for me such seeds and plants as I have not hitherto received from thee; and I think it would be worth while to sow a part of all the seeds thou gathers, in thy own garden, or some little convenient spot provided for the purpose. There are many curious seeds that lose the property of vegetation by a sea-voyage. The plants thus raised by seed at home, might be removed from the [[bed]] they were sown on, the second autumn, or spring following, into boxes of earth, and sent to us in the spring, so as to arrive here in the third or fourth month, and would then succeed very well.
: "I doubt not but many of our gardeners would be glad to purchase such boxes, containing assortments of new and curious plants, at a considerable price, and sufficient to pay for the care and pains in raising them.
: "There is a curious water plant, the Colocasia, that grows in some deep waters in the Jerseys, perhaps in your province likewise.... I should be glad thou would endeavour to send some both ways [wrapped in moss and put in tub of mud]; and the ripe seeds likewise, put into a wide-mouthed bottle filled with mud, and covered over with leather.
: "There is a kind of Dogwood, whose calyx is its greatest beauty; it chiefly grows in Virginia, whether with you I know not. I want a few plants of it."

* Fothergill, John, January 25, 1769, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 499-500)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Before this time I hope thou hast received a pretty long letter by our friend JOHN HUNT, to whose care I also committed ten guineas, and a small glass for viewing the flowers of plants.
: "I have just received thy last collection of seeds, and the box of plants that accompanied it; both were very acceptable, and the plants came in as good condition as possible.
: "By this opportunity I have sent two glasses of the value thou desires; and if these are not satisfactory, either in size or shape, please to dispose of them, and give me proper dimensions, and I will take care that they shall be sent. In respect to the seeds and plants to be sent in future, please to keep this general order in view, viz.: To send me any new plant that occurs to thee, that thou hast not sent to me before; and of the more curious flowering plants or shrubs, I shall always be glad to receive duplicates of the plants, when occasion offers. The ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', ''Rhododendrons'', &c, are always acceptable....
: "Please to remember to raise a few of all the curious plants whose seeds occur to thee, and send here, and some of the seeds likewise, together with any account thou can collect of their real virtues and uses.
: "I believe [[William Bartram|JOHN BARTRAM'S son]] had directions from me, through our late friend, [[Peter Collinson|P. COLLINSON]], to make me a collection of ''drawings'', together with an account of all your ''land Tortoises''. If, therefore, anything upon this subject occurs to thee, or thou meets with any new kind, please to send them to him.
: "It is very admirable that you abound with many plants, many animals, altogether unknown in other parts of the globe, not dissimilar in temperature. ''Golden rods'', ''Asters'', ''Lychnoideas'', ''Sunflowers'', you have more than all the world besides. ''Tortoises'', I think, likewise, and some other animals, are peculiarly abundant with you."

*Fothergill, John, March 15, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 501-02)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. FRANKLIN]] will send all the instruments thou requests, for which I shall pay him, cheerfully. Some of the books thou desires are, at present, out of print; but I shall get and send the rest as soon as I can....
: "I doubt not but you have many curious herbaceous plants yet unnoticed: struck with the greater objects of shrubs and trees, these humbler ones have been overlooked. Get a complete collection of these into some corner of thy garden, and send us a few roots, as thou art able to propagate them. There are few trees in your parts, and not many shrubs, which we have not in our gardens. We have many ''herbaceous'' plants, likewise; but I dare say, a very small number of those that are natives of your parts of America. Look carefully after some ''Ferns'' for me; as also ''bulbous'' plants, as they flower early, for the most part: and all sweet-scented or showy flowers, or such as are of known efficacy in the cure of some diseases. 
: "Thy account of the long-lived ''Tortoise'' is very agreeable; and I am much obliged to thy correspondent, [[William Bartram|BARTRAM]], for some curious drawings. He has a very good hand; and I shall be glad to receive from him all his works, and satisfy him for his trouble, when he informs me how much I am indebted to him."

*[[Benjamin Franklin]], March 18, 1770, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1973: 17: 110)<ref name ="Franklin_1973">Franklin, 1973, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/C75RBUW5 view on Zotero]</ref>
: "Immediately on the Receipt of your Letter, I ordered a Reflecting Telescope for you which was made accordingly. Dr. Fothergill had since desired me to add a Microscope and Thermometer, and will pay for the whole....
: "I thank you for the Seeds, with which I have oblig’d some curious Friends."

* Fothergill, John, February 11, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 504)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "As I have now got most of the common American plants in plenty, I would not give thee the trouble of sending more seeds or plants, of the kinds I have received from thee, except such as I may hereafter desire to make up for my defects. Any new kinds, either plants or seeds, will be very acceptable."

* [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]], April 22, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (1974: 18: 82)<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, 1974, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/2ZC3QI4R view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am much obliged by your kind present of curious seeds. They were welcome gifts to some of my friends."

* Fothergill, John, April 23, 1771, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 505-06)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "In the insect box I have put up a little tract, tending to show in what manner ''plants'' may be best conveyed to Europe, and ''insects'' collected. There is, likewise, a small Botanical Dictionary, and an introduction to a translation of some of [[Carl Linneaus|LINNAEUS'S]] works, which I thought would not be wholly useless to thee, or unacceptable.
: "If thou wants any further helps, that I can give thee, let me know, and I shall supply them as far as I can.
: "I am not yet in possession of a living root of your great Water Lily, or ''Colocasia''. I could wish to have a large one taken up in autumn, well wrapped up in moss, and sent as early as may be convenient, or else soon in the spring... 
: "I am now in possession of the common North American plants; but there are new discoveries made every day. Early spring flowers of any kind, or plants or shrubs that are either useful or curious in their appearance, will be acceptable; and I shall not value the things I receive merely by their quantity, but their worth, when viewed in the light I have described. A curious ''Fern'' is as acceptable to me as the most showy plant....
: "I am economist enough to save the covers of my letters, instead of throwing them into the fire. I give them to my gardener to wrap his seeds in; some of them I have thrust into the empty box, for the like purpose.
: "If I should omit sending thee the future translations of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] work, put me in mind of it."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 27, 1771, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1974: 18: 255-56)<ref name="Franklin"></ref> <div id="Franklin"></div>[[#Franklin_cite|back up to history]]
: “I have also Sent thee a small Box of Seeds that I had Left after packing a few for Dr. Fothergill but I was in So much hast that I omitted Drawing a list of them. They are Chiefly Lapt up in paper and the Name wrote on With my pencil. My Book of observation on the Sun is Like Wise in the Box. And as thou Signifies it Would be some Pleasure to thee to Serve me in Some Small matters I Should take it kind of thee and as a favour if itt Should lay in thy Way to promote a corrispon[dence] between me and Some of the Seeds men or Nursery men in and about London or any Country Gentlemen that is Curious in Making Collections of our American Vegetables or Simples as I am Pretty Well acquainted With the most Sorts that Grows in our Parts of the Country having been in the practice of Collecting a few Seeds for this many years for my Cousin John Bartram, and Within this four or five Years have Sent Some Boxes of plants and Seeds to Dr. Fothergill; I think I Could afford to Collect Boxes of Young plants of the most of our Common trees and Shrubs as Well as Seeds at a little Lower rate than they are Commonly Done for, if thou Should meet With any Such Gentlemen that Should have a mind to try me for a season or two, and they Would Please to Send their orders, I Should Endeavour to Comply With them.
: "Be Pleased to favour me So much after thou hast opened and perused My book of observations to present them to the royall Society in My Name."

* Parke, Thomas, July 5, 1772, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 525)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Parke"></div> [[#Parke_cite|back up to history]]
: "I have taken some pains to oblige thee, in endeavouring to recommend thee to some seedsmen, &c., in England; but fear I have had but poor success, as yet. I shall, however, continue to make inquiry, and if any should choose to employ thee, I shall immediately acquaint thee."

* Fothergill, John, November 1772, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 508-10 <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We save all the earth, and even the moss, from America, throw it upon some vacant [[border]], and cover it with a little earth, that even if a few casual seeds should be in it, we may save them.
: "Our spring was late and unfriendly to plants, so that many were but just showing themselves above ground when I came away (about two months ago); but my gardener writes to me, that they are in a very prosperous condition, and some never seen in England before. Under a north wall, I have a good border, made up of that kind of rich black turf-like soil, mixed with some sand, in which I find most part of the American plants thrive best.... It is acknowledged by the ablest botanists we have, that there is not a richer bit of ground, in curious American plants, in Great Britain: and for many of the most curious, I am obliged to thy diligence and care.... I have an Umbrella Tree, above twenty feet high, that flowers with me abundantly, every spring. The small ''Magnolia'', likewise, flowers with me finely. I have a little wilderness, which, when I bought the premises, was full of old Yew trees, Laurels, and weeds. I had it cleared, well dug, and took up many trees, but left others standing for shelter. Among these I have planted ''Kalmias'', ''Azaleas'', all the ''Magnolias'', and most other hardy American shrubs. It is not quite eight years since I made a beginning; so that my plants must be considered but as young ones....
: "Amongst the rest of the plants, which thou had sent me, was the ''Claytonia'', of which there is not, I believe, another plant in England: a new species of ''Serapion''; and a most curious ''Adianrum''. Other things will show themselves, I doubt not, to both our satisfaction....
: "If the ships are not all sailed for your port, I propose to send some books by them, which I hope may prove acceptable. And in the mean time, I shall be glad thou may now and then be picking up one little addition or another, to the stock of plants thou hast already furnished me with.
: "The ''Tetragonotheca'', a native of your Province, but known chiefly, I believe, to [[JOHN BARTRAM]], is no longer in England. I write to him by this opportunity, to request a root or two, if he can procure them, or a few seeds. If they fall in thy way, please to add them to the rest. I had a plant of the great American ''Nymphaea'' [''Nelumbium''], from W. YOUNG. It put out leaves, and the appearance of a flower; but did not flourish. I should be glad of another root, if it could be easily obtained....
: "I know not whether [[John Bartram|J. BARTRAM]] or any of his family continue to send over boxes of seeds as usual. He collected them with much care, and they mostly gave satisfaction. W. YOUNG has been very diligent, but has glutted the market with many common things; as the ''Tulip trees'', ''Robinias'', and the like. But, contrary to my opinion, he put them into the hands of a person who, to make the most of them, bought up, I am told, all the old American seeds that were in the hands of the seedsmen here, and mixed them with a few of W. YOUNG'S, to increase the quantity. Being old and effete, they did not come up; and have thereby injured his reputation. I am sorry for him; have endeavoured to help him; but he is not discreet."

* Fothergill, John, February 6, 1773, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 510-11) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must desire thee still to proceed in thy vegetable researches, as it falls in thy way.... ''Bulbous roots'' of all kinds are easily conveyed. The ''Orchis'', likewise, may be easily sent.... Don't forget the ''Fern'' tribe. This is a very pleasing part of the creation.
: "I have sent the second part of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNNAEUS]] and shall not omit the rest, as they are published. I have also sent a few numbers (all that are yet published), of a very useful work for young botanists, now carrying on here. There are three plates to each plant, and one sheet of description. The coloured plates make the price high; and the whole, when finished, will come to upwards of 15 guineas. These will not be half the money; and in respect to use, are as valuable as the whole. I shall continue to send them to thee, as they come out, which is very slowly....
: "We have got the true ''Tea Plant'', at length, in England. We are endeavouring to propagate it, and hope we shall succeed, not to as to raise it as a commodity, but merely, in this country, as a curious article. It would thrive in Virginia and Maryland extremely well. I propose to send thee a pretty good account of it, wrote by an acquaintance of mine."

* [[Franklin, Benjamin]], February 14, 1773, letter to Benjamin Marshall (1976: 20: 71) <ref>Benjamin Franklin, ''The Papers of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. William B. Willcox, 47 vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/USJZRFF8 view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I received the box of seeds you were so good as to send me, the beginning of last year, with your Observations on the Spots of the Sun. The seeds I distributed among some of my friends who are curious: please to accept my thankful acknowledgments for them.....
: "As to procuring you a Correspondence with some ingenious Gentelman here, who is curious, which you desire, I find many who like to have a few Seeds given them, but do not desire large Quantities, most considerable Gardens being now supply’d like Dr. Fothergill’s, with what they chuse to have; and there being Nursery-men now here, who furnish what Particulars are wanted, without the Trouble of a foreign Correspondence and the Vexations at the Customhouse."

* Fothergill, John, June 28, 1774, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 512)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I... am obliged to thee for thy kind intention of looking out for a few more plants for me.
: "I hope the glasses came safe, and were agreeable to thy orders. I intended them as a compensation for thy endeavours to serve me, and shall readily do what further thou may think needful, as an equivalent. I have sent two more numbers of MILLER'S botanical work; and a treatise on ''Coffee'', with an excellent coloured plate. Nothing more of LINNAEUS'S is yet translated; when it is, I shall not fail to send it.
: "I shall hope to receive, by the autumn ships, some little addition to my garden, as it may occasionally fall in thy way. I have most of your usual plants; but there are divers still unnoticed. I hope I have a plant of your large ''Nymphaea''; but, for all that, I should be exceedingly glad to have another. If seeds are sent, be kind enough to crack the shells of some of them before they are put into the mud they should be sent in. I find the shells are so hard, that they will not give way to the embryo plant without this aid, at least in this country.
: "Look carefully after your Ferns. You have a great variety. I have more American ''Ferns'' than most of my acquaintance; but I know you must have more, and various ''Polypodies'', likewise. I am reckoned to have the best collection of North American Plants of any private person in the neighbourhood. I am obliged to thee for many of them."

*Fothergill, John, August 23, 1775, letter from Cheshire to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 513-15)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I am much obliged to thee for several very kind letters, and a box of plants, amongst which are some ''new Ferns'', and a few other rare plants. For these, and many others, I am still in thy debt, but, at present, without any opportunity of repaying thee....
: "At present, I cannot expect anything, as all intercourse between America and Britain will be cut off, and I am afraid for a long time. Be attentive, however, to increase thy collection at home, by putting every rare plant thou meets with in a little garden, and as much like their natural situation, as to shade, dryness or moisture, as possible. For instance, most of the Ferns like shade and moisture; these may be planted on some north border, where the sun shines but little except in the morning; and so of the rest.
: "My garden is about five miles from London, warm and sheltered, rather moist than dry; and I have the satisfaction of seeing all North American plants prosper amazingly. There are few gardens in the neighbourhood of London, ''Kew'' excepted, that can show either so large or so healthy a collection....
: "Many of thy plants are there in good perfection.... 
: "The instruments are all sent by [[Benjamin Franklin|Dr. Franklin]]."

* Bond, Thomas, 1779, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Belden 1965: 122)<ref>Belden, 1965, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/VPS998N6 view on Zotero].</ref> <div id="Bond"></div> [[#Bond_cite|back up to history]]
: "Knowing you to be a lover of useful knowledge and acquisitions, I take this opportunity...to let you know Mons. Gerard, the French minister, is a gentleman of the same turn.... It is in his power— it is his wish, to improve the useful productions of his new world. He wants our curiosities and novelties; we want his valuable collections from all other parts of the world. This is, therefore, to request you would come forth with me, to make an offer of mutual good offices; and to furnish me with a list of such seeds, vegetables, plants, trees, etc. as this country wants, and what we could give him."

* Bond, Thomas, November 3, 1779, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 537)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Gerard"></div> [[#Gerard_cite|back up to history]]

: "I received your botanic collection for our friend [the French Minister] Mr. GERARD, which I am certain, from the list, will be a very agreeable present to a man who will not only prize them duly, but will show a grateful acknowledgment for them. They shall be sent to him in your name, with great care, by the first opportunity."

* Bond, Thomas, October 26, 1780, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Mr. MARBOIS, has apply'd to me in behalf of the Marshal NOAILLES, and the Royal Garden at Paris, to enter into a commerce of exchange of such trees, plants, &c., as would be a mutual advantage and improvement, in the natural productions of Europe and America.
: "They do not desire botanical curiosities; but such things only as would enrich France, — such as ''Pines'', ''Oaks'', ''Hickories'', ''Poplars'', ''Persimmons'', ''Magnolias'', &c., and wish to have a parcel of the nuts sent as soon as possible—for planting next spring."

* Bond, Thomas, November 20, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 538-39)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Your two letters and botanic collection came safe to hand; but not being at home, I missed a wished-for opportunity of...sending the list of seeds which our new correspondents Desire to have sent them.... I think it would be best for you to come up yourself, and hear what Proposals the Minister of France and Mr. MARBOIS have further to make; the catalogue being very large, and will give you much trouble to collect.
: "I perceive by your last letter, 'tis your inclination to send this box to our former friend, Mr. GERARD, on the generous plan of reciprocal correspondency. This I highly approve, and shall ship it this week; and make no doubt he will make a very useful exchange for us and the public."

* Bond, Thomas, December 2, 1780, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received last night your letter and box, which I shall inform the Chevalier of, and know his pleasure about it. The collection, though small, is valuable and curious. I wish to keep up a correspondency in Europe, on a small scale, and solely with a view of furnishing each country, reciprocally, with such things as may be useful. This I hope you will enable me to do. As the other is a very large affair, and will cost you much trouble, you ought to be well paid for it. I had not time to translate the direction, about the manner of preserving the seeds: you must, therefore— when you have perused it— send it again; or rather bring it and I will introduce you to the Minister."

* *<div id="king"></div>Bond, Thomas, March 16, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 539)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> [[#king_cite|back up to history]]
: "Mr. GERARD...desires we would continue our correspondency. He sent us two boxes of curious seeds.... Another may be expected every day. Mr. WHARTON tells me, the King of France examined every article of our collection, and was extremely pleased with it. This is a very respectful and may be a very useful correspondency. Let us support it with the patriotic spirit it deserves. I have a prospect of adding to it greatly, via Pittsburg."

*Lettsom, John Coakley, c. March 1781, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 541) <ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy letters dated the 19th and 29th of October, and November 10th, with some shrubs, and afterwards various seeds.
: "I think full half the shrubs are now in a thriving state, and many of the seeds are above ground. For these last I am still indebted to thee five guineas.
: "I have sent thee some books, &c, which I hope will arrive safe, and meet with thy free acceptance."

* Bond, Thomas, July 12, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "There lately arrived here, after a series of misfortunes, a young Swede gentleman, by name of GUSTAVUS FREDERIC HILLMAN, a regular bred physician, a good naturalist and botanist, and was bred under [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS]]. He appears to me to be a man worthy and learned, and may be of great use in this country, in many respects. I think he might be of service to your neighbours, as a physician, and to you, in your botanic collections. As you have a large house and small family, if it was not inconvenient to you to let him have lodgings with you, for a short time.... If he has not a favourable answer from you soon, he will be obliged to re-embark for Europe."

* Bond, Thomas, August 24, 1781, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 540-41)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I find a letter I wrote you, some time since, concerning Mr. HILLMAN, was not come to hand. He is since engaged in the Pennsylvania Hospital.
: "Several of the botanic plants GERARD sent, have grown, but the greater part failed. There is one very fine plant of the ''Jalap''. The ''Gentian'' did not grow. The garden seeds mostly grew; some of them are an acquisition. I wrote to Mr. MARTIN, about the seeds you mentioned, but have not received an answer.....
: "I think it will be best to make another collection for our friend GERARD. I will write to him for more seeds, to be put up more carefully."

* Parke, Thomas, September 5, 1782, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 528)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The bearer, [[William Hamilton|WILLIAM HAMILTON]], Esq., intending to pass through part of Chester County, is desirous of being introduced to my friend MARSHALL'S acquaintance. His knowledge of Botany and Natural History— his taste for cultivating the many curious productions of America, united to his very amiable character— will, I am confident, gain him a welcome reception at Bradford."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, 1783, letter forwarded by George Logan to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 550-51)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "We wish to be informed if we can be supplied with any of the natural productions of America, either by barter for the productions of Italy, or at a moderate price.
: "Quadrupeds, birds, insects, worms or serpents,...minerals, seeds, and plants, — particularly that plant called ''Dionoea muscipula'', which is found in low marshy places in South Carolina. For such articles we shall be willing to pay the customary price, or return the value of them in such plants as we are in possession of; a catalogue of which we now send you.
: " If any gentlemen of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia are willing to enter on such a friendly intercourse with the Royal Museum of the Grand Duke, they will please address their letters to ''Monsieur L'Abbé'' FONTANA, ''à Florence''."

* Fontana, Abbé Felice, January 16, 1784, letter from Pisa, Italy, to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 552)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Fontana"></div> [[#Fontana_cite|back up to history]]
: "It is with a great pleasure that I have received... your letters, and the two boxes of American plants, which you was so good to forward to us; which came almost all alive, and hope they will thrive well in our country.... I am not in Florence now; and consequently it is not in my power to send you anything, except few seeds that I shall endeavour to get from the garden of the University, reserving to me self the pleasur to send you something more by the first occasion."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 28, 1784, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 542-43)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Lettsom"></div> [[#Lettsom_cite|back up to history]]
: "Thy very obliging letter, with the present of the seeds, came safe, for which I return many thanks.
: "I have wrote to Dr. [Thomas] PARKE by this opportunity, and desired him in my name, to make some compensation for thy trouble for the same, and for such as thou choose to send me by the subsequent opportunities.
: "I have not yet introduced many exotics into my grounds. I have a few ''Magnolias'', ''Kalmias'', and ''Evergreen Oaks''; but, as I have devoted a large space of ground for American shrubs and trees, duplicates will not be disagreeable to me. Seeds I shall take the best care of; but shrubs, and trees growing, fruit-trees, and any others, will be full as acceptable as ''seeds'', where they can be sent but both shall receive a hospitable reception at my villa of ''Grove Hill''.
: "The major part of Dr. Fothergill's [[hothouse|hot]] and [[greenhouse|green house]] plants I purchased; but I had no Americans, which were in general in his ground; and this leaves me more open to receive duplicates. I should wish to have some little information respecting soil and growth, though ever so short."

* [[Marshall, Moses]], June 27, 1784, letter from Bedford to Humphry Marshall, (Darlington 1849: 553)<ref name="Darlington">Darlington, 1849 ,</ref>
: "These four days past, we have been amongst the Pine Mountains, where we have seen plenty of the Cucumber Trees, Rhododendrons, and Mountain Raspberry [''Rubus odoratus'', L.]: and yesterday, about Juniata, we found broad, willow-leaved Oak [[''Quercus imbricaria'', Mx.?], and red-berried Elder.
: "In coming along, I have seen many strange plants; but may be chiefly varieties of what we have already. However, I shall gather what seed I can, of any such, or bring the plants."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 13, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers">Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, Series X, Manuscripts, Box 10/4, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/NCUEHMJF view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I want to send to England a box of plants & seeds as complete as may be.... I have further an order for some particular plants which I have mislaid, shd. I find it shall wish to know from you where I can send it so as to come quickest to you. If convenient shd. like to receive a list of such things as you wd. propose putting up in [illeg.] as also a note of the probable cost. I shall have frequent orders. 
: “I find a mem[orandu]:m. mentioning Cardinal, Blue Scarlet."

* Parke, Thomas, April 27, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "[[William Hamilton|W. HAMILTON]] has sent a number of curious flowering shrubs and fruit trees, to be transplanted at his seat on the Schuylkill; and his gardener informs me, the most of them are healthy, and appear likely to live.
: "I have lately received a letter from my friend, Robert Barclay, dated in December last, wherein he requests I would apply to thee to send him a collection of ''seeds'' of such ''herbaceous plants'' as were in thy list of the year 1783. He adds, if they could be sent in March, by some safe conveyance, he should be glad to have them forwarded; but, as his letter did not reach me in time, I expect it will not do to forward them before next fall. However, I leave it to thy better judgment, — and request thee to collect the seeds, and send them when thee thinks the season will be most favourable."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], April 30, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The day after your departure I laid your Botanical Catalogue before the Society for promoting Agriculture & on friday, before the Philosophical Society, they each were sensible of the merit & utility of the work & wished it might be published, but the present state of their finances, did not authorise them to undertake the publication….
: “As the work will give much original Botanical Information of the new World, be of public utility, also reputable & serviceable to you, by collecting for the curious I am very anxious for its immediate publication, therefore would venture in behalf of my friends here and in Europe to subscribe for 50 or 60 copies & also use my interest for procuring other subscrips."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 14, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: “Conformable to your letter of 5 Ins[tant]. I sent an advertisement to the papers & hope it will have the deserved effect, but if not, as I think it calculated to promote Botanical knowledge, hitherto but little attended to in the new world, it shall not want the necessary assistance to carry it on, but this keep to yourself, as it might, if known, injure the subscription. I can by no means approve of its being published in England, as I wish America to have the whole merit & it will be sooner accomplished….
: “I am now planting trees & shrubs in the [[State House Yard|state house square]], & as I wish to collect there a specimen of every sort in America that will grow in this state, I wish to have your advice & assistance, as soon as convenient."

* [[Samuel Vaughan|Vaughan, Samuel]], May 28, 1785, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "As it is my wish to plant in the State-house square specimens of every tree & shrub that grows in the several states on this Continent that will thrive here, I have Inclosed a sketch of such as I have been able to procure since the 7th. of last month, with a list of such others as have occurred to me hitherto, but as I am unacquainted with the vast variety remaining & that you have have turned your thoughts in that line, I have to request & shall be much obliged to you for a list of such as occur to you, with directions in what state or place they are to be had; that I may lay out to procure them to plant in the fall.
: "Planted in the [[State House Yard|State-house square]]...." [List of 86 plant varieties follows]

* Marshall, Humphry, October 4, 1785, letter from West Bradford to John Coakley Lettsom (Darlington 1849: 543-44)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I must acknowledge myself much obliged to thee, for getting my thermometer repaired, and sending me the several books thou hast. But, instead of [[Carl Linnaeus|LINNAEUS'S]] ''Genera Plantarum'', translated into English by COLIN MILNE, thou hast sent the Lichfield publication, which I had sent me before by my friend BARCLAY....
: "The box is filled up with some other articles, as per catalogue inclosed, being a few seeds, nuts, &c, not dried much— which, if they don't mould, will come over in perfection; and if they do, they may vegetate, perhaps, better than if dried."

* <div id="1785"></div>Marshall, Humphry, 1785, Advertisement published in ''Arbustrum Americanum''(pp. viii-ix, 170)<ref>Marshall, 1785, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/MJU57ISS view on Zotero].</ref> [[#1785_cite|back up to history]]
: "In this my ''Countrymen'' are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The ''foreigner'', curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his [[plantation]] or garden of our different ornamenting flowering shrubs. 
: "ADVERTISEMENT.
: "BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for ''Humphry Marshall'', of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to."

* Marshall, Humphry, December 5, 1785, letter to [[Benjamin Franklin]] (Darlington 1849: 522-23)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I had it in contemplation to mention to thee for thy approbation, or sentiments thereon, a proposal that I had made, last winter, to my cousin, [[William Bartram|WM. BARTRAM]], and nephew, [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MOSES MARSHALL]], of taking a tour, mostly through the western parts of our United States, in order to make observations, &c, upon the Natural productions of those regions; with a variety of which, hitherto unnoticed, or but imperfectly described, we have reason to believe they abound; which, on consideration, they at that time seemed willing to undertake, and I conceive would be so still, provided they should meet with proper encouragement and support for such a journey; which they judge would be attended with considerable expense, for the transportation of their collections, &c, and for their subsistence during a period of fifteen or eighteen months, or more, which would at least be necessary for the completion of the numerous observations, and objects they would have to make remarks on, and collect. Should such proposals be properly encouraged, I apprehend they would engage to set out early in the spring, and throughout their journey make diligent search and strict observation upon everything within the province of a naturalist; but more especially upon Botany, for the exercise of which there appears, in such a journey, a most extensive field; for, from accounts of our western territories, they are said to abound with varieties of strange trees, shrubs, and plants, no doubt applicable to many valuable purposes in arts or manufactures, and to be replete with various species of earths, stones, salts, inflammable minerals, and metals (the many uses of obtaining a knowledge of which is sufficiently obvious); remarks, experiments, &c, upon every of which they propose making; as also to make collections, and preserve specimens, of everything that may enrich useful science, or amuse the curious naturalist; to the conducement of which, they would willingly receive and observe any reasonable instructions that might facilitate their discoveries, or direct their researches.
: "I have taken the freedom to mention these proposals to thee knowing that thou was always ready and willing to promote any useful knowledge and science, for the use of mankind; and if, on consideration of the premises, thou should approve thereof, thou may communicate them to the members of the Philosophical Society, or any other set of gentlemen, that would be willing or likely to encourage such an undertaking. Perhaps Congress, or some of the members, might promote their going out with the surveyors, when they lay out the several new states.
: "I have ordered [[Moses Marshall|my nephew]], the Doctor, to present thee with one of my Catalogues of the Forest Trees of our Thirteen United States; which I hope thou'll accept of, for thy perusal."

* Dickinson, Mary, June 12, 1786, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A relation of mine in England, who is wife to David Barclay, has requested me to send her some seeds of the most curious natural productions of America. I thought I would take the freedom to ask thy assistance, knowing how very curious thee is in this way."

* Parke, Thomas, June 18, 1786, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 529)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "A young gentleman being about to sail for London, from whence he intends to go to Edinburgh to finish his medical education, is desirous of taking a box of seeds of the most curious flowering shrubs, &c., to present to the Professor of Botany in that University.... He is willing to pay £5 for the collection, and expects to have a sample of the most curious, particularly of the ''Franklinia''."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 14, 1786, letter from West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania to Sir Joseph Banks (Darlington 1849: 560-62)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I received thy favour, dated April the 5th, 1786, in which thou seems desirous of trying an experiment upon the curing the root of ''Ginseng''; for which purpose thou desires that I would procure thee one or two hundred weight of the fresh root... which requisition I have endeavoured to comply with, but have not been able to procure for thee more than about one hundred weight of the fresh root, and that at a considerable expense; having to employ a young man, a nephew of mine [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]], that lives with me, to travel about two hundred miles to the westward, through a dismal mountainous part of our country....
: "I expect thou'll be willing to pay a reasonable compensation, which would be, at least, an English crown a pound, I should apprehend. But, if thou thinks that too much, be pleased to pay what thou thinks would be a compensation, adequate to the trouble and cost the young doctor hath been at; and I hope, if thou, or any of the members of the Royal Society, should see cause to employ him, or me, in future, that we would endeavour to serve you as reasonable as any other persons; and as my nephew is well versed in the knowledge of Botany, and would gladly be employed in researches in that line, or to explore our western regions in search of minerals, fossils, or inflammables, and objects of History, &c., provided he could meet with proper encouragement, I, therefore, make free to mention something of the kind to thee, that if the Royal Society should have a mind to employ any person, on this side the water, for such purposes, he would be willing to serve them.
: "I have sent thee one of my pamphlets, entitled the ''American Grove'', and expect thou'll present it to the Royal Society, in my name, if thou thinks it worth their notice and acceptance; as also one for thyself, which I hope will be accepted.
: "P.S. If the Ginseng is to plant, as I expect it is, it should be planted in a shady situation, and in a rich black mould, or soil: as I have experienced it will not bear our summer heat, without being shaded, — especially in the middle of the day.
: "But your country not being so hot, perhaps it may bear the heat of the sun with you. However, I should advise a shady situation for it, and rich ground. And if any more should be wanted, perhaps it might be procured some small matter reasonabler than this sent, my nephew having found, in his route, where it grows pretty plenty."

* Eddy, Charles, July 18, 1787, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger">Harshberger, 1929, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/58HQXQQZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I have an idea if [[Moses Marshall|thy Nephew]] could spare the time to come to come to this Country even for a very short time he might find a great Advantage in observing which Plants are the most valuable and scarce here— am told that when the Scarlet Azalea was first introduced here a single plant was sold for £40 St[erlin]g. to a nurseryman for propagation. James Phillips informs me that very few of the American Grove are yet disposed of"

* Merian, Samuel, August 10, 1787, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (quoted in Harshberger, 1929: 270)<ref name="Harshberger"></ref>
: "A friend of myne living in the country knowing by the American Grove that you can provide with those shrubs and trees therein described desired me to whrite for the annexed plants."

* Wistar, Caspar, October 21, 1787, letter to Humphry and [[Moses Marshall]] (Darlington 1849: 568-59)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "With this I send a Treatise on the effects of ''Foxglove'', which I mentioned to friend H. M. when he was last in town. [[Moses Marshall|Dr. M.]] will he pleased to find that he is in possession of a plant of such efficacy, and perhaps will cultivate a greater quantity of it. As the book is in great demand, I wish he would return it by the first opportunity that offers, after he has read it.
: "If you have any of the plant to spare, I will be much obliged to you for a few leaves of it, and also a few seeds, with the book, when it is returned."

* Banks, Joseph, February 6, 1788, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants of which you have a list...being wanted for Kew Garden his Majesties Botanic institution I have at the desire of Mr. Aiton the gardener undertaken to apply to you for them....
: "You will contrive to have them ship'd at a reasonable expense & properly take care of their passage as their safe arrival & reasonable price will enable me to recommend you to Custom here." [List of 28 plants follows]

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 2, 1788, letter from Nazareth to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 571-73)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Kramsch"></div> [[#Kramsch_cite|back up to history]]
: "I take the liberty, though not personally acquainted, but highly esteemed by your excellent botanical work styled ''Arbustum Americanum'', or American Grove, to trouble you with a few lines....
: "I am a German by birth.... I came to this country in the year 1783, at the latter end of it. I belong to that Society which is called the United Brethren, or, as they call them here, the Moravians....
: "As I loved the study of Natural History, and especially Botany, from my childhood, I was very happy...when my call brought me to North America. The first year, I searched, with great care, the country about Bethlehem, to examine new plants I never saw before.... I inquired very often if nobody ever undertook to write a botanical work for this country, a ''Flora Americana'', or the like; but I could not learn of any. But, how glad was I, when I first saw your excellent book advertised. My colleagues in that science, viz., Rev. Mr. HUBNER, the Rev. JACOB VAN VLECK, and Dr. KAMPMAN, each of us, we procured us with it. 
: "I got new feal [zeal?] in Botany, when I came to Nazareth, in searching the country round about. Natural History, and especially Botany, was one of the sciences I should teach here in our boarding-school, or academy; and my young scholars were exceeding glad to see a book in that science also from their native country: and perhaps it is the first place where it is used as a school-book.
: "But, dear sir, though I am not a native of these states, but a warm friend to them, and because it is my ardent wish that also Natural History, as other sciences, should become more extensive and flourishing, I beg your pardon that I remember here your promise, given at the introduction to the ''American Grove.'' 'The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to forest trees and shrubs; however, he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.'
: "...I think it would be necessary to consider once about the plan, that it may become as useful as possible to the public. I would flatter myself, if you would be incited, through these lines, to consider the matter once more. Perhaps you could hear some or other thought, if you would put once something about this point in a public paper, Columbian Magazine, or American Museum; and perhaps by that channel your learned friends in the United States could lend their accounts, hints, or notes, for public use to you. 
: "Would you do me the favour to inform me where one could get Dr. KALM'S ''Journeys through N. America'', and CLAYTON'S ''Flora Virginica'', it would be greatly obliging to me."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, August 10, 1788, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 548)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "The plant described by thee, and designed to honour my name, is a species of ''Polygala'', and is, I believe, a new one....
: "Perhaps thou may send me some plants, at the fall of the leaf; and it is necessary that I should compensate thee; and therefore, I give thee the liberty of drawing upon me for ten pounds sterling.
: "I wish a healthy plant of Ginseng could be sent with the plants."

* Parke, Thomas, October 10, 1788, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 530)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I intended to have sent thee a copy of [Thomas] WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniana'' but find one is already thy property, by direction of Doctor LETTSOM."

* Marshall, Humphry, November 4, 1788, letter to John Coakley Lettsom, (Darlington 1849: 548-49)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Thine, dated 10th of August, with several books, came safe to hand.
: "With this, I send a small box of plants the list of contents inclosed which I hope will not prove unacceptable; though there is little of novelty in the collection to recommend it, except the ''Azalea'', which I believe is yet rare.
: "I had discovered my error, with regard to the small plant sent thee last year, and might sooner have done it, had I been careful. However, it has gone but to thyself, except lately, by the name of ''Polygala'', to SIR JOSEPH BANKS.
: "The ''Plumed Andromeda'', of BARTRAM, is the ''Cyrilla''. The ''Franklinia'', I believe, is a species of ''Gordonia''.
: "I am much pleased with WALTER'S ''Flora'', which appears to be well executed. Every addition to botanical knowledge will always prove acceptable."

* Lettsom, John Coakley, February 2, 1789, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 549)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I write now to acknowledge the receipt of thy letter of November last, and to add that yesterday the box was safely landed; and, on a cursory inspection, the plants contained seem healthy. 
: "At the expense of much labour and money, I have brought some fine bog earth on my premises which your countrymen thrive best in; and I hope soon to possess an ample collection of them.
: "I am obliged to thee for thy intention of increasing my Americans, as opportunity may offer. [John] FRASER, to whom a few of us in London subscribed an annual sum, has not answered our expectations. His ''catalogue'', enclosed, are the seeds and plants of his own property. His subscribers, at least I— had very few indeed."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, May 6, 1789, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection) <ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref> <div id="Banks"></div> [[#Banks_cite|back up to history]]
: "Your Box of Plants was received safe & to all appearance in good order. have no doubt that as the spring advances we shall find in it several Plants which will enrich our Botanical knowledge....
: "The Franklinia is as you conjecture a species of Gordonia a drawing of that Plant sent here by Mr. [[John Bartram|Bartram]] to Mr. Barclay has been compared with specimens; so that no doubt now can remain on that subject.
: "Mr. Aiton has desir'd me to request from you a similar Box of Plants by the next fall for his Majesty's Garden where those of the Last Box are already planted & has given me the under written List of Plants more particularly wanted there...." [list of sixteen plants]

* Parke, Thomas, May 18, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "R. BARCLAY writes me that he is much pleased with the plants received, which, with [[William Bartram|W. BARTRAM'S]] drawing of the ''Franklinia'', arrived in good order. The botanists in England will not, however, allow it to be properly named. BARCLAY says he shall want some plants from thee in the fall; and wishes to know whether the ''Cranberry plant'' cannot be sent to England, to be propagated."

* Parke, Thomas, July 10, 1789, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I received a few days ago an open Letter for thee ... from Descenet at Paris.... He is very desirous of knowing whether he can depend on having the seeds sent agreeably to his Garden....</p<>
: "I received a Letter from my friend R. Barclay who informs me Aiton the Kings Gardener is about publishing a Catalogue of all the Botanic Collection at Kew— when tis published he promises thee a Copy. RB wishes to have a Box of Cranberry plants as before mentioned."

* Kramsch, Rev. Samuel, July 25, 1789, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 573-74)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I pity you extraordinary that you met with so little encouragement for a description of the herbaceous plants, occasioned by the dull sale of the American Grove. I always think some hints, either in the Columbian Magazine, or the American Museum, should encourage this study.
: "The spirit of home-made manufactories is now happily spread abroad. We begin to look upon everything what might be useful for it. We should now also know that treasures we possess in the United States, concerning vegetables. Proposals should be made in that respect, to get a complete catalogue; and afterwards, we should learn and discover all the use of them.
: "I botanized hereabouts, as much as time would permit it, and found a great variety of plants between here and my former place.... As soon as time is over for that purpose, I shall sent you the catalogue of all my plants, which I have found here and in Pennsylvania."

* Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry, January 18, 1790, letter from Lancaster, Pa. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 575-76)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Muhlenberg"></div> [[#Muhlenberg_cite|back up to history]]
: "I would have answered your kind letter, and have returned my thanks sooner for the shrubs and roots you were pleased to send to me, if I had not waited, though in vain, for an opportunity of sending the ''Viburnum Opulus'' you wanted. I have been all about, and can find none that are small enough. However, I shall try again, in spring, at some other places, where I formerly have seen some.
: "I have made different excursions this year, after I had the pleasure of seeing you here; and have added greatly to my Flora. If I am not mistaken, I found a great number of your ''Spiraea Hypericifolia'' at the Susquehanna. It blossoms the latter end of July, with a fine yellow flower; but I doubt whether it should not be called ''Hypericum Kalmianum'' or ''prolificum'', as the capsule is very different from ''Spiraea''. When the exemplar you sent to me blossoms, I will be better able to judge.
: "Your ''Arbustum'' has been translated and reprinted in Germany. I have wrote for several exemplars and expect them this year.
: "As I know that [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]] has studied physic, I make bold to send him the late edition of Linnaei ''Materia Medica'', and hope the present will be not unacceptable. I have a great many botanical writings, and shall be happy if I can serve you or him in botanical researches, through a loan of them. Pray remember my best respects to him; and tell him how gladly I would embrace an opportunity of a correspondence, which certainly would be an advantage to our botanical studies.
: "You were pleased to mention to me, that you had an edition of WALTER'S ''Flora Caroliniensis''. If you could spare that work for a few weeks, and send it to Lancaster for my perusal, I should think myself greatly indebted to you. It should be returned with expedition and undamaged....
: "I shall pass by your house, the latter end of May, on my way to Philadelphia; and then hope to see you, [[Moses Marshall|your nephew]], and your garden. Against that time, I expect to receive a great many of fresh seeds from Germany, of which you shall have whatever may be pleasing."

* Karmsch, Rev. Samuel, February 20, 1790, letter from Salem, N.C. to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 574-75)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "When I wrote my last letter to you, I imagined to make good harvest in the fall, concerning seeds, fruits, and the like; but... it was not in my power to bring the list of plants in order, and to copy it for you.
: "The scarlet blowing ''Azalea'', I shall hardly find living sixty miles distant from the big mountains. For the Physik nut I will inquire."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, April 3, 1790, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Plants sent by you this year arrived safe & in good condition except that some of the pieces of the root of Violas &c. were so small that I fear we shall not be able to preserve them I should be glad if larger pieces could be sent in future even tho a higher price was charged.... 
: "Enclosed is a List for this year the plants of which I should wish to receive in the autumn about the same time as the last came here as that is the best season for sending the list is forwarded Early as some of the Plants may be to be sought for in the Course of the summer."

* Parke, Thomas, April 20, 1790, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I apply' d to [[John Bartram|J. B]]. for the plants thee mentioned. I could not procure the whole number ordered, but, as a great favour, obtained some of each sort, with a few of some he calls a ''new species'', as per his account inclosed. 
: "Did thee not promise some seeds for Lord SUFFIELD? If a few could be sent him, I think he would be pleased; and as the plants cannot go till the fall, it would manifest an attention to his orders."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 22, 1790, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 577)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I was truly sorry that I did not see you when you were last at Philadelphia. I hope, the next time you come down, you will give me a call. If I can tempt you no other way, I promise to show you many plants that you have never yet seen, some of them curious."

* Beelen Bertholf, Baron de, October 12, 1791, letter to Humphry Marshall (Gutowski, 1988, 33)<ref>Gutowski, 1988, [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/FEKTNCPT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "I am very much oblige to you for the maple and lombardy poplar trees, which you sent forward to me by the negro man."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, March 2, 1791, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I shall be very glad of specimens when you Collect them especially of new or very Rare Plants with such names as you chuse written upon them as they will serve as interpreters between us....
: "The enclosed leaf grows here from your Plants; but as it does not Flower we have no means of Discovering what it is. I shall thank you if you can spare a specimen of it with the Flower to enclose it to me in a Letter or at least let me know what name it is known by." [List of 33 plants follows]

* Banks, Sir Joseph, 1792, letter from London to Humphry Marshall(USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "You Box arrivd as usual safe & in good condition.
: "I shall be obligd to you for the Following sorts next year on the same terms & anything new you chuse to put among them.... [list of 33 plants follows]
: "I am sorry the specimens were in a bad order & so small as I am not able unless they were larger & more carefully dried to ascertain what they have been. The following are all the characters I have been able to make.... [list of plants follows]
: "I heartily wish you success in your undertakings & shall be happy when in my power to recommend you to Custom here be in other manner serviceable to you."

* Parke, Thomas, October 9, 1792, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (USDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "I have just now obtained from John Bartram a Box of Plants agreeably to thy request. To make up for some, contained in thy list, I find he has added considerably to the number requested in the Order given him....
: "The Ships...are expected to sail next Seventh day the 13th Inst. by which time I shou'd like to have the Boxes for P. Bond & Thornton.
: [Invoice and receipt enclosed with letter] "Box containing growing Roots of curious Trees Shrubs & Herbacious Plants [List of 45 varieties follows]
: "1 Case growing Roots of American Trees Shrubs & c."

* Banks, Sir Joseph, August 28, 1793, letter from London to Humphry Marshall (UDSDA History Collection)<ref name="Humphry Marshall Papers"> </ref>
: "The Baron Itzenplitz who writes to you with this Letter is a particular Friend of mine & has opened a Correspondence with you at my desire you will find him a man of probity in his dealings on whom you may fully depend a Paymaster in whatever he may order from you & I should think it probable if you oblige him that he may have it in his Power to recommend you to much business in Germany."

* Parke, Thomas, April 29, 1795, letter from Philadelphia to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 531-32)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "Sir JOHN MENZIES wishes to improve his grounds, in Scotland, by mixing such of the American ''forest trees'' with the native Pines of Great Britain, as are likely to agree with the soil and climate; and desires a collection of such trees as can be got in Pennsylvania, or rather, that an assortment of seeds may be sent him by the first opportunity. He also wishes a small assortment of apples, pears, and peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or three years old."

* [[Dickinson, John]], October 29, 1796, letter from Wilmington to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 566-67)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: Dr. DANIEL BANCROFT having a demand, from Europe, for some samples in Natural History, described in thy book, wishes thy acquaintance.
: "I therefore beg leave thus to introduce him; being well assured it will give thee pleasure to pay attention to a gentleman engaged in such pursuits, as well as to serve our native land, by rendering the products, with which it is so eminently blessed, more known in other parts of the world; an office that perhaps may communicate benefits to distant regions, and generations yet unborn."

*Dickinson, John, November 1, 1796, letter to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 567)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "ARCHIBALD HAMILTON ROWAN, for whom I have a particular esteem, has been requested by his excellent wife, from whom he is so unhappily banished, to send her a collection of American seeds; and it will afford me a great deal of pleasure, if I can assist him in making it.
: "I understand that the seeds intended are those of flowers and shrubs, but chiefly the latter, with some few seeds of trees.
: "If thou or [[Moses Marshall|the Doctor]] will be so kind as to give directions for my being supplied with a collection to the amount of ten or fifteen dollars, it will be regarded as a great favour....
: "The collection will be the more valuable, if the properest names are given, and the seasons for planting mentioned."

* [[Hamilton, William]], November 23, 1796, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 578)<ref name="Darlington"></ref> <div id="Hamilton"></div> [[#Hamilton_cite|back up to history]]
: "I am much obliged to you for the seeds you were so good as to send me, of the ''Pavia'', and of the ''Podophyllum'' or ''Jeffersonia''.
: "When you were last here it was so late, and you were of course so much hurried, as to prevent your deriving any satisfaction in viewing my exotics. I hope when you come next to Philadelphia, that you will allot one whole day, at least, for [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']]. It will not only give me real pleasure to have your company, but I am persuaded it will afford some amusement to yourself.
: "Your nephew [[Moses Marshall|[Moses Marshall]]] did me the favour of calling, the other day; but he, too, was in a hurry, and had little opportunity of satisfying his curiosity. I flatter myself, however, that during his short stay he saw enough to induce him to repeat his visit. The sooner this happens, the more agreeable it will be to me.
: "When I was at your house, a year ago, I observed several matters in the gardening way, different from any in my possession. Being desirous to make my collection as general as possible, I beg to know if you have, by layers, or any other mode, sufficiently increased any of the following kinds so as to be able, with convenience, to spare a plant of each of them, viz.: — ''Ledum palustre'', ''Carolina Rhamnus'', ''Azalea coccinea'', ''Mimosa Intsia'', and ''Laurus Borbonia''. Any of them would be agreeable to me; as also would be a plant, or seeds ''Hippophae Canadensis'', ''Aralia hispida'', ''Spiraea nova'' from the western country; ''Tussilago Petasites'', ''Polymnia tetragonotheca'', ''Hydrophyllum Canadense'', ''H. Virginicum'', ''Polygala Senega'', ''P. biflora'', ''Napoea scabra dioica'', ''Talinum'', a nondescript ''Sedum'' from the west, somewhat like the ''Telephium'', two kinds of a genus supposed, by [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]], to be between ''Uvularia'' and ''Convallaria'' [probably the ''Streptopus'', of [[André Michaux|MICHAUX]], which the MARSHALLS proposed to call ''Bartonia''], and ''Rubia Tinctorum''. I should also be obliged to you for a few seeds of your ''Calycanthus'', ''Spigelia Marilandica'', ''Tormentil'' from Italy, and two of your ''Oaks'' with ovate entire leaves."

* [[Hamilton, William]], May 3, 1799, letter from [[The Woodlands]] to Humphry Marshall (Darlington 1849: 579-80)<ref name="Darlington"></ref>
: "I have not until this time been able to comply with my promise of sending you a Tea Tree.
: "I now take the opportunity of forwarding you... a very healthy one, as well as several of other kinds, which I believe are not already in your collection; together with a small parcel of seeds....
: "Should anything else, in my possession, occur to you as a desirable addition to the variety in your garden, I beg you will inform me. You may be assured, whatever it is, if I have two of the kind, you will be welcome to one. Sensible as I am of your kindness and friendship to me, on all occasions, you have a right, and may freely command every service in my power.
: "Doctor Parke informs me you were lately in Philadelphia. Had it been convenient to you to call at [[The Woodlands|the ''Woodlands'']], I should have had great pleasure in seeing you. I have not heard of [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL'S]] having been in this neighbourhood since I was last at ''Bradford''. From the pressing invitation I gave him, I am willing to hope that, in case of his coming to town, he will not forget to give me a call. I beg you will present him with my best respects, and request of him to give me a line of information, as to the ''Menziesia ferruginea'', particularly of its ''vulgar name'', if it has one, where it grows, if he knows the name of any person in its neighbourhood, who is acquainted with it, so, as to direct or show it to any one who may go to look after it.
: "I intend, next month, to go to Lancaster; and if convenient to me, when there, to spare my George, I have thoughts of sending him to Redstone, for the ''Menziesia'', and ''Podophyllum diphiyllum''. If [[Moses Marshall|Dr. MARSHALL]] knows of any curious and uncommon plants, growing in the neighbourhood with those I have mentioned, I will be obliged to him to give me any intelligence by which he may suppose they can be found: or, if he knows any person or persons at Redstone, or Fort Pitt, who are curious in plants, of whom any questions on the subject may be asked, he cannot do me a greater service than by giving me their names and place of abode.
: "I do not know how your garden may have fared during this truly long and severe winter, which has occasioned the loss of several valuable ones in mine; amongst which are the Wise Briar [probably ''Schrankia uncinata'', Willd.; ''Mimosa Intsia'', Walt.] and ''Hibiscus speciosus'', which I got from you. The plants, also, of ''Podophyllum diphyllum'', which I raised last year, from seeds I received from your kindness, have, I fear, been all destroyed. They have not shown themselves above ground this spring. A tree, too (the only one I had of ''Juglans Pacane'', or Illinois Hickory), which I raised twenty-five years ago from seed, is entirely killed.
: "In case you have seeds of the kinds named in the list hereto adjoined, I will thank you exceedingly for a few. Any of them which you have not, at present, I beg you will oblige me with them in the ensuing fall. I am very desirous to know if your ''Iva'', or Hog's Fennel, from Carolina, produces seeds. In that case, I must entreat you for a few of them.
: "You will permit me, also, to remind you of your promise to spare me a plant or two of the ''White Persimmon'', one of ''Azalea coccinea'', and of the sour ''Calycanthus''. If convenient to let me have a plant or two of your ''Stuartia Malachodendron'', and of ''Magnolia acuminata'', you will do me a great favour.
: "Anything left for me at the toll-gate, on the middle ferry wharf to the care of Mr. TRUEMAN, who constantly attends there, will reach me the same day that it arrives there....
: "I am very desirous to compare a flower of your Stuartia with J. Bartram's; and will be obliged to you for a good specimen.

* [[Frederick Purch|Pursh, Frederick]], 1814, recalling a visit to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in 1799 (1814: 1: vi)<ref>Frederick Pursh, ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America'', 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/KVNMM4KM view on Zotero].</ref>
: "My first object, after my arrival in America, was to form an acquaintance with all those interested in the study of Botany….
: "I next visited the old established gardens of Mr. Marshall, author of a small "Treatise on the Forest-Trees of North America." This gentleman, though then far advanced in age and deprived of his eye-sight, conducted me personally through his collection of interesting trees and shrubs, pointing out many which were then new to me, which strongly proved his attachment and application to the science in former years, when his vigour of mind and eye-sight were in full power. This establishment, since the death of Mr. Marshall, (which happened a few years ago,) has been, in some respects, kept up by the family but is now very much on the decline, only a few old established trees being left as a memento of what formerly deserved the name of a respectable [[botanic garden]]."

* Anonymous, May 10, 1828, history of Humphry Marshall's botanic garden, ("Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science", 1828: 302-03<ref>"Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science," [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/4JXNRSNZ view on Zotero].</ref>
: "In the year 1774, the late Humphrey [''sic''] Marshall established his ''Botanic Garden'', at Marshallton: he applied himself very diligently to the improvement of the place, and to the collection of plants, especially such as were indigenous to the United States. The Garden soon obtained a reputation; and for many years before the death of Mr. Marshall, it had become an object of curiosity to men of science: Mr. [[Frederick Pursh]] informs us, that it was the first place of a Botanical character visited by him, after his arrival in America. After the decease of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, in the year 1801, we believe that no improvements were made in the garden, and since the death of Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], in 1813, the Botany of the place seems to have been entirely neglected. But it still exhibits many interesting relics, as pine and fir trees— the willow leaved and English oaks, the Kentucky nickar tree, the buckeye, and several species of magnolia. The trees we have mentioned, with various interesting shrubs and herbaceous plants, which survive the general ruin, are memorials of the interest which was formerly taken in the garden by its venerable founder....
: "The science of plants was his favourite study, and before he established his [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden|botanic garden]], at Marshallton, he had cultivated one on a smaller scale, on the [[plantation]] now occupied by Joshua Marshall. In 1785, he published the ''Arbustum Americanum'', or catalogue of American Forest Trees and Shrubs, in which he was assisted by his nephew, the late Doctor [[Moses Marshall]], who was a botanist of considerable merit, and, at the request of his uncle, had travelled through many of the States, in search of American plants."

* Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1836, description of visits to [[Humphry Marshall's Botanic Garden]] in the summer of 1802 and 1804(1836: 15, 22)<ref>Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, ''A Life of Travels in North America and South Europe, or Outlines of the Life, Travels and Researches of C.S. Rafinesque'' (Philadelphia: F. Turner, 1836), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/II9VXNQU view on Zotero].</ref>
: "On our return to Germantown I studied all the plants of that locality, describing them all minutely. I went also fishing and hunting, and described the birds, reptiles, fishes, &c. An excursion to Westchester was taken with Col. F. [Forrest] to see MARSHALL'S [[Botanic garden]], and we returned by Norristown. We visited also [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|BARTRAM'S Botanic garden]] and several other places.... 
: "I went to see again Mr. Marshall at Westchester, and visited with him the singular magnesian rocks, where alone grow the ''Phemeranthus or Talinum teretifolium''."

* [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1837, ''Flora Cestrica'' (1837: 138, 359, 405) <ref>William Darlington, ''Flora Cestrica: An Attempt to Enumerate and Describe the Flowering and Filicoid Plants of Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania. With Brief Notices of Their Properties, and Uses, in Medicine, Domestic and Rural Economy, and the Arts'' (West-Chester, Pa.: The author, 1837), [https://www.zotero.org/groups/54737/items/itemKey/AU239VXT view on Zotero].</ref>
: "CAROLINIAN SOLANUM…. This is a vile, pernicious weed; and extremely difficult to subdue, or eradicate. It is believed to have been introduced by the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall'', into his [[Botanic Garden]] at Marshallton, — whence it has spread around the neighborhood; and strongly illustrates the necessity of caution, in the introduction of mere Botanical curiosities into good agricultural districts.
: "MARRUBIUM-LIKE LEONURUS....This foreign has probably escaped from the [[Botanic Garden]] of the late HUMPHREY [''sic''] MARSHALL, and bids fair to become extensively naturalized in the surrounding country.
: "M. LUPULINA, L. …. This is an introduced plant; and not generally naturalized in this County. I am not certain that I have observed it, except in the vicinity of the late ''Humphrey'' [sic] ''Marshall’s'' [[Botanic Garden]]."

* Resolution of the Town Council of the Borough of West Chester, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1848 (Darlington, 1849: 492-93)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> <div id=" Marshall_Square "></div> [[#Marshall_Square _cite|back up to history]]
: "Whereas it has been deemed expedient and proper to improve the public [[Square]], on which the upper reservoir connected with the Water-works of the borough is situated, by laying out the same in suitable [[walk]]s, and introducing various ornamental trees and shrubbery: And whereas it will be convenient and necessary to designate the said [[Square]] by some appropriate name; And whereas the late Humphry Marshall of Chester County was one of the earliest and most distinguished horticulturists and botanists of our country, having established the second [[botanic garden]] in this republic; and also prepared and published the first treatise on the forest trees and shrubs of the United States, and diffused a taste for botanical science which entitles his memory to the lasting respect of his countrymen: 
: "Therefore resolved, by the Burgesses and Assistant Burgesses of the Borough of West Chester, in Council assembled, That the public [[Square]], aforesaid, shall for ever hereafter be designated and known by the name of 'The Marshall [[Square]],' in commemoration of the exemplary character, and scientific labours, of our distinguished fellow-citizen, the late Humphry Marshall, of West Bradford Township, Chester County."

*<div id="ornamental"></div> [[William Darlington|Darlington, William]], 1849, on Humphry Marshall (1849: 22, 487-88, 490-91)<ref name="Darlington"> </ref> [[#ornamental_cite|back up to history]]
: "In 1773, the second [[botanic garden|botanical garden]] within the British provinces of North America, was established by Humphry Marshall, in the township of West Bradford, Chester County, Pennsylvania, at the site of the present village of Marshallton. Humphry, however, had been previously indulging his taste, and employing his leisure time in collecting and cultivating useful and ornamental plants at his paternal residence, near the Brandywine....
: <div id="greenhouse"></div> "In 1764, it became expedient to enlarge the dwelling in which he resided with his parents. This addition was built of brick; and the entire work of digging and tempering the clay, making and burning the bricks, and building the walls, was performed by Humphry himself. He also erected a [[greenhouse|green-house]], adjoining the dwelling; which was, doubtless, the first [[conservatory]] of the kind ever seen, or thought of, in the county of Chester. [[#greenhouse_cite|back up to history]]
:"The [[Botanic Garden]], at Marshallton, was planned and commenced in the year 1773, and soon became the recipient of the most interesting trees and shrubs of our country, together with many curious exotics; and also of a numerous collection of our native herbaceous plants. A large portion of these yet survive, although the garden, from neglect, has become a mere [[wilderness]]; while a number of our noble forest trees, such as Oaks, Pines, and Magnolias(especially the Magnolia acuminata), all planted by the hands of the venerable founder, have now attained to a majestic altitude."
: "For several years prior to the establishment of the Marshallton Garden, Humphry had been much engaged in collecting native plants and seeds, and shipping them to Europe; but after that event, being aided by his nephew, [[Dr. Moses Marshall]], he greatly extended his operations, and directed his attention with enhanced zeal and energy to the business of exploring, and making known abroad, the vegetable treasures of these United States. The present generation of botanists have but an imperfect idea of the services rendered to the science, by the skill and laborious industry of those faithful pioneers; but the letters here given, will show that they contributed largely to the knowledge of American plants.
: "His sight...was never so entirely lost, but that he could discern the [[walk]]s in his garden, examine his trees, and recognise the localities of his favourite plants. In tracing those [[walk]]s with his friends, pointing out the botanical curiosities, and reciting their history, he took the greatest delight to the last."

==Images==

<gallery>

Image:2076.jpg|Anonymous, "Upton House near Stratford in Essex," copper engraved plate from ''The Modern Universal British Traveller'' (London: J. Cooke, 1779).

Image:2075.jpg|Title page from Humphry Marshall, ''Arbustrum [''sic''] Americanum'', 1785.

Image: 2077.jpg|Thomas S. Sinclair after John T. French, "Prunus Americana," pl. 48 in Thomas Nuttall, ''The North American Sylva'' (Philadelphia: J. Dobson, 1849).

Image:2079.jpg|George Samuel after Thomas Medland, ''A South View of a Villa at Grove Hill, Camberwell, Surry'', 1792.

</gallery>

==Other Resources==
[http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/nature/marshall.htm American Philosophical Society online exhibit on ''Arbustrum Americanum'']

[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-2549mar?view=text Humphry and Moses Marshall Papers, 1721-1863, University of Michigan]

[http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/series-x-usda-history-collection-2 Humphry Marshall Papers, 1785-1792, History Collection, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture]

==Notes==

<references></references>